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Poly(2–aminobenzylamine)/single wall carbon nanotube (P2ABA/SWNTS) thin films were fabricated for the detection of UA by using electrochemical surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (EC–SPR) technique. The suspension of 0.01% wt of carboxylated SWNTSs was assembled on the polymer film because of the electrostatic and van der Waals interactions between the ‒COOH and ‒NH2. The P2ABA/SWNTS thin film formation on gold electrode was studied by EC–SPR technique. In this work, uric acid was detected by EC–SPR in PBS buffer comparing with the interference response with ascorbic acid. EC–SPR uric acid sensor using P2ABA/SWNTS thin film can be applied for the detection of uric acid in urine.

The functionalized pyrrole copolymers were fabricated by electropolymerization of pyrrole (Py) and functionalized pyrrole monomers, pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid (P3C) and 4-(3-pyrrole) butyric acid (PBA). The electrochemical behavior and doping/dedoping properties of the obtained copolymer thin films were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in neutral phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. Moreover, the functionalized pyrrole copolymer films were characterized by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The obtained copolymer thin films showed good stability and electroactivity in neutral PBS solution. The presented functionalized pyrrole copolymer thin films may possess potential applications to study in various systems of the biosensors.

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-enhanced optical transmission is actively controlled by an electrochromism of conducting polymer thin fi lms. Polyaniline and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) thin fi lms are deposited on a thin gold grating surface. SPR-enhanced optical transmission is demonstrated by irradiating white light on the conducting polymer thin fi lm‐gold grating surface and detecting the transmitted light from the back side. The transmission SPR system is combined with an electrochemical setup to manipulate the resonance. The wavelength of the sharp peak in the transmission light spectra is tuned by electrochemical doping/dedoping of the conducting polymer thin fi lms. The present study of controllable SPR-enhanced optical transmission should provide novel active plasmonic devices such as active bandpass fi lters or biosensors.

SnO2 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized with either the presence (PS) or absence (NPS) of the Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent Pulp as the dispersant by the precipitation coupling with the thermal decomposition methods using tin tetrachloride pentahydrate (Sn4Cl.5H2O) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) as the starting material and precipitant respectively. The pulp was soaked in SnCl4 solution and NH4OH was slowly added dropwise. The white gelable precipitate of Sn(OH)4 was obtained. Afterward, the white precipitate was filtered and washed until it was free from chloride. The white precipitate was then dried at 80°C for 24h and calcined for 1h at 600°C, 650°C, and 700°C respectively. The synthesized products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurement of specific surface area. The crystallite sizes of SnO2 nanoparticles with the presence and absence of the pulp were found to be ranging from 5-15 nm and 5-30 nm respectively. The specific surface areas (SSABET) were 62.53 m2/g and 26.60 m2/g for PS and NPS samples respectively. SnO2 nanoparticles were doped with palladium in the range from 0.25-1.00 mol% by the impregnation method. The photocatalytic activity of SnO2 and Pd-doped SnO2 nanoparticles were investigated for the degradation of sucrose and glucose under UVA-light irradiation. The results showed that the photocatalytic activity of Pd-doped SnO2 was higher than pure SnO2 and the best photocatalytic activity for the degradation of sucrose and glucose were obtained in the case of Pd-doped SnO2 nanoparticles with 0.5 mol % and 1.0 mol % Pd loading respectively.

A biosensing platform based on the covalent attachment of biomolecules on electropolymerized carboxylated conducting polymers, poly(3-aminobenzoic acid) and poly(3-pyrrole carboxylic acid), were developed for the selective simultaneous detection of two biomolecules using electrochemical-surface plasmon resonance (EC–SPR) spectroscopy. The surface morphology of the developed biosensors was studied by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The EC–SPR dual biosensor was developed for the label-free, simultaneous, and selective detection of glucose and human immunoglobulin G (IgG). A change in current density was clearly observed after the injection of glucose, whereas a change in SPR reflectivity was clearly observed after the injection of human IgG. The present work demonstrates the potential of this biosensing platform for real sample analysis in the future. ©201X Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45641.

In this study, we describe the combination of transmission surface plasmon resonance (TSPR) and electrochemical techniques for the application to biosensors with conducting polymers. Electropolymerization was employed to construct poly(pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid) (PP3C) film on a gold-coated grating substrate using pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid (P3C) monomer solution in 0.5 M H(2)SO(4). In situ electrochemical-transmission surface plasmon resonance (EC-TSPR) measurements were carried out to study the kinetic and electroactivity properties of PP3C film. Immobilization of antihuman IgG on the activated surface and the binding process of human IgG and antihuman IgG in neutral solution could be detected in situ by EC-TSPR measurement. The surface modification steps on the PP3C layer led to an increase in intensity of the transmission peak. The performance, sensitivity, and utility of EC-TSPR spectroscopy showed obvious advantages for the detection of binding process with the simple experimental setup, and could be applied to the study of biomolecular interactions in various systems.

In recent years, conducting polymers have emerged as one of the most promising transducers for both chemical, sensors and biosensors owing to their unique electrical, electrochemical and optical properties that can be used to convert chemical information or biointeractions into electrical or optical signals, which can easily be detected by modern techniques. Different approaches to the application of conducting polymers in chemo- or biosensing applications have been extensively studied. In order to enhance the application of conducting polymers into the area of biosensors, one approach is to introduce functional groups, including carboxylic acid, amine, sulfonate, or thiol groups, into the conducting polymer chain and to form a so-called “self-doped” or by doping with negatively charged polyelectrolytes. The functional conducting polymers have been successfully utilized to immobilize enzymes for construction of biosensors. Recently, the combination of SPR and electrochemical, known as electrochemical-surface plasmon resonance (EC-SPR), spectroscopy, has been used for in situ investigation of optical and electrical properties of conducting polymer films. Moreover, EC-SPR spectroscopy has been applied for monitoring the interaction between biomolecules and electropolymerized conjugated polymer films in biosensor and immunosensor applications. In this paper, recent development and applications on EC-SPR in biosensors will be reviewed.

Tin dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation coupling with thermal decomposition methods. The Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent pulp was used as the dispersant. Tin chloride pentrahydrate (SnCl 4 .5H 2 O) and ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH) were used as starting materials to complete the chemical reaction. The precipitate was filtered, washed with deionized water, dried at 80°C for 24h and calcined at 600°C, 650°C and 700°C for 1h. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis for the surface area determination. The accurate crystallite sizes of SnO 2 nanoparticles with the presence and absence of the pulp were found to be ranging from 5–15 nm and 5–30 nm, respectively. The specific surface areas (SSA) were 62.5 m2/g and 26.6 m2/g, respectively. Tin dioxide nanoparticles were doped with 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 mol% of palladium by the impregnation method. Pd-doped SnO 2 nanoparticles were also characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The results showed that the accurate crystallite sizes and the specific surface area (SSA) were found to be ranging from 5–10 nm and 58.2–65.0 m2/g, respectively.