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Introdução: Estudos têm demonstrado que gestantes com pré-eclâmpsia (PE) apresentam maiores alterações no perfil lipídico quando comparadas a gestantes sem a doença, o que pode levar a desfechos perinatais adversos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a prevalência de dislipidemia em gestantes com PE e sua relação com desfechos perinatais adversos. Método: Estudo transversal realizado em uma capital do Nordeste do Brasil, em 2017, com gestantes com PE e seus recém-nascidos por meio da aplicação de formulário padronizado para coleta de dados socioeconômicos, obstétricos, estilo de vida, antropométricos e perinatais e avaliação do perfil lipídico [colesterol total (TC), lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) e triglicerídeos (TG)]. A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para avaliar a associação da dislipidemia (variável de desfecho) com a presença de desfechos perinatais (variáveis independentes), quando a magnitude das associações foi expressa em razão de prevalência (RP) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%), com p

Objective: To evaluate the level of nutritional knowledge and its association with the nutritional status and food consumption of hypertensive and/or diabetic patients at a Basic Health Unit in Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study with a sample of individuals aged between 18 and 59 years. Demographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric (body mass index; waist circumference and; neck circumference), lifestyle, dietary and nutritional knowledge information were collected. Dietary data were collected using the food consumption frequency questionnaire. The nutritional knowledge score was stratified into “low knowledge”, “intermediate knowledge” and “sufficient knowledge”. A descriptive analysis of the variables was performed and the association between general nutritional knowledge, nutritional status, and food consumption was verified through analysis of variance, Tukey's multiple comparison test, and Pearson's correlation. Was considered significant p

Objective. To compare redox imbalance and inflammation biomarkers in umbilical cords from pregnancies with and without preeclampsia (PE) and to analyse their relationships with perinatal outcomes. Methods. A controlled cross-sectional study was conducted in Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil, that involved pregnant women with PE and a group of women without the disease, through the application of a standardized questionnaire. After delivery, umbilical cord samples were collected to measure antioxidant defense, products from oxidative damage, and inflammation biomarkers such as myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin- (IL-) 6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 13.0 software and IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 20.0, adopting a 95% confidence level ( α = 0.05 ), with the chi-square test, the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test, and the multinomial and Poisson regression tests. Results. One hundred PE pregnant women and 50 women without the disease were studied. The umbilical cords from PE pregnancies showed higher levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) ( p ≤ 0.001 ), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) ( p = 0.016 ), and malondialdehyde (MDA) ( p = 0.028 ) and lower levels of IL-6 ( p = 0.030 ) and TNF-α ( p ≤ 0.001 ) than the other group, with some associations among these biomarkers with perinatal outcomes. Conclusion. The higher levels of GSH and GPx, in addition to the lower levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, found in the PE umbilical cord, may result from adaptive mechanisms to maintain the oxidative and inflammatory balance; however, despite these changes, the damage to the cell membranes was not minimized, as the MDA level was higher in women with PE than in women without the disease. This implies that a redox imbalance is present, confirming that other physiological and adaptive mechanisms are being activated to preserve foetal health. Therefore, the present work unveils an important role of the umbilical cord in controlling redox imbalance and inflammation in PE pregnancies. Our results reinforce the necessity for continuous research on GSH as a protective compound for the perinatal outcome, especially in PE women.

Background and aims To analyze the prevalence of hyperferritinemia in pregnant women with preeclampsia and its association with adverse perinatal outcomes. Methods A cross-sectional study carried out in 2017 with a convenience sample of pregnant women with preeclampsia attended at a high-risk maternity hospital in Alagoas, Brazil. Socioeconomic, lifestyle, clinical and biochemical data were collected through a structured questionnaire. Type of delivery, gestational age, weight and length at birth, and Apgar score were analyzed as outcome variables. Women were dichotomized according to the serum ferritin level (150 ng/mL). Poisson regression models were used to analyze the effect of hyperferritinemia on the outcome variables. Estimates were presented as prevalence ratio with 95% confidence intervals (PR [95% CI]). Results Based on the Fisher’s exact statistical teste and in the proportions of the neonatal outcome (birth weight), with a statistical significance of 5%, the statistical power of the sample studied was 83%. Two hundred six pregnant women with preeclampsia were recruited, which 8.74% presented hyperferritinemia. Except for ferritin level, there were no differences in C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin, Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (GOT) and Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase (PGT) levels between women with or without hyperferritinemia. After adjusting for potential confounders, hyperferritinemia was associated with low birth weight (2.19 [2.13–3.89 95%CI]), low birth length (7.76 [2.52–23.8 95% CI]) and being born small for gestational age (3.14 [1.36–7.28 95% CI]). Conclusion In the presence of hyperferritinemia, preeclampsia patients were associated with a higher rate of unfavorable neonatal outcomes.

Objectives: to compare the adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnancies of adolescents and elderly women of public health network. Methods: a cross-sectional study carried out with pregnant women at the extremes of reproductive age according to the classification of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (adolescents those aged ≤19 years and those who were older than 35 years) and their newborns. Socioeconomic data (income, schooling, occupation and marital status), as well as clinical (diseases), anthropometric (maternal BMI) and perinatal (gender, weight, length, Apgar and gestational age) data were collected, and Poisson regression in hierarchical model was performed, with the results in Ratio of Prevalence (PR) and its respective Confidence Interval at 95% (95% CI). Results: when comparing adolescent and elderly women, 38.7% vs 54.6% (PR=0.71, CI=0.54-0.94, p=0.002) were observed, respectively, cesarean deliveries; 37.8% vs 25.2% (PR=0.83, CI=0.58-1.19, p=0.332) preterm births; 16.6% vs 20.5% (RP=1.07, CI=0.78-1.46, p=0.666) births of small infants for gestational age (SGA); 18.0% vs 15.3% (RP=1.01, CI=0.69-1.47, p=0.948) births of large-for-gestational-age newborns (LGA); 32.2% vs 34.7% (RP=1.08, CI=0.82-1.42, p=0.578), low birth weight infants and 28.5% vs 42.9% (RP=1.18, CI=0.91-1.54, p=0.201) with high birth length. Conclusions: When compared with adolescent women, pregnant women of advanced age presented a higher frequency of cesarean deliveries. Resumo Objetivos: comparar os resultados perinatais adversos em gestações de adolescentes e mulheres em idade avançada de rede pública de saúde. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado com gestantes nos extremos de idade reprodutiva segundo classificação do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil (adolescentes aquelas com idade ≤19 anos e em idade avançada aquelas com idade ≥35 anos) e seus recém-nascidos. Foram coletados dados socioeconômicos (renda, escolaridade, ocupação e situação conjugal), clínicos (presença de doenças), antropométricos (IMC materno) e perinatais (sexo, peso, comprimento, Apgar e idade gestacional), e realizada regressão de Poisson em modelo hie-rarquizado, com resultados em Razão de Prevalência (RP) e respectivo Intervalo de Confiança a 95% (IC95%). Resultados: quando comparadas gestantes adolescentes e aquelas em idade avançada, foram observados, respectivamente: 38,7% vs 54,6% (RP=0,71; IC=0,54-0,94; p=0,002) partos cesarianos; 37,8% vs 25,2% (RP=0,83; IC=0,58-1,19; p=0,332) nascimentos de pré-termos; 16,6% vs 20,5% (RP=1,07; IC=0,78-1,46; p=0,666) nascimentos de recém-nascidos pequenos para idade gestacional; 18,0% vs 15,3% (RP=1,01; IC=0,69-1,47; p=0,948) nascimentos de recém-nascidos grandes para a idade gestacional; 32,2% vs 34,7% (RP=1,08; IC=0,82-1,42; p=0,578)recém-nascidos com baixo peso ao nascer e28,5% vs 42,9% (RP=1,18; IC=0,91-1,54; p=0,201) com comprimento elevado ao nascer. Conclusões: as gestantes em idade avançada quando comparadas com as adolescentes apresentaram maior frequência de partos cesarianos.

Resumo O presente artigo teve como objetivo avaliar o consumo de alimentos protetores e preditores de risco cardiovascular (CV) e sua relação com fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRCV) por hipertensos do estado de Alagoas. Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com 655 adultos, hipertensos, de ambos os sexos, estudados no período de 2013 a 2016. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por um questionário de frequência alimentar validado com mensuração convertida em escores e os alimentos foram divididos em três grupos: I - processados/preditores de risco CV; II - ultraprocessados/maiores preditores de risco CV; III - alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados/protetores de risco CV. Foram também analisadas variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas, bioquímicas, clínicas e antropométricas. Os escores de consumo dos grupos de alimentos I, II e III foram, respectivamente, 0,11; 0,13 e 0,24 (p = 0,001). O consumo de alimentos processados se correlacionou positivamente com o colesterol sérico elevado (p = 0,045) e negativamente com a idade (p = 0,001); já o de alimentos ultraprocessados correlacionou-se com o sedentarismo (p = 0,01). Assim, observou-se relação entre o consumo de alimentos preditores de risco CV com sedentarismo e colesterol elevado, refletindo a necessidade de ações de educação nutricional. Abstract The present article aimed to evaluate the consumption of protective foods and predictors of cardiovascular (CV) risk and its relationship with cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) by hypertensive individuals in the state of Alagoas. A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out from 2013 to 2016 with 655 hypertensive adults of both sexes. Food consumption was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire with measurements converted to scores and the foods were divided into three groups: I – processed foods/CV risk predictors; II – ultraprocessed foods/higher CV risk predictors; III - in natura or minimally processed foods/ CV risk protectors. Socioeconomic, demographic, biochemical, clinical and anthropometric variables were also analyzed. The consumption scores of food groups I, II and III were, respectively, 0.11; 0.13 and 0.24 (p = 0.001). The consumption of processed foods was correlated positively with high blood cholesterol (p = 0.045) and negatively with age (p = 0.001); while that of ultraprocessed foods was correlated with the sedentary lifestyle (p = 0.01). Thus, it was observed a relationship between the consumption of CV risk predictors foods with high blood cholesterol and sedentary lifestyle, reflecting the need for nutricional education actions.

The present study aimed to identify associations between extremes in body weight status (underweight and excess body weight) before a COVID-19 diagnosis and clinical outcomes in patients infected with SARS coronavirus type 2.A multicenter cohort study was conducted in eight different states in northeastern Brazil. Demographic, clinical (previous diagnosis of comorbidities), and anthropometric (self-reported weight and height) data about individuals who tested positive for COVID-19 were collected. Outcomes included hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and death. Multivariable logistic regression models, adjusted based on age, sex and previous comorbidities, were used to assess the effects of extremes in body weight status on clinical outcomes.A total of 1308 individuals were assessed (33.6% were elderly individuals). The univariable analyses showed that only hospitalization was more often observed among underweight (3.2% versus 1.2%) and overweight (68.1% versus 63.3%) individuals. In turn, cardiovascular diseases were more often observed in all clinical outcomes (hospitalization: 19.7% versus 4.8%; mechanical ventilation: 19.9% versus 13.5%; death: 21.8% versus 14.1%). Based on the multivariable analysis, body weight status was not associated with risk of hospitalization (underweight: odds ratio [OR]: 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI] 95%, 0.50-2.41 and excess body weight: OR: 0.81; 95 CI, 0.57-1.14), mechanical ventilation (underweight: OR: 0.92; 95% CI, 0.52-1.62 and excess weight: OR: 0.90; 95% CI, 0.67-1.19), and death (underweight: OR: 0.61; 95% CI, 0.31-1.20 and excess body weight: OR 0.88; 95% CI, 0.63-1.23).Being underweight and excess body weight were not independently associated with clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 in the herein analyzed cohort. This finding indicates that the association between these variables may be confounded by both age and comorbidities.

Objetivo: Identificar preditores antropométricos para o surgimento de novos Eventos Cardiovasculares Não Fatais (ECNF) em indivíduos em prevenção cardiovascular secundária. Métodos: Foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados MedLine, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO e LILACS e incluídos os estudos de coorte e seguimentos de ensaios clínicos que analisaram a ocorrência de ECNF em adultos e idosos com histórico pessoal de evento cardiovascular. Resultados: Foram incluídos 20 estudos para a síntese narrativa, sendo estes realizados com indivíduos de ambos os sexos, apresentando doenças das artérias coronárias e cerebrais e o índice de massa corporal foi o indicador mais utilizado na predição de novos ECNF. Ao avaliar a qualidade metodológica, apenas sete estudos foram classificados com “forte” nível de evidência. Considerações finais: A presente revisão, identificou o “paradoxo da obesidade” ou seja, o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) elevado como fator de proteção para a ocorrência de novos ECNF, e que, com a abordagem estratificada por estado nutricional e alterações metabólicas esta associação não se mantém, apontando esta abordagem como promissora para a compreensão deste fenômeno.

Introduction Oxidative stress (OS) is the basis of several diseases. Preeclampsia (PE) is a multisystemic syndrome, considered one of the major causes of maternal and fetal mortality. The placenta is considered the main anatomical pathogenetic substrate for the disease, being the placental OS a likely critical pathway in the pathogenesis of PE. This meta-analysis aimed to verify whether there is OS in the preeclamptic placenta and which markers are altered in this condition. Methods The search was conducted in the following databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Lilacs and Scopus. Relevant studies were identified until May 2020. The quality of the studies was evaluated according to the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results From the 3998 screened records, 43 were finally included in the systematic review, and 23 in the meta-analysis. The biomarkers evaluated were related to cell and macromolecules' damage, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), lipid peroxides, isoprostane, total oxidant status (TOS), carbonylated proteins and some of the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), like hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide. It was also related to antioxidant activity, both enzymatic, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase and total antioxidant status, and non-enzymatic, through quantification of reduced glutathione, vitamin C and E, zinc and copper. Conclusion It was observed that there was OS in the preeclamptic placentas, based on results, like lower activity of some of the enzymes of the antioxidant system (SOD and GPx) as well as the increase in oxidative damage markers (MDA and lipid peroxide), corroborating literature data.

Objective To compare redox and inflammatory markers between normal and PE-derived placentas and to evaluate the relationship between placental redox imbalance markers and perinatal outcomes in pregnancies with PE. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the maternity hospital of a university hospital in Maceio-Alagoas, Brazil, in 2017, including women diagnosed with PE and healthy pregnant women and their conceptuses. After screening, standardized questionnaires containing socioeconomic, clinical, obstetric and anthropometric data were applied. After delivery, placental samples were collected for quantification of biomarkers of redox imbalance (catalase – CAT; malondialdehyde – MDA; hydrogen peroxide – H2O2; superoxide dismutase – SOD; reduced glutathione – GSH; oxidized glutathione – GSSG; and their ratio – GSH/GSSG) and inflammation (myeloperoxidase – MPO; interleukin (IL)-6; IL-8; IL-10; and tumor necrosis factor-alpha – TNF-α). All biomarkers were evaluated via linear regression with adjustments of variables with measures of weight, length, head circumference (HC), chest circumference (CC) and gestational age of newborns at birth, considering p Results A total of 100 pregnant women with PE and 50 healthy pregnant women were studied. Higher placental levels of catalase (p = 0.018), SOD (p = 0.031), the GSH/GSSG ratio (p = 0.019) and IL-6 (p = 0.010) and lower GSSG (p = 0.001) were observed in pregnant women with PE than in the control group. Positive associations between placental GSH levels and body weight, HC, CC and gestational age at birth (p Conclusion PE-derived placentas had high concentrations of some antioxidants (enzymes and thiols), which might be a compensation mechanism against oxidative stress. Placental GSH levels were the only biomarker, among the studied ones, related positively with beneficial perinatal outcomes, suggesting that this endogenous antioxidant plays an important role in maintaining the health of the conceptus and women with PE.

Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de conhecimento nutricional e associação deste com o estado nutricional e o consumo alimentar de hipertensos e/ou diabéticos de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde de Maceió, Alagoas, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal com amostra de indivíduos de idade entre 18 e 59 anos. Foram coletadas informações demográficas, socioeconômicas, antropométricas (índice de massa corporal; circunferência da cintura e; circunferência do pescoço), de estilo de vida, dietéticas e sobre o conhecimento nutricional. Os dados dietéticos foram coletados por meio do questionário de frequência de consumo de alimentar. O escore de conhecimento nutricional foi estratificado em “baixo conhecimento”, “conhecimento intermediário” e “conhecimento suficiente”. Realizou-se analise descritiva das variáveis e a associação entre o conhecimento nutricional geral, estado nutricional e, o consumo alimentar foi verificada através de análise de variâncias, teste de comparações múltiplas de TuKey e correlação de Pearson. Foi considerado significante p

Objectives: to analyze the factors associated with the birth of small for gestational age (SGA)infants, in a Northeastern Brazilian capital. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out with 331 pregnant women and their newborns attending the public health network in the city of Maceió, in 2014. Maternal antenatal data were collected (socioeconomic, lifestyle, clinical and nutritional) as well as data of the newborns (gestational age, mode of delivery, sex, birth weight and length), after delivery. Birth weight was classified according to the INTERGROWTH-21st curves, being considered SGA those below the 10th percentile according to gestational age and gender. The results were analyzed by Poisson regression using a hierarchical model and were expressed as prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI95%). Results: it was verified that 5.1% of the newborns were SGA. Regarding the associated factors, after adjustment of the hierarchical model, the variable working outside the home was associated with the endpoint studied [PR = 0.14; (CI95% = 0.02-0.75); p=0.022]. Conclusions: it was verified a low frequency of SGA infants in the evaluated population. The fact that the mother works outside the home proved to be a protective factor for this condition. Resumo Objetivos: analisar os fatores associados ao nascimento de recém-nascidos pequenos para a idade gestacional (PIG), em uma capital do Nordeste brasileiro. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado com 331 gestantes e seus recém-nascidos atendidos na rede pública de saúde do município de Maceió, em 2014. Foi realizada a coleta de dados maternos antes do parto (socioeconômicos, de estilo de vida, clínicos e nutricionais) e após o parto os dados dos recém-nascidos (idade gestacional no momento do parto, via de parto, sexo, peso e comprimento ao nascer). O peso ao nascer foi classificado segundo as curvas do INTERGROWTH-21st, sendo considerados PIG aqueles abaixo do percentil 10 de acordo com a idade gestacional e o sexo. Os resultados foram analisados por regressão de Poisson, com emprego de modelo hierarquizado, sendo expressos como razões de prevalência [RP] e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: foi constatado que 5,1% dos recém-nascidos eram PIG. Quanto aos fatores associados, após ajuste do modelo hierarquizado, permaneceu-se associada ao desfecho estudado a variável trabalhar fora do lar [RP=0,14; (IC95%=0,02-0,75); p=0,022]. Conclusões: foi verificada baixa frequência de recém-nascidos PIG na população avaliada. O fato da mãe trabalhar fora do lar mostrou-se como fator protetor para esta condição.

Aims To determine whether oral antioxidant therapies, of various types and doses, are able to prevent or treat women with preeclampsia. Data synthesis The following databases were searched: MEDLINE, CENTRAL, LILACS, and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria were: a) randomized clinical trials; b) oral antioxidant supplementation; c) study in pregnant women; d) control group, treated or not with placebo. Papers were excluded if they evaluated antioxidant nutrient supplementation associated with other non-antioxidant therapies. Data were extracted and the risk of bias of each study was assessed. Heterogeneity was analyzed using the Cochran Q test, and I2 statistics and pre-specified sensitivity analyses were performed. Meta-analyses were conducted on prevention and treatment studies, separately. The primary outcome was the incidence of preeclampsia in prevention trials, and of perinatal death in treatment trials. Twenty-nine studies were included in the analysis, 19 for prevention and 10 for treatment. The antioxidants used in these studies were vitamins C and E, selenium, l -arginine, allicin, lycopene and coenzyme Q10, none of which showed beneficial effects on the prevention of preeclampsia (RR: 0.89, CI 95%: [0.79–1.02], P = 0.09; I2 = 39%, P = 0.04) and other outcomes. The antioxidants used in the treatment studies were vitamins C and E, N-acetylcysteine, l -arginine, and resveratrol. A beneficial effect was found in intrauterine growth restriction. Conclusions Antioxidant therapy had no effects in the prevention of preeclampsia but did show beneficial effects in intrauterine growth restriction, when used in the treatment of this condition.

Study design: This was a cross-sectional, population-based and descriptive study. Study objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of hypertensive patients at the primary health care of Alagoas state. Methods: This study was carried out in the Basic Health Units of 12 cities of Alagoas, between 2014 and 2015, with hypertensive individuals between 20 and 60 years, of both gender. Socioeconomic, demographic, clinical, lifestyle, anthropometric and biochemical data were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics by Epi-Info version 7. Results: We evaluated 645 individuals. Of these, 86.2% were women, 62.3% had uncontrolled blood pressure, 41.9% had low educational level, 11.1% were smokers, 26.3% were alcohol users, 64.7% were sedentary, 48.4% were obese, 73.6% had high cardiovascular risk, according to waist circumference; 54.4% and 47.2% had elevated total cholesterol and triglycerides, respectively. Conclusion: Since hypertension is an important public health problem that has serious consequences, the knowledge of the hypertensive population profile of Alagoas will facilitate the treatment for the health of patients with this condition.

To assess whether there is a risk of kidney disease during the postpartum period of women who had preeclampsia (PE).Observational trials were searched in the PubMed, Science Direct, Clinical trials, Cochrane, LILACS and Web of Science databases. The data extracted from the studies were systematized, and the risk of bias was evaluated for each of them. Meta-analyses were performed with studies that evaluated chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), pooling the natural logarithms of the adjusted risk measures and the confidence intervals of each study in a random effects model.Of the 4149 studies evaluated, 35 articles were included in the review, of which 3 of the CKD and 6 of the ESRD presented the necessary outcomes to compose the meta-analysis. A formal registration protocol was included in the PROSPERO database (number: CRD42019111821). There was a statistically significant difference between the development of CKD (hazard ratio (HR): 1.82, confidence interval to 95% (95% CI): 1.27-2.62, P 0.01) and ESRD (HR: 3.01, confidence interval to 95% (95% CI): 1.92-4.70, P 0.01) in postpartum women affected by PE.PE was considered a risk factor for the onset of CKD and ESRD in the postpartum period. Thus, more research is needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms of this association, and to assist in determining the most appropriate and effective clinical conduct to prevent and/or treat such complications.

The occurrence of hypertensive syndromes during pregnancy leads to high rates of maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality. Amongst them, preeclampsia (PE) is one of the most common. This review aims to describe the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation in PE, aiming to reinforce its importance in the context of the disease and to discuss perspectives on clinical and nutritional treatment, in this line of research. Despite the still incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology of PE, it is well accepted that there are placental changes in pregnancy, associated with an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant defence system, characterizing the placental oxidative stress that leads to an increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Hence, a generalized inflammatory process occurs, besides the presence of progressive vascular endothelial damage, leading to the dysfunction of the placenta. There is no consensus in the literature on the best strategies for prevention and treatment of the disease, especially for the control of oxidative stress and inflammation. In view of the above, it is evident the important connection between oxidative stress and inflammatory process in the pathogenesis of PE, being that this disease is capable of causing serious implications on both maternal and fetal health. Reports on the use of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds are analysed and still considered controversial. As such, the field is open for new basic and clinical research, aiming the development of innovative therapeutic approaches to prevent and to treat PE.

Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo revisar de forma sistematizada a literatura relativa a estudos que utilizaram o método dos escores proposto por Fornés e colaboradores, em 2002, para avaliar o consumo alimentar e discutir o método na perspectiva de avaliação do padrão alimentar. Foi realizada busca de artigos nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs e Scielo. Limitou-se a busca aos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol e aos artigos publicados de 2002 até 2016. Os critérios de inclusão foram: estudos que utilizaram o método dos escores proposto por Fornés et al. para avaliar o consumo alimentar. Foram encontrados 8.300 artigos na busca inicial. Após leitura de títulos, resumos e aplicação de critérios de exclusão, 14 artigos foram selecionados. Os artigos avaliaram o padrão alimentar adotando diferentes grupos e verificaram associações com variáveis antropométricas, socioeconômicas e bioquímicas. Concluiu-se que o método dos escores constitui uma ferramenta capaz de avaliar os padrões alimentares e que permite verificar associações entre variáveis antropométricas, bioquímicas, socioeconômicas e clínica com os componentes da dieta/grupo alimentar investigado aos quais o indivíduo foi exposto. Abstract This article describes a systematic review of the literature on studies that have used the scores method proposed by Fornés et al. (2002) to evaluate food consumption and discuss the method from the perspective of food pattern assessment. The search of the Medline, Lilacs and Scielo databases was limited to the English, Portuguese and Spanish languages and to articles published from 2002 to 2016. The inclusion criterion was studies that used the scores method proposed by Fornés et al. to evaluate food consumption. The original search found 8300 items. After reading titles and abstracts and applying the exclusion criteria, 14 articles were selected. The articles evaluating food pattern used different groupings and examined associations with anthropometric, socioeconomic and biochemical variables. It was concluded that the scores method is able to evaluate food patterns and enables associations to be established between anthropometric, biochemical, socioeconomic and clinical variables and the components of the study diet/food grouping to which the individual was exposed.

Background: Appropriate dietary recommendations represent a key part of secondary prevention in cardiovascular disease (CVD). We evaluated the effectiveness of the implementation of a nutritional program on quality of diet, cardiovascular events, and death in patients with established CVD. Methods: In this open-label, multicenter trial conducted in 35 sites in Brazil, we randomly assigned (1:1) patients aged 45 years or older to receive either the BALANCE Program (experimental group) or conventional nutrition advice (control group). The BALANCE Program included a unique nutritional education strategy to implement recommendations from guidelines, adapted to the use of affordable and regional foods. Adherence to diet was evaluated by the modified Alternative Healthy Eating Index. The primary end point was a composite of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, stroke, myocardial revascularization, amputation, or hospitalization for unstable angina. Secondary end points included biochemical and anthropometric data, and blood pressure levels. Results: From March 5, 2013, to Abril 7, 2015, a total of 2534 eligible patients were randomly assigned to either the BALANCE Program group (n = 1,266) or the control group (n = 1,268) and were followed up for a median of 3.5 years. In total, 235 (9.3%) participants had been lost to follow-up. After 3 years of follow-up, mean modified Alternative Healthy Eating Index (scale 0-70) was only slightly higher in the BALANCE group versus the control group (26.2 ± 8.4 vs 24.7 ± 8.6, P

Summary Objective: To analyze the relation of abdominal obesity on cardiovascular risk in individuals seen by a clinic school of nutrition, classifying them based on Framingham score. Methods: Cross-sectional study, conducted at the nutrition clinic of a private college in the city of Maceió, Alagoas. We included randomly selected adults and elderly individuals with abdominal obesity, of both sexes, treated from August to December of 2009, with no history of cardiomyopathy or cardiovascular events. To determine the cardiovascular risk, the Framingham score was calculated. All analyzes were performed with SPSS software version 20.0, with p

Objective To evaluate the intake of antioxidant nutrients by pregnant women being cared for in the Brazilian public health system and associated factors. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out with pregnant women cared for in the public health system in the city of Maceió, Brazil, in 2014, including 385 pregnant women and their newborns, and the collection of maternal information (socioeconomic, personal, prenatal, dietary and anthropometric data), and after the babies’ birth (gestational age, birth weight and length). Food intake was assessed by two 24-hour dietary reminders per pregnant woman with subsequent adjustments by the Estimated Average Requirement method. Data were processed and Pearson’s correlation was used to evaluate associations, considering p

PURPOSE: To evaluate the factors associated with anemia among pregnant women receiving public health care in a capital city in Northeastern Brazil.METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted on a sample of 428 patients obtained on the basis of the estimated prevalence of anemia during pregnancy (50%), a 95% confidence interval (95%CI), an error of 5% and a sample loss of 20%. Pregnant women who lived in the city and were served by the municipal public health network were considered to be eligible for the study. Socioeconomic, lifestyle, clinical and anthropometric data and dietary iron intake were obtained, and capillary hemoglobin was determined. Anemia was identified as a hemoglobin level

The present article aimed to evaluate the consumption of protective foods and predictors of cardiovascular (CV) risk and its relationship with cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) by hypertensive individuals in the state of Alagoas. A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out from 2013 to 2016 with 655 hypertensive adults of both sexes. Food consumption was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire with measurements converted to scores and the foods were divided into three groups: I - processed foods/CV risk predictors; II - ultraprocessed foods/higher CV risk predictors; III - in natura or minimally processed foods/ CV risk protectors. Socioeconomic, demographic, biochemical, clinical and anthropometric variables were also analyzed. The consumption scores of food groups I, II and III were, respectively, 0.11; 0.13 and 0.24 (p = 0.001). The consumption of processed foods was correlated positively with high blood cholesterol (p = 0.045) and negatively with age (p = 0.001); while that of ultraprocessed foods was correlated with the sedentary lifestyle (p = 0.01). Thus, it was observed a relationship between the consumption of CV risk predictors foods with high blood cholesterol and sedentary lifestyle, reflecting the need for nutricional education actions.O presente artigo teve como objetivo avaliar o consumo de alimentos protetores e preditores de risco cardiovascular (CV) e sua relação com fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRCV) por hipertensos do estado de Alagoas. Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com 655 adultos, hipertensos, de ambos os sexos, estudados no período de 2013 a 2016. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por um questionário de frequência alimentar validado com mensuração convertida em escores e os alimentos foram divididos em três grupos: I - processados/preditores de risco CV; II - ultraprocessados/maiores preditores de risco CV; III - alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados/protetores de risco CV. Foram também analisadas variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas, bioquímicas, clínicas e antropométricas. Os escores de consumo dos grupos de alimentos I, II e III foram, respectivamente, 0,11; 0,13 e 0,24 (p = 0,001). O consumo de alimentos processados se correlacionou positivamente com o colesterol sérico elevado (p = 0,045) e negativamente com a idade (p = 0,001); já o de alimentos ultraprocessados correlacionou-se com o sedentarismo (p = 0,01). Assim, observou-se relação entre o consumo de alimentos preditores de risco CV com sedentarismo e colesterol elevado, refletindo a necessidade de ações de educação nutricional.

This article describes a systematic review of the literature on studies that have used the scores method proposed by Fornés et al. (2002) to evaluate food consumption and discuss the method from the perspective of food pattern assessment. The search of the Medline, Lilacs and Scielo databases was limited to the English, Portuguese and Spanish languages and to articles published from 2002 to 2016. The inclusion criterion was studies that used the scores method proposed by Fornés et al. to evaluate food consumption. The original search found 8300 items. After reading titles and abstracts and applying the exclusion criteria, 14 articles were selected. The articles evaluating food pattern used different groupings and examined associations with anthropometric, socioeconomic and biochemical variables. It was concluded that the scores method is able to evaluate food patterns and enables associations to be established between anthropometric, biochemical, socioeconomic and clinical variables and the components of the study diet/food grouping to which the individual was exposed.O presente artigo tem como objetivo revisar de forma sistematizada a literatura relativa a estudos que utilizaram o método dos escores proposto por Fornés e colaboradores, em 2002, para avaliar o consumo alimentar e discutir o método na perspectiva de avaliação do padrão alimentar. Foi realizada busca de artigos nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs e Scielo. Limitou-se a busca aos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol e aos artigos publicados de 2002 até 2016. Os critérios de inclusão foram: estudos que utilizaram o método dos escores proposto por Fornés et al. para avaliar o consumo alimentar. Foram encontrados 8.300 artigos na busca inicial. Após leitura de títulos, resumos e aplicação de critérios de exclusão, 14 artigos foram selecionados. Os artigos avaliaram o padrão alimentar adotando diferentes grupos e verificaram associações com variáveis antropométricas, socioeconômicas e bioquímicas. Concluiu-se que o método dos escores constitui uma ferramenta capaz de avaliar os padrões alimentares e que permite verificar associações entre variáveis antropométricas, bioquímicas, socioeconômicas e clínica com os componentes da dieta/grupo alimentar investigado aos quais o indivíduo foi exposto.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é revisar de forma sistematizada a literatura relativa a estudos que avaliaram o nível de conhecimento em nutrição de indivíduos adultos, com ênfase aos aspectos metodológicos e de conteúdo. Foi realizada busca de artigos na base de dados Medline, Lilacs e Scielo. Limitou-se a busca aos limites de espécie “humanos”, aos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol e idade (19 acima). Os critérios de inclusão foram: estudos transversais, com indivíduos >18 anos e que avaliaram o nível de conhecimento sobre nutrição em aspectos gerais. A qualidade metodológica dos artigos foi avaliada usando-se o Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE). Foram encontrados 3.623 artigos na busca inicial. Após leitura de títulos, resumos e aplicação de critérios de exclusão, 25 artigos selecionados. Os resultados mostraram que o conhecimento nutricional na maioria dos estudos esteve associado a variáveis socioeconômicas e ao comportamento alimentar. A maioria dos estudos pertenciam à classe B (92%), na qual atendiam 50% a 80% dos critérios do STROBE. Os estudos revelaram a existência de uma maior tendência de avaliar a relação do conhecimento em nutrição com variáveis sociodemográficas e econômicas. Abstract The objective of this study is to perform a systematic review of published studies that assessed nutrition knowledge in adults, focusing on the methodology and content of these studies. An article search was performed on the Medline, Lilacs, and SciELO databases. The search limits were human studies; English, Portuguese, and Spanish languages; and age (over 19). Inclusion criteria were: cross-sectional studies performed on individuals over 18 years old that assessed the general nutrition knowledge of participants. The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) criteria. The initial search identified 3,623 articles. After reading the titles and the abstracts and applying the exclusion criteria, 25 articles were selected. The results showed that, in most studies, nutrition knowledge was associated with socioeconomic parameters and eating behaviour. Most studies belonged to class B (92%), meeting 50-80% of the STROBE criteria. The studies have revealed a greater tendency to assess the relationship of nutrition knowledge with sociodemographic and economic parameters.

Restricted sodium intake has been recommended for more than 1 century for the treatment of hypertension. However, restriction seems to increase blood cholesterol. In women with excess weight, blood cholesterol may increase even more because of insulin resistance and the high lipolytic activity of adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to assess the association between blood cholesterol and sodium intake in hypertensive women with and without excess weight. This was a cross-sectional study with hypertensive and nondiabetic women aged 20 to 59 years, recruited at the primary healthcare units of Maceio, Alagoas, Brazilian Northeast. Excess weight was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥25.0 kg/m2. Sodium intake was estimated by the 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium. Blood cholesterol was the primary outcome investigated by this study, and its relationship with sodium intake and other variables was assessed by Pearson correlation and multivariate linear regression using a significance level of 5%. This study included 165 hypertensive women. Of these, 135 (81.8%) were with excess weight. The mean sodium intake was 3.7 g (±1.9) and 3.4 g (±2.4) in hypertensive women with and without excess weight, respectively. The multiple normal linear regression models fitted to the “blood cholesterol” in the 2 groups reveal that for the group of hypertensive women without excess weight only 1 independent variable “age” is statistically significant to explain the variability of the blood cholesterol levels. However, for the group of hypertensive women with excess weight, 2 independent variables, age and sodium intake, can statistically explain variations of the blood cholesterol levels. Blood cholesterol is statistically inversely related to sodium intake for hypertensive women with excess weight, but it is not statistically related to sodium intake for hypertensive women without excess weight.

Introduction and Objective: Oxidative stress appears to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Evidence suggests that adequate intake of antioxidants can modulate this condition. The objective of this study was to assess the intake of antioxidant nutrients and coefficients of variation in pregnant women with preeclampsia. Methods: In a cross-sectional study in the public health network of the city of Maceió, Brazil, a dietary survey was performed consisting of 24-hour food recalls, with subsequent adjustment of nutrients using the estimated average requirement as the cutoff point, and a questionnaire on frequency of consumption of antioxidants. Results: We studied 90 pregnant women with preeclampsia (PWP) and 90 pregnant women without preeclampsia (PWoP) with mean ages of 25.8±6.7 years and 24.1±6.2 years (p=0.519), respectively. A low mean intake of antioxidants (vitamin A, selenium, zinc and copper) was observed in both PWP and PWoP, although intakes of vitamin A (p=0.045) and selenium (p=0.008) were higher in PWoP. In addition, we observed high coefficients of variation in nutrient intakes in both groups, which were higher for vitamin C (p

The clinical and nutritional status of pregnant women are important variables for birth-weight risk inadequacies. Thus, this study sought to evaluate the nutritional status of high-risk pregnant women and its association with birth weight of their offspring. It involved a cross-sectional study with high-risk pregnant women assisted at the university hospital of Maceio in the State of Alagoas and their newborns. The nutritional status of pregnant women and their offspring was evaluated according to body mass index for gestational age and birth weight, respectively. The association between maternal factors (comorbidities and nutritional status) and birth weight was assessed by the chi-square test and Pearson correlation, by adopting a confidence level of 95%. One hundred and forty-nine pregnant women were studied, 19.7% of whom were of normal weight; 32% were underweight; and 48.3% were overweight. Among newborns, 39.6% referred to as small for gestational age (SGA); 26.8% appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and 33.6% large for gestational age (LGA). LGA offspring were associated with overweight and the presence of metabolic comorbidities and SGA offspring were associated with insufficient gestational weight gain, whereby interventions are needed to reduce these outcomes.O estado clínico e o nutricional da gestante representam importantes variáveis para o risco de inadequações de peso ao nascer. Assim, o presente estudo visou avaliar o estado nutricional de gestantes de alto risco e sua associação com o peso ao nascer de seus conceptos. Estudo transversal com gestantes de alto risco assistidas no Hospital Universitário de Maceió-AL e seus recém-nascidos. O estado nutricional das gestantes e de seus conceptos foi avaliado segundo o Índice de Massa Corporal para a idade gestacional e o peso ao nascer, respectivamente. A associação entre fatores maternos (comorbidades e estado nutricional) e o peso ao nascer foram realizadas pelos testes de qui-quadrado e correlação de Pearson, adotando um nível de confiança de 95% (α = 0,05). Foram estudadas 149 gestantes, com 19,7% delas com baixo peso; 32,0% eutróficas e 48,3% com excesso de peso. Entre os recém-nascidos, 39,6% eram pequenos para idade gestacional (PIG); 26,8% adequados para a idade gestacional (AIG) e 33,6% grandes para a idade gestacional (GIG). O excesso de peso gestacional e a presença de comorbidades metabólicas se associaram com o nascimento de recém-nascidos GIG e o ganho ponderal gestacional insuficiente com o nascimento de recém-nascidos PIG, sendo fundamentais intervenções para redução desses desfechos.

To evaluate the factors associated with anemia among pregnant women receiving public health care in a capital city in Northeastern Brazil.This was a cross-sectional study conducted on a sample of 428 patients obtained on the basis of the estimated prevalence of anemia during pregnancy (50%), a 95% confidence interval (95%CI), an error of 5% and a sample loss of 20%. Pregnant women who lived in the city and were served by the municipal public health network were considered to be eligible for the study. Socioeconomic, lifestyle, clinical and anthropometric data and dietary iron intake were obtained, and capillary hemoglobin was determined. Anemia was identified as a hemoglobin level11 g/dL, and its association with risk factors was tested using multivariate Poisson regression analysis, with the results expressed as the Prevalence Ratio (PR) and 95%CI.The prevalence of anemia was 28.3% and was higher among women with more members in the household (PR=1.49; 95%CI 1.01-2.22; p=0.046) and those living with food insecurity (PR=1.43; 95%CI 1.00-2.04; p=0.047).The prevalence of anemia among pregnant women receiving care from the public health system of the city is a moderate public health problem, requiring the planning of effective measures for its control.

The objective of this study is to perform a systematic review of published studies that assessed nutrition knowledge in adults, focusing on the methodology and content of these studies. An article search was performed on the Medline, Lilacs, and SciELO databases. The search limits were human studies; English, Portuguese, and Spanish languages; and age (over 19). Inclusion criteria were: cross-sectional studies performed on individuals over 18 years old that assessed the general nutrition knowledge of participants. The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) criteria. The initial search identified 3,623 articles. After reading the titles and the abstracts and applying the exclusion criteria, 25 articles were selected. The results showed that, in most studies, nutrition knowledge was associated with socioeconomic parameters and eating behaviour. Most studies belonged to class B (92%), meeting 50-80% of the STROBE criteria. The studies have revealed a greater tendency to assess the relationship of nutrition knowledge with sociodemographic and economic parameters.

Two sources of medium-chain triglycerides--triheptanoin with anaplerotic properties and coconut oil with antioxidant features--have emerged as promising therapeutic options for the management of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. We investigated the effects of ketogenic diets (KDs) containing coconut oil, triheptanoin, or soybean oil on pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) in rats. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups and fed a control diet (7% lipids) or a KD containing soybean oil, coconut oil, or triheptanoin (69.8% lipids). The ketogenic and control diets had a lipid:carbohydrate + protein ratio of 1:11.8 and 3.5:1, respectively. SE was induced in all rats 20 days after initiation of the dietary treatment, through the administration of pilocarpine (340 mg/kg; i.p.). The latency, frequency, duration, and severity of seizures before and during SE were observed with a camcorder. SE was aborted after 3 h with the application of diazepam (5 mg/kg; i.p.). The rats in the triheptanoin-based KD group needed to undergo a higher number of seizures to develop SE, as compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Total weight gain, intake, energy intake, and feed efficiency coefficient, prior to induction of SE, differed between groups (P < 0.05), where the triheptanoin-based KD group showed less weight gain than all other groups, less energy intake than the Control group and intermediate values of feed efficiency coefficient between Control and other KDs groups. Triheptanoin-based KD may have a neuroprotective effect on the establishment of SE in Wistar rats.

Resumo O estado clínico e o nutricional da gestante representam importantes variáveis para o risco de inadequações de peso ao nascer. Assim, o presente estudo visou avaliar o estado nutricional de gestantes de alto risco e sua associação com o peso ao nascer de seus conceptos. Estudo transversal com gestantes de alto risco assistidas no Hospital Universitário de Maceió-AL e seus recém-nascidos. O estado nutricional das gestantes e de seus conceptos foi avaliado segundo o Índice de Massa Corporal para a idade gestacional e o peso ao nascer, respectivamente. A associação entre fatores maternos (comorbidades e estado nutricional) e o peso ao nascer foram realizadas pelos testes de qui-quadrado e correlação de Pearson, adotando um nível de confiança de 95% (α = 0,05). Foram estudadas 149 gestantes, com 19,7% delas com baixo peso; 32,0% eutróficas e 48,3% com excesso de peso. Entre os recém-nascidos, 39,6% eram pequenos para idade gestacional (PIG); 26,8% adequados para a idade gestacional (AIG) e 33,6% grandes para a idade gestacional (GIG). O excesso de peso gestacional e a presença de comorbidades metabólicas se associaram com o nascimento de recém-nascidos GIG e o ganho ponderal gestacional insuficiente com o nascimento de recém-nascidos PIG, sendo fundamentais intervenções para redução desses desfechos. Abstract The clinical and nutritional status of pregnant women are important variables for birth-weight risk inadequacies. Thus, this study sought to evaluate the nutritional status of high-risk pregnant women and its association with birth weight of their offspring. It involved a cross-sectional study with high-risk pregnant women assisted at the university hospital of Maceio in the State of Alagoas and their newborns. The nutritional status of pregnant women and their offspring was evaluated according to body mass index for gestational age and birth weight, respectively. The association between maternal factors (comorbidities and nutritional status) and birth weight was assessed by the chi-square test and Pearson correlation, by adopting a confidence level of 95%. One hundred and forty-nine pregnant women were studied, 19.7% of whom were of normal weight; 32% were underweight; and 48.3% were overweight. Among newborns, 39.6% referred to as small for gestational age (SGA); 26.8% appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and 33.6% large for gestational age (LGA). LGA offspring were associated with overweight and the presence of metabolic comorbidities and SGA offspring were associated with insufficient gestational weight gain, whereby interventions are needed to reduce these outcomes.