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Since energy and its sustainability are key global issues, extensive research is currently underway to advance the emerging energy sector. Hydrogen is anticipated to assume a substantial role as a worldwide energy carrier in forthcoming energy frameworks. Oman has set an ambitious target to annually produce one million tons of green hydrogen by 2040, aspiring to become one of the leading global producers and exporters of green hydrogen. These hydrogen scenarios are integral components of the broader global energy scenarios, primarily focused on achieving decarbonization. Green hydrogen serves as a pivotal element in Oman’s pursuit of de-carbonization, as well as its economic and energy security objectives. This paper aims to accentuate the challenges associated with hydrogen development, particularly in the context of green hydrogen production, by examining both present and future advancements. It provides a comprehensive overview of the consumption, applications, and economic considerations of green hydrogen based on expert organizations’ projections. Additionally, the paper addresses key considerations pertaining to the utilization and transportation of hydrogen as compared to electricity.

It is a well known fact that present day economies are governed by globalization, privatization, and liberalization. Technical education plays an important role in the spectrum of human resource development, and assists us in improving academic standards and qualities of student education which in turn lead towards improvement of the standard of the country. The planners accorded high priority for this sector by realizing its importance. This paper deals with engineering education in private sector under present and future scenario. There is tremendous demand for technical education in engineering which results in isomorphic growth in private organizations or engineering colleges. The advent of FDI and world class campuses in India, twinning programs and faculty exchange programs, promises lucrative prospectus in the future of engineering education. With the initiatives, there are some challenges which are to be faced with difficult situation. The paper tries to elaborate on the challenges and discuss some of the problems with solutions. A case study was also conducted, with both a pre-test and post-test (n=700). The pre-test showed 43% to 54% improvement. And the post-test showed results of 52% to 91%, resulting in marked improvement in knowledge gain.

Conveyor belts are used in industries such as electro-mechanical and mechanical assembly to transfer goods from one position to another or from one procedure to another. In coal mining industries, controlling the speed of a conveyor can be achieved by controlling the speed of its drive unit. The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC's) commonly used programming language has the trapezoidal chart language, Ladder Diagram (LD), the Smooth Functional Diagram (SFC), and the Function Block Language (FBD). The four-level leather belt conveyer control system belongs to the model of sequential control and therefore mainly uses the SFC to program. A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is used to implement the control strategy. A PLC is a microprocessor-based control device with the original drive of complementing relay logic. The latest PLCs have progressed past just a robust stage into a new realm of high computational control and processor speediness. These, along with the PLC's extremely elastic arrangement, make it an ideal stage for uses far beyond its conventional ones. The main aim of this paper is to design a PLC conveyor belt control system for silo operation that has three various modes, namely continuous mode, manual mode, and fill by pass mode. The conveyor belt plays a very effective role as it reduces the time required to complete a large amount of work and increases productivity with high efficiency. It also saves money and costs, reduces the required manpower, is characterized by ease of maintenance and handling, and offers many other benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aggregation behavior of a tri-n-octylmethylammonium bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate ([N1888][D2EHP]) in n-dodecane (n-DD) was investigated in detail by dynamic light scattering studies. The aggregate size was measured as a function of various parameters such as concentration of [N1888][D2EHP] in organic phase, concentration of nitric acid and Nd(III) in aqueous phase, and temperature of the system. The aggregate size increased with increase in the concentration of nitric acid and [N1888][D2EHP] in organic phase. The aggregate formation of [N1888][D2EHP] phase was compared with [N1888][NO3] and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) formed in organic phase upon nitric acid extraction. The results are reported in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the world's energy sources are come from conventional ones namely fossil fuels such as oil (petrol, diesel, etc.), coal, and of course natural gases. However, the alarming decline in the levels of fossil fuels is a clear sign of its rapid and early extinction. Hence demand for a renewable energy sources increases as it is environment friendly and pollution free, and reduces the greenhouse effect. Introducing renewable energy is one of the solution for the issue, among others PV and wind energy are clean and abundantly available in nature. The advantage of utilizing renewable resources over conventional methods lies in significant reduction in the level of pollution. The cost of conventional energy is mounting and solar energy has evolved to be a latent alternative. Solar energy is abundant, pollution free, distributed throughout the earth and is recyclable. The Photovoltaic (PV) systems output power fluctuates according to the irradiation and temperature (weather conditions). Irregular PV output power results in frequency variations in the power systems, especially when the penetration is high. The power generated through PVs or other dispersed power source has to be connected to conventional power grid. PV power is embedded to the grid at substation level, this helps to extend more reliable, and better grid quality power. The hybrid power system consists of DC-DC converters which offer high dynamic performance and frequency modulation transients, without quantization effects and low-complexity, the key findings of the present task. The main aim of this paper is to design, development of microgrid with Synchronous Reference Frame Control for PV module in MATLAB Simulink environment, and customized for accurate analysis by using PSO-BFOA based Incremental Conductance method to reduce sustained oscillations and fast searching of MPPT, generated FPGA coding for MPPT, and multilevel inverter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global primary energy demands are increasing rapidly, which arrives at almost double the growth rate of energy consumption (Senjyu, Nakaji, Uezato, & Funabashi, 2005). An enhanced network-based control structure is essential, especially to get rid of the frequency deviations, power sharing errors, and stability concerns associated with the conservative droop control mainly in the micro grids (Jiang, Cao, Li, & Peng, 2012). One of the solutions for the issues is, to introduce renewable energy, among others PV and wind energy are clean and abundantly available in nature (Faranda & Leva, 2008). The Photovoltaic (PV) systems output power fluctuates according to the irradiation and temperature (weather conditions) (Kahrobaeian & Mohamed, 2015). Irregular PV output power results in frequency variations in the power systems, especially when the penetration is high. A photovoltaic (PV) array has nonlinear I-V (current-voltage) characteristics and its output power varies with solar insolation level, besides the ambient temperature. Only one point, called Maximum Power Point (MPP), exists on the P--V (power--voltage) curve, in which the power is maximum and the MPP fluctuates if there are changes in atmospheric conditions. The maximization of power output that takes place with greater efficiency becomes significant (Rao, Tulasiram, & Brahmaiah,2005). MPPT is the technique in use for extracting maximum power which is made available from the PV module (Subudhi & Pradhan, 2013). In this paper, a new hybrid algorithm is proposed combining the features of BFOA and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for tuning PID controller, to give the better output from the solar power. PSO-BFOA based Incremental Conductance method to reduce sustained oscillations and fast searching of MPPT Computer simulations illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared to that of basic versions of PSO and BFO with FPGA. The results show that there are very good correlations between the controller parameters and the process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]