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Graduate nursing education faces various challenges linked to research products that must be innovative and have an impact on social well-being. Knowledge transfer is a complex multidimensional process requiring multiple mechanisms, methods, and measurements to be considered in graduate training. Educational institutions must have a support infrastructure and be responsible for preparing interdisciplinary syllabi, coordinating management strategies to address student learning, and providing an environment for harmonized communication among those interested in problem-solving.

Forest expansion after rural abandonment is changing landscapes, bringing new challenges and opportunities. Juvenile performance has an effect in the establishment of new forests and the subsequent acclimation of adult trees. However, most studies have focused on the performance of adult trees. Here, we analysed differences in the phenotypic trait space of juveniles across gradients of Juniperus thurifera woodland expansion and explored which traits shape juveniles’ performance, seeking specific drivers of such differentiation and the role of the ontogeny. Thus, we surveyed functional leaf and plant-size traits in 180 juveniles growing in 18 plots at three different tree density stages (mature woodland, recently established area and a transition zone between both) and recorded local environmental conditions around each individual. We also estimated their radial growth and resilience to drought (in terms of resistance, recovery and resilience) as performance indicators. We found no relevant effects of the study environmental variables, but we did find a shift in the phenotypic space among juveniles across the gradient, with taller crowns and higher amount of leaf N and d13C at the expanding edge. This trait differentiation across the gradient implied higher performance of young trees growing in old agricultural fields, both in growth rate and drought resilience terms. Our results showed a relevant land-use legacy on early trait differentiation that shapes more efficient phenotypes in the expanding edge compared to those in mature woodlands, suggesting that the future of these new forests is not compromised under current conditions., Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUECSIC agreement with Springer Nature. Funding was provided by Spanish projects REMEDINAL TECM (Comunidad Autonoma de Madrid, S2018/EMT-4338) and COMEDIAS (CGL2017-83170-R, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades). RB was funded during the conductance of the study partially by the Contrato Programa CEEC Individual, Fundaçao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, Portugal.

[Motivation] Trait variation within species can reveal plastic and/or genetic responses to environmental gradients, and may indicate where local adaptation has occurred. Here, we present a dataset of rangewide variation in leaf traits from seven of the most ecologically and economically important tree species in Europe. Sample collection and trait assessment are embedded in the GenTree project (EU-Horizon 2020), which aims at characterizing the genetic and phenotypic variability of forest tree species to optimize the management and sustainable use of forest genetic resources. Our dataset captures substantial intra- and interspecific leaf phenotypic variability, and provides valuable information for studying the relationship between ecosystem functioning and trait variability of individuals, and the response and resilience of species to environmental changes., [Main types of variable contained] We chose morphological and chemical characters linked to trade-offs between acquisition and conservation of resources and water use, namely specific leaf area, leaf size, carbon and nitrogen content and their ratio, and the isotopic signature of stable isotope 13C and 15N in leaves., [Spatial location and grain] We surveyed between 18 and 22 populations per species, 141 in total, across Europe., [Time period] Leaf sampling took place between 2016 and 2017., [Major taxa and level of measurement] We sampled at least 25 individuals in each population, 3,569 trees in total, and measured traits in 35,755 leaves from seven European tree species, i.e. the conifers Picea abies, Pinus pinaster and Pinus sylvestris, and the broadleaves Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica, Populus nigra and Quercus petraea., [Software format] The data files are in ASCII text, tab delimited, not compressed., All authors acknowledge support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no. 676876 (Project GenTree). Laboratory work was also supported by other projects: COMEDIAS (CGL2017- 83170-R, Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities), REMEDINAL IV (TE-CM S2018/EMT-4338, Project of the Autonomous Community of Madrid, Spain), SPONFOREST (BIODIVERSA-3, PCIN-2016-055), and International Laboratory of Global Change (LINCGlobal 4540-143AP). The Swiss contribution was supported by the Swiss Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract no. 6.0032. BC was funded by a Scholarship from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES (Brazil).

Deciduous seasonal forests (DSFs) have a peculiar floristic composition, with species capable of surviving periods of high water deficit in a year. Our goal was to demonstrate that abiotic filters lead to the assembly of two DSF communities that have high floristic dissimilarity. For this, we characterized the environment of the areas and used the community-weighted mean (CWM), functional richness (FRic) and functional dispersion (FDis) indices for regional recognition of functional patterns. The local assessment of assembly rules was carried out using null models. We found differences in the FRic and FDis between the areas, which was attributed to the different floristic influences exercised on the communities. However, in both, the typical attributes of dry formations were dominant (CWM), indicating that, on the regional scale of study, the dry season acts as a filter in the composition of species in the communities. On a local scale, stochastic dispersion was identified as the mos influential mechanism in the assembly of communities. We conclude that deterministic and stochastic processes act in the assembly of the studied communities, and the proportion of each of these depends on the scale, with abiotic filtration predominating on a regional scale and stochastic dispersion events on a local scale., We would like to thank the field team, the members of the Department of Biogeography and Global Change of the National Museum of Natural Sciences (BGC-MNCN, Madrid), the Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel–Brazil (CAPES) for the partial financing of this study (Financial Code 001).

Understanding constraints to phenotypic plasticity is key given its role on the response of organisms to environmental change. It has been suggested that phenotypic integration, the structure of trait covariation, could limit trait plasticity. However, the relationship between plasticity and integration is far from resolved. Using a database of functional plasticity to drought of a Mediterranean shrub that included 20 ecophysiological traits, we assessed environmentally-induced changes in phenotypic integration and whether integration constrained the expression of plasticity, accounting for thewithin-environment phenotypic variation of traits. Furthermore, we provide the first test of the association between differential trait plasticity and trait integration across an optimumand a stressful environment. Phenotypic plasticity was positively associated with phenotypic integration in both environments, but this relationship was lost when phenotypic variation was considered. The similarityin the plastic response of two traits predicted their integration across environments, with integrated traits having more similar plasticity. Such variation in the plasticity of traits partly explained the lower phenotypic integration found in the stressful environment. We found no evidence that integration may constitute an internal constraint to plasticity. Rather, we present the first empirical demonstration that differences in plastic responses mayinvolve a major reorganization of the relationships among traits, and challenge the notion thatstress generally induces a tighter phenotype., This work was funded by grants GYPSEVOL (CGL2016-75566-P), Remedinal (TE-CM: S2018/EMT-4338), Phenotypes (PGC2018-099115-B-I00) and the Ramon y Cajal Programme of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.

1. Plant species that grow across environmental gradients show a range of trait ex-pression, but traits do not vary independently. In fact, phenotypes are integrated expressions of multiple traits that covary due to trade-offs among functions and processes. Understanding trait covariation structures will ultimately help with predicting species' responses to change and developing management actions., 2. We measured variation and covariation (a proxy of phenotypic integration) among functional traits of Pinus sylvestris from paired populations across its European distribution. Populations within a pair were close enough to be in gene flow con-tact but located in contrasting environmental conditions across a local gradient. Measured traits represented three axes of variation (groups of traits) related to a tree's competitive ability and the trade-off between resource acquisition and conservation, namely plant size measures and stem and foliar traits., 3. Results revealed important intra- and inter-population trait variability. In particular, at the population level, trait means shifted across the climatic gradient mainly de-scribed by mean annual temperature. Moreover, we found a higher degree of trait covariation in populations under harsher environments (i.e. lower environmental suitability for the species). This pattern was consistent within population pairs, suggesting that higher trait covariation may be adaptive, being more coordinated in sites with harsher conditions. At larger spatial scales, we found a less conclusive pattern with a trend of increasing covariation at the northern edge of the species distribution. This result suggests that at larger scales different processes may be in-volved in the trade-off between the adaptive value of phenotypic covariation ver-sus its constraints on trait combinations that may limit plant's response capability., 4. Synthesis. Trait covariation varies at different spatial scales, increasing under harsher conditions, and the robustness and repeatability of this pattern suggests its adaptive role for the species' responses to different environments., Funding was provided by the European Union Horizon 2020 Project GenTree (Grant Agreement No. 676876). Extra support came from the Spanish projects REMEDINAL TE-CM (Autonomous Community of Madrid, S2018/EMT-4338), Phenotypes (PGC2018-099115-B-100), COMEDIAS (CGL2017-83170-R, Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities), and Swiss Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract No. 6.0032. R.B. is now funded by the Contrato-Programa CEEC Individual, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal. B.C. was funded by CAPES fellowship (DOC-PLENO -Programa de Doutorado Pleno no Exterior. Grant Agreement No. 99999.001266/2015-02, Brazil). C.C.B. was supported by a post-doctoral fellowship of the Ramón Areces Foundation.

© 2015 Geobotanisches Institut ETH, Stiftung Ruebel. Climate change is expected to alter the geographic distribution of many plant species worldwide. However, there is still no clear evidence showing a generalised direction and magnitude of these distribution shifts. Here, we have surveyed, in nine mountainous regions in Spain, an array of tree species along entire elevational ranges, as surrogates of their global climatic ranges, to test for elevational shifts towards cooler locations. We analysed the distribution recruitment patterns of five dominant tree species, recording the abundance and measuring the primary growth of juveniles in 306 plots. Three of the species have a temperate-boreal distribution with populations at their southern edge in the Mediterranean mountain ranges: Pinus sylvestris, Pinus uncinata and Fagus sylvatica; and the other two species have a Mediterranean distribution: Quercus ilex and Pinus nigra. Despite the contrasting phylogenies and biogeographies, we identified a similar pattern in recruitment abundance across species, with an asymmetric distribution of juveniles (more recruits in the middle-upper elevation of their range), but higher annual growths at lower elevations. This survival-growth trade-off at the early recruitment stage may potentially counterbalance at population level the negative effect of global warming on recruit survival at the lower edge of species ranges. These findings suggest a demographic stabilisation process at the early recruitment stage of these tree species, and highlight the importance of considering the different demographic stages across the whole climatic range to understand the effects that climate change may exert on species distributions and population dynamics., Funding also was provided by the Spanish Ministry for Innovation and Science with the grant Consolider-Montes (CSD2008 00040), VULGLO (CGL201022180 C03 03), MOUNTAINS (CGL-2012-38427), the Community of Madrid grant REMEDINAL 2 (CM S2009 AMB 1783) and the European Union with the projects BACCARA (CE: FP7-226299, 7FP) and FunDivEUROPE (CE: FP7-ENV-2010. 265171)., RB was funded by a MarieCurie IEF fellowship (FP7-PEOPLE-2011-IEF).

[Questions]: While positive effects of tree diversity on tree community biomass have often been reported in mature stands, the debate on whether diversity effects may be detectable at the seedling level persists, with opposing outcomes found so far. We still lack a comprehensive evaluation of the biodiversity effects (so- called ‘comple-mentarity’ and ‘selection’ effects), as well as the phenotypic drivers at play, underly-ing early-community biomass. Even less is known about whether such biodiversity effects may change under water- limited conditions., [Location]: Seeds from four tree species coexisting in a Mediterranean forest (Spain)., [Methods]: We built experimental tree seedling assemblages with three diversity lev-els — monocultures, two- species and four- species mixtures — and under two soil moisture conditions. We quantified the extent to which species richness, species identity, community-weighted mean (CWM) and functional dissimilarity (FD) influ-ence complementarity and selection effects. We computed CWM and FD for seven functional traits related to water and light acquisition; and we calculated the comple-mentarity and selection effects from above- and below- ground biomass measures at the community level., [Results]: Our results showed that complementarity drove the greater biomass in more diverse assemblages at the seedling stage. This pattern was largely favored by a par-ticular species, Quercus faginea, with distinct phenotypic traits (great height, lateral ramification and root biomass with high dry matter content), which induced a positive effect of CWM on community biomass. Moreover, our study showed that the water deficit limited the production of above- ground biomass without interacting with the community’s species richness., [Conclusion]: Our study provides evidence that positive biodiversity effects on com-munity biomass occur early, at the seedling stage, and it highlights the essential role that certain tree species play from their initial development stages by favoring spatresource partitioning. Our work motivates future studies to apply integrated ap-proaches in assessing both the community-wide and species-specific effects to understand the biodiversity–biomass relationship., This work was supported by the Spanish-funded project REMEDINAL-3CM (S2013/MAE-2719). CCB is supported by a postdoctoral fellowship of the Ramón Areces Foundation. BC thanks Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Níıvel Superior - CAPES [DOC- PLENO - Programa de Doutorado Pleno no Exterior (grant Agreement No 99999.001266/2015-02) for a research scholarship. CV was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) Starting Grant Project ‘Ecophysiological and Biophysical Constraints on Domestication in Crop Plants’ (grant ERC- StG -2014- 639706-CONSTRAINTS).

International audience; There is growing concern that the implementation of political agreements on climate change and biodiversity will not be enough to protect forests in the short run and up to the end of the 21st century. As mitigation efforts are lagging behind self-imposed, reasonable targets, genetic diversity will have a large and significant part to play in the process of adapting forests to climate change. Genetic diversity, the raw material of evolution, can be used for adaptation by natural selection and artificial breeding, in naturally regenerated and plantation forests alike. The two-day scientific conference: “#rescueforests: Genetics to the rescue - Managing forests sustainably in a changing world”, addressed the genetic diversity of forests. More specifically, the conference was about natural as well as assisted adaptive processes, their spatial scale, from fine grain to landscape and ecoregions, and how much of the genome it involves. It also dealt with phenotypes and how much of their variation is determined by underlying genetic diversity. And finally, and perhaps most importantly, the conference emphasized the importance of conservation and sustainable use of this genetic diversity as a nature-based solution to adapt under the fast pace of climate change. The conference demonstrated how improved knowledge on genomic diversity and evolutionary mechanisms can help to rescue forests, either naturally or by means of management.

The dataset presented here was collected by the GenTree project (EU-Horizon 2020), which aims to improve the use of forest genetic resources across Europe by better understanding how trees adapt to their local environment. This dataset of individual tree-core characteristics including ring-width series and whole-core wood density was collected for seven ecologically and economically important European tree species: silver birch (Betula pendula), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Norway spruce (Picea abies), European black poplar (Populus nigra), maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), and sessile oak (Quercus petraea). Tree-ring width measurements were obtained from 3600 trees in 142 populations and whole-core wood density was measured for 3098 trees in 125 populations. This dataset covers most of the geographical and climatic range occupied by the selected species. The potential use of it will be highly valuable for assessing ecological and evolutionary responses to environmental conditions as well as for model development and parameterization, to predict adaptability under climate change scenarios., Measurement(s)growth ring • wood densityTechnology Type(s)measuring table • calculationFactor Type(s)tree speciesSample Characteristic - OrganismBetula pendula • Fagus sylvatica • Picea abies • Populus nigra • Pinus pinaster • Pinus sylvestris • Quercus petraeaSample Characteristic - LocationEurope Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.11294993

The dataset presented here was collected by the GenTree project (EU-Horizon 2020), which aims to improve the use of forest genetic resources across Europe by better understanding how trees adapt to their local environment. This dataset of individual tree-core characteristics including ring-width series and whole-core wood density was collected for seven ecologically and economically important European tree species: silver birch (Betula pendula), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Norway spruce (Picea abies), European black poplar (Populus nigra), maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), and sessile oak (Quercus petraea). Tree-ring width measurements were obtained from 3600 trees in 142 populations and whole-core wood density was measured for 3098 trees in 125 populations. This dataset covers most of the geographical and climatic range occupied by the selected species. The potential use of it will be highly valuable for assessing ecological and evolutionary responses to environmental conditions as well as for model development and parameterization, to predict adaptability under climate change scenarios. Measurement(s) growth ring • wood density Technology Type(s) measuring table • calculation Factor Type(s) tree species Sample Characteristic - Organism Betula pendula • Fagus sylvatica • Picea abies • Populus nigra • Pinus pinaster • Pinus sylvestris • Quercus petraea Sample Characteristic - Location Europe Published

Functional traits have emerged as a key to understand species responses to environmental conditions. The concerted expression of multiple traits gives rise to the phenotype of each individual, which is the one interacting with the environment and evolving. However, patterns of trait covariation and how they vary in response to environmental conditions remain poorly understood, particularly at the intraspecific scale. Here, we have measured traits at different scales and in different organs, and analysed their covariation in a large number of conspecifics distributed in two contrasting environments. We expected significant correlations among traits, not only within clusters of traits as found in global, multispecies studies, but also among clusters, with more relationships within clusters, due to genetic constraints, and among clusters due to more coordinated phenotypes than community level, multispecies studies. We surveyed 100 Pinus sylvestris trees in a Mediterranean mountainous area distributed in two contrasting elevations. We measured 13 functional traits, in three clusters (leaf, stem and whole-plant traits), and analysed their variation and coordination. We found significant coordination among traits belonging to different clusters that reveals coordinated phenotypes. However, we found fewer correlations within trait clusters than initially expected. Trait correlation structures (number, intensity and type of correlations among traits) differed among individuals at different elevations. We observed more correlations within trait clusters at low elevation compared to those at high elevation. Moreover, the higher number of correlations among different trait clusters and the lower trait variation at the higher elevation suggests that variability decreases under more stressful conditions. Altogether, our results reveal that traits at intraspecific scale are coordinated in a broad network and not only within clusters of traits but also that this trait covariation is significantly affected by environmental conditions., BC thanks for a research scholarship from Coordenacão de Aperfeicçoamento de Pessoal de Nıvel Superior- CAPES [DOC-PLENO-Programade Doutorado Plenono Exterior. Grant Agreement No 99999.001266/2015-02]. All authors acknowledge support from the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme Project GenTree [Grant Agreement No. 676876]; REMEDINALTC-CM [Autonomous Community of Madrid, S2018/EMT-4338]; COMEDIAS FEDER [CGL2017-83170-R, Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities] and LINC Global [4540-143AP] projects.

The functioning of plant communities is strongly influenced by the number of species in the community and their spatial arrangement. This is because plants interact with their nearest neighbors and this interaction is expected to be stronger when the interacting individuals are ecologically similar in terms of resource use. Recent evidence shows that species richness alters the balance of intra- versus interspecific competition, but the effect of species richness, and phylogenetic and functional diversity on the spatial pattern of the plant communities remain less studied. Even far, how forest stand structure derived from past management practices can influence the relationship between species richness and spatial pattern is still unknown. Here, we evaluate the spatial distribution of woody individuals (DBH >7.5 cm) in 209 forest stands (i.e. plots) with an increasing level of species richness (from 1 up to 10 species) in six forest types along a latitudinal gradient in Europe. We used completely mapped plots to investigate the spatial pattern in each forest stand with point pattern techniques. We fitted linear models to analyze the effect of species richness (positively correlated with phylogenetic diversity) and functional diversity on tree spatial arrangements. We also controled this relationship by forest type and stand structure as a proxy of the management legacy. Our results showed a generalized positive effect of species richness and functional diversity on the degree of spatial clustering of trees, and on the spatial independence of tree sizes regardless of the forest type. Moreover, current tree spatial arrangements were still conditioned by its history of management; however its effect was independent of the number of species in the community. Our study showed that species richness and functional diversity are relevant attributes of forests influencing the spatial pattern of plant communities, and consequently forest functioning., CCB is beneficiary of a FPU grant funded by the Spanish Government (AP2010-5600). This research was supported by the FunDivEUROPE project, receiving funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement no.265171, the Spanish-funded project REMEDINAL TE-CM S2018/EMT-4338 and COMEDIAS FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades – Agencia Estatal de Investigación/_Proyecto CGL2017-83170-R. RB was funded by a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Intra-European fellowship (grant agreement no. 302445).

Plant functional diversity (FD) is an important component of biodiversity that characterizes the variability of functional traits within a community, landscape, or even large spatial scales. It can influence ecosystem processes and stability. Hence, it is important to understand how and why FD varies within and between ecosystems, along resources availability gradients and climate gradients, and across vegetation successional stages. Usually, FD is assessed through labor-intensive field measurements, while assessing FD from space may provide a way to monitor global FD changes in a consistent, time and resource efficient way. The potential of operational satellites for inferring FD, however, remains to be demonstrated. Here we studied the relationships between FD and spectral reflectance measurements taken by ESA's Sentinel-2 satellite over 117 field plots located in 6 European countries, with 46 plots having in-situ sampled leaf traits and the other 71 using traits from the TRY database. These field plots represent major European forest types, from boreal forests in Finland to Mediterranean mixed forests in Spain. Based on in-situ data collected in 2013 we computed functional dispersion (FDis), a measure of FD, using foliar and whole-plant traits of known ecological significance. These included five foliar traits: leaf nitrogen concentration (N%), leaf carbon concentration (%C), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf area (LA). In addition they included three whole-plant traits: tree height (H), crown cross-sectional area (CCSA), and diameter-at-breast-height (DBH). We applied partial least squares regression using Sentinel-2 surface reflectance measured in 2015 as predictive variables to model in-situ FDis measurements. We predicted, in cross-validation, 55% of the variation in the observed FDis. We also showed that the red-edge, near infrared and shortwave infrared regions of Sentinel-2 are more important than the visible region for predicting FDis. An initial 30-m resolution mapping of FDis revealed large local FDis variation within each forest type. The novelty of this study is the effective integration of spaceborne and in-situ measurements at a continental scale, and hence represents a key step towards achieving rapid global biodiversity monitoring schemes., This work was primarily supported by an iDiv-Flexpool project “Observing effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning across time, space, and wavelength: oBEF-Across” and a European Union H2020 project “Detecting changes in essential ecosystem and biodiversity properties - towards a Biosphere Atmosphere Change Index: BACI” (grant agreement number: 640176). The data from FunDivEUROPE network was collected with the financial support from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) (grant agreement number: 265171). Remeasurements across all FunDivEUROPE plots were financed by EU H2020 project Soil4Europe (Bioidversa 2017-2019). We thank Prof. Dr. Michael Scherer-Lorenzen and Prof. Dr. Kris Verheyen from FunDivEUROPE network for their generous help with field data during the paper revision. DEPM and MM and MDM also acknowledge the support of the Trustee European Commission project no H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 – 721995. The free use of Sentinel-2 data is enabled by ESA's Copernicus Open Access Hub. The in-situ plant traits data collected over Finnish, Romanian, and Spanish sites were supported by a Marie-Curie Fellowship (DIVERFOR, FP7-PEOPLE-2011-IEF. No. 302445) to R. Benavides. The free access of plant trait data was supported by the TRY initiative (http://www.try-db.org)

Increasing evidence supports that canopy richness favors multifunctionality in European forests. Given that recruitment represents one of the main demographic bottlenecks in plant communities, the provision of similar levels of forest functioning in the future will depend on successful natural regeneration in the present. Here, we evaluated whether canopy diversity enhances recruitment (abundance and richness) by providing a more diverse seed supply and a more heterogeneous environmental context; or, alternatively, if post-dispersal environmental filters outweigh these expected positive effects. For this purpose, we used a large-scale European platform comprising 173 forest plots that follow a canopy species richness gradient (from monoculture to mixed plots up to 5 tree species) in five forest types from Mediterranean to boreal forests. Despite that canopy diversity promoted a more diverse seed supply and a more heterogeneous light environment, this did not translate into a richer or more abundant community of recruits. In fact, we found an important uncoupling in species composition between recruitment and canopy layers. Our results suggest that strong post-dispersal filters, mediated by an interaction between seed size and latitude, drive this mismatch. Large-seeded species were over-represented in the recruitment at both extremes of the European gradient (Mediterranean and boreal forests), while the opposite trend occurred at intermediate latitudes. Altogether, our work shows that preserving a more diverse canopy may not ensure successful recruitment, and advocates future studies analyzing the role of post-dispersal filters on the assembly of European forests., We are grateful to the FunDivEUROPE site managers for establishing and maintaining of the permanent plots. C.C.B. is beneficiary of a FPU grant funded by the Spanish Government (AP2010-5600). R.B. was funded by a Marie Curie IEF fellowship (FP7-PEOPLE-2011-IEF). This research was supported by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 265171, and also from Spanish-funded project REMEDINAL TE-CM S2018/EMT-4338.

Functional diversity informs about biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships. The intraspecific component of functional diversity (i.e. the phenotypic space of each species) depicts individual differences in the resource use and fitness among conspecifics, and gives valuable information about the functional similarity (competition) or dissimilarity (complementarity) of coexisting species. Here, we quantified trait differences within tree species along local diversity gradients to shed light on the role that this intraspecific variability exerts on functional complementarity of tree species. We measured architectural traits in 5,036 individuals and leaf traits in 1,403 individuals from nine dominant tree species, surveyed in 92 plots located in three major European forest types (Mediterranean, temperate and boreal forests). In each forest type, plots were positioned along a canopy richness gradient, with every study species present in different species richness levels, including monocultures. Our results showed that the relative magnitude of intraspecific trait variability to community-level variability is high in these forests. At the species level, we found adjustments of species leaf traits (mean shifts) in response to neighbouring trees, suggesting the existence of processes that limit niche overlap. We also found higher variability in architectural traits of conspecific individuals in more diverse canopies, suggesting greater niche packing and a more efficient use of available space as the number of species in the canopy increases. Altogether, our results support the hypothesis that differential responses of individuals within a species promote species complementarity, suggesting that biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships cannot be properly estimated without accounting for the intraspecific level of functional variation., All authors acknowledge support from the European Union FunDivEUROPE project (FP7-ENV-2010. Grant agreement No. 265171). RB was funded by a Marie Curie IEF fellowship (DIVEFOR. FP7-PEOPLE-2011-IEF. Grant Agreement No. 302445), together with the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme Project GenTree (Grant Agreement No. 676876), and REMEDINAL3-CM (Autonomous Community of Madrid, S2013/MAE-2719), LINCGlobal (4540-143AP), COMEDIAS (CGL2017-83170-R, Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities) projects.

Many tree species from Mediterranean regions have started to show increased rates of crown defoliation, reduced growth, and dieback associated with the increase in temperatures and changes in the frequency and intensity of drought events experienced during the last decades. In this regard, Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota [Desf.] (Holm oak), despite being a drought-tolerant species widely distributed in the Mediterranean basin, it has recently started to show acute signs of decline, extended areas from Spain being affected. However, few studies have assessed the role of climatic variability (i.e., temperature, precipitation, and drought) on the decline and resilience of Holm oak. Here, we measured secondary growth of seventy Holm oaks from a coppice stand located in central Spain. Sampled trees had different stages of decline, so they were classified into four vigour groups considering their crown foliar lost: healthy (0%), low defoliated (, This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) with the project VERONICA (CGL2013-42271-P), and by the Spanish Ministry for Innovation and Science with the grant Consolider-Montes (CSD2008_00040).

Humans require multiple services from ecosystems, but it is largely unknown whether trade‐offs between ecosystem functions prevent the realisation of high ecosystem multifunctionality across spatial scales. Here, we combined a comprehensive dataset (28 ecosystem functions measured on 209 forest plots) with a forest inventory dataset (105,316 plots) to extrapolate and map relationships between various ecosystem multifunctionality measures across Europe. These multifunctionality measures reflected different management objectives, related to timber production, climate regulation and biodiversity conservation/recreation. We found that trade‐offs among them were rare across Europe, at both local and continental scales. This suggests a high potential for ‘win‐win’ forest management strategies, where overall multifunctionality is maximised. However, across sites, multifunctionality was on average 45.8‐49.8% below maximum levels and not necessarily highest in protected areas. Therefore, using one of the most comprehensive assessments so far, our study suggests a high but largely unrealised potential for management to promote multifunctional forests., This paper is a joint effort of the working group ‘Scaling biodiversity‐ecosystem functioning relations: a synthesis based on the FunDivEUROPE research platforms’ on the 24th–26th November 2014 in Leipzig, Germany, kindly supported by sDiv, the Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig, funded by the German Research Foundation (FZT 118). The FunDivEUROPE project received funding from the European Union's Seventh Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement No. 265171. We thank the MAGRAMA for access to the Spanish Forest Inventory, the Johann Heinrich von Thünen‐Institut for access to the German National Forest Inventories, the Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE) for making the Finnish NFI data available, the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences for making the Swedish NFI data available, and Hugues Lecomte, from the Walloon Forest Inventory, for access to the Walloon NFI data. The study was supported by the TRY initiative on plant traits (http://www.trydb.org).

The importance of biodiversity in supporting ecosystem functioning is generally well accepted. However, most evidence comes from small‐scale studies, and scaling‐up patterns of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (B‐EF) remains challenging, in part because the importance of environmental factors in shaping B‐EF relations is poorly understood. Using a forest research platform in which 26 ecosystem functions were measured along gradients of tree species richness in six regions across Europe, we investigated the extent and the potential drivers of context dependency of B‐EF relations. Despite considerable variation in species richness effects across the continent, we found a tendency for stronger B‐EF relations in drier climates as well as in areas with longer growing seasons and more functionally diverse tree species. The importance of water availability in driving context dependency suggests that as water limitation increases under climate change, biodiversity may become even more important to support high levels of functioning in European forests., The FunDivEUROPE project received funding from the European Union Seventh Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement No. 265171. Additional support was received from the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig for SR. CW acknowledges the support of the Max‐Planck‐Society.

An assemblage of tree species with different crown properties creates heterogeneous environments at the canopy level. Changes of functional leaf traits are expected, especially those related to light interception and photosynthesis. Chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) properties in dark-adapted leaves, specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen content (N) and carbon isotope composition (delta C-13) were measured on Picea abies (L.) H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L. and Betula pendula Roth. in monospecific and mixed boreal forests in Europe, in order to test whether they were affected by stand species richness and composition. Photosynthetic efficiency, assessed by induced emission of leaf ChlF, was positively influenced in B. pendula by species richness, whereas P. abies showed higher photosynthetic efficiency in monospecific stands. Pinus sylvestris had different responses when it coexisted with P. abies or B. pendula. The presence of B. pendula, but not of P. abies, in the forest had a positive effect on the efficiency of photosynthetic electron transport and N in P. sylvestris needles, and the photosynthetic responses were positively correlated with an increase of leaf d 13C. These effects on P. sylvestris may be related to high light availability at the canopy level due to the less dense canopy of B. pendula.The different light requirements of coexisting species was the most important factor affecting the distribution of foliage in the canopy, driving the physiological responses of the mixed species.Future research directions claim to enhance the informative potential of the methods to analyse the responses of pure and mixed forests to environmental factors, including a broader set of plant species' functional traits and physiological responses.

Aims of study: The goals of this paper are to summarize and to compare plant species richness and floristic similarity at two spatial scales; mesohabitat (normal, eutrophic, and oligotrophic dehesas) and dehesa habitat; and to establish guidelines for conserving species diversity in dehesas.Area of study: We considered four dehesa sites in the western Peninsular Spain, located along a climatic and biogeographic gradient from north to south. Main results: Average alpha richness for mesohabitats was 75.6 species, and average alpha richness for dehesa sites was 146.3. Gamma richness assessed for the overall dehesa habitat was 340.0 species. The species richness figures of normal dehesa mesohabitat were significantly lesser than of the eutrophic mesohabitat and lesser than the oligotrophic mesohabitat too. No significant differences were found for species richness among dehesa sites. We have found more dissimilarity at local scale (mesohabitat) than at regional scale (habitat). Finally, the results of the similarity assessment between dehesa sites reflected both climatic and biogeographic gradients.Research highlights: An effective conservation of dehesas must take into account local and regional conditions all along their distribution range for ensuring the conservation of the main vascular plant species assemblages as well as the associated fauna.Keywords: Agroforestry systems; mesohabitat; non-parametric estimators; alpha richness; gamma richness; floristic similarity; climatic and biogeographic range.

Foraging behaviour (grazing time, diet selection) and overlap in vegetation use between five beef cows, five mares, 32 ewes and 32 does, suckling their offspring born in late winter–early spring, was compared across the grazing season (May–December). Animals were managed in mixed grazing on heather–gorse vegetation communities with an adjacent area (24%) of ryegrass–clover improved pasture. Equines spent more daily time grazing than the other species in all seasons, averaging 610 min/day compared to 530, 481 and 496 min/day spent by cattle, sheep and goats, respectively. Seasonal changes in both grazing behaviour and diet selection were observed. Generally, cows, mares and ewes spent most of their grazing time on the improved pasture (0.77, 0.73 and 0.59, respectively), whereas goats spent more time grazing on shrublands (0.70). All species concentrated their diurnal grazing activity in the morning and late afternoon, whilst resting occurred mainly in the middle of the day. Herbaceous species were the main component in the diets of cattle, equines and sheep across the whole grazing season, whereas for goats this predominance was only observed during the spring. Cattle, sheep and equines turned to browse only when pasture availability decreased. Cattle and sheep tended to select heather in moderate amounts whereas they avoided gorse across the grazing season. By contrast, horses seemed to be able to deal with the gorse spiny shoots and consumed it in the autumn (averaging 0.29). The goats' diet at the end of the grazing season was mainly composed of heather species, reaching 0.81 in November. Degree of grazing overlap between livestock species was influenced by the animal species and also varied across the grazing season. The greatest similarity indexes (KSI) based on grazing time and diet composition data were found between cattle and equines (0.86) and between cattle and sheep (0.94), whereas the combination of goats with the other animal species resulted in lower KSI values. Dietary overlap decreased as the improved pasture availability decreased during the grazing season. Results suggest that the success of management strategies (type and composition of the flock, mixed or sequential, continuous or seasonal) in these heterogeneous vegetation conditions will depend on plant species characteristics and its proportions. Grazing management options should be based on production (animal performance) or environmental goals (biodiversity, control of shrub encroachment, reduction of fire risk, etc.) previously defined. Goats proved to be the best complement to the other animal species for an efficient use of natural vegetation. Nevertheless, studies should be carried out to assess the interactions between grazing behaviour and animal performance in these particular vegetation conditions.

Participating in regular physical activity (PA) can help people maintain a healthy weight, and it reduces their risks of developing cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Unfortunately, PA declines during early adolescence, particularly in minority populations. This paper explores design requirements for mobile PA-based games to motivate Hispanic teenagers to exercise. We found that some personality traits are significantly correlated to preference for specific motivational phrases and that personality affects game preference. Our qualitative analysis shows that different body weights affect beliefs about PA and games. Design requirements identified from this study include multi-player capabilities, socializing, appropriate challenge level, and variety.

Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of biodiversity in maintaining multiple ecosystem functions and services (multifunctionality) at local spatial scales, but it is unknown whether similar relationships are found at larger spatial scales in real-world landscapes. Here, we show, for the first time to our knowledge, that biodiversity can also be important for multifunctionality at larger spatial scales in European forest landscapes. Both high local (α-) diversity and a high turnover in species composition between locations (high β-diversity) were found to be potentially important drivers of ecosystem multifunctionality. Our study provides evidence that it is important to conserve the landscape-scale biodiversity that is being eroded by biotic homogenization if ecosystem multifunctionality is to be maintained.

Many experiments have shown that local biodiversity loss impairs the ability of ecosystems to maintain multiple ecosystem functions at high levels (multifunctionality). In contrast, the role of biodiversity in driving ecosystem multifunctionality at landscape scales remains unresolved. We used a comprehensive pan-European dataset, including 16 ecosystem functions measured in 209 forest plots across six European countries, and performed simulations to investigate how local plot-scale richness of tree species (α-diversity) and their turnover between plots (β-diversity) are related to landscape-scale multifunctionality. After accounting for variation in environmental conditions, we found that relationships between α-diversity and landscape-scale multifunctionality varied from positive to negative depending on the multifunctionality metric used. In contrast, when significant, relationships between β-diversity and landscape-scale multifunctionality were always positive, because a high spatial turnover in species composition was closely related to a high spatial turnover in functions that were supported at high levels. Our findings have major implications for forest management and indicate that biotic homogenization can have previously unrecognized and negative consequences for large-scale ecosystem multifunctionality., The research leading to these results received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement 265171.

The long lifespan of trees makes them sensitive to climate warming, particularly when abrupt changes in climatic conditions occur and when trees are already growing near to their climatic tolerance thresholds. In many Mediterranean pine forests, drought stress induced by warmer temperatures and increased aridification compromise tree survival, causing growth decline and, eventually, triggering tree mortality. We evaluated the effect of climate on radial growth and mortality comparing dead and living trees of two pine species, Pinus sylvestrisand. Pinus nigrasubsp.salzmannii, in a continental Mediterranean area over a 50-year long period. We used linear mixed models and correlations to evaluate the effect of climate on basal area increment (BAI) and on ring-width indices, respectively. In P. nigra, growth was enhanced by wet and cold conditions, whilst growth increased with temperatures in. P. sylvestris. A gradual BAI reduction was detected in P. nigratrees since the late 1970s, becoming more pronounced in recently dead trees. Contrarily, P. sylvestris growth did not show such decline, whilst death events in this species were linked to severe and punctual droughts. Our findings show that warming and drought stress trigger contrasting responses in functionally and phylogenetically similar tree species, and suggest climate-mediated important changes on competitive dominance in Mediterranean forests., This study was funded by projects VERONICA CGL2013-42271-P from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), and REMEDINAL3-CM MAE-2719 from The Community of Madrid. ####MINECO/ICTI2013-2016/CGL2013-42271-P##Climate warming; Drought; Growth decline; Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii; Pinus sylvestris; Tree death##Comunidad de Madrid; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España)#

Received 30 April 2015, Revised 26 October 2015, Accepted 26 October 2015, Available online 2 November 2015, Evidence of tree regeneration failure of some species in the Iberian Peninsula forests warns us about the impact that the global change may exert on the preservation of Mediterranean forests, such as we know them. Predictions agree about an exacerbation of the summer drought there, acknowledged as the main limiting factor for the recruits’ survival. On the other hand, many studies have also proved the relevant role that local heterogeneity has over the spatial distribution of forest species recruitment by providing safe sites. Therefore, to unravel how climate interacts with local factors over juveniles’ performance seems crucial for the design of successful management strategies that allow facing the global warming. Here, we surveyed the natural recruitment of four dominant tree species in seven mountainous regions in the Iberian Peninsula, along entire elevational ranges as surrogates of their climatic ranges. Two of them have alpine and temperate distributions with populations at their rear edge in the Spanish mountains: Fagus sylvatica and Pinus uncinata; and the other two have a genuine Mediterranean distribution: Quercus ilex and Pinus nigra. Our main goal was to analyze for each species the effect of climate, local factors (i.e. light availability, stand structure and ground cover) and the interactions among them to identify the main drivers leading the regeneration process, assessed in terms of presence, abundance and mean annual growth of juveniles. The results showed different environmental factors determining the recruitment patterns of each species. Nevertheless, they highlighted the pervasive role exerted by both climate and fine scale factors, particularly the co-occurring vegetation on recruits’ abundance, and the light availability on their growth. Moreover, we found some interactions among annual mean temperature and local factors, suggesting that climate and local heterogeneity act hierarchically, i.e. the local conditions may mitigate or exacerbate the impact of climate on juveniles. These results advocate for further research to increase our knowledge on the complex net of interactions among factors involved in recruitment at different scales, which in turn should be taken into account and incorporated in forthcoming management strategies., Funding was also provided by the Spanish Ministry for Innovation and Science with the Grant Consolider-Montes (CSD2008_00040), and the European Union with the projects BACCARA (CE: FP7-226299, 7FP), FunDivEUROPE (CE: FP7-ENV-2010. 265171), and IMBALANCE-P (ERC Synergy project SyG-2013-610028)., RB was funded by a Marie Curie IEF fellowship (FP7-PEOPLE-2011-IEF).

Childhood anxiety disorders are a salient concern because they are associated with deviant conduct, substance abuse, and depression later in life. This meta-analysis focuses on the efficacy of psychosocial interventions in preventing anxiety disorders in children. A search of several databases covering 1985-2007 identified 19 peer-reviewed studies. Most of the studies were judged with "Low Risk of Bias". Results showed CBT to be the most effective psychosocial intervention (95% CI, 0.19 a 0.43), particularly when implemented at a selective prevention level (95% CI, 0.20 a 0.97). The protective factors to improve the most were positive future outlook (95% CI, 0.87 to 1.51) and self-esteem (95% CI, 0.87 a 1.51). Suggestions for further research and implications for practice are offered.

Question: How are heathland vegetation dynamics affected by different goat grazing management? Location: Cantabrian heathlands in Illano, Asturias, northern Spain. Methods: During 4 years, vegetation dynamics (structural composition, canopy height and floristic diversity) were studied under three goat grazing treatments with three replicates: high stocking rate (11.7 goats ha -1 ) with a local Celtiberic breed, high stocking rate (15 goats ha -1 ) with a commercial Cashmere breed, and low stocking rate (6.7 goats ha -1 ) with the Cashmere breed. Results: The relative cover of woody plants, particularly heather species, decreased more whilst herbaceous cover increased more under local Celtiberic than under Cashmere breed grazing. Within Cashmere treatments, the cover and height of live shrubs decreased more and the herbaceous cover increased more under high than under low stocking rate. Redundancy analysis showed a significant effect of treatment x year interaction on floristic composition. Higher species richness was recorded under local goat grazing, but Shannon diversity index fell in the fourth year on these plots due to the dominance achieved by two grass species. Conclusions: Local Celtiberic goat grazing at such a high stocking rate (11.7 goats ha -1 ) hinders the development of sustainable systems on these heathlands, both in environmental and productive terms, due to the limitations in soil fertility. Nevertheless, Celtiberic goats could be useful for controlling excessive shrub encroachment and reducing fire hazard. Cashmere goat grazing at high stocking rate promoted the highest Shannon diversity by generating a better balance between woody and herbaceous plants, while shrub dominance was not altered under the low stocking rate.

Poplars are commonly planted on moist, unstable pastoral hill country to prevent or reduce soil erosion, thereby maintaining hillslope integrity and pasture production. Mechanical reinforcement by poplar root systems aids slope stabilisation, particularly when the roots are anchored into the fragipan or underlying rock. Total root length, mass and distribution of coarse roots (≥2 mm diameter) were determined for three Populus deltoides × nigra ‘Veronese’ trees in their 12th growing season after being planted as 3 m poles at upper slope (TU), mid-slope (TM) and lower slope (TL) positions on an erodible hillslope near Palmerston North in the southern North Island. Most of the roots were distributed in the top 40 cm of soil. Depth of penetration of vertical roots was dependent on slope position and limited by the available depth of the soil above a fragipan (0.35 m at the upper slope to 1.4 m at the lower slope). Roots penetrated the fragipan at the upper slope position where the soil depth was shallowest, and at the mid-slope, but not the lower slope position. Total coarse root length was 287.9 m for TU, 1,131.3 m for TM and 1,611.3 m for TL, and total coarse root dry mass (excluding root crown) was 8.15 kg for TU, 38.77 kg for TM and 81.35 kg for TL.

Complex interactions between livestock, trees and pasture occur in silvopastoral systems. Between trees and pasture, competition for soil resources (nutrients and water) occurs, becoming especially relevant when one of them is in scarce supply. Trees reduce light and water reaching the understorey layers according to tree density and canopy size. However, they may ameliorate extreme climatological features (reducing wind speed and evapotranspiration, and alleviating extreme temperatures), and improve soil properties, for example, deciduous tree litter may contribute to increased pH and soil nutrient concentrations. During tree establishment, there are generally negligible effects on pasture, irrespective of tree type. However, there is a decline in pasture production and nutritive value under shade with increasing tree age and higher stand density. Under the same conditions, deciduous trees affect pasture later (extinction point of pasture occurs at 85% of canopy closure) than evergreen trees (about 67% for Pinus radiata D. Don). This is mainly because deciduous trees have a leafless period that enables pasture recovery, and their litter smothers pasture less intensely because of its relatively fast decomposition. Silvopastoral studies conducted in New Zealand are reviewed to discuss these effects, and differences in the effects of evergreen and deciduous trees are shown using the examples of P. radiata, and Populus and Salix spp. respectively, which exist in many temperate countries. Future research needs are outlined.

To describe the optical coherence tomography (OCT) features of optic disk melanocytoma.Case series including 15 patients.OCT characteristics of the tumor.The mean age of the patients was 42 years. By ophthalmoscopy, the mean basal diameter of the tumor was 2.7 mm, and by ultrasonography, the mean thickness was 1.8 mm. By OCT, the tumor showed a nodular appearance in 14 cases (93%). The tumor displayed a gradual sloping transition from normal retina into the mass, hyperreflectivity at its anterior tumor surface, and dense posterior shadowing with an optically empty appearance in all 15 cases (100%). Thicker tumors displayed thinner anterior hyperreflective borders and denser shadowing. There were no internal qualities of the tumor or disk visible by OCT due to dense shadowing. Other findings of OCT included vitreous seeds in 2 cases (13%) and adjacent retinal edema in 1 case (7%). There were no cases of retinal traction, subretinal fluid, macular edema, or epiretinal membrane in the macula.Optic disk melanocytoma shows characteristic features by OCT including a gradual transition from normal retina into nodular tumor, and the mass displays a bright anterior border layer with optically empty internal details.

Air temperature is one of the most important factors affecting vegetation and controlling key ecological processes. Air temperature models were compared in a mountainous region (Asturias in the North of Spain) derived from five geostatistical and two regression models, using data for January (coolest month) and August (warmest month). The geostatistical models include the ordinary kriging (OK), developedin theXYplaneand in theX,YandZ-axis (OKxyz), with zonalanisotropy in theZ-axis (variogram fitting procedure developed in this study), and three techniques that introduce elevation as an explanatory variable: ordinary kriging with external drift (OKED) and universal kriging, using the ordinary least squares (OLS) residuals to estimate thevariogram (UK1) or the generalised least squares (GLS) residuals (UK2). The OKED, UK1 and UK2 techniques were more satisfactory than OK in terms of standard prediction error and mean absolute error, which were inferior by 1 8C, but OKxyz improved the results obtained with those techniques. Moreover, OKxyz, OKED, UK1 and UK2 improved slightly the results of a regression model with UTM coordinates and elevation data as independent variables in terms of bias (R1); whereas a complex regression model, which includes altitude, latitude, distance to the sea and solar radiance as independent variables (R2), showed better results in terms of mean absolute error, under 0.16 8C for both months. A second validation carried out with stations discarded for the interpolation showed a greater similarity between the efficiency of R2 and the geostatistical techniques. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Objetivo: Determinar si el uso de material sexual en línea influye en la conducta sexual de riesgo para VIH/SIDA en los jóvenes universitarios. Se utilizaron conceptos de la Teoría Cognitiva Social. Método: Diseño descriptivo correlacional, participaron 200 jóvenes universitarios, seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio sistemático (k = 11). Resultados: Los jóvenes que usaron material sexual en línea en medios ricos para masturbarse (r s = .34), excitarse (r s = .29), estimularse (r s = .29), buscar una aventura (r s = .30), conocer gente (r s = .27), imágenes (r s = .14) y cibersexo (r s = .25) mostraron mayor conducta sexual de riesgo para VIH/SIDA (p < .01). El uso de material sexual en línea para masturbarse (R² = 6.4%, F [1,189] = 12.80, p < .001), buscar una aventura (R² = 4.8%, F [1,189] = 9.56, p < .01), conocer gente (R² = 5.9%, F [1,189] = 11.88, p < .01) y tener cibersexo (R² = 4.1%, F [1,189] = 8.07, p < .01) presentó un efecto positivo y significativo en la conducta sexual de riesgo para VIH/SIDA. Conclusiones: El uso de material sexual en línea influye en la conducta sexual de riesgo para VIH/SIDA. Objective: To determine whether the use of online sexual material influences sexual risk behavior for HIV / AIDS in young university students. Concepts of Social Cognitive Theory were used. Methods: A descriptive correlational design, involving 200 university students selected by systematic random sampling (k = 11). Results: Young people who used sexual material online rich media to masturbation (r s =.34), arousal (r s = 29), stimulation (r s = 29), adventure (r s = 30), meeting people (r s =.27), images (r s =.17) and cybersex (r s =.25) showed greater sexual risk behavior for HIV / AIDS (p

The prevalence of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome has become a global epidemic that has affected many different racial and ethnic groups. One group that has lacked attention is the Hispanic population, due to its distinctive cultural characteristics. Many of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections in Hispanics occur in adolescents. A protective factor for preventing HIV infections in adolescents is parent–child communication about sexual intercourse; however discussions about sexuality are uncommon in Hispanic families. When promoting parent–child communication among Hispanics regarding sex, it is essential to include cultural characteristics and the use of a model for empowering both parents and adolescents. The cultural characteristics examined in this article1 are allocentrism, familialism, personal space, time orientation, power distance, gender roles, and fatalism. A partnership model for empowering parents and adolescents, and 5 steps of the partnership process are discussed.

Global change exacerbating Mediterranean stresses Mediterranean forests have always had to cope with challenging environmental conditions that change across different temporal and spatial scales. However, the rapidity of current environmental change, driven by greater-than-ever human influences on natural processes, is unprecedented and has triggered renewed research endeavour into the impacts on Mediterranean ecosystems (Valladares 2008). The climate of Mediterranean areas is expected to become drier and warmer, with decreasing water availability for plants and increasing evapotranspiration (IPCC 2007). This will result in more acute physiological stress, increased importance of species-specific tolerances, plasticity and thresholds, phenological change and recruitment effects (Montserrat-Martin et al . 2009; Morin et al . 2010; Penuelas et al . 2004). Several studies have demonstrated how the conditions currently experienced by seedlings and saplings are quite different to those when current adults recruited (Lloret & Siscart 1995; Montoya 1995). The anticipated impacts of such changes have led to a renewed interest in classic ecophysiological research into drought stress and tolerance (Wikelskia & Cooke 2006), as well as population-level studies on phenotypic plasticity and the evolution of tolerance in certain key tree species, such as Holm ( Quercus ilex ) and cork oaks ( Q. suber ) (Gimeno et al . 2009; Ramirez-Valiente et al . 2010). Niche modelling techniques are used to forecast changes to species distributions under future climate scenarios, and the results predict abrupt shifts of dominant tree species in the next decades. Forest diebacks, species migration and displacement, and altitudinal shifts of forest types have already been recorded (Penuelas & Boada 2003; Allen et al . 2010). For example, in northeast Spain Fagus sylvatica and Calluna vulgaris are being replaced by Quercus ilex at high elevations (Penuelas & Boada 2003).

Global change triggers shifts in forest composition, with warming and aridification being particularly threatening for the populations located at the rear edge of the species distributions. This is the case of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in the Mediterranean Basin where uncertainties in relation to its dynamics under these changing scenarios are still high. We analysed the relative effect of climate on the recruitment patterns of Scots pine and its interactions with local biotic and abiotic variables at different spatial scales. Number of seedlings and saplings was surveyed, and their annual shoot growth measured in 96 plots located across altitudinal gradients in three different regions in the Iberian Peninsula. We found a significant influence of climate on demography and performance of recruits, with a non-linear effect of temperature on the presence of juveniles, and a positive effect of precipitation on their survival. Abundance of juveniles of P. sylvestris that underwent their first summer drought was skewed towards higher altitudes than the altitudinal mean range of the conspecific adults and the optimum elevation for seedlings¿ emergence. At local level, light availability did not influence juveniles¿ density, but it enhanced their growth. Biotic interactions were found between juveniles and the herb cover (competition) and between the number of newly emerged seedlings and shrubs (facilitation). Results also highlighted the indirect effect that climate exerts over the local factors, modulating the interactions with the pre-existing vegetation that were more evident at more stressful sites. This multiscale approach improves our understanding of the dynamics of these marginal populations and some management criteria can be inferred to boost their conservation under the current global warming., Funding was provided by the Spanish Ministry for Innovation and Science with the grant Consolider-Montes (CSD2008_00040), and the European Union with the projects BACCARA (CE: FP7-226299, 7FP) and FunDivEUROPE (CE: FP7-ENV-2010. 265171).