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Ensuring the availability of high-quality larvae in sufficient quantities remains a significant bottleneck for the growout phase of aquaculture. Over the past century, various alternative dietary solutions for larval stages have been explored, encompassing bacteria, microalgal pastes, yeasts, and various inert microparticles, though with inconsistent outcomes. This review aimed to discuss the innovative integration of probiotics into microfeeds, highlighting encapsulation, coating, and fermentation techniques to propel aquaculture productivity. Microfeeds, which are often nutrient-rich and easily assimilated in powdered or liquid form, play a crucial role in larval fish nutrition. These can be classified into microencapsulated, dry, liquid, and live feeds. The choice of microfeed is pivotal, ensuring appeal, digestibility, and water stability tailored to each larval stage. As probiotics gain popularity in aquaculture for their potential to enhance growth, bolster disease resistance, and improve water quality, their administration methods have diversified. The probiotics can be administered through direct immersion and bath treatments to biofloc systems and feed additives. The results indicated that microfeed incorporated with probiotics showed a positive result impact on the aquaculture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental fate of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the urban water cycle is still uncertain and their status is mainly assessed based on specific water components and information on human risk assessments. This study (a) explores the environmental fate of NSAIDs (ibuprofen, IBU; naproxen, NAP; ketoprofen, KET; diazepam, DIA; and diclofenac, DIC) in the urban water cycle, including wastewater, river, and treated water via gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GCMS), (b) assesses the efficiency of reducing the targeted NSAIDs in sewage treatment plant (STP) using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and (c) evaluates the ecological risk assessment of these drugs in the urban water cycle via teratogenic index (TI) and risk quotient (RQ). The primary receptor of contaminants comes from urban areas, as a high concentration of NSAIDs is detected (ranging from 5.87 × 103 to 7.18 × 104 ng/L). The percentage of NSAIDs removal in STP ranged from 25.6% to 92.3%. The NAP and KET were still detected at trace levels in treated water, indicating the persistent presence in the water cycle. The TI values for NAP and DIA (influent and effluent) were more than 1, showing a risk of a teratogenic effect. The IBU, KET, and DIC had values of less than 1, indicating the risk of lethal embryo effects. The NAP and DIA can be classified as Human Pregnancy Category C (2.1 > TI = 0.76). This work proved that these drugs exist in the current urban water cycle, which could induce adverse effects on humans and the environment (RQ in high and low-risk categories). Therefore, they should be minimized, if not eliminated, from the primary sources of the pollutant (i.e., STPs). These pollutants should be considered a priority to be monitored, given focus to, and listed in the guideline due to their persistent presence in the urban water cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The jewel cichlid Hemichromis bimaculatus is a popular freshwater ornamental fish with high market demand. However, it is aggressive and difficult to be maintained in captivity. Background colours are known to influence fish aggression, but there is still no such information available on H. bimaculatus. This study was conducted to examine the influence of 6 background colours (black, white, blue, yellow, green or red) on the aggression (chasing frequency), survival, weight gain and feed intake of the H. bimaculatus, through a 60‐day culture trial. At the end of this trial, since the total feed intake and fish weight gain (except black) were similar among all treatments, the green was the most recommended background colour for the H. bimaculatus culture as it has the highest fish survival, followed by the white and yellow. Low fish survival was found under the black, red and blue; hence, these background colours were not recommended. In this study, we suspected that different background colours may induce different aggressiveness degree in the H. bimaculatus, and biting may have occurred to cause low fish survival. Also, the blue was speculated to be a stressful background colour to the H. bimaculatus. Nevertheless, further study is necessary to elucidate these hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture is considered one of the world's fastest‐growing food production industries. It provides one of the most environmentally friendly sources of edible protein. The rapid expansion of aquaculture has occurred in response to a huge increase in world population and the corresponding demand for food, highlighting a path towards intensive sustainable products and resource efficiency. Improved process efficiency has fuelled aquaculture expansion, which involves addressing operational performance, particularly on nutrition and health of farmed fish, as well as a trend towards reaching natural or organic certification. Although there is ample evidence to support the use of microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa and viruses, their use in aquaculture nutrition is still limited in natural medicine development and therapies. Notably, various applications of microorganisms feed have a significant impact on aquatic animal health and husbandry. However, there is a need to discuss various roles of microorganisms used in aquaculture feed extensively. This review discusses the potential of microorganisms and their role as value added aquaculture feed, which could offer aquaculture and feed producers considerable benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food waste has significant economic, environmental and social impacts. The increasing trend of eating habit in urban community has evidence this issues. Henceforth study on food waste management behavioural-attitude in Kuching is imperative. Methods: A questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics, attitude and behaviour on food waste, as well environmental concerns on food waste were developed. A 407 respondents from Kuching city participated in this study. Results: The results revealed an association between gender and food waste management which included food purchasing behaviour (p-value=0.046) as well as influence of food expiration date on their behaviour (p-value = 0.003), but with very weak r correlations of r (405) = -0.099 and r (405) = 0.149, respectively. There was an association between age and environmental belief in the environmental dimension on food waste (p-value= 0.008) with a weak correlation of r (405) = 0.165. Lastly, education level with purchasing behaviour (p-value= 0.046), food preparation (p-value=0.000) and their environmental concern on food waste (p-value= 0.020) had very weak correlations of r (405) = 0.056, r (405) = -0.047, and r (405) = 0.002, respectively. Majority of the respondents demonstrated feeling responsible when they disposed of avoidable waste even though they intended to prevent such events. Conclusion: Overall, the result had highlighted favourable responses on the relationship between sociodemographic and community food waste generated. This finding could help the policymaker in improving their waste management approaches hence, benefiting the citizen in a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The knowledge, attitudes, and practice of householders regarding municipal waste disposal are essential to achieving effective waste management. Thus, this study was conducted to determine residents' recycling awareness and behaviour at a low-cost apartment in Klang. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among residents of a low-cost apartment in Klang. The sample size was calculated by using the Krejcie and Morgan table. A total of 234 respondents were randomly selected to participate in this study. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire and analysed with SPSS. Results: The results found that education level had a significant relationship with knowledge (p = 0.019) at a significance level of 0.05. Additionally, three socio-demographic variables had a significant relationship with practicing recycling with regards to gender (p = 0.003) and education level (p = 0.041). However, there was no significant relationship between attitude and socio-demographics with a p-value of more than 0.05. Therefore, respondents with better socio-demographics such as high education levels and high incomes had good recycling practices. The results of Pearson correlation showed a significant association between knowledge and attitude (p = 0.000), and a positive significant correlation coefficient with Pearson's correlation results (r = 0.301). Conclusion: According to the findings, education, raising individual awareness, providing sufficient facilities, and implementing coordinated cohesive recycling programs by the authorities play critical roles in solid waste management. Therefore, it is possible to improve citizens' practises by improving their knowledge while taking practical steps to promote this environmental activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]