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A polimedicação se refere ao uso simultâneo de vários medicamentos, frequente em idosos e atrelados a resultados a nocivos à saúde dos mesmos sendo necessária a orientação farmacêutica para prevenir eventos adversos a medicamentos e elevar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes idosos. Realizar revisão integrativa da literatura sobre a importância dos cuidados do profissional farmacêutico voltados a idosos em polimedicação. Estudo de revisão integrativa, de cunho exploratório, qualitativo, transversal e descritivo, investigados nas bases de dados científicas: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE), partindo dos descritores em ciências da saúde (DeCS): “Polifarmácia”, “cuidado farmacêutico” e “idosos”, no recorte temporal de 2017 a 2021. Foram selecionados 11 artigos que retrataram que a polimedicação é uma prática comum em idosos, no entanto, a atuação do farmacêutico por meio do cuidado farmacêutico pode minimizar problemas relacionados ao tema. O cuidado farmacêutico é imprescindível a garantia da segurança dos pacientes idosos, orientações, aumento da adesão aos medicamentos, redução dos problemas e automedicação, além de representar um serviço profissional de confiança e acessível nas farmácias.

PurposeThis study aims to systematise the links between firms’ strategies (corporate and business) and the cluster dynamics (through the cluster life cycle [CLC] perspective) and propose an integrative framework bridging firms’ strategic behaviour and cluster dynamics (CLC).Design/methodology/approachThe methodology used is an integrative literature review, which provides a distinctive form of research.FindingsThe study identifies several links between firms’ strategies (corporate and business) and the cluster dynamics (CLC), namely: (1) firms’ strategies as a triggering factor of cluster evolution; (2) firms’ strategies and path's decline; (3) firms’ strategies and cluster’s renewal; (4) resilience strategies and the cluster life cycle; and (5) cluster’s features and firms’ strategies.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to developing strategic management theory and cluster theory by bridging firms' strategies and cluster dynamics (CLC). It proposes a new conceptualisation of the impact of cluster dynamics on firms' strategic choices – firstly, it proposes a specific approach to identify the CLC; and secondly, it develops an integrative framework model that relates firms' strategies and each stage of the CLC. These are theoretical tools relevant for further advancements in this area of research, as they can be applied in studies of different clusters for validation, something that was not done.Practical implicationsThe integrative framework is expected to be helpful to company managers, allowing them to design better strategies that account for dynamic cluster environments.Originality/valueThis study aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematising the links between firms' strategies (corporate and business) and the cluster dynamics (CLC).

Purpose This study aims to investigate the use of convertible securities and control rights covenants for a sample of 53 Portuguese, Spanish and German venture capital (VC) firms. Design/methodology/approach A relatively new methodology in business sciences – a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis – that considers both quantitative and qualitative factors is used for obtaining a solution that best fits the empirical data. Findings The results show that the use of convertible securities is affected by agency predictions, namely, the anticipated severity of double-sided moral hazard problems. On the other hand, a mixed support is provided to the agency predictions regarding the use of control right covenants. The results seem to suggest that control right covenants tend to play a different role from convertible securities in the optimization of contract design for VC-backed investments. Originality/value Existing literature on VC contract design is extended by providing a cross-border analysis to VC financing decision.

PurposeThe main purpose of this research is to understand if customers from countries with alleged similar culture expect services dimensions equally and to understand the level of proximity among those countries.Design/methodology/approachQuantitative methodology was used to test the level of proximity in customers' expectations about a service among different countries with alleged similar cultural patterns and if these customers share similar expectations about a set of service dimensions. This transnational research regarded the hotel service and data were collected from ten Latin countries: Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Romania, Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, Bolivia and Chile. About 1262 customers answered a questionnaire about their expectations about service dimensions of the hotel service.FindingsFindings show that Latin customers' expectations about services are not equal and that there is a low level of proximity or similarity of customers' expectations about service among Latin countries.Research limitations/implicationsResearch was applied in one group of Latin countries that revealed a low level of proximity of customer's expectations about the hotel service. Further attempts should be made to expand research to additional Latin countries in order to allow understanding if the proximity level rises, decreases or maintains.Originality/valueThe major contribution was to use a cross-cultural approach to understand the level of proximity between the Latin countries in terms of customer's expectations about service dimensions, as these countries are frequently clustered into one group and customer's expectations are presumed to also be similar.

The aim of this study is to identify the main motivations for the formation of strategic coopetitive partnerships between Banks and Fintechs. In this sense, an exploratory qualitative analysis was performed using semi-structured interviews. Following the triangulation between literature review, primary sources (interviews) and secondary sources (news and relevant documentation), the analysis of the results was performed using the Systematic Combination approach. The results led to the conclusion that the “clients” factor, materialized in the will to respond to their new demands, through value creation, is the main motivation for both institutions to establish strategic alliances. This study filled the literature gaps regarding the identification of the main motivations to form coopetitive strategic alliances between Banks and Fintechs: banks need the Fintechs’ technological know-how, their flexibility in the processes and the fact that Fintech operate in specific niches; Fintechs need banks’ market knowledge and their scale. Together they can answer in a better way new customer demand. This investigation is limited by the lack of tangible identification of existing Fintechs; and also because of qualitative analysis lack of quantitative confirmation.

The pharmacist is responsible for monitoring the patient with tuberculosis to assess the use of drugs and possible misuses, their effect iveness and possible adverse effect son the body. Thus, the study sought to carry out na integrative review on the role of the pharmacist in the care of patient swith tuberculosis and asking: "What does the literature show about the role of the pharmacist in the care of patient swith tuberculosis?" The search for articles was performed in the following databases: LILACS (Latin American and Caribbe na Literature in Health Sciences), MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis), IBECS (Spanish Bibliographic Index in Health Sciences), BDENF (Database in Nursing), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO) and CAPES Journal Portal (PPC). Using the descriptors in Health Sciences (DeCS): Multiple Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis and the irrespective synonyms; Pharmaceutical care; Quality of Health Care; Antituberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pulmonary Tuberculosis; tuberculosis; Multiple Bacterial Drug Resistance. A total of 1112 publications were collected for screening, of which 5 were included in the integrative review. The studies carried out, they addressed pharmaceutical care in the care of patients with tuberculosis, investigated the knowledge of pharmacists about tuberculosis and evaluated the pharmaceutical services provided in Primary Health Care. The pharmacist needs to know about the disease, its therapeutics chemes, drug interactions and adverse reactions, however, the lack of publications related to the topic was pointed out and this highlights the need for the pharmacist's engagement to contributed to eradication of this disease. El farmacéutico es el encargado de realizar un seguimiento del paciente con tuberculosis para valorar el uso de fármacos y posibles abusos, su eficacia y posibles efectos adversos en el organismo. Así, el estudio buscó realizar una revisión integradora sobre el papel del farmacéutico en la atención de pacientes con tuberculosis y preguntarse: “¿Qué muestra la literatura sobre el papel del farmacéutico en la atención de pacientes con tuberculosis?”. La búsqueda de artículos se realizó en las siguientes bases de datos: LILACS (Literatura Latino-americana y Caribeña em Ciencias de la Salud), MEDLINE (Análisis de la Literatura Médica), IBECS (Índice Bibliográfico Español en Ciencias de la Salud), BDENF (Base de Datos en Enfermería), Biblioteca Electrónica Científica Online (SCIELO) y CAPES Journal Portal (PPC). Utilizando los descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS): Tuberculosis Múltiple Resistente a Fármacos y sus respectivos sinónimos; Atención farmacéutica; Calidad de la atención médica; Antituberculosis; Tuberculosis micobacteriana; Tuberculosis pulmonar; tuberculosis; Resistencia a múltiples fármacos bacterianos. Se recopilaron un total de 1112 publicaciones para el cribado, de las cuales 5 se incluyeron en la revisión integradora. Los estudios realizados abordaron la atención farmacéutica en la atención de pacientes con tuberculosis, investigaron el conocimiento de los farmacéuticos sobre la tuberculosis y evaluaron los servicios farmacéuticos que se brindan en Atención Primaria de Salud. El farmacéutico necesita conocer sobre la enfermedad, sus esquemas terapéuticos, interacciones medicamentosas y reacciones adversas, sin embargo, se señaló la falta de publicaciones relacionadas con el tema y esto resalta la necesidad del compromiso del farmacéutico para contribuir a la erradicación de esta enfermedad. O farmacêutico tem a incumbência de acompanhar o paciente com tuberculose para avaliar a utilização dos medicamentos e possíveis usos incorretos, sua eficácia e seus possíveis efeitos adversos no organismo. Desta forma, o estudo buscou realizar uma revisão integrativa sobre o papel do farmacêutico no cuidado ao paciente com tuberculose e perguntando: “O que a literatura mostra sobre o papel do farmacêutico no cuidado ao paciente com tuberculose?”. A busca de artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados: LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do caribe em ciências da saúde), MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis), IBECS (Índice Bibliográfico Espanhol em Ciências da Saúde), BDENF (Banco de Dados em Enfermagem), Biblioteca Eletrônica Cientifica Online (SCIELO) e Portal de Periódicos CAPES (PPC). Utilizando os descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS): Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos e seus respectivos sinônimos; Atenção farmacêutica; Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde; Antituberculosos; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculose pulmonar; tuberculose; Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla. Um total de 1112 publicações foram coletadas para triagem, destes, 5 foram incluídos na revisão integrativa. Os estudos realizados abordaram a assistência farmacêutica no cuidado ao paciente com tuberculose, investigaram os conhecimentos dos farmacêuticos sobre a tuberculose e avaliaram os serviços farmacêuticos prestados na Atenção Primária à Saúde. O farmacêutico precisa conhecer sobre a doença, seus esquemas terapêuticos, interações medicamentosas e reações adversas, entretanto, foi apontada a carência de publicações relacionadas ao tema e isso evidencia a necessidade de engajamento do farmacêutico para contribuir para a erradicação desta doença.

Although venture capital is considered crucial for promoting economic development and innovation, not much has been done regarding the use of complex financing contracts in venture capital backed investments. In this study we investigate the use of convertible securities and control rights covenants for a sample of 15 Portuguese venture capital firms. We use a relatively new methodology in business and management sciences - fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis - that considers both quantitative and qualitative factors for obtaining a solution that best fits the empirical data. Our results show that the use of convertible securities is affected by the anticipated severity of double-sided moral hazard problems. On the other hand, only a weak support is provided to the agency predictions regarding the use of control right covenants. Interestingly, the results reveal that convertible securities, unlike control rights covenants, are the most apt instruments to reduce costly double-sided incentive problems of a venture capital relationship.

Objective – Globalization has enabled the increase of competitiveness and opportunities for companies to sell their goods to worldwide consumers. Due to the wider range of products offered and increasing similarity of those products, the country of origin becomes an important variable when studying the evaluation process of foreign products. The origin of a product acts as a mark of quality, which ultimately influences the purchase intentions of consumers. When negative, this may act as a constraint on internationalization, making it difficult to accept a product from a certain origin. There is, therefore, a gap in how companies can mitigate and overcome a negative country of origin effect (COE). This study seeks to fill this gap and suggest strategies to overcome this issue. Methodology/Technique –The methodology applied in this study is the Grounded Theory. The data was collected from interviews with Portuguese entities, so different cases can be compared and discussed. Although Portugal’s image has changed over time, there remains a stigma associated with it. The most recent financial and political crisis has damaged the perception of Portugal in the international sphere, hence, it has been selected for the formation of a negative COE. Findings and Novelty – Some firms currently have existing strategies to resist the negative effect of country of origin, such as improvement of brand awareness, credibility and international visibility. To achieve that, companies must adopt a wide set of strategies which involve both defensive and offensive approaches. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Country of Origin; Country of Origin Effect; Internationalization; Constraints; Grounded theory. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Meneses, R.; Santos, S. 2019. Country of Origin as a Constraint to Internationalization, J. Bus. Econ. Review 4 (2): 105 – 113 https://doi.org/10.35609/jber.2019.4.2(5) JEL Classification: F6, F60, F69.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to characterize the consumption of an international consumer product fad.Design/methodology/approachA literature review of the concepts that can be related to an international fad was conducted, which included the study of the product life cycle, CAGE distances, the herd behavior, the consumer behavior in social media, the conformism and perceived newness. To know more about the subject, the Gin case was studied. The quantitative study began to define an initial model with the variables that can have impact on the consumption of the Gin. Based on the initial model, a survey was built and conducted, obtaining 143 valid responses. The data were analyzed on the basis of the structural equation modeling.FindingsThe results verified the positive impact of need for group differentiation on the consumption Gin. The perceived newness had a direct impact on its consumption. An international fad lasts while it is differentiator for the consumer, so the herd behavior influence was not validated.Research limitations/implicationsThis study had a limitation in terms of responses. This study was made using a practical case of beverage, so its applicability to other types of products is limited.Originality/valueThis study is about consumer fads. It characterizes the key concepts in various moments of a fad: the implementation, the evolution of its consumption and its end. The study identifies the variables that have a positive impact on the consumption of a real fad. Data from sales geography diffusion in time are also analyzed.

Purpose – The purpose of the study is to understand the impact of psychological and observable CEO characteristics on organizational culture and silos. Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire was built using information collected during the literature review stage and emailed to the firm decision-makers. Using survey data from 185 small-to-medium-sized firms from two sectors – accommodation and food, beverage, and tobacco – a structural equation model was applied to determine if the theoretical model could be confirmed or not, and the partial least squares technique was used to check if certain relationships exist. Findings – General support was found for a theoretical model in which CEO personality traits, particularly conscientiousness, openness to experience, and extraversion, influence both organizational culture and silos, and observable variables such as age and management tenure influence the ability of the firm to develop internal coordination competences, thus inhibiting the appearance of silos. Originality/value – The main contribution to the knowledge lies in the combination of different theoretical frameworks and the empirical approach used to test the importance of CEO characteristics in organizations and in their ability to develop cooperation networks. Keywords – CEO, Big Five Framework, Competing Values Framework, Organizational Culture, Silos. Objetivo – O objetivo deste estudo é entender o impacto das características psicológicas e observáveis do CEO na cultura e nos silos organizacionais. Metodologia – Um questionário foi elaborado usando informações coletadas durante a fase de revisão de literatura e enviado por e-mail aos tomadores de decisão da empresa. Usando dados de pesquisa de 185 pequenas e médias empresas de dois setores – hospedagem e alimentos, bebidas e tabaco –, um modelo de equação estrutural foi aplicado para determinar se o modelo teórico poderia ser confirmado ou não, e a técnica de mínimos quadrados parciais foi usada para verificar se certos relacionamentos existem. Resultados – Foi encontrado suporte geral a um modelo teórico no qual traços de personalidade do CEO, particularmente a conscienciosidade, a abertura à experiência e a extroversão, influenciam a cultura e os silos organizacionais, e no qual variáveis observáveis como idade e tempo de gestão influenciam a capacidade da empresa de desenvolver competências de coordenação interna, inibindo assim o aparecimento de silos. Contribuição – A principal contribuição para o conhecimento reside na combinação de diferentes referenciais teóricos e na abordagem empírica utilizada para testar a importância das características do CEO nas organizações e na sua capacidade de desenvolver redes de cooperação. Palavras-chave – CEO; modelo Big Five; estrutura de valores concorrentes; cultura organizacional; silos.

In a service, there are failures that are unavoidable. Since the culture can influence the reactions after failure, this study aimed to understand the impact of cultural dimensions in the reactions to service failures, namely the cultural dimensions of Hofstede (High vs Low Power Distance and Masculinity vs Femininity). For this, a mixed methodology was used. In a first phase, interviews were conducted and, subsequently, online questionnaires were used to know how the respondents would react after service failures in different scenarios. One scenario considers a weak power service (restaurant), other scenario considers a strong power service (lawyer). The results showed that different levels in the various cultural dimensions lead to different reactions to failures. Also, the degree of "power" and the frequency of service impact in a different way in some cultural dimensions. This study contributes to the service management literature, bridging some gaps in the culture in services theme and provides guidelines for service managers.

Traditionally, it was seen as a major goal for companies to achieve sustainable competitive advantage, based on external conditions and/or internal conditions. Firms should seize opportunities and neutralize threats based on their strengths and avoiding their weaknesses. However, nowadays, we live in a volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous context. Markets are very dynamic (hypercompetition), and thus, achieving a sustainable competitive advantage is not possible anymore. In this conceptual chapter, the authors claim that organizations need to be aware of and prepared for this transition. Firms need different tools and frameworks to deal with future situations – design a strategy is not enough; now, to achieve success, firms have to follow a transformational, VUCAS, strategy.

Traditionally, the international market selection is a systematic process, based on predefined criteria. This process is, however, very time- and cost-consuming, and only a small number of firms have sufficient resources to do it. So, according to the Uppsala Model, firms tend to internationalize to the closest markets (psychic distance), managing uncertainty in a very gradual process based on experiential knowledge. The second-hand knowledge that flows in the firm's network could help firms select the market, helping them to expand gradually. Independently from the source (experiential or second hand), knowledge seems to be a mandatory resource to internationalize. However, a lot of firms imitate other firms' behavior, selecting the international market according to others' selections, believing that they must have superior information. In this situation, firms could imitate the leader (a successful firm) or the herd (a big number of firms). This international market selection is not based on knowledge; it is a mimetic process.

OBJETIVO: Discutir o processo de contagem cirúrgica como responsabilidade da equipe multiprofissional para a segurança do paciente. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, na qual foram selecionados oito estudos, nas línguas portuguesa e inglesa, retirados da biblioteca virtual Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Base de Dados de Enfermagem (BDENF) e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: A partir do presente estudo observou-se a escassez de artigos que atribuam à equipe cirúrgica como um todo, a responsabilidade dessa lista de verificação. Constatou-se ainda a falta de compreensão sobre a importância do checklist fazendo com que algumas equipes não realizem esse protocolo. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Para que as cirurgias ocorram de maneira segura é imprescindível a realização de um trabalho harmônico, sincronizado e sistematizado em equipe. A partir das produções científicas observa-se que existem poucas publicações no que se refere à instrumentação cirúrgica. Nesse sentido, propõe-se que à instrumentação cirúrgica faça parte dos cursos de graduação da área da saúde, de modo aos graduandos terem conhecimento dessa área, bem como, integrarem o ato anestésico-cirúrgico como membros da equipe e não apenas como observadores.

This review explores recent literature on international strategic alliances (ISAs). Management of alliances requires a better understanding of different dimensions and components of ISAs and of their role. This review provides a state-of-the-art understanding of the concept using content analysis of 85 ISA articles. There is limited research on the concept of ISA and the components that affect the alliances’ formation, post-formation and outcome. We found notable inconsistencies in the ISA literature on the concept. This highlights the need for further structuration of the concept and the need to provide characterisation that is more coherent. This review presents implications for the definition and future research avenues for the concept, especially regarding the theory, context and the scope of ISA research. Finally, this study provides a state-of-the-art discussion that proposes critical viewpoints for future development of the concept of ISAs, their influential components and their application in research and international management.

Wine has been a part of human history for thousands of years, serving both social and religious roles. Just a few centuries ago, it became possible to store wine in good conditions, allowing it to be bottled and aged, which created a luxury product, consumed as a token of prestige. This study aimed to analyse wine brand managers' perceptions on the motivations behind luxury wine consumption. Given the exploratory nature of the study, eight interviews with Portuguese luxury wine producers and distributors' managers have been undertaken. The content analysis of the interviews seems to indicate that, overall, there is a strong understanding of the consumers' motivations. Yet, there are certain more specific aspects with the potential to be explored in order to raise the efficiency of the strategies being employed.

This work seeks to identify the factors that lead to the selection of a specific country as an international location for foreign investment. Using three case studies of Portuguese firms that have internationalized to Poland, we were able to identify three different types of behaviour that led to the selection of the same international market location: systematic, relational and mimetic. Despite international market selection being a common topic of research in international business, few studies have focused on the rationale behind the selection of a specific target market. This study shows that market characteristics are decisive when firms intentionally seek a foreign market to enter, but are of less importance when country selection is motivated by rising business opportunities, a firm’s existing relationships (following the client’s strategy), or cost and risk reduction, in the form of mimetic behaviour.

O farmacêutico tem a incumbência de acompanhar o paciente com tuberculose para avaliar a utilização dos medicamentos e possíveis usos incorretos, sua eficácia e seus possíveis efeitos adversos no organismo. Desta forma, o estudo buscou realizar uma revisão integrativa sobre o papel do farmacêutico no cuidado ao paciente com tuberculose e perguntando: “O que a literatura mostra sobre o papel do farmacêutico no cuidado ao paciente com tuberculose?”. A busca de artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados: LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do caribe em ciências da saúde), MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis), IBECS (Índice Bibliográfico Espanhol em Ciências da Saúde), BDENF (Banco de Dados em Enfermagem), Biblioteca Eletrônica Cientifica Online (SCIELO) e Portal de Periódicos CAPES (PPC). Utilizando os descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS): Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos e seus respectivos sinônimos; Atenção farmacêutica; Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde; Antituberculosos; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculose pulmonar; tuberculose; Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla. Um total de 1112 publicações foram coletadas para triagem, destes, 5 foram incluídos na revisão integrativa. Os estudos realizados abordaram a assistência farmacêutica no cuidado ao paciente com tuberculose, investigaram os conhecimentos dos farmacêuticos sobre a tuberculose e avaliaram os serviços farmacêuticos prestados na Atenção Primária à Saúde. O farmacêutico precisa conhecer sobre a doença, seus esquemas terapêuticos, interações medicamentosas e reações adversas, entretanto, foi apontada a carência de publicações relacionadas ao tema e isso evidencia a necessidade de engajamento do farmacêutico para contribuir para a erradicação desta doença.

Na prática assistencial hospitalar, os antimicrobianos estão entre os medicamentos mais prescritos e o seu uso irracional implica resistência bacteriana, elevação de custos e diminuição da qualidade de vida do paciente. Foi realizada pesquisa retrospectiva (janeiro a junho de 2010) nos prontuários de pacientes entre 19 e 64 anos internados na Clínica Médica do Hospital Regional Dr. Abelardo Santos/Belém-Pa. A amostra obtida foi de 63 prontuários, observando-se 100% de terapia empírica em relação à terapia específica. As infecções respiratórias, do trato urinário e gastrintestinais figuraram como as mais freqüentes e a mediana de internação foi de 7 dias. As classes dos betalactâmicos e das quinolonas foram os mais prescritos, tendo como representantes das classes a ceftriaxona (52 prescrições) e o ciprofloxacino (21), respectivamente. O tempo de antibioticoterapia variou entre 1 e 17 dias. Constatou-se grande variedade de associações de antimicrobianos, inclusive entre fármacos de mesma classe farmacológica. Para 68,3% dos pacientes, o tratamento foi em politerapia (2 a 5 antimicrobianos). Os dados evidenciam a importância de se criar mecanismos de controle na prescrição e dispensação de antimicrobianos, através de medidas restritivas no uso de tais medicamentos e medidas educativas para a equipe de saúde. O uso racional de antimicrobianos depende de mudanças das práticas de prescrição médica e envolve distintos atores, dentre eles o Serviço de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar, o Serviço de Farmácia, o Laboratório de Microbiologia e a Direção do hospital que deve subsidiar as decisões tomadas visando à qualidade assistencial.

Until a few years ago, internationalization was seen as a self-feeding process, resulting from decisions based on accumulated knowledge. De-internationalization is not an option. However, the reality shows us that enterprises have done international divestment. To this date, the research on de-internationalization remains somehow scarce and needs additional research. The authors want to understand the causes of de-internationalization. They use the grounded theory methodology, studying six Portuguese cases that already have a process of de-internationalization. Five firms cooperate with, presenting six cases. The authors distinguish causes that occur before/after the internationalization process begin and causes related to firm or external to firm. One of the main causes of de-internationalization is the incorrect internationalization process. The Misfit Micro-Location (the wrong choice of place inside a determined country) is a very important cause, which means that, after choosing the country, it is necessary to choose the best place to be located.

Considerando a importância dos cinco sentidos para o marketing turístico, procurou-se conhecer as sensações experienciadas e recordadas pelos turistas estrangeiros que visitam Portugal de forma a responder às seguintes questões: Como é que os turistas de diversos países experienciam Portugal? Como é caraterizado Portugal a nível sensorial pelos turistas? Quais os sentidos a enfatizar nas estratégias de comunicação do turismo português para cada região/mercado? Foi utilizada uma metodologia mista através da combinação de uma análise qualitativa netnográfica com uma análise quantitativa de conteúdo. Concluiu-se, que Portugal é caraterizado a nível visual pela sua arquitetura e como um país colorido; a nível auditivo é associado ao Fado; a nível gustativo os turistas valorizaram essencialmente o peixe e, incluído neste, mencionam especificamente o bacalhau; quanto ao olfato, os turistas mencionaram o cheiro a comida, dando especial relevância ao peixe; relativamente ao tato o país é associado pelos turistas à areia e ao calor. Considering the relevance of the five senses for tourism marketing, the present work focuses on the sensations experienced and remembered by foreign tourists visiting Portugal in order to answer the following questions: How do tourists from different countries experience Portugal? How do tourists characterize Portugal at sensory level? What are the meanings to emphasize in the Portuguese tourism communication strategies for each region/market? A mixed methodology was used combining a qualitative netnographic analysis with a quantitative content analysis. It was concluded that according to the tourists, Portugal is visually characterized by its architecture and as a colourful country; at the hearing level is associated with Fado; on a taste basis, tourists have valued fish in particular and specifically mention cod; As for scent, tourists mentioned the scent of food, giving particular importance to fish; With regard to touch, the country is associated by tourists with sand and heat. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Portugal has become the second most expensive footwear brand manufacturer in the global market in just one decade. How does an offshore-outsourcing provider become a direct competitor with former clients? This study applies a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to 12 Portuguese footwear manufacturers and identifies the underlying factors of the managerial transition from an offshore-outsourcing provider to a direct brand manufacturer. The study finds that the transformation of external knowledge from the client into internal knowledge must occur first. But the decisive factor is the management's recognition that brand creation is a long-term investment and is less risky than remaining dependent on outsourcing. These findings contribute to the understanding of the transition to becoming a direct brand manufacturer.

Purpose Although the concepts of family business, internationalization, and agency theory have received some attention in the relevant literature, these concepts and theories have been used independently. The purpose of this paper is to help close the gap between what is known and what needs to be known about the decision-making processes of internationalization of family managers (FM) and non-family managers (NFMs). Design/methodology/approach The paper analyzes the story of Busscar, a Brazilian firm that began internationalization under an FM and ended it under an NFM. The management transition took place suddenly, as the family CEO died in a tragic accident, and the company appointed an NFM to replace him virtually overnight. These circumstances, as well as the fact that Busscar accelerated its internationalization process after the transition only to go bankrupt a few years later makes this case critical. Findings The paper concludes that under NFMs, the speed and scope of the firm internationalization processes were accelerated and the financial risks were augmented, which is in line with the agency theory hypothesis and contradicts suggestions that NFMs tend to be more structured. Research limitations/implications Many researchers argue that it is important to professionalize the management of family firms. It is expected that an NFM leads to a more structured strategy. The study shows otherwise; changing the manager leads to opportunistic internationalization using emerging strategies rather than deliberate ones. Originality/value This study suggests that firms, networks, entrepreneurship, and ownership are not the only important variables. Manager origin (inside or outside the family) can change everything.

Wine tourism takes on a clear hedonic dimension, being especially prone to the design of experiences. The characteristics of wine tourism makes this product quite compatible with the predominantly rural areas of the several tourist proposals thus seen as a higher capacity of sustainable development. Most of the studies that characterize the wine tourism experiences have a clear focus on the demand side. This paper aims at obtaining a greater insight into the leverage of the wine brands through positive experiences associated with wine tourism. It is therefore essential to the understanding of this point to measure the perception of wine tourism entrepreneurs about the variables that change, influence and lead the consumer to act. Sustained on the Grounded Theory, a deep analysis of the perception that the cellars/farms have about the effect of their touristic offer on their wine brands was carried out. Although there is no use of concrete measures on the supply-side, there is the conviction of a reciprocal leverage effect between wine tourism experiences and wine brands.

Internationalisation is widely believed to be a very relevant dimension in companies across countries. Nevertheless, operating abroad might not be easy for new ventures. This study approached venture capitalist (VC) intervention in these firms. It comprises two main points of view: the VC's perspective and that of the INV. According to the VCs, industry knowledge, prior international experience or syndicated investments are some of the VC's most important characteristics operating abroad. However, for INVs, the VC's support is not considered important overcoming the international constraints, since there are no significant differences between backed and non-backed firms. There are a dissonance between what VCs believe are offering and what backed-firms are getting from this support. Nevertheless, this work includes a contribution of the changes in the backed firm's management team and the industry experts' role on the board. These changes are associated to the degree to which internationalisation occurs in companies.

Objectives Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is the most prevalent form of spondyloarthritis, with a known genetic association with the HLA-B27 molecule. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of the HLA-G, HLA-E and HLA-F to AS susceptibility/protection in Portuguese patients with HLA-B27 AS and HLA-B27 unaffected controls. Methods High-resolution typing of HLA-G, HLA-E and HLA-F was performed in 228 patients with HLA-B27 AS and 244 HLA-B27 unaffected controls. Allelic, genotypic and haplotypic frequencies were compared between cohorts. To replicate the results, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HLA-E and HLA-F genes were typed in Australian cohorts. For further confirmation, a group of European-descent patients with AS and unaffected controls were genotyped for Major Histocompatibility Complex SNPs using the Illumina microarray. Results In the Portuguese population, no significant differences were found in HLA-G. For HLA-E, a significant difference was detected for the genotype HLA-E*01:01:01/01:03:01 (p=0.009; pc=0.009; OR=0.51), with a protection effect. For HLA-F, significant differences were detected in the allele HLA-F*01:01:02 (p=0.0049; pc=0.0098; OR=0.60) and corresponding SNP rs2075682 (p=0.0004; pc=0.0008; OR=0.53), suggesting protection and in the genotype HLA-F*01:01:01/01:03:01 (p=0.011; pc=0.043; OR=2.00), suggesting a susceptibility effect. Three G-E-F haplotypes with significant differences were detected but occur in a very small number of individuals. The only significant differences detected in the replication studies were for HLA-E rs1059510 in the Australians and for HLA-F rs1736924 in the European-descent cohorts. Conclusion Our results reveal suggestive AS protective and susceptibility effects from both HLA-E and HLA-F loci, however with population differences. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing association of HLA-F with AS.

ISBN 978-606-749-365-8

The purpose of the study is to examine the impact of channel governance structure on export performance ex post. The study surveyed 105 foreign buyers of crane services from five countries and used MANOVA to test the effects of channel governance structure on export short term and long term performance outcomes. The study found that short term profitability was higher for indirect distribution channel arrangements while longer term outcomes of buyer economic satisfaction and loyalty were higher for direct. The results suggest that exporters are more likely to achieve immediate financial objectives with the support from indirect channels; however, long term objectives are more effectively achieved through direct channels.

This article presents the results of a psycho-social diagnosis performed to a neighborhood of the city of Armenia, in which the main problems affecting this community were identified: thefts, sale and consumption of psychoactive substances and multiple manifestations of urban violence that underscore the weak existing social capital. To carry out this diagnosis, workshops and interviews with children, young people and adults of the neighborhood, tree problems and social mapping were carried out. A change in the perception of the community on violence and insecurity in the area was made evident, indicating a supposed decline in the occurrence of these problems. By carrying out a discussion and taking up theories that address the issue of violence and drugs, it was inferred that gangs dedicated to the control and sale of drugs in the neighborhood have moved from a disorganized to an organized crime which explains the apparent decline of the problems. In the same way, a contrast of results was made in the light of the theory of the social capital and social welfare, in which possible intervention strategies were suggested so that the community may actively participate in the resolution of their difficulties. RESUMEN: Este artículo presenta los resultados un diagnostico psicosocial realizado a un barrio de la ciudad de Armenia, en el cual se identificaron las principales problemáticas que vive esta comunidad: robos, expendio y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y múltiples manifestaciones de violencia urbana que evidencian el débil capital social existente. Para llevar a cabo este diagnóstico, se realizaron talleres y entrevistas a niños, niñas, jóvenes y adultos del barrio, árbol de problemas y cartografía social. Se evidenció un cambio en la percepción de la comunidad sobre la violencia e inseguridad en el barrio, que indica un supuesto descenso en la ocurrencia de estas problemáticas. Al realizar una discusión retomando teorías que abordan el tema de la violencia y las drogas, se infirió que las bandas dedicadas al control y expendio de drogas en el barrio han pasado de una delincuencia desorganizada a una organizada, lo cual explica la aparente disminución de las problemáticas. Asimismo, se realizó un contraste de resultados a la luz de la teoría del capital social y el bienestar social, en el que se sugirieron posibles estrategias de intervención para que la comunidad participe activamente en la resolución de sus dificultades.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the successor's perceptions of the major objective and subjective factors as well as networks that facilitate or inhibit the process of internationalisation of entrepreneurial family firms. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a qualitative methodological approach, the current study relies on case study evidence from a sample of six mature entrepreneurial family firms operating in different sectors. Findings – Relying on data collected, this study found that the perception of foreign market opportunities; international vision; successor's proactivity; innovative spirit and specific technical knowledge are relevant variables that initiate the process of internationalisation of a family firm within the context of (post-) succession. By contrast, the study did not find high evidence of the importance of speaking a foreign language and educational background. The study also confirmed that a disrupted process, such as succession, may re-position a mature domestic family firm in international markets. Research limitations/implications – A major limitation of this study relates to the sample size. Interpretation of these findings and their generalisation should therefore, be made with caution. In terms of future recommendations, an area that deserves particular attention relates to the development and transfer of social capital within family firms. Originality/value – This study attempts to fill a gap in the literature, and it particularly tries to understand the successors’ perceptions regarding interrelationships between succession and internationalisation. The findings provide valuable insights for policy makers and managers.

This paper describes the major elements of the Goldratt’s framework – the Theory of Constraints (TOC) – in the banking sector, and examines the factors involved in the decision to adopt the TOC by companies in this sector. Through a deep literature review, analyzing similar cases that apply the Goldratt’s framework in services and in manufacturing and the several views of its components, we aim at formulating a framework specifically for the banking system. The study uses a qualitative methodology supported by the information extracted from reality as it is framed in a multicase study model. As part of the quantitative approach, we test several research hypotheses raised from the review of existing studies in the area. The main factors that influence the decision to adopt the TOC are the nature and the characteristics of the banking service, the attitude towards change, the leadership and the commitment of the entire institution. By using the Goldratt’s approach outlined in this article, through the location of the constraints and develop practical measurement to facilitate the banking process improvements, banks can improve resource utilization, revenues and employee satisfaction.

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Esta investigación propone “Establecer índices de prevalencia de las manifestaciones de agresión en la población estudiantil de las Instituciones públicas y privadas de la ciudad de Armenia”. La muestra está compuesta por 183 docentes de los colegios privados y 395 docentes en colegios públicos para un total de 578. Entre los resultados más relevante se encuentran que las manifestaciones de agresión en los estudiantes se incrementó significativamente del 2006 a 2009. La edad de inicio de las manifestaciones de agresión es cada vez menor localizándose en los 6 y 7 años. Los docentes atribuyen las manifestaciones de agresión especialmente a situaciones familiares e influencia de los medios de comunicación. Esta investigación aporta de manera significativa al desarrollo de nuevas investigaciones por cuanto los resultados pueden tenerse en cuenta con el fin de reconocer e identificar las problemáticas de la juventud Quindiana.AbstractThis research aims “to establish the indices of prevalence of the manifestations of aggression in the student population of both public and private institutions in the city of Armenia.” The sample is made up of 183 teachers from private schools and 395 teachers from public schools for a total of 578. Among the most relevant results are that manifestations of aggression in students increased significantly from 2006 to 2009. The age of onset of manifestations of aggression is decreasing less and less, locating itself in between 6-7 years. Teachers attribute the manifestations of aggression especially to family situations and the influence of the media. This research of research contributes significantly to the development of new research because the results can be taken into account in order to recognize and to identify the problems of the youth in the State of Quindío

For many individuals the two most important dimensions in their lives are family and work and, as such, it is understandable the potential of family firms. One of the barriers this type of business has to face is the succession. This process is regarded as key stage in the life of a family business and, as a result of this importance, has been one of the topics most addressed in the literature. At the same time, family businesses are commonly described as having a lower propensity to internationalize. Actually, the born-again global phenomenon has gained increasing importance. This concept refers to companies that, after many years focused on the domestic market, suddenly embrace in an internationalization process. The present research aims to bring together the phenomenon of born-again global with family business reality. Using the grounded methodology we developed an exploratory study, analyzing six companies in which the successions lead to the beginning of internationalization and we find a bridge linking succession and born-again global firms: the successor appears as a critical factor to the internationalization process, years after of a national scope of activity.

This current research is a descriptivetransversaltype of study whose objective is toidentify the life quality in subjects who belongto the National Program of Demobilizationand Reintegration to the Civil Life (PNDRVC) inthe State of Quindio. The target population inthis study comprises 200 subjects who attendthe Program for the Social and EconomicReintegration (PRSE) in the city of Armenia,from which a sample of 23 participants waschosen (2 women and 21 men), who weregiven a self-report with a Likert type of answer,designed to assess the life quality. The resultsshow the presence of a medium-high level oflife quality in the physical, psychological andsocial areas. High scores in projection and usefulness, perception of tiredness, preoccupation with physical problems, fear of thinking about death and conflict with close people, were identified. Low scores relating to the physical exercise and perception ofeconomic income were reported, these are issues which require further research.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Arquitectura, Universidade Lusíada de Lisboa, 2014 Exame público realizado em 22 de Abril de 2015 Pretendemos com a presente dissertação abordar o tema do património, dando a conhecer a evolução das teorias e conceitos desenvolvidos ao longo do tempo, especificamente durante os séculos XIX, XX e XXI. A evolução do Homem, e consequentemente a forma como se relaciona com a sua Cultura, são factores relevantes para um melhor entendimento dos conceitos implícitos à consolidação do nosso património. Procura-se assim chegar à génese das intervenções realizadas nos nossos dias, tratando especificamente três obras em particular. Foram objecto de estudo as intervenções realizadas na Praça Nova do Castelo de São Jorge, na Casa dos Bicos e no Teatro Thália. A leitura crítica destas obras permitiu a compreensão e o enquadramento do modo como se trataram os valores históricos, culturais e artísticos implícitos nas respectivas pré-existências.

One hundred and thirty unrelated Azorean individuals were randomly selected to study the frequencies of high-resolution HLA alleles and haplotypes in the Azorean (Terceira) population. HLA-A, -B, -Cw, -DRB1, -DQA1 and -DQB1 high-resolution genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction using commercial kits. HLA-E, -F and -G alleles, were genotyped by sequence-based typing. All loci were in HWE, showing no locus-level deviations. The genotype data is available in the Allele Frequencies Net Database under the population name "Azores Terceira Island" and the identifier (AFND112579).