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1. Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies

Author

Mason, James Paul, Werth, Alexandra, West, Colin G., Youngblood, Allison A., Woodraska, Donald L., Peck, Courtney, Lacjak, Kevin, Frick, Florian G., Gabir, Moutamen, Alsinan, Reema A., Jacobsen, Thomas, Alrubaie, Mohammad, Chizmar, Kayla M., Lau, Benjamin P., Dominguez, Lizbeth Montoya, Price, David, Butler, Dylan R., Biron, Connor J., Feoktistov, Nikita, Dewey, Kai, Loomis, N. E., Bodzianowski, Michal, Kuybus, Connor, Dietrick, Henry, Wolfe, Aubrey M., Guerrero, Matt, Vinson, Jessica, Starbuck, Peter, Litton, Shelby D, Beck, M. G., Fisch, Jean-Paul, West, Ayana, Muniz, Alexis A., Chavez, Luis, Upthegrove, Zachary T., Runyon, Brenton M., Salazar, J., Kritzberg, Jake E., Murrel, Tyler, Ho, Ella, LaFemina, Quintin Y., Elbashir, Sara I., Chang, Ethan C., Hudson, Zachary A., Nussbaum, Rosemary O., Kennedy, Kellen, Kim, Kevin, Arango, Camila Villamil, Albakr, Mohammed A., Rotter, Michael, Garscadden, A. J., Salcido-Alcontar JR, Antonio, Pearl, Harrison M., Stepaniak, Tyler, Marquez, Josie A., Marsh, Lauren, Andringa, Jesse C, Osogwin, Austin, Shields, Amanda M., Brookins, Sarah, Hach, Grace K., Clausi, Alexis R., Millican, Emily B., Jaimes, Alan A, Graham, Alaina S., Burritt, John J., Perez, J. S., Ramirez, Nathaniel, Suri, Rohan, Myer, Michael S., Kresek, Zoe M., Goldsberry, C. A., Payne, Genevieve K., Jourabchi, Tara, Hu, J., Lucca, Jeffrey, Feng, Zitian, Gilpatrick, Connor B., Khan, Ibraheem A., Warble, Keenan, Sweeney, Joshua D., Dorricott, Philip, Meyer, Ethan, Kothamdi, Yash S., Sohail, Arman S., Grell, Kristyn, Floyd, Aidan, Bard, Titus, Mathieson, Randi M., Reed, Joseph, Cisneros, Alexis, Payne, Matthew P., Jarriel, J. R., Mora, Jacqueline Rodriguez, Sundell, M. E., Patel, Kajal, Alesmail, Mohammad, Alnasrallah, Yousef A, Abdullah, Jumana T., Molina-Saenz, Luis, Tayman, K. E., Brown, Gabriel T., Kerr-Layton, Liana, Berriman-Rozen, Zachary D., Hiatt, Quinn, Kalra, Etash, Ong, Jason, Vadayar, Shreenija, Shannahan, Callie D., Benke, Evan, zhang, Jinhua, Geisman, Jane, Martyr, Cara, Ameijenda, Federico, Akruwala, Ushmi H., Nehring, Molly, Kissner, Natalie, Rule, Ian C., Learned, Tyler, Smith, Alexandra N., Mazzotta, Liam, Rounsefell, Tyndall, Eyeson, Elizabeth A., Shelby, Arlee K., Moll, Tyler S, Menke, Riley, Shahba, Hannan, House Jr., Tony A., Clark, David B., Burns, Annemarie C., de La Beaujardiere, Tristan, Trautwein, Emily D., Plantz, Will, Reeves, Justin, Faber, Ian, Buxton, B. W., Highhouse, Nigel, Landrey, Kalin, Hansen, Connor M, Chen, Kevin, Hales, Ryder Buchanan, Borgerding, Luke R., Guo, Mutian, Crow, Christian J., Whittall, Lloyd C., Simmons, Conor, Folarin, Adeduni, Parkinson, Evan J., Rahn, Anna L., Blevins, Olivia, Morelock, Annalise M., Kelly, Nicholas, Parker, Nathan L., Smith, Kelly, Plzak, Audrey E., Saeb, David, Hares, Cameron T., Parker, Sasha R., McCoy, Andrew, Pham, Alexander V., Lauzon, Megan, Kennedy, Cayla J., Reyna, Andrea B., Acosta, Daniela M. Meza, Cool, Destiny J., Steinbarth, Sheen L., Mendoza-Anselmi, Patricia, Plutt, Kaitlyn E., Kipp, Isabel M, Rakhmonova, M., Brown, Cameron L., Van Anne, Gabreece, Moss, Alexander P., Golden, Olivia, Kirkpatrick, Hunter B., Colleran, Jake R., Sullivan, Brandon J, Tran, Kevin, Carpender, Michael Andrew, Mundy, Aria T., Koenig, Greta, Oudakker, Jessica, Engelhardt, Rasce, Ales, Nolan, Wexler, Ethan Benjamin, Beato, Quinn I, Chen, Lily, Cochran, Brooke, Hill, Paula, Hamilton, Sean R., Hashiro, Kyle, Khan, Usman, Martinez, Alexa M., Brockman, Jennifer L., Mallory, Macguire, Reed, Charlie, Terrile, Richard, Singh, Savi, Watson, James Adam, Creany, Joshua B., Price, Nicholas K., Miften, Aya M., Tran, Bryn, Kamenetskiy, Margaret, Martinez, Jose R., Opp, Elena N., Huang, Jianyang, Fails, Avery M., Belei, Brennan J., Slocum, Ryan, Astalos, Justin, East, Andrew, Nguyen, Lena P., Pherigo, Callie C, East, Andrew N., Li, David Y., Nelson, Maya LI, Taylor, Nicole, Odbayar, Anand, Rives, Anna Linnea, Mathur, Kabir P., Billingsley, Jacob, Polikoff, Hyden, Driscoll, Michael, Wilson, Orion K., Lahmers, Kyle, Toon, Nathaniel J., Lippincott, Sam, Musgrave, Andrew J., Gregory, Alannah H., Pitsuean-Meier, Sedique, Jesse, Trevor, Smith, Corey, Miles, Ethan J., Kainz, Sabrina J. H. T., Ji, Soo Yeun, Nguyen, Lena, Aryan, Maryam, Dinser, Alexis M., Shortman, Jadon, Bastias, Catalina S, Umbricht, Thomas D, Cage, Breonna, Randolph, Parker, Pollard, Matthew, Simone, Dylan M., Aramians, Andrew, Brecl, Ariana E., Robert, Amanda M., Zenner, Thomas, Saldi, Maxwell, Morales, Gavin, Mendez, Citlali, Syed, Konner, Vogel, Connor Maklain, Cone, Rebecca A., Berhanu, Naomi, Carpenter, Emily, Leoni, Cecilia, Bryan, Samuel, Ramachandra, Nidhi, Shaw, Timothy, Lee, E. C., Monyek, Eli, Wegner, Aidan B., Sharma, Shajesh, Lister, Barrett, White, Jamison R., Willard, John S., Sulaiman, S. A, Blandon, Guillermo, Narayan, Anoothi, Ruger, Ryan, Kelley, Morgan A., Moreno, Angel J., Balcer, Leo M, Ward-Chene, N. R. D., Shelby, Emma, Reagan, Brian D., Marsh, Toni, Sarkar, Sucheta, Kelley, Michael P., Fell, Kevin, Balaji, Sahana, Hildebrand, Annalise K., Shoha, Dominick, Nandu, Kshmya, Tucker, Julia, Cancio, Alejandro R., Wang, Jiawei, Rapaport, Sarah Grace, Maravi, Aimee S., Mayer, Victoria A., Miller, Andrew, Bence, Caden, Koke, Emily, Fauntleroy, John T, Doermer, Timothy, Al-Ghazwi, Adel, Morgan, Remy, Alahmed, Mohammed S., Mathavan, Adam Izz Khan Mohd Reduan, Silvester, H. 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V., Recchia, John C., Lengerich, Dylan, Taulman, Kyle, Romero, Andres C., Steward, Ellie N., Russell, Sloan, Hardwick, Dillon F., Wootten, Katelynn, Nguyen, Valerie A., Quispe, Devon, Ragsdale, Cameron, Young, Isabel, Atchley-Rivers, N. S., Stribling, Jordin L., Gentile, Julia G, Boeyink, Taylor A., Kwiatkowski, Daniel, Dupeyron, Tomi Oshima, Crews, Anastasia, Shuttleworth, Mitchell, Dresdner, Danielle C., Flackett, Lydia, Haratsaris, Nicholas, Linger, Morgan I, Misener, Jay H., Patti, Samuel, Pine, Tawanchai P., Marikar, Nasreen, Matessi, Giorgio, Routledge, Allie C., Alkaabi, Suhail, Bartman, Jessica L., Bisacca, Gabrielle E., Busch, Celeste, Edwards, Bree, Staudenmier, Caitlyn, Starling, Travis, McVey, Caden, Montano, Maximus, Contizano, Charles J., Taylor, Eleanor, McIntyre, James K., Victory, Andrew, McCammon, Glen S., Kimlicko, Aspen, Sheldrake, Tucker, Shelchuk, Grace, Von Reich, Ferin J., Hicks, Andrew J., O'neill, Ian, Rossman, Beth, Taylor, Liam C., MacDonald, William, Becker, Simone E., Han, Soonhee, O'Sullivan, Cian, Wilcove, Isaac, Brennan, David J., Hanley, Luke C., Hull, Owen, Wilson, Timothy R., Kalmus, Madison H., Berv, Owen A., Harris, Logan Swous, Doan, Chris H, Londres, Nathan, Parulekar, Anish, Adam, Megan M., Angwin, Abigail, Cabbage, Carter C., Colleran, Zachary, Pietras, Alex, Seux, Octave, Oros, Ryan, Wilkinson, Blake C., Nguyen, Khoa D, Trank-Greene, Maedee, Barone, Kevin M., Snyder, G. 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N., Bassel, Claire, Dixon, Thomas J., Beattie, Ryan, Houck, Timothy J, Rodgers, Maeve, Trofino, Tyson R., Lukianow, Dax, Smart, Korben, Hall, Jacqueline L., Bone, Lauren, Baldwin, James O., Doane, Connor, Almohsen, Yousef A., Stamos, Emily, Acha, Iker, Kim, Jake, Samour II, Antonio E., Chavali, S., Kanokthippayakun, Jeerakit, Gotlib, Nicholas, Murphy, Ryan C., Archibald, Jack. W., Brimhall, Alexander J, Boyer, Aidan, Chapman, Logan T., Chadda, Shivank, Sibrell, Lisa, Vallery, Mia M., Conroy, Thomas C., Pan, Luke J., Balajonda, Brian, Fuhrman, Bethany E. S., Alkubaisi, Mohamed, Engelstad, Jacob, Dodrill, Joshua, Fuchs, Calvin R., Bullard-Connor, Gigi, Alhuseini, Isehaq, Zygmunt, James C., Sipowicz, Leo, Hayrynen, Griffin A., McGill, Riley M., Keating, Caden J., Hart, Omer, Cyr, Aidan St., Steinsberger, Christopher H., Thoman, Gerig, Wood, Travis M., Ingram, Julia A., Dominguez, J., Georgiades, Nathaniel James, Johnson, Matthew, Johnson, Sawyer, Pedersen, Alexander J., Ralapanawe, Anoush K, Thomas, Jeffrey J., Sato, Ginn A., Reynolds, Hope, Nasser, Liebe, Mizzi, Alexander Z., Damgaard, Olivia, Baflah, Abdulrahman A., Liu, Steven Y., Salindeho, Adam D., Norden, Kelso, Gearhart, Emily E., Krajnak, Zack, Szeremeta, Philip, Amos, Meggan, Shin, Kyungeun, Muckenthaler, Brandon A., Medialdea, Melissa, Beach, Simone, Wilson, Connor B., Adams, Elena R, Aldhamen, Ahmed, Harris, Coyle M., Hesse, Troy M., Golding, Nathan T., Larter, Zachary, Hernandez, Angel, Morales, Genaro, Traxler, Robert B., Alosaimi, Meshal, Fitton, Aidan F., Aaron, James Holland, Lee, Nathaniel F., Liao, Ryan Z., Chen, Judy, French, Katherine V., Loring, Justin, Colter, Aurora, McConvey, Rowan, Colozzi, Michael, Vann, John D., Scheck, Benjamin T., Weigand, Anthony A, Alhabeeb, Abdulelah, Idoine, Yolande, Woodard, Aiden L., Medellin, Mateo M., Ratajczyk, Nicholas O, Tobin, Darien P., Collins, Jack C., Horning, Thomas M., Pellatz, Nick, Pitten, John, Lordi, Noah, Patterson, Alyx, Hoang, Thi D, Zimmermann, Ingrid H, Wang, Hongda, Steckhahn, Daniel, Aradhya, Arvind J., Oliver, Kristin A., Cai, Yijian, Wang, Chaoran, Yegovtsev, Nikolay, Wu, Mengyu, Ganesan, Koushik, Osborne, Andrew, Wickenden, Evan, Meyer, Josephine C., Chaparro, David, Visal, Aseem, Liu, Haixin, Menon, Thanmay S., Jin, Yan, Wilson, John, Erikson, James W., Luo, Zheng, Shitara, Nanako, Nelson, Emma E, Geerdts, T. R., Ortiz, Jorge L Ramirez, and Lewandowski, H. J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Flare frequency distributions represent a key approach to addressing one of the largest problems in solar and stellar physics: determining the mechanism that counter-intuitively heats coronae to temperatures that are orders of magnitude hotter than the corresponding photospheres. It is widely accepted that the magnetic field is responsible for the heating, but there are two competing mechanisms that could explain it: nanoflares or Alfv\'en waves. To date, neither can be directly observed. Nanoflares are, by definition, extremely small, but their aggregate energy release could represent a substantial heating mechanism, presuming they are sufficiently abundant. One way to test this presumption is via the flare frequency distribution, which describes how often flares of various energies occur. If the slope of the power law fitting the flare frequency distribution is above a critical threshold, $\alpha=2$ as established in prior literature, then there should be a sufficient abundance of nanoflares to explain coronal heating. We performed $>$600 case studies of solar flares, made possible by an unprecedented number of data analysts via three semesters of an undergraduate physics laboratory course. This allowed us to include two crucial, but nontrivial, analysis methods: pre-flare baseline subtraction and computation of the flare energy, which requires determining flare start and stop times. We aggregated the results of these analyses into a statistical study to determine that $\alpha = 1.63 \pm 0.03$. This is below the critical threshold, suggesting that Alfv\'en waves are an important driver of coronal heating., Comment: 1,002 authors, 14 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, published by The Astrophysical Journal on 2023-05-09, volume 948, page 71

Published
2023
Full Text
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12. Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies

Author

Mason, James Paul, primary, Werth, Alexandra, additional, West, Colin G., additional, Youngblood, Allison, additional, Woodraska, Donald L., additional, Peck, Courtney L., additional, Aradhya, Arvind J., additional, Cai, Yijian, additional, Chaparro, David, additional, Erikson, James W., additional, Ganesan, Koushik, additional, Geerdts, T. R., additional, Hoang, Thi D, additional, Horning, Thomas M., additional, Jin, Yan, additional, Liu, Haixin, additional, Lordi, Noah, additional, Luo, Zheng, additional, Menon, Thanmay S., additional, Meyer, Josephine C., additional, Nelson, Emma E, additional, Oliver, Kristin A., additional, Ramirez Ortiz, Jorge L, additional, Osborne, Andrew, additional, Patterson, Alyx, additional, Pellatz, Nick, additional, Pitten, John, additional, Shitara, Nanako, additional, Steckhahn, Daniel, additional, Visal, Aseem, additional, Wang, Hongda, additional, Wang, Chaoran, additional, Wickenden, Evan, additional, Wilson, John, additional, Wu, Mengyu, additional, Yegovtsev, Nikolay, additional, Zimmermann, Ingrid H, additional, Aaron, James Holland, additional, Abdullah, Jumana T., additional, Abrams, Jonathan M., additional, Abrashoff, Riley, additional, Acevedo, Andres B., additional, Acha, Iker, additional, Meza Acosta, Daniela M., additional, Adam, Megan M., additional, Adams, Dante Q., additional, Adams, Kalvyn N, additional, Adams, Elena R, additional, Akbar, Zainab A., additional, Akruwala, Ushmi H., additional, Al-Ghazwi, Adel, additional, Alabbas, Batool H., additional, Alawadhi, Areej A., additional, Alharbi, Yazeed A., additional, Alahmed, Mohammed S., additional, Albakr, Mohammed A., additional, Albalushi, Yusef J., additional, Albaum, Jonathan, additional, Aldhamen, Ahmed, additional, Ales, Nolan, additional, Alesmail, Mohammad, additional, Alhabeeb, Abdulelah, additional, Alhamli, Dania, additional, Alhuseini, Isehaq, additional, Alkaabi, Suhail, additional, Alkhezzi, Tameem, additional, Alkubaisi, Mohamed, additional, Allanqawi, Nasser, additional, Allsbrook, Martin, additional, Almohsen, Yousef A., additional, Almquist, Justin Thomas, additional, Alnaji, Teeb, additional, Alnasrallah, Yousef A, additional, Alonzi, Nicholas, additional, Alosaimi, Meshal, additional, Alqabani, Emeen, additional, Alrubaie, Mohammad, additional, Alsinan, Reema A., additional, Altenbern, Ava L., additional, Altokhais, Abdullah, additional, Alyami, Saleh A., additional, Ameijenda, Federico, additional, Amer, Hamzi, additional, Amos, Meggan, additional, Anderson, Hunter J., additional, Andrew, Carter, additional, Andringa, Jesse C, additional, Angwin, Abigail, additional, Van Anne, Gabreece, additional, Aramians, Andrew, additional, Arango, Camila Villamil, additional, Archibald, Jack. W., additional, Arias-Robles, Brian A., additional, Aryan, Maryam, additional, Ash, Kevin, additional, Astalos, Justin, additional, Atchley-Rivers, N. S., additional, Augenstein, Dakota N., additional, Austin, Bryce W., additional, Avula, Abhinav, additional, Aycock, Matthew C., additional, Baflah, Abdulrahman A., additional, Balaji, Sahana, additional, Balajonda, Brian, additional, Balcer, Leo M, additional, Baldwin, James O., additional, Banda, David J, additional, Bard, Titus, additional, Barmore, Abby, additional, Barnes, Grant M., additional, Barnhart, Logan D. W., additional, Barone, Kevin M., additional, Bartman, Jessica L., additional, Bassel, Claire, additional, Bastias, Catalina S, additional, Bat-Ulzii, Batchimeg, additional, Batra, Jasleen, additional, Battist, Lexi, additional, Bay, Joshua, additional, Beach, Simone, additional, Beard, Sara, additional, Beato, Quinn I, additional, Beattie, Ryan, additional, Beatty, Thomas, additional, De La Beaujardiere, Tristan, additional, Beauprez, Jacob N., additional, Beck, M. G., additional, Beck, Lily, additional, Becker, Simone E., additional, Behr, Braden, additional, Behrer, Timothy A., additional, Beijer, Joshua, additional, Belei, Brennan J., additional, Belknap, Annelene L., additional, Bell, Aislyn, additional, Bence, Caden, additional, Benke, Evan, additional, Berhanu, Naomi, additional, Berriman-Rozen, Zachary D., additional, Bertuccio, Chrisanna, additional, Berv, Owen A., additional, Biediger, Blaine B., additional, Biehle, Samuel J, additional, Billig, Brennen, additional, Billingsley, Jacob, additional, Billman, Jayce A., additional, Biron, Connor J., additional, Bisacca, Gabrielle E., additional, Blake, Cassidy A., additional, Blandon, Guillermo, additional, Blevins, Olivia, additional, Blouin, Ethan, additional, Bodzianowski, Michal, additional, Boeyink, Taylor A., additional, Bondar, Matthew, additional, Bone, Lauren, additional, De Los Monteros Bonilla, Alberto Espinosa, additional, Borelli, William T, additional, Borgerding, Luke R., additional, Bowen, Troy, additional, Boyer, Christine, additional, Boyer, Aidan, additional, Boyle, Aidan P., additional, Boyne, Tom, additional, Branch, Donovan, additional, Brecl, Ariana E., additional, Brennan, David J., additional, Brimhall, Alexander J, additional, Brockman, Jennifer L., additional, Brookins, Sarah, additional, Brown, Gabriel T., additional, Brown, Cameron L., additional, Brown, Ryan, additional, Brownlow, Jordi, additional, Brumage-Heller, Grant, additional, Brumley, Preston J., additional, Bryan, Samuel, additional, Brzostowicz, A., additional, Buhamad, Maryam, additional, Bullard-Connor, Gigi, additional, Bunsow, J. 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2023
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Jayaram, Anusha, primary, Nunez, Kristin Cardiel, additional, Flores, Michael, additional, Hill, Sarah E.M., additional, Hong, Kyung Woo, additional, Peck, Connor J., additional, Rapaport, Sarah, additional, Stankey, Makela, additional, Stingl, Cybil Sierra, additional, Wariso, Bathsheba, additional, Webb, Joshua, additional, Wight, Caroline, additional, and Fallah, Parisa N., additional

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2022
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Lartigue, Jean Wilguens, primary, Dada, Olaoluwa Ezekiel, additional, Haq, Makinah, additional, Rapaport, Sarah, additional, Sebopelo, Lorraine Arabang, additional, Ooi, Setthasorn Zhi Yang, additional, Senyuy, Wah Praise, additional, Sarpong, Kwadwo, additional, Vital, Anchelo, additional, Khan, Tariq, additional, Karekezi, Claire, additional, and Park, Kee B., additional

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2021
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22. Age and frailty are independently associated with increased covid-19 mortality and increased care needs in survivors: results of an international multi-centre study

Author

Alsahab, Mustafa, Beishon, Lucy, Brown, Bryony, Burn, Elinor, Burton, Jenni K, Cox, Natalie, Dani, Melanie, Elhadi, Muhammed, Freshwater, Sarah, Gaunt, Victoria, Gordon, Adam, Goujon, Marie, Hale, Matthew, Hughes, Terry, Jackson, Thomas A, Jelley, Benjamin, Khan, Asma, Khiroya, Heena, Lal, Rajni, Madden, Katy, Magill, Laura, Masoli, Jane, Masud, Tahir, McCluskey, Lauren, McNeela, Natalie, Mohammedseid-Nurhussien, Awolkhier, Moorey, Hannah, Lochlainn, Mary Ni, Nirantharakumar, Krishnarajah, Okoth, Kelvin, Osuafor, Christopher N, Patterson, Katherine, Pearson, Grace M E, Perry, Rita, Pettitt, Michala, Pigott, Jennifer, Pinkney, Thomas, Quinn, Terence, Reynolds, Abigail, Richardson, Sarah, Sanyal, Nik, Seed, Adam, Sleeman, Isobel, Soo, Chee, Steves, Claire, Strain, W David, Taylor, Joanne, Torsney, Kelli, Welch, Carly, Wilson, Daisy, Witham, Miles, Elazeem, Hossam Aldein S Abd, Abdelhafez, Mohammed H, Abdelmalak, Amir, Abdelwahab, Omar A, Abdulhadi, Osama M A S, Adewole, Olubayode, Ahmad, Mohammed, Ahmed, Eltayeb A, Ahmed, Hazem, Ahmed, Islam A, Akcay, Mertcan, Akdeniz, Yeşim, Akın, Emrah, Akladious, Carolyn, Alessandri, Francesco, Ali, Ali, Aljafari, Abdulmalek, Aljafari, Abdulmoiz, Al-Sadawi, Mohammed, Al-Sodani, Lobna, Altintoprak, Fatih, Amaratungaz, Gitanjali, Amer, Jocelyn, Amini, Sylvia, Amir, Taha, Anandarajah, Cheran, Anders, Rachael, Ansari, Muhammed H, Appiah, Kingsley, Atia, Jolene, Atkin, Catherine, Aujayeb, Avinash, Awad, Elsayed M, Azab, Mohammed A, Azam, Mohammad T, Aziz, Sally, Azzam, Ahmed Y, Babar, Laxmi, Babb, Laura, Badh, Manpreet, Baguneid, Clare, Bailey, Emily, Baili, Efstratia, Baldwin, Sarah, Baloyiannis, Ioannis, Bannerjee, Moulinath, Barnard, Anna, Barra, Fabio, Bashir, Hannah, Bawor, Monica, Bayhan, Zülfü, Belcher, James, Belgamwar, Ravindra, Bentley, Corrina, Birchenough, Amy, Bo, Yen Nee J, Boden, Hayley R, Bouhuwaish, Ahmad, Brachini, Gioia, Bremner, Laura, Bridgwater, Hannah, Bryant, Catherine, Budd, Gabrielle, Budd, Sharon, Budzikoski, Adam, Bulla, Reem, Buondonno, Antonio, Burden, Nicole, Butt, Hejab, Capoglu, Recayi, Caracostea, Andra, Cardoso, Rifa, Carr, Alexis, Carrasco-Prats, Milagros, Cattel, Caterina, Ceccarelli, Giancarlo, Cecere, Giuseppe, Charalabopoulos, Alexandros, Charsley, Evelyn, Cheney-Lowe, Hannah, Chevallier, Theodore, Choudhry, Asad J, Ciccarone, Flavia, Cicerchia, Pierfranco M, Cirillo, Bruno, Collins, Fatma D, Comerford, Victoria, Cordie, Ahmed, Coulter, Siobhan, Coulthard, Nick, Cox, Catrin, Cox, Victoria, Crowe, Andrew, Cullen, Jack, Cummings, Jean, Cunningham, Niamh, Curley, Daniel, Currie, Hannah, Daly, Madeleine, Darley, Jay, Dattani, Nikhita, Davakis, Spyridon, Davies, Rowan, De Paola, Gilda, De Toma, Giorgio, Del Valle-Ruiz, Sergio, Deldar, Benyamin, Demir, Hakan, Desai, Arjun, Desai, Nirali, Devaney, Alice, Dew, Lindsey, Dhesi, Jugdeep, Dias, Maria, Dick, Gordon, Doddamani, Parveen, Dogra, Gurinder, Doll, Tina, Dooley, Hannah C, Dost, Samiullah, Dotchin, Catherine, Dowell, Hannah, Draghita, Ioan M, Dundas, James M, Duranti, Giulia, Dusara, Hiren, Dwivedi, Rajesh, Dyer, Adam H, Eastaugh, Alison, Edwards, Elinor, Elghazaly, Shrouk M, Elmehrath, Ahmed O, Elrick, Hope, El-Shazly, Mostafa, Emery, Alexander, Etchill, Eric W, Evans, Sarah, Evison, Felicity, Fairhead, Cassandra, Faulkner, Margherita, Felska, Agnieszka, Fernandez, Antia, Fernández-Fernández, Pedro V, Ferraiolo, Antonella, Ferrero, Simone, Fiori, Enrico, Firat, Necattin, Fisk, Gracie, Fleck, Anna, Fonsi, Giovanni B, Gabre-Kidan, Alodia, Gallo, Gaetano, Gandhi, Ratnam, Garner, Madeleine, Georgiou, Nikolaos, Gerretsen, Hannah, Ghannam, Nourhan A A, Ghobrial, Andrew, Ghobrial, Hedra, Ghufoor, Zaynub, Gibbon, Jake, Gilbert, Georgia F, Giles, Marie, Giménez-Francés, Clara, Gonullu, Emre, Gray, Amy, Gray, Joshua H, Green, Deirdre, Greene, Charlotte, Griffin, Ellanna, Griffith, Karla, Grubb, Anthony, Guan, Yue, Guerero, Daniel N, Gupta, Ayushi, Gustavino, Claudio, Guzman, Laurenny, Hadreiez, Ahmed K M, Hajiioannou, Jiannis, Hanji, Deevia, Madhavan, Deepthy Hari, Harmantepe, Tarık, Harrison, Patrick, Hart, Barbara, Haslam, Aidan, Haunton, Victoria, Haut, Elliott R, Heinsohn, Torben, Hennah, Lindsay, Hetta, Helal F, Hickman, Alexander, Hobill, Abigail, Hogan, Patrick C P, Hogan, Vesna, Holmes, Elizabeth, Honney, Katie, Hood, Katharine, Hopkinson, Katherine, Howells, Lara, Hrouda, Nicole, Hunsley, Danielle, Hurst, William, Hussein, Rand A, Ibrahim, Mohamed Eltaher A A, Ibtida, Ishmam, Ibukunoluwakitan, Aina, Ishlek, Irem, Iyer, Rishi, Jackson, Karl, Jackson, Rosie, James, Ellen, Jarvis, Hayley, Jeffs, Sophie, Jenko, Nathan, Jeyakumar, Sasha, Kabir, Shahriar, Kainth, Harjinder, Kalloo, Jason, Kanzaria, Akhil, Karapanou, Amalia, Kardaman, Nuha, Karthikeyan, Sandeep, Karunatilleke, Anne, Kelly, Mairead, Kelly, Nicola I, Khalid, Hesham, Khan, Haris, Khan, Muhammad S, King, Matthew, Kneen, Thomas, Kok, Li, Kratochwila, Chiara, Kuzeva, Aneliya, Lapolla, Pierfrancesco, Lau, Rebecca, Law, Kar Yee, Leadbetter, Aimee, Lee, Gabriel, Lee, Helena, Levinson, Gavriella, Lewis, Grace, Liakakos, Theodore, Lim, Stephen, Lis, Danielle, Livesey, Emma, López-Morales, Pedro, Lowes, Lily, Lunt, Eleanor, Lyon, Emily, Madan, Suvira, Majid, Zeinab, Malapati, Harsha, Man, Jade, Mandane, Baguiasri, Manning, Sarah H, Mantoglu, Baris, Martínez-Sanz, Nuria, Marx, William, Masood, Almontacer E B, Maughan, Tom, Mawhinney, Jamie, Maxfield, Dominic, Mayer, Jordan, Maynard, Henry, McDonald, Claire, McGovern, Aine, Mclachlan, Sophie, Medina-Manuel, Esther, Meneghini, Simona, Metcalf, Michelle, Millwood-Hargrave, John, Mingoli, Andrea, Miu, Kelvin, Mohamed, Fawsiya, Mohamed, Soha M, Hussein, Aliae A R Mohamed, Mohammad, Abdulkader, Mohammed, Aaliya, Momen, Ahmed A, Moomo, Farhana, Mora-Guzmán, Ismael, Moriarty, Lizzie, Morrin, Hamilton, Morris, Claire, Moss, Nicholas, Moustafa, Mohamed M, Mpoura, Maria, Mubin, Mohammed, Muhtaroglu, Ali, Muir, Georgina, Mulhern, Stephanie, Muller, Daniel, Murphy, Declan C, Muzammil, Bushra, Nadkarni, Varun, Nageh, Mariam Albatoul, NasrEldin, Yasmin K, Nawaz, Wasim, Nguyen, Hanna, Cheallaigh, Cliona Ni, Noar, Alexander, North, Samuel, Nwolu, Favour, O’Docherty, Alice, Odutola, Omoteniola, O’Dwyer, Sinead, Ogochukwu, Olebu, O’Mahony, Catherine, Orlando, Lia, Osterdahl, Marc, Page, Christina, Panayotidis, Ismini, Pancholi, Shivam, Parkin, Jessica, Passby, Lauren C, Pastor-Pérez, Patricia, Patel, Harnish, Patel, Shefali, Penfold, Rose, Perinpanathan, Rupini, Perivoliotis, Konstantinos, Perra, Teresa, Pinkney, Martha, Pinotti, Enrico, Porcu, Alberto, Price, Angeline, Pugliese, Francesco, Puri, Prabhleen, Pytraczyk, Sylvia, Qaiser, Yusra, Qurashi, Maria, Radenkovic, Dina, Rajeswaran, Thurkka, Rapaport, Sarah F, Razzak, Tahmina, Reilly, Lara, Reynolds, Paul, Richardson, Alexandra, Roberts, Amelia, Roberts-Rhodes, Charlotte, Robinson, Tanya, Rocca, Aldo, Ross-Skinner, Emily, Ruiz-Marín, Miguel, Ryall, Rebecca, Saad, Alshaimaa M, Saad, Mahmoud M, Sadiq, Ambreen, Sammarco, Giuseppe, Sampanis, Michail A, Sanghvi, Hazel, Sapienza, Paolo, Sayers, Ross, Scott, Luca, Sen, Michael, Shaban, Mosab A A, Shakespeare, Kathleen T, Shaw, Ellie, Shaw, Hannah, Sheldrake, Jonathan, Sim, Sing Yang, Simonelli, Luigi, Sipsas, Nikolaos V, Sivam, Jarita, Sivarajan, Sri, Smith, Jennifer, Speranza, Fabio, Spice, Claire, Stafford, Amanda, Stambollouian, Katharine, Stevens, Kent A, Stewart, Jack, Stratton, Emma, Street, Hannah, Surtees, Michael, Swinnerton, Emma, Taher, Ahmed S A, Tait, Caroline, Taylor, Amybel, Thake, Miriam, Thin, Katie, Thould, Hannah, Thyn, Thyn, To, Benjaman, Tobiss, Hannah, Toppley, Kathryn, Townsend, Liam, Tullo, Ellen, Tzovaras, George, Umeadi, Anthony, Vaidya, Hrisheekesh, Valero-Soriano, María, Varden, Rosanna, Vergani, Vittoria, Vervoort, Dominique, Vescio, Giuseppina, Vettasseri, Mark, Virk, Madiha, Vyas, Vaishali, Wagland, Joanne, Wallis, Stephanie, Warner, Chloe, Watkins, Eleanor, Watson, Hannah, Webb, Rachael, Welsh, Sarah H, West, Ruth, Whelan, Elisha, Whitney, Julie, Whitsey, Mark, Wilcock, Catherine, Wilkinson, Iain, Williams, David, Williamson, Megan, Willott, Ruth H, Wimalasundera, Mettha, Win, Yu Lelt, Winter, Laura, Worrall, Stephanie, Wright, Rebecca, Yeo, Natalie, Yeung, Eirene, Yigit, Merve, Yildiz, Yasin A, Yusuf, Humza, Zambon, Martina, Zaw, Hein, and Elabedeen, Omar Zein

Subjects
Male, Aging, medicine.medical_specialty, Frail Elderly, COVID-19, delirium, frailty, mortality, transitions of care, Cohort Studies, AcademicSubjects/MED00280, Interquartile range, Internal medicine, medicine, Dementia, Humans, Survivors, Aged, Proportional hazards model, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Hazard ratio, Odds ratio, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, frailty,COVID-19, Ageing, Delirium, Female, medicine.symptom, Geriatrics and Gerontology, business, Cohort study, Research Paper
Abstract

Introduction Increased mortality has been demonstrated in older adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the effect of frailty has been unclear. Methods This multi-centre cohort study involved patients aged 18 years and older hospitalised with COVID-19, using routinely collected data. We used Cox regression analysis to assess the impact of age, frailty and delirium on the risk of inpatient mortality, adjusting for sex, illness severity, inflammation and co-morbidities. We used ordinal logistic regression analysis to assess the impact of age, Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and delirium on risk of increased care requirements on discharge, adjusting for the same variables. Results Data from 5,711 patients from 55 hospitals in 12 countries were included (median age 74, interquartile range [IQR] 54–83; 55.2% male). The risk of death increased independently with increasing age (>80 versus 18–49: hazard ratio [HR] 3.57, confidence interval [CI] 2.54–5.02), frailty (CFS 8 versus 1–3: HR 3.03, CI 2.29–4.00) inflammation, renal disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer, but not delirium. Age, frailty (CFS 7 versus 1–3: odds ratio 7.00, CI 5.27–9.32), delirium, dementia and mental health diagnoses were all associated with increased risk of higher care needs on discharge. The likelihood of adverse outcomes increased across all grades of CFS from 4 to 9. Conclusion Age and frailty are independently associated with adverse outcomes in COVID-19. Risk of increased care needs was also increased in survivors of COVID-19 with frailty or older age.

Published
2021

27. Corpus callosum axon diameter relates to cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis

Author

Huang, Susie Y., primary, Fan, Qiuyun, additional, Machado, Natalya, additional, Eloyan, Ani, additional, Bireley, John D., additional, Russo, Andrew W., additional, Tobyne, Sean M., additional, Patel, Kevin R., additional, Brewer, Kristina, additional, Rapaport, Sarah F., additional, Nummenmaa, Aapo, additional, Witzel, Thomas, additional, Sherman, Janet C., additional, Wald, Lawrence L., additional, and Klawiter, Eric C., additional

Published
2019
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29. Corpus callosum axon diameter relates to cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis

Author

Huang, Susie Y., Qiuyun Fan, Machado, Natalya, Eloyan, Ani, Bireley, John, Russo, Andrew, Tobyne, Sean, Patel, Kevin, Brewer, Kristina, Rapaport, Sarah, Nummenmaa, Aapo, Witzel, Thomas, Sherman, Janet, Wald, Lawrence L., and Klawiter, Eric

Subjects
nervous system, FOS: Clinical medicine, 10. No inequality, 110904 Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases
Abstract

Objective: To evaluate alterations in apparent axon diameter and axon density obtained by high-gradient diffusion MRI in the corpus callosum of MS patients and the relationship of these advanced diffusion MRI metrics to neurologic disability and cognitive impairment in MS. Methods: Thirty people with MS (23 relapsing-remitting MS [RRMS], 7 progressive MS [PMS]) and 23 healthy controls were scanned on a human 3-tesla (3T) MRI scanner equipped with 300 mT/m maximum gradient strength using a comprehensive multishell diffusion MRI protocol. Data were fitted to a three-compartment geometric model of white matter to estimate apparent axon diameter and axon density in the midline corpus callosum. Neurologic disability and cognitive function were measured using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), and Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS battery. Results: Apparent axon diameter was significantly larger and axon density reduced in the normal-appearing corpus callosum (NACC) of MS patients compared to healthy controls, with similar trends seen in PMS compared to RRMS. Larger apparent axon diameter in the NACC of MS patients correlated with greater disability as measured by the EDSS (r = 0.555, P = 0.007) and poorer performance on the Symbol Digits Modalities Test (r = -0.593, P = 0.008) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (r = 0.632, P < 0.01), tests of interhemispheric processing speed and new learning and memory, respectively. Interpretation: Apparent axon diameter in the corpus callosum obtained from high-gradient diffusion MRI is a potential imaging biomarker that may be used to understand the development and progression of cognitive impairment in MS.

30. Corpus callosum axon diameter relates to cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis

Author

Huang, Susie Y., Qiuyun Fan, Machado, Natalya, Eloyan, Ani, Bireley, John, Russo, Andrew, Tobyne, Sean, Patel, Kevin, Brewer, Kristina, Rapaport, Sarah, Nummenmaa, Aapo, Witzel, Thomas, Sherman, Janet, Wald, Lawrence L., and Klawiter, Eric

Subjects
nervous system, FOS: Clinical medicine, 10. No inequality, 110904 Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases
Abstract

Objective: To evaluate alterations in apparent axon diameter and axon density obtained by high-gradient diffusion MRI in the corpus callosum of MS patients and the relationship of these advanced diffusion MRI metrics to neurologic disability and cognitive impairment in MS. Methods: Thirty people with MS (23 relapsing-remitting MS [RRMS], 7 progressive MS [PMS]) and 23 healthy controls were scanned on a human 3-tesla (3T) MRI scanner equipped with 300 mT/m maximum gradient strength using a comprehensive multishell diffusion MRI protocol. Data were fitted to a three-compartment geometric model of white matter to estimate apparent axon diameter and axon density in the midline corpus callosum. Neurologic disability and cognitive function were measured using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), and Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS battery. Results: Apparent axon diameter was significantly larger and axon density reduced in the normal-appearing corpus callosum (NACC) of MS patients compared to healthy controls, with similar trends seen in PMS compared to RRMS. Larger apparent axon diameter in the NACC of MS patients correlated with greater disability as measured by the EDSS (r = 0.555, P = 0.007) and poorer performance on the Symbol Digits Modalities Test (r = -0.593, P = 0.008) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (r = 0.632, P < 0.01), tests of interhemispheric processing speed and new learning and memory, respectively. Interpretation: Apparent axon diameter in the corpus callosum obtained from high-gradient diffusion MRI is a potential imaging biomarker that may be used to understand the development and progression of cognitive impairment in MS.

31. Adapting the 5-factor modified frailty index for prediction of postprocedural outcome in patients with unruptured aneurysms.

Author

Feghali J, Gami A, Rapaport S, Patel J, Khalafallah AM, Huq S, Mukherjee D, Tamargo RJ, and Huang J

Subjects
Humans, Postoperative Complications epidemiology, Postoperative Complications etiology, Quality Improvement, Reoperation adverse effects, Retrospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Surgical Wound Infection, Aneurysm, Frailty complications
Abstract

Objective: The 5-factor modified frailty index (mFI-5) is a practical tool that can be used to estimate frailty by measuring five accessible factors: functional status, history of diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, and hypertension. The authors aimed to validate the utility of mFI-5 for predicting endovascular and microsurgical treatment outcomes in patients with unruptured aneurysms., Methods: A prospectively maintained database of consecutive patients with unruptured aneurysm who were treated with clip placement or endovascular therapy was used. Because patient age is an important predictor of treatment outcomes in patients with unruptured aneurysm, mFI-5 was supplemented with age to create the age-supplemented mFI-5 (AmFI-5). Associations of scores on these indices with major complications (symptomatic ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, or surgical site infection requiring reoperation) were evaluated. Validation was carried out with the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database (2006-2017)., Results: The institutional database included 275 patients (88 underwent clip placement, and 187 underwent endovascular treatment). Multivariable analysis of the surgical cohort showed that major complication was significantly associated with mFI-5 (OR 2.0, p = 0.046) and AmFI-5 (OR 1.9, p = 0.028) scores. Significant predictive accuracy for major complications was provided by mFI-5 (c-statistic = 0.709, p = 0.011) and AmFI-5 (c-statistic = 0.720, p = 0.008). The American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System (ASA) provided poor discrimination (area under the curve = 0.541, p = 0.618) that was significantly less than that of mFI-5 (p = 0.023) and AmFI-5 (p = 0.014). Optimal relative fit was achieved with AmFI-5, which had the lowest Akaike information criterion value. Similar results were obtained after equivalent analysis of the endovascular cohort, with additional significant associations between index scores and length of stay (β = 0.6 and p = 0.009 for mFI-5; β = 0.5 and p = 0.003 for AmFI-5). In 1047 patients who underwent clip placement and were included in the NSQIP database, mFI-5 (p = 0.001) and AmFI-5 (p < 0.001) scores were significantly associated with severe postoperative adverse events and provided greater discrimination (c-statistic = 0.600 and p < 0.001 for mFI-5; c-statistic = 0.610 and p < 0.001 for AmFI-5) than ASA score (c-statistic = 0.580 and p = 0.003)., Conclusions: mFI-5 and AmFI-5 represent potential predictors of procedure-related complications in unruptured aneurysm patients. After further validation, integration of these tools into clinical workflows may optimize patients for intervention.

Published
2021
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