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2. Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022-2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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Vollset, SE, Ababneh, HS, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasian, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd Al Magied, AHA, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelkader, A, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdi, P, Abdollahi, M, Abdoun, M, Abdullahi, A, Abebe, M, Abiodun, O, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abouzid, M, Aboye, GB, Abreu, LG, Absalan, A, Abualruz, H, Abubakar, B, Abukhadijah, HJJ, Addolorato, G, Adekanmbi, V, Adetunji, CO, Adetunji, JB, Adeyeoluwa, TE, Adha, R, Adhikary, RK, Adnani, QES, Adzigbli, LA, Afrashteh, F, Afzal, MS, Afzal, S, Agbozo, F, Agodi, A, Agrawal, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahlstrom, AJ, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, MM, Ahmad, S, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, S, Ahmed, SA, Akinosoglou, K, Akkaif, MA, Akrami, AE, Akter, E, Al Awaidy, S, Al Hasan, SM, Al Mosa, AS, Al Ta'ani, O, Al Zaabi, OAM, Alahdab, F, Alajlani, MM, Al-Ajlouni, Y, Alalalmeh, SO, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alam, T, Alam, Z, Al-Amer, RM, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Albakri, A, Aldhaleei, WA, Aldridge, RW, Alemohammad, SY, Alemu, YM, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Al-Hanawi, MK, Ali, A, Ali, I, Ali, MU, Ali, R, Ali, SSS, Ali, VE, Ali, W, Al-Ibraheem, A, Alicandro, G, Alif, SM, Aljunid, SM, Alla, F, Almazan, JU, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Alqutaibi, AY, Alrawashdeh, A, Alrousan, SM, Al-Sabah, SK, Alsabri, MA, Altaany, Z, Al-Tammemi, AB, Al-Tawfiq, JA, Altirkawi, KA, Aluh, DO, Alvis-Guzman, N, Al-Wardat, MS, Al-Worafi, YM, Aly, H, Alyahya, MS, Alzoubi, KH, Al-Zyoud, W, Amani, R, Ameyaw, EK, Amin, TT, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amirzade-Iranaq, MH, Amu, H, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, DB, Andrade, PP, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Andrews, EA, Anil, A, Anil, S, Anoushiravani, A, Antony, CM, Antriyandarti, E, Anuoluwa, BS, Anvari, S, Anyasodor, AE, Appiah, F, Aquilano, M, Arab, JP, Arabloo, J, Arafa, EA, Arafat, M, Aravkin, AY, Ardekani, A, Areda, D, Aregawi, BB, Aremu, A, Ariffin, H, Arkew, M, Armani, K, Artamonov, AA, Arumugam, A, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashbaugh, C, Astell-Burt, T, Athari, SS, Atorkey, P, Atout, MMW, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Awad, H, Awotidebe, AW, Ayatollahi, H, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Azadnajafabad, S, Azeez, FK, Azevedo, RMS, Badar, M, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, M, Bagheri, N, Bai, R, Baker, JL, Bako, AT, Balakrishnan, S, Balcha, WF, Baltatu, OC, Barchitta, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, TW, Barqawi, HJ, Barteit, S, Basiru, A, Basso, JD, Bastan, M-M, Basu, S, Bauckneht, M, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Bayileyegn, NS, Behnoush, AH, Behzadi, P, Beiranvand, M, Bello, OO, Belo, L, Beloukas, A, Bemanalizadeh, M, Bensenor, IM, Benzian, H, Beran, A, Berezvai, Z, Bernstein, RS, Bettencourt, PJG, Beyene, KA, Beyene, MG, Bhagat, DS, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhandari, D, Bharadwaj, R, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, V, Bhattacharjee, NV, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Bhuiyan, MA, Bisignano, C, Biswas, B, Bjorge, T, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Hashemi, MB, Basara, BB, Borhany, H, Bosoka, SA, Carvajal, AB, Bouaoud, S, Boufous, S, Boxe, C, Boyko, EJ, Brady, OJ, Braithwaite, D, Brauer, M, Brazo-Sayavera, J, Brenner, H, Brown, CS, Browne, AJ, Brugha, T, Bryazka, D, Bulamu, NB, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, ZA, dos Santos, FLC, Barsbay, MC, Calina, D, Campos, LA, Cao, S, Capodici, A, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carugno, A, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castelpietra, G, Cattaruzza, MS, Caye, A, Cegolon, L, Cembranel, F, Cenko, E, Cerin, E, Chadban, SJ, Chadwick, J, Chakraborty, C, Chakraborty, S, Chalek, J, Chan, JSK, Chandika, RM, Chandy, S, Charan, J, Chaudhary, AA, Chaurasia, A, Chen, A-T, Chen, H, Chen, MX, Chen, S, Cherbuin, N, Chi, G, Chichagi, F, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Ching, PR, Chirinos-Caceres, JL, Chitheer, A, Cho, DY, Cho, WCS, Choi, D-W, Chong, B, Chong, CL, Chopra, H, Chu, D-T, Chung, E, Chutiyami, M, Clayton, JT, Cogen, RM, Cohen, AJ, Columbus, A, Comfort, H, Conde, J, Connolly, JT, Cooper, EEK, Cortese, S, Cruz-Martins, N, da Silva, AG, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Dalton, BE, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Das, JK, Das, S, Dash, NR, Davletov, K, De la Hoz, FP, De Leo, D, Debopadhaya, S, Delgado-Enciso, I, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dervenis, N, Desai, HD, Devanbu, VGC, Dewan, SMR, Dhama, K, Dhane, AS, Dhingra, S, da Silva, DD, Diaz, D, Diaz, LA, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Ding, DD, Do, THP, Do Prado, CB, Dodangeh, M, Doegah, PT, Dohare, S, Dong, W, D'Oria, M, Doshi, R, Dowou, RK, Dsouza, HL, Dsouza, V, Dube, J, Dumith, SC, Duncan, BB, Duraes, AR, Duraisamy, S, Durojaiye, OC, Dushpanova, A, Dutta, S, Dzianach, PA, Dziedzic, AM, Eboreime, E, Ebrahimi, A, Kalan, ME, Edinur, HA, Efendi, F, Eikemo, TA, Eini, E, Ekundayo, TC, El Arab, RA, El Sayed, I, Elamin, O, Elemam, NM, ElGohary, GMT, Elhadi, M, Elmeligy, OAA, Elmoselhi, AB, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Eltahir, ME, Emeto, TI, Eshrati, B, Eslami, M, Esmaeili, Z, Fabin, N, Fagbamigbe, AF, Fagbule, OF, Falzone, L, Fareed, M, Farinha, CSES, Faris, MEM, Faro, A, Fasihi, K, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, NK, Fazylov, T, Feigin, VL, Fekadu, G, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Ferrara, P, Ferreira, N, Firew, BS, Fischer, F, Fitriana, I, Flavel, J, Flor, LS, Folayan, MO, Foley, KM, Fonzo, M, Force, LM, Foschi, M, Freitas, A, Fridayani, NKY, Fukutaki, KG, Furtado, JM, Fux, B, Gaal, PA, Gadanya, MA, Gallus, S, Ganesan, B, Ganiyani, MA, Gautam, RK, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Getacher, L, Getahun, GKA, Gething, PW, Ghadimi, DJ, Ghadirian, F, Ghafarian, S, Ghailan, KY, Ghasemi, M, Dabaghi, GG, Ghazy, RM, Ghoba, S, Gholami, E, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, N, Ghorbani, M, Vajargah, PG, Ghotbi, E, Gil, AU, Gill, TK, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Glushkova, EV, Gnedovskaya, EV, Gobolos, L, Goldust, M, Goleij, P, Golinelli, D, Gopalani, SV, Goulart, AC, Gouravani, M, Goyal, A, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Guicciardi, S, Guimaraes, RA, Gulati, S, Gulisashvili, D, Gunawardane, DA, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, VK, Haakenstad, A, Hadi, NR, Haep, N, Hafiz, A, Haghmorad, D, Haile, D, Ali, AH, Ali, HA, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halboub, ES, Haller, S, Halwani, R, Abdullah, KH, Hamdy, NM, Hamoudi, R, Hanifi, N, Hankey, GJ, Haq, ZA, Haque, MR, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, SMM, Hasanian, M, Hasnain, MS, Hassan, A, Haubold, J, Hay, SI, Hebert, JJ, Hegazi, OE, Heidari, M, Hemmati, M, Henson, CA, Herrera-Serna, BY, Herteliu, C, Heydari, M, Hezam, K, Hidayana, I, Hiraike, Y, Hoan, NQ, Holla, R, Hoogar, P, Horita, N, Hossain, MM, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, C, Huang, J, Hultstrom, M, Hundie, TG, Hunt, AJ, Hushmandi, K, Hussain, J, Hussain, MA, Hussein, NR, Huynh, H-H, Hwang, B-F, Ibitoye, SE, Iftikhar, PM, Ikiroma, AI, Ikwegbue, PC, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Immurana, M, Isa, MA, Islam, MR, Islam, SMS, Ismail, F, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iyamu, IO, Jacob, L, Jacobsen, KH, Jafarinia, M, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jain, N, Jairoun, AA, Mani, DRJ, Jamil, S, Jamora, RDG, Jatau, AI, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayaram, S, Jee, SH, Jeganathan, J, Jiang, H, Jokar, M, Jonas, JB, Joseph, N, Joshua, CE, Jurisson, M, Vaishali, K, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kalankesh, LR, Kalra, S, Kamath, A, Kamath, R, Kamireddy, A, Kanaan, M, Kanchan, T, Kanmiki, EW, Kanmodi, KK, Kansal, SK, Karim, A, Karkhah, S, Kashoo, FZ, Kasraei, H, Kassel, MB, Katikireddi, SV, Kauppila, JH, Kaur, H, Kayode, GA, Kazemi, F, Kazemian, S, Kebede, F, Kendal, ES, Kesse-Guyot, E, Khademvatan, S, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalid, A, Khalid, N, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Khan, F, Khan, MJ, Khan, MAB, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatatbeh, H, Khatatbeh, MM, Khatib, MN, Kashani, HRK, Kheirallah, KA, Khokhar, M, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Khosla, AA, Khosravi, M, Khosrowjerdi, M, Khubchandani, J, Kifle, ZD, Kim, G, Kim, JS, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Knibbs, LD, Knudsen, AKS, Kochhar, S, Kolahi, A-A, Kompani, F, Koren, G, Korzh, O, Krishan, K, Krishna, V, Krishnamoorthy, V, Bicer, BK, Kuddus, MA, Kuddus, M, Kuitunen, I, Kujan, O, Kulimbet, M, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, GA, Kumar, H, Kumar, N, Kumar, R, Kumar, V, Kundu, A, Kusuma, D, Kyei-Arthur, F, Kyto, V, Kyu, HH, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Ladan, MA, Laflamme, L, Lahariya, C, Lai, DTC, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lam, J, Lan, Q, Lan, T, Landires, I, Lanfranchi, F, Langguth, B, Lansingh, VC, Laplante-Levesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Lawlor, HR, Le, H-H, Le, LKD, Le, NHH, Le, TTT, Le, TDT, Leasher, JL, Lee, DW, Lee, M, Lee, PH, Lee, S-W, Lee, SW, Lee, SWH, Lee, YH, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Li, M-C, Libra, M, Ligade, VS, Lim, L-L, Lim, SS, Limenh, LW, Lindholm, D, Lindstedt, PA, Listl, S, Liu, G, Liu, S, Liu, X, Llanaj, E, Lopez-Bueno, R, Lopez-Gil, JF, Loreche, AM, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Luo, L, Lusk, JB, Lv, L, Amin, HIM, Ma, ZF, Maass, KL, Machairas, N, Machoy, M, Madureira-Carvalho, AM, Abd El Razek, HM, Maghazachi, AA, Prasad, DRM, Mahalleh, M, Mahasha, PW, Mahmoud, MA, Mahmoudi, E, Mahmoudvand, G, Makama, M, Rad, EM, Malhotra, K, Malik, AA, Malta, DC, Manla, Y, Mansour, A, Mansouri, MH, Mansouri, P, Mansouri, V, Mansourian, M, Mansournia, MA, Marasini, BP, Marateb, HR, Maravilla, JC, Mardi, P, Marjani, A, Moghadam, HM, Arnedo, CAM, Martinez, G, Martinez-Piedra, R, Martins-Melo, FR, Martorell, M, Marx, W, Marzo, RR, Masoudi, S, Mathangasinghe, Y, Mathioudakis, AG, Mathur, M, Mathur, N, Matozinhos, FP, Mattumpuram, J, Maude, RJ, Maugeri, A, Mayeli, M, Mazidi, M, Mazzotti, A, McGrath, JJ, Mckee, M, McKowen, ALW, McPhail, MA, McPhail, SM, Mehmood, A, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K, Mehravar, S, Meto, TM, Melese, EB, Mendez-Lopez, MAM, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mensah, GA, Mensah, LG, Mentis, A-FA, Meo, SA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AM, Mestrovic, T, Mettananda, KCD, Mettananda, S, Mhlanga, A, Mhlanga, L, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, de Sa, ACMGN, Miller, TR, Minh, LHN, Mirahmadi, A, Mirijello, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirzaei, R, Mitchell, PB, Mittal, C, Moberg, ME, Fard, AM, Mohajelin, S, Mohamadkhani, A, Mohamed, AI, Mohamed, J, Mohamed, MFH, Mohamed, NS, Mohammad, AM, Mohammadi, S, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Momani, SM, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moni, MA, Montazeri, F, Ghalibaf, AM, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreira, RS, Morovatdar, N, Morrison, SD, Mosapour, A, Mosser, JF, Mossialos, E, Motappa, R, Mougin, V, Mousavi, P, Mrejen, M, Mubarik, S, Mueller, UO, Mulita, F, Munjal, K, Murillo-Zamora, E, Musallam, KM, Musina, A-M, Mustafa, G, Myung, W, Nafei, A, Nagarajan, AJ, Naghavi, P, Naik, GR, Naik, G, Nainu, F, Najdaghi, S, Ansari, NN, Nangia, V, Swamy, SN, Nargus, S, Davani, DN, Nascimento, BR, Nascimento, GG, Naser, AY, Nashwan, AJ, Natto, ZS, Nauman, J, Navaratna, SNK, Naveed, M, Nawsherwan, Nayak, BP, Nayak, VC, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Nejadghaderi, SA, Nejjari, C, Nematollahi, S, Netsere, HB, Ng, M, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, AH, Nguyen, DH, Nguyen, HTH, Nguyen, N, Nguyen, NNY, Nguyen, PT, Nguyen, QP, Nguyen, VT, Minh, DNT, Niazi, RK, Nigatu, YT, Niknam, M, Nikoobar, A, Nikpoor, AR, Nikravangolsefid, N, Noman, EA, Nomura, S, Noor, STA, Noroozi, N, Nouri, M, Nozari, M, Nri-Ezedi, CA, Ntaios, G, Nunemo, MH, Nurrika, D, Nutor, JJ, Nzoputam, CI, Nzoputam, OJ, Oancea, B, Obamiro, KO, Odetokun, IA, Oduro, MS, Ogundijo, OA, Ogunfowokan, AA, Ogunkoya, A, Oguntade, AS, Oh, I-H, Ojo-Akosile, TR, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okekunle, AP, Okonji, OC, Olagunju, AT, Olatubi, MI, Oliveira, GMM, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Oluwafemi, YD, Omar, HA, Omer, GL, Ong, S, Onie, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Opejin, AO, Ordak, M, Orish, VN, Ortiz, A, Ortiz-Prado, E, Osman, WMS, Ostojic, SM, Ostroff, SM, Osuagwu, UL, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, SS, Ouyahia, A, Owolabi, MO, Oyeyemi, OT, Ozair, A, Padukudru, MPA, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Pal, PK, Palicz, T, Pan, F, Pan, H-F, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Pando-Robles, V, Pangaribuan, HU, Panos, GD, Panos, LD, Pantazopoulos, I, Stoian, AMP, Parikh, RR, Park, E-K, Park, S, Parsons, N, Parthasarathi, A, Pasovic, M, Passera, R, Patel, J, Pathan, AR, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Pawar, S, Toroudi, HP, Pease, SA, Peden, AE, Pedersini, P, Pensato, U, Pepito, VCF, Peprah, P, Pereira, M, Pereira, MO, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Perna, S, Pesudovs, K, Petermann-Rocha, FE, Pham, HT, Philip, AK, Phillips, MR, Pigeolet, M, Piradov, MA, Pisoni, E, Plotnikov, E, Poddighe, D, Polibin, RV, Poluru, R, Ponkilainen, VT, Popovic, DS, Postma, MJ, Pour-Rashidi, A, Prabhu, D, Prada, SI, Pradhan, J, Pradhan, PMS, Prashant, A, Prates, EJS, Priscilla, T, Purnobasuki, H, Purohit, BM, Puvvula, J, Qasim, NH, Qattea, I, Qazi, AS, Qian, G, Rad, MR, Radhakrishnan, V, Shahraki, HR, Rafferty, Q, Raggi, A, Raggi, C, Raheem, N, Rahim, F, Rahim, MJ, Rahimibarghani, S, Rahman, MMMR, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahman, T, Rahmani, AM, Rahmanian, M, Rahmanian, N, Rahmati, R, Rahmawaty, S, Raimondo, D, Raja, A, Rajput, P, Ramadan, M, Ramasamy, SK, Ramazanu, S, Ramteke, PW, Rana, K, Rana, RK, Ranabhat, CL, Rane, A, Rao, CR, Rao, M, Rasella, D, Rashedi, V, Rashid, AM, Rasouli-Saravani, A, Rastogi, P, Rasul, A, Rathish, D, Babu, GR, Rauniyar, SK, Ravangard, R, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Raza, RZ, Redwan, EMM, Reifels, L, Reitsma, MB, Remuzzi, G, Rengasamy, KRR, Reshmi, B, Resnikoff, S, Restaino, S, Reyes, LF, Rezaei, N, Rezaei, ZS, Rezaeian, M, Rhee, TG, Rickard, J, Robalik, T, Robinson-Oden, HE, Rocha, HAL, Rodrigues, M, Rodriguez, JAB, Roever, L, Romadlon, DS, Ronfani, L, Rony, MKK, Roshandel, G, Rotimi, K, Rout, HS, Roy, B, Rubagotti, E, Ruela, GDA, Rumisha, SF, Runghien, T, Russo, M, Saad, AMA, Saber, K, Saber-Ayad, MM, Sabet, CJ, Sabour, S, Sachdev, PS, Saddler, A, Sadee, BA, Sadeghi, M, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Safi, SZ, Sagar, R, Saghafi, A, Sagoe, D, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, PM, Sajid, MR, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salami, AA, Saleh, MA, Salehi, L, Salem, MR, Salemcity, AJ, Salimi, S, Kafil, HS, Samargandy, S, Samodra, YL, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanna, F, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Jose, BPS, Saraswathy, SYI, Saravanan, A, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sarode, GS, Sarode, SC, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sayeed, A, Scarmeas, N, Schaarschmidt, BM, Schinckus, C, Schuermans, A, Schumacher, AE, Schutte, AE, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Selvaraj, S, Semreen, MH, Senapati, S, Sengupta, P, Senthilkumaran, S, Serban, D, Sethi, Y, Seylani, A, Shafie, M, Shah, PA, Shahbandi, A, Shahid, S, Shahid, W, Shahsavari, HR, Shahwan, MJ, Shaikh, MA, Shalash, AS, Shamekh, A, Shamim, MA, Shanawaz, M, Shankar, A, Shannawaz, M, Sharath, M, Sharfaei, S, Sharifan, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, A, Sharma, M, Sharma, S, Sharma, V, Shastry, RP, Shayan, M, Shekhar, S, Shenoy, RR, Shetty, M, Shetty, PH, Shetty, PK, Shi, P, Shiani, A, Shigematsu, M, Shimels, T, Shiri, R, Shittu, A, Shiue, I, Shivakumar, KM, Shool, S, Shorofi, SA, Shrestha, S, Shuval, K, Si, Y, Siddig, EE, Sidhu, JK, Silva, JP, Silva, LMLR, Silva, S, Silva, TPR, Simpson, CR, Simpson, KE, Singh, A, Singh, BB, Singh, 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- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050. METHODS: Using forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects m
- Published
- 2024
3. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
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Badiye, AD, Bagga, A, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bahrami Taghanaki, P, Bai, R, Abeldaño Zuñiga, RA, Baig, AA, Moni, MA, Baker, JL, Bakkannavar, SM, Balasubramanian, M, Baltatu, OC, Bam, K, Bandyopadhyay, S, Banik, B, Banik, PC, Banke-Thomas, A, Abiodun, O, Moodi Ghalibaf, A, Bansal, H, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Barone-Adesi, F, Barqawi, HJ, Barrero, LH, Barrow, A, Moore, CE, Abiso, TL, Barteit, S, Basharat, Z, Basiru, A, Basso, JD, Bastan, M-M, Basu, S, Batchu, S, Batra, K, Batra, R, Moradi, M, Baune, BT, Aboagye, RG, Bayati, M, Bayileyegn, NS, Beaney, T, Behnoush, AH, Beiranvand, M, Béjot, Y, Bekele, A, Belgaumi, UI, Bell, AW, Bell, ML, Abolhassani, H, Bello, MB, Bello, OO, Belo, L, Beloukas, A, Bendak, S, Bennett, DA, and Bennitt, FB
- Published
- 2024
4. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
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Naghavi, M, Ong, KL, Aali, A, Ababneh, HS, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasian, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdelwahab, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahifar, M-A, Abdoun, M, Abdulah, DM, Abdullahi, A, Abebe, M, Abebe, SS, Abedi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abhilash, ES, Abidi, H, Abiodun, O, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abolmaali, M, Abouzid, M, Aboye, GB, Abreu, LG, Abrha, WA, Abtahi, D, Abu Rumeileh, S, Abualruz, H, Abubakar, B, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Aburuz, S, Abu-Zaid, A, Accrombessi, MMK, Adal, TG, Adamu, AA, Addo, IY, Addolorato, G, Adebiyi, AO, Adekanmbi, V, Adepoju, AV, Adetunji, CO, Adetunji, JB, Adeyeoluwa, TE, Adeyinka, DA, Adeyomoye, OI, Admass, BAA, Adnani, QES, Adra, S, Afolabi, AA, Afzal, MS, Afzal, S, Agampodi, SB, Agasthi, P, Aggarwal, M, Aghamiri, S, Agide, FD, Agodi, A, Agrawal, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, MM, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadzade, 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Zyoud, SH, Wool, EE, and Murray, CJL
- Published
- 2024
5. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
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- 2024
6. Studies on Intermittent Facing of Metal Matrix Composites Using Cryogenic Treated Carbide Inserts
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Rao, CR Prakash, Bhagyashekar, MS, and Viswanath, Narendra
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- 2014
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7. The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
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Khanh, BT, Lang, JJ, Compton, K, Xu, R, Acheson, AR, Henrikson, HJ, Kocarnik, JM, Penberthy, L, Aali, A, Abbas, Q, Abbasi, B, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, Z, Abbastabar, H, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdelwahab, AA, Abdoli, G, Abdulkadir, HA, Abedi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abidi, H, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Absalan, A, Abtew, YD, Ali, HA, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Achappa, B, Acuna, JM, Addison, D, Addo, IY, Adegboye, OA, Adesina, MA, Adnan, M, Adnani, QES, Advani, SM, Afrin, S, Afzal, MS, Aggarwal, M, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, AR, Ahmad, R, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, LA, Ahmed, MB, Rashid, TA, Aiman, W, Ajami, M, Akalu, GT, Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, M, Aklilu, A, Akonde, M, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alessy, SA, Algammal, AM, Al-Hanawi, MK, Alhassan, RK, Ali, BA, Ali, L, Ali, SS, Alimohamadi, Y, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Alkhayyat, M, Al-Maweri, SAA, Almustanyir, S, Alonso, N, Alqalyoobi, S, Al-Raddadi, RM, Al-Rifai, RHH, Al-Sabah, SK, Al-Tammemi, AB, Altawalah, H, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, F, Ameyaw, EK, Dehkordi, JJA, Amirzade-Iranaq, MH, Amu, H, Amusa, GA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderson, JA, Animut, YA, Anoushiravani, A, Anoushirvani, AA, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Ansha, MG, Antony, B, Antwi, MH, Anwar, SL, Anwer, R, Anyasodor, AE, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Argaw, AM, Ariffin, H, Aripov, T, Arshad, M, Al, A, Arulappan, J, Aruleba, RT, Aryannejad, A, Asaad, M, Asemahagn, MA, Asemi, Z, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, T, Assadi, R, Athar, M, Athari, SS, Null, MMWA, Attia, S, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awedew, AF, Awoke, MA, Awoke, T, Quintanilla, BPA, Ayana, TM, Ayen, SS, Azadi, D, Null, SA, Azami-Aghdash, S, Azanaw, MM, Azangou-Khyavy, M, Jafari, AA, Azizi, H, Azzam, AYY, Babajani, A, Badar, M, Badiye, AD, Baghcheghi, N, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bahadory, S, Baig, AA, Baker, JL, Bakhtiari, A, Bakshi, RK, Banach, M, Banerjee, I, Bardhan, M, Barone-Adesi, F, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Bashir, NZ, Bashiri, A, Basu, S, Batiha, A-MM, Begum, A, Bekele, AB, Belay, AS, Belete, MA, Belgaumi, UI, Bell, AW, Belo, L, Benzian, H, Berhie, AY, Bermudez, ANC, Bernabe, E, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhandari, BB, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhojaraja, VS, Bhuyan, SS, Bibi, S, Bilchut, AH, Bintoro, BS, Biondi, A, Birega, MGB, Birhan, HE, Bjorge, T, Blyuss, O, Bodicha, BBA, Bolla, SR, Boloor, A, Bosetti, C, Braithwaite, D, Brauer, M, Brenner, H, Briko, AN, Briko, NI, Buchanan, CM, Bulamu, NB, Bustamante-Teixeira, MT, Butt, MH, Butt, NS, Butt, ZA, Caetano dos Santos, FL, Camera, LA, Cao, C, Cao, Y, Carreras, G, Carvalho, M, Cembranel, F, Cerin, E, Chakraborty, PA, Charalampous, P, Chattu, VK, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chirinos-Caceres, JL, Cho, DY, Cho, WCS, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Chukwu, IS, Cohen, AJ, Conde, J, Cortas, S, Costa, VM, Cruz-Martins, N, Culbreth, GT, Dadras, O, Dagnaw, FT, Dahlawi, SMA, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daneshpajouhnejad, P, Danielewicz, A, An, TMD, Soltani, RDC, Darwesh, AM, Das, S, Davitoiu, DV, Esmaeili, ED, De la Hoz, FP, Debela, SA, Dehghan, A, Demisse, B, Demisse, FW, DenovaGutiA, E, Derakhshani, A, Molla, MD, Dereje, D, Deribe, KS, Desai, R, Desalegn, MD, Dessalegn, FN, Dessalegni, SAA, Dessie, G, Desta, AA, Dewan, SMR, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Diao, N, Diaz, D, Digesa, LE, Dixit, SG, Doaei, S, Linh, PD, Doku, PN, Dongarwar, D, dos Santos, WM, Driscoll, TR, Dsouza, HL, Durojaiye, OC, Edalati, S, Eghbalian, F, Ehsani-Chimeh, E, Eini, E, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, TC, Ekwueme, DU, El Tantawi, M, Elbahnasawy, MA, Elbarazi, I, Elghazaly, H, Elhadi, M, El-Huneidi, W, Emamian, MH, Bain, LE, Enyew, DB, Erkhembayar, R, Eshetu, T, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Espinosa-Montero, J, Etaee, F, Etemadimanesh, A, Eyayu, T, Ezeonwumelu, IJ, Ezzikouri, S, Fagbamigbe, AF, Fahimi, S, Fakhradiyev, IR, Faraon, EJA, Fares, J, Farmany, A, Farooque, U, Farrokhpour, H, Fasanmi, AO, Fatehizadeh, A, Fatima, W, Fattahi, H, Fekadu, G, Feleke, BE, Ferrari, AA, Ferrero, S, Desideri, LF, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foroumadi, R, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Gaal, PA, Gad, MM, Gadanya, MA, Gaipov, A, Galehdar, N, Gallus, S, Garg, T, Fonseca, MG, Gebremariam, YH, Gebremeskel, TG, Gebremichael, MA, Geda, YF, Gela, YY, Gemeda, BNB, Getachew, M, Getachew, ME, Ghaffari, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, S-H, Nour, MG, Ghassemi, F, Ghimire, A, Ghith, N, Gholamalizadeh, M, Navashenaq, JG, Ghozy, S, Gilani, SA, Gill, PS, Ginindza, TG, Gizaw, ATT, Glasbey, JC, Godos, J, Goel, A, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Golinelli, D, Golitaleb, M, Gorini, G, Goulart, BNG, Grosso, G, Guadie, HA, Gubari, MIM, Gudayu, TW, Guerra, MR, Gunawardane, DA, Gupta, B, Gupta, S, Gupta, V, Gupta, VK, Gurara, MK, Guta, A, Habibzadeh, P, Avval, AH, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Ali, AH, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halboub, ES, Halimi, A, Halwani, R, Hamadeh, RR, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Hariri, S, Harlianto, N, Haro, JM, Hartono, RK, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, SMM, Hasani, H, Hashemi, SM, Hassan, AM, Hassanipour, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Heidarymeybodi, Z, Herrera-Serna, BY, Herteliu, C, Hezam, K, Hiraike, Y, Hlongwa, MM, Holla, R, Holm, M, Horita, N, Hoseini, M, Hossain, MM, Hossain, MBH, Hosseini, M-S, Hosseinzadeh, A, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Hugo, FN, Humayun, A, Hussain, S, Hussein, NR, Hwang, B-F, Ibitoye, SE, Iftikhar, PM, Ikuta, KS, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Immurana, M, Innos, K, Iranpour, P, Irham, LM, Islam, MS, Islam, RM, Islami, F, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Merin, LJ, Jaiswal, A, Jakovljevic, M, Jalili, M, Jalilian, S, Jamshidi, E, Jang, S-I, Jani, CT, Javaheri, T, Jayarajah, UU, Jayaram, S, Jazayeri, SB, Jebai, R, Jemal, B, Jeong, W, Jha, RP, Jindal, HA, John-Akinola, YO, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, JJ, Jarisson, M, Kabir, A, Kacimi, SEO, Kadashetti, V, Kahe, F, Kakodkar, PV, Kalankesh, LR, Kalhor, R, Kamal, VK, Kamangar, F, Kamath, A, Kanchan, T, Kandaswamy, E, Kandel, H, Kang, H, Kanno, GG, Kapoor, N, Kar, SS, Karanth, SD, Karaye, IM, Karch, A, Karimi, A, Kassa, BG, Katoto, PDMC, Kauppila, JH, Kaur, H, Kebede, AG, Keikavoosi-Arani, L, Kejela, GG, Bohan, PMK, Keramati, M, Keykhaei, M, Khajuria, H, Khan, A, Khan, AAK, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khan, MN, Ab Khan, M, Khanali, J, Khatab, K, Khatatbeh, MM, Khatib, MN, Khayamzadeh, M, Kashani, HRK, Tabari, MAK, Khezeli, M, Khodadost, M, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Klugar, M, Klugarova, J, Kolahi, A-A, Kolkhir, P, Kompani, F, Koul, PA, Laxminarayana, SLK, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Bicer, BK, Kugbey, N, Kulimbet, M, Kumar, A, Kumar, GA, Kumar, N, Kurmi, OP, Kuttikkattu, A, La Vecchia, C, Lahiri, A, Lal, DK, Lam, J, Lan, Q, Landires, I, Larijani, B, Lasrado, S, Lau, J, Lauriola, P, Ledda, C, Lee, S-W, Lee, SWH, Lee, W-C, Lee, YY, Lee, YH, Legesse, SM, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Li, M-C, Lim, SS, Liu, G, Liu, J, Lo, C-H, Lohiya, A, Lopukhov, PD, Lorenzovici, L, Lotfi, M, Loureiro, JA, Lunevicius, R, Madadizadeh, F, Mafi, AR, Magdeldin, S, Mahjoub, S, Mahmoodpoor, A, Mahmoudi, M, Mahmoudimanesh, M, Mahumud, RA, Majeed, A, Majidpoor, J, Makki, A, Makris, KC, Rad, EM, Malekpour, M-R, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, AA, Mallhi, TH, Mallya, SD, Mamun, MA, Manda, AL, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, MA, Mantovani, LG, Martini, S, Martorell, M, Masoudi, S, Masoumi, SZ, Matei, CN, Mathews, E, Mathur, MR, Mathur, V, McKee, M, Meena, JK, Mehmood, K, Nasab, EM, Mehrotra, R, Melese, A, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengesha, SD, Mensah, LG, Mentis, A-FA, Mera-Mamian, AYM, Meretoja, TJ, Merid, MW, Mersha, AG, Meselu, BT, Meshkat, M, Mestrovic, T, Jonasson, JM, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, Mijena, GFW, Miller, TR, Mir, SA, Mirinezhad, SK, Mirmoeeni, S, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, HR, Misganaw, AS, Misra, S, AbdulmuhsinMohammad, K, Mohammadi, E, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, S, Mohan, S, Mohseni, M, Moka, N, Mokdad, AH, Molassiotis, A, Molokhia, M, Momenzadeh, K, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Mons, U, Al Montasir, A, Montazeri, F, Montero, A, Moosavi, MA, Moradi, A, Moradi, Y, Sarabi, MM, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Morrison, SD, Morze, J, Mosapour, A, Mostafavi, E, Mousavi, SM, Isfahani, HM, Khaneghah, AM, Mpundu-Kaambwa, C, Mubarik, S, Mulita, F, Munblit, D, Munro, SB, Murillo-Zamora, E, Musa, J, Nabhan, AF, Nagarajan, AJ, Nagaraju, SP, Nagel, G, Naghipour, M, Naimzada, MD, Nair, TS, Naqvi, AA, Swamy, SN, Narayana, AI, Nassereldine, H, Natto, ZS, Nayak, BP, Ndejjo, R, Nduaguba, SO, Negash, WW, Nejadghaderi, SA, Nejati, K, Kandel, SN, Huy, VNN, Niazi, RK, Noor, NM, Noori, M, Noroozi, N, Nouraei, H, Nowroozi, A, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nzoputam, CI, Nzoputam, OJ, Oancea, B, Odukoya, OO, Oghenetega, OB, Ogunsakin, RE, Oguntade, AS, Oh, I-H, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okekunle, AP, Olagunju, AT, Olagunju, TO, Olakunde, BO, Olufadewa, II, Omer, E, Omonisi, AEE, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Orru, H, Otstavnov, SS, Oulhaj, A, Oumer, B, Owopetu, OF, Oyinloye, BE, Mahesh, PA, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Pakbin, B, Pakshir, K, Pakzad, R, Palicz, T, Pana, A, Pandey, A, Pant, S, Pardhan, S, Park, E-K, Park, S, Patel, J, Pati, S, Paudel, R, Paudel, U, Paun, M, Toroudi, HP, Peng, M, Pereira, J, Pereira, RB, Perna, S, Perumalsamy, N, Pestell, RG, Pezzani, R, Piccinelli, C, Pillay, JD, Piracha, ZZ, Pischon, T, Postma, MJ, Langroudi, AP, Pourshams, A, Pourtaheri, N, Prashant, A, Qadir, MMF, Syed, ZQ, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Radhakrishnan, RA, Radhakrishnan, V, Raeisi, M, Rafiee, A, Rafiei, A, Raheem, N, Rahim, F, Rahman, MO, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, AM, Rahmani, S, Rahmanian, V, Rajai, N, Rajesh, A, Ram, P, Ramezanzadeh, K, Rana, J, Ranabhat, K, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rao, SJ, Rashedi, S, Rashidi, A, Rashidi, M-M, Ratan, ZA, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Razeghinia, MS, Rehman, AU, Rehman, IU, Reitsma, MB, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, M, Rezaei, N, Rezaei, S, Rezaeian, M, Rezapour, A, Riad, A, Rikhtegar, R, Rios-Blancas, M, Roberts, TJ, Rohloff, P, Romero-Rodriguez, E, Roshandel, G, Rwegerera, GM, Manjula, S, Saber-Ayad, MM, Saberzadeh-Ardestani, B, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Safaei, M, Safary, A, Sahebazzamani, M, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, H, Sajid, MR, Salari, H, Salehi, S, Salem, MR, Salimzadeh, H, Samodra, YL, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sankararaman, S, Sanmarchi, F, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Saqib, MAN, Sarveazad, A, Sarvi, F, Sathian, B, Satpathy, M, Sayegh, N, Schneider, IJC, Schwarzinger, M, Sekerija, M, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Seylani, A, Seyoum, K, Sha, F, Shafaat, O, Shah, PA, Shahabi, S, Shahid, I, Shahrbaf, MA, Shahsavari, HR, Shaikh, MA, Shaka, MF, Shaker, E, Shannawaz, M, Sharew, MMS, Sharifi, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, P, Shashamo, BB, Sheikh, A, Sheikh, M, Sheikhbahaei, S, Sheikhi, RA, Sheikhy, A, Shepherd, PR, Shetty, A, Shetty, JK, Shetty, RS, Shibuya, K, Shirkoohi, R, Shirzad-Aski, H, Shivakumar, KM, Shivalli, S, Shivarov, V, Shobeiri, P, Varniab, ZS, Shorofi, SA, Shrestha, S, Sibhat, MM, Malleshappa, SS, Sidemo, NB, Silva, DAS, Silva, LMLR, Julian, GS, Silvestris, N, Simegn, W, Singh, AD, Singh, A, Singh, G, Singh, H, Singh, JA, Singh, JK, Singh, P, Singh, S, Sinha, DN, Sinke, AH, Siraj, MS, Sitas, F, Siwal, SS, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Socea, B, Soeberg, MJ, Sofi-Mahmudi, A, Solomon, Y, Soltani-Zangbar, MS, Song, S, Song, Y, Sorensen, RJD, Soshnikov, S, Sotoudeh, H, Sowe, A, Sufiyan, MB, Suk, R, Suleman, M, Abdulkader, RS, Sultana, S, Sur, D, Szacska, M, Tabaeian, SP, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabatabaei, SM, Tabuchi, T, Tadbiri, H, Taheri, E, Taheri, M, Soodejani, MT, Takahashi, K, Talaat, IM, Tampa, M, Tan, K-K, Tat, NY, Tat, VY, Tavakoli, A, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekalegn, Y, Tesfay, FH, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Chandrasekar, VT, Thomas, N, Thomas, NK, Ticoalu, JHV, Tiyuri, A, Tollosa, DN, Topor-Madry, R, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Traini, E, Mai, TNT, Tripathy, JP, Ukke, GG, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Unnikrishnan, B, Vacante, M, Vaezi, M, Tahbaz, SV, Valdez, PR, Vardavas, C, Varthya, SB, Vaziri, S, Velazquez, DZ, Veroux, M, Villeneuve, PJ, Violante, FS, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Vu, LG, Wadood, AW, Waheed, Y, Walde, MT, Wamai, RG, Wang, C, Wang, F, Wang, N, Wang, Y, Ward, P, Waris, A, Westerman, R, Wickramasinghe, ND, Woldemariam, M, Woldu, B, Xiao, H, Xu, S, Xu, X, Yadav, L, Jabbari, SHY, Yang, L, Yazdanpanah, F, Yeshaw, Y, Yismaw, Y, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yousefian, F, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Yunusa, I, Zahir, M, Zaki, N, Zaman, BA, Zangiabadian, M, Zare, F, Zare, I, Zareshahrabadi, Z, Zarrintan, A, Zastrozhin, MS, Zeineddine, MA, Zhang, D, Zhang, J, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z-J, Zhou, L, Zodpey, S, Zoladl, M, Vos, T, Hay, S, Force, LM, Murray, CJL, Khanh, BT, Lang, JJ, Compton, K, Xu, R, Acheson, AR, Henrikson, HJ, Kocarnik, JM, Penberthy, L, Aali, A, Abbas, Q, Abbasi, B, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, Z, Abbastabar, H, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdelwahab, AA, Abdoli, G, Abdulkadir, HA, Abedi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abidi, H, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Absalan, A, Abtew, YD, Ali, HA, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Achappa, B, Acuna, JM, Addison, D, Addo, IY, Adegboye, OA, Adesina, MA, Adnan, M, Adnani, QES, Advani, SM, Afrin, S, Afzal, MS, Aggarwal, M, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, AR, Ahmad, R, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, LA, Ahmed, MB, Rashid, TA, Aiman, W, Ajami, M, Akalu, GT, Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, M, Aklilu, A, Akonde, M, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alessy, SA, Algammal, AM, Al-Hanawi, MK, Alhassan, RK, Ali, BA, Ali, L, Ali, SS, Alimohamadi, Y, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Alkhayyat, M, Al-Maweri, SAA, Almustanyir, S, Alonso, N, Alqalyoobi, S, Al-Raddadi, RM, Al-Rifai, RHH, Al-Sabah, SK, Al-Tammemi, AB, Altawalah, H, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, F, Ameyaw, EK, Dehkordi, JJA, Amirzade-Iranaq, MH, Amu, H, Amusa, GA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderson, JA, Animut, YA, Anoushiravani, A, Anoushirvani, AA, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Ansha, MG, Antony, B, Antwi, MH, Anwar, SL, Anwer, R, Anyasodor, AE, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Argaw, AM, Ariffin, H, Aripov, T, Arshad, M, Al, A, Arulappan, J, Aruleba, RT, Aryannejad, A, Asaad, M, Asemahagn, MA, Asemi, Z, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, T, Assadi, R, Athar, M, Athari, SS, Null, MMWA, Attia, S, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awedew, AF, Awoke, MA, Awoke, T, Quintanilla, BPA, Ayana, TM, Ayen, SS, Azadi, D, Null, SA, Azami-Aghdash, S, Azanaw, MM, Azangou-Khyavy, M, Jafari, AA, Azizi, H, Azzam, AYY, Babajani, A, Badar, M, Badiye, AD, Baghcheghi, N, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bahadory, S, Baig, AA, Baker, JL, Bakhtiari, A, Bakshi, RK, Banach, M, Banerjee, I, Bardhan, M, Barone-Adesi, F, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Bashir, NZ, Bashiri, A, Basu, S, Batiha, A-MM, Begum, A, Bekele, AB, Belay, AS, Belete, MA, Belgaumi, UI, Bell, AW, Belo, L, Benzian, H, Berhie, AY, Bermudez, ANC, Bernabe, E, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhandari, BB, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhojaraja, VS, 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- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01-4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3-48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1-45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60-3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8-54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36-1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5-41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6-28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8-25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [2
- Published
- 2022
8. The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- Author
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Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Innos, K, Irham, LM, Islam, RM, Islam, SMS, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jain, V, Jakovljevic, M, Janghorban, R, Mamaghani, AJ, Jayaram, S, Jayawardena, R, Jazayeri, SB, Jebai, R, Jha, RP, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jurisson, M, Kaambwa, B, Kabir, A, Kalankesh, LR, Kaliyadan, F, Kamal, Z, Kamath, A, Kandel, H, Kar, SS, Karaye, IM, Karimi, A, Kassa, BG, Kauppila, JH, Bohan, PMK, Kengne, AP, Kerbo, AA, Keykhaei, M, Khader, YS, Khajuria, H, Khalili, N, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khan, M, Khan, MN, Khan, MAB, Khanali, J, Khayamzadeh, M, Khosravizadeh, O, Khubchandani, J, Khundkar, R, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kolahi, A-A, Kopec, JA, Koteeswaran, R, Laxminarayana, SLK, Koyanagi, A, Kugbey, N, Kumar, GA, Kumar, N, Kwarteng, A, La Vecchia, C, Lan, Q, Landires, I, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Ledda, C, Lee, S-W, Lee, W-C, Lee, YY, Lee, YH, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Li, B, Li, J, Li, M-C, Lim, SS, Liu, X, Lobo, SW, Loureiro, JA, Lugo, A, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Razek, MMAE, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Male, S, Malekpour, M-R, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, AA, Mamun, MA, Manafi, N, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, MA, Martini, S, Masoumi, SZ, Matei, CN, Mathur, MR, McAlinden, C, Mehrotra, R, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mentis, A-FA, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AG, Mesregah, MK, Mestrovic, T, Jonasson, JM, Miazgowski, B, Michalek, IM, Miller, TR, Mingude, AB, Mirmoeeni, S, Mirzaei, H, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Mohammad, KA, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadi, SM, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, S, Mohammed, TA, Moka, N, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Moni, MA, Moradi, G, Moradi, Y, Moradzadeh, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morrison, SD, Mostafavi, E, Khaneghah, AM, Mpundu-Kaambwa, C, Mubarik, S, Mwanri, L, Nabhan, AF, Nagaraju, SP, Nagata, C, Naghavi, M, Naimzada, MD, Naldi, L, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Swamy, SN, Narayana, AI, Nayak, BP, Nayak, VC, Nazari, J, Nduaguba, SO, Negoi, I, Negru, SM, Nejadghaderi, SA, Nepal, S, Kandel, SN, Nggada, HA, Nguyen, CT, Nnaji, CA, Nosrati, H, Nouraei, H, Nowroozi, A, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nwatah, VE, Nzoputam, CI, Oancea, B, Odukoya, OO, Oguntade, AS, Oh, I-H, Olagunju, AT, Olagunju, TO, Olakunde, BO, Oluwasanu, MM, Omar, E, Bali, AO, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Ortega-Altamirano, D, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Oumer, B, Owolabi, MO, Mahesh, PA, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Pakshir, K, Pana, A, Pandey, A, Pardhan, S, Kan, FP, Pasovic, M, Patel, JR, Pati, S, Pattanshetty, SM, Paudel, U, Pereira, RB, Peres, MFP, Perianayagam, A, Postma, MJ, Pourjafar, H, Pourshams, A, Prashant, A, Pulakunta, T, Qadir, MMFF, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Radhakrishnan, RA, Rafiee, A, Rafiei, A, Rafiei, S, Rahim, F, Rahimzadeh, S, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, AM, Rajesh, A, Ramezani-Doroh, V, Ranabhat, K, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rao, SJ, Rashedi, S, Rashidi, M-M, Rath, GK, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Razeghinia, MS, Regasa, MT, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, M, Rezaei, N, Rezaeian, M, Rezapour, A, Rezazadeh-Khadem, S, Riad, A, Lopez, LER, Rodriguez, JAB, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rwegerera, GM, Saber-Ayad, MM, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghian, S, Saeed, U, Sahebkar, A, Saif-Ur-Rahman, KM, Sajadi, SM, Salahi, S, Salehi, S, Salem, MR, Salimzadeh, H, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanmarchi, F, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Sawyer, SM, Saylan, M, Schneider, IJC, Seidu, A-A, Sekerija, M, Sendo, EG, Sepanlou, SG, Seylani, A, Seyoum, K, Sha, F, Shafaat, O, Shaikh, MA, Shamsoddin, E, Shannawaz, M, Sharma, R, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shetty, A, Shetty, BSK, Shetty, PH, Shin, JI, Shirkoohi, R, Shivakumar, KM, Shobeiri, P, Siabani, S, Sibhat, MM, Malleshappa, SKS, Sidemo, NB, Silva, DAS, Julian, GS, Singh, AD, Singh, JA, Singh, JK, Singh, S, Sinke, AH, Sintayehu, Y, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Smith, L, Sofi-Mahmudi, A, Soltani-Zangbar, MS, Song, S, Spurlock, EE, Steiropoulos, P, Straif, K, Subedi, R, Sufiyan, MB, Abdulkader, RS, Sultana, S, Szerencses, V, Szocska, M, Tabaeian, SP, Tabaras-Seisdedos, R, Tabary, M, Tabuchi, T, Tadbiri, H, Taheri, M, Taherkhani, A, Takahashi, K, Tampa, M, Tan, K-K, Tat, VY, Tavakoli, A, Tbakhi, A, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Tesfay, FH, Tesfaye, B, Thakur, JS, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Thiyagarajan, A, Thomas, N, Tobe-Gai, R, Togtmol, M, Tohidast, SA, Tohidinik, HR, Tolani, MA, Tollosa, DN, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Traini, E, Bach, XT, Mai, TNT, Tripathy, JP, Tusa, BS, Ukke, GG, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Umapathi, KK, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Ushula, TW, Vacante, M, Tahbaz, SV, Varthya, SB, Veroux, M, Villeneuve, PJ, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Giang, TV, Waheed, Y, Wang, N, Ward, P, Weldesenbet, AB, Wen, YF, Westerman, R, Winkler, AS, Wubishet, BL, Xu, S, Jabbari, SHY, Yang, L, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yazie, TS, Yehualashet, SS, Yeshaneh, A, Yeshaw, Y, Yirdaw, BW, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zadnik, V, Zahir, M, Moghadam, TZ, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zare, F, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, J, Zhang, Z-J, Ziapour, A, Zoladl, M, Murray, CJL, Fitzmaurice, C, Bleyer, A, Bhakta, N, Gebremeskel, TG, Alvarez, EM, Force, LM, Xu, R, Compton, K, Lu, D, Henrikson, HJ, Kocarnik, JM, Harvey, JD, Pennini, A, Dean, FE, Fu, W, Vargas, MT, Keegan, THM, Ariffin, H, Barr, RD, Erdomaeva, YA, Gunasekera, DS, John-Akinola, YO, Ketterl, TG, Kutluk, T, Malogolowkin, MH, Mathur, P, Radhakrishnan, V, Ries, LAG, Rodriguez-Galindo, C, Sagoyan, GB, Sultan, I, Abbasi, B, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, Z, Abbastabar, H, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdoli, A, Abebe, H, Abedi, A, Abidi, H, Abolhassani, H, Ali, HA, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Achappa, B, Acuna, JM, Adedeji, IA, Adegboye, OA, Adnani, QES, Advani, SM, Afzal, MS, Meybodi, MA, Ahadinezhad, B, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, MB, Rashid, TA, Salih, YA, Aiman, W, Akalu, GT, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, AlAmodi, AA, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alem, AZ, Alem, DT, Alemayehu, Y, Alhalaiqa, FN, Alhassan, RK, Ali, S, Alicandro, G, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Alkhayyat, M, Alluri, S, Almasri, NA, Al-Maweri, SA, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, RM, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ameyaw, EK, Amini, S, Amu, H, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Anvari, D, Anyasodor, AE, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Argaw, AM, Arshad, M, Arulappan, J, Aryannejad, A, Asemi, Z, Jafarabadi, MA, Atashzar, MR, Atorkey, P, Atreya, A, Attia, S, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awedew, AF, Quintanilla, BPA, Ayele, AD, Ayen, SS, Azab, MA, Azadnajafabad, S, Azami, H, Azangou-Khyavy, M, Jafari, AA, Azarian, G, Azzam, AY, Bahadory, S, Bai, J, Baig, AA, Baker, JL, Banach, M, Barnighausen, TW, Barone-Adesi, F, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Basaleem, H, Batiha, A-MM, Behzadifar, M, Bekele, NC, Belete, R, Belgaumi, UI, Bell, AW, Berhie, AY, Bhagat, DS, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhojaraja, VS, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Birara, S, Bjorge, T, Bolarinwa, OA, Bolla, SR, Boloor, A, Braithwaite, D, Brenner, H, Bulamu, NB, Burkart, K, Bustamante-Teixeira, MT, Butt, NS, Butt, ZA, dos Santos, FLC, Cao, C, Cao, Y, Carreras, G, Catala-Lopez, F, Cembranel, F, Cerin, E, Chakinala, RC, Chakraborty, PA, Chattu, VK, Chaturvedi, P, Chaurasia, A, Chavan, PP, Chimed-Ochir, O, Choi, J-YJ, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Chung, MT, Conde, J, Costa, VM, Daar, OB, Dadras, O, Dahlawi, SMA, Dai, X, Damiani, G, Amico, ED, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daneshpajouhnejad, P, Darwish, AH, Daryani, A, De la Hoz, FP, Debela, SA, Demie, TGG, Demissie, GD, Demissie, ZG, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Molla, MD, Desai, R, Desta, AA, Dhamnetiya, D, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhimal, ML, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Didehdar, M, Diress, M, Djalalinia, S, Huyen, PD, Doaei, S, Dorostkar, F, dos Santos, WM, Drake, TM, Ekholuenetale, M, El Sayed, I, Zaki, MES, El Tantawi, M, El-Abid, H, Elbahnasawy, MA, Elbarazi, I, Elhabashy, HR, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Enyew, DB, Erkhembayar, R, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Faisaluddin, M, Fares, J, Farooque, U, Fasanmi, AO, Fatima, W, Ferreira de Oliveira, JMP, Ferrero, S, Desideri, LF, Fetensa, G, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, JL, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Gaal, PA, Gad, MM, Gaewkhiew, P, Gallus, S, Garg, T, Gemeda, BNB, Getachew, T, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, S-H, Ghashghaee, A, Ghassemi, F, Ghith, N, Gholami, A, Navashenaq, JG, Gilani, SA, Ginindza, TG, Gizaw, AT, Glasbey, JC, Goel, A, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Golinelli, D, Gopalani, SV, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, BNG, Grada, A, Gubari, MIM, Guerra, MR, Guha, A, Gupta, B, Gupta, S, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Haddadi, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, A, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halwani, R, Hamadeh, RR, Hambisa, MT, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Haque, S, Hariri, S, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, SMM, Hashemi, SM, Hassan, TS, Hassanipour, S, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hebo, SH, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Herrera-Serna, BY, Herteliu, C, Heyi, DZ, Hezam, K, Hole, MK, Holla, R, Horita, N, Hossain, MM, Hossain, MB, Hosseini, M-S, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, A, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsairi, M, Huang, J, Hussein, NR, Hwang, B-F, Ibitoye, SE, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Innos, K, Irham, LM, Islam, RM, Islam, SMS, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jain, V, Jakovljevic, M, Janghorban, R, Mamaghani, AJ, Jayaram, S, Jayawardena, R, Jazayeri, SB, Jebai, R, Jha, RP, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jurisson, M, Kaambwa, B, Kabir, A, Kalankesh, LR, Kaliyadan, F, Kamal, Z, Kamath, A, Kandel, H, Kar, SS, Karaye, IM, Karimi, A, Kassa, BG, Kauppila, JH, Bohan, PMK, Kengne, AP, Kerbo, AA, Keykhaei, M, Khader, YS, Khajuria, H, Khalili, N, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khan, M, Khan, MN, Khan, MAB, Khanali, J, Khayamzadeh, M, Khosravizadeh, O, Khubchandani, J, Khundkar, R, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kolahi, A-A, Kopec, JA, Koteeswaran, R, Laxminarayana, SLK, Koyanagi, A, Kugbey, N, Kumar, GA, Kumar, N, Kwarteng, A, La Vecchia, C, Lan, Q, Landires, I, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Ledda, C, Lee, S-W, Lee, W-C, Lee, YY, Lee, YH, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Li, B, Li, J, Li, M-C, Lim, SS, Liu, X, Lobo, SW, Loureiro, JA, Lugo, A, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Razek, MMAE, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Male, S, Malekpour, M-R, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, AA, Mamun, MA, Manafi, N, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, MA, Martini, S, Masoumi, SZ, Matei, CN, Mathur, MR, McAlinden, C, Mehrotra, R, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mentis, A-FA, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AG, Mesregah, MK, Mestrovic, T, Jonasson, JM, Miazgowski, B, Michalek, IM, Miller, TR, Mingude, AB, Mirmoeeni, S, Mirzaei, H, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Mohammad, KA, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadi, SM, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, S, Mohammed, TA, Moka, N, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Moni, MA, Moradi, G, Moradi, Y, Moradzadeh, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morrison, SD, Mostafavi, E, Khaneghah, AM, Mpundu-Kaambwa, C, Mubarik, S, Mwanri, L, Nabhan, AF, Nagaraju, SP, Nagata, C, Naghavi, M, Naimzada, MD, Naldi, L, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Swamy, SN, Narayana, AI, Nayak, BP, Nayak, VC, Nazari, J, Nduaguba, SO, Negoi, I, Negru, SM, Nejadghaderi, SA, Nepal, S, Kandel, SN, Nggada, HA, Nguyen, CT, Nnaji, CA, Nosrati, H, Nouraei, H, Nowroozi, A, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nwatah, VE, Nzoputam, CI, Oancea, B, Odukoya, OO, Oguntade, AS, Oh, I-H, Olagunju, AT, Olagunju, TO, Olakunde, BO, Oluwasanu, MM, Omar, E, Bali, AO, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Ortega-Altamirano, D, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Oumer, B, Owolabi, MO, Mahesh, PA, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Pakshir, K, Pana, A, Pandey, A, Pardhan, S, Kan, FP, Pasovic, M, Patel, JR, Pati, S, Pattanshetty, SM, Paudel, U, Pereira, RB, Peres, MFP, Perianayagam, A, Postma, MJ, Pourjafar, H, Pourshams, A, Prashant, A, Pulakunta, T, Qadir, MMFF, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Radhakrishnan, RA, Rafiee, A, Rafiei, A, Rafiei, S, Rahim, F, Rahimzadeh, S, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, AM, Rajesh, A, Ramezani-Doroh, V, Ranabhat, K, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rao, SJ, Rashedi, S, Rashidi, M-M, Rath, GK, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Razeghinia, MS, Regasa, MT, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, M, Rezaei, N, Rezaeian, M, Rezapour, A, Rezazadeh-Khadem, S, Riad, A, Lopez, LER, Rodriguez, JAB, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rwegerera, GM, Saber-Ayad, MM, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghian, S, Saeed, U, Sahebkar, A, Saif-Ur-Rahman, KM, Sajadi, SM, Salahi, S, Salehi, S, Salem, MR, Salimzadeh, H, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanmarchi, F, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Sawyer, SM, Saylan, M, Schneider, IJC, Seidu, A-A, Sekerija, M, Sendo, EG, Sepanlou, SG, Seylani, A, Seyoum, K, Sha, F, Shafaat, O, Shaikh, MA, Shamsoddin, E, Shannawaz, M, Sharma, R, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shetty, A, Shetty, BSK, Shetty, PH, Shin, JI, Shirkoohi, R, Shivakumar, KM, Shobeiri, P, Siabani, S, Sibhat, MM, Malleshappa, SKS, Sidemo, NB, Silva, DAS, Julian, GS, Singh, AD, Singh, JA, Singh, JK, Singh, S, Sinke, AH, Sintayehu, Y, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Smith, L, Sofi-Mahmudi, A, Soltani-Zangbar, MS, Song, S, Spurlock, EE, Steiropoulos, P, Straif, K, Subedi, R, Sufiyan, MB, Abdulkader, RS, Sultana, S, Szerencses, V, Szocska, M, Tabaeian, SP, Tabaras-Seisdedos, R, Tabary, M, Tabuchi, T, Tadbiri, H, Taheri, M, Taherkhani, A, Takahashi, K, Tampa, M, Tan, K-K, Tat, VY, Tavakoli, A, Tbakhi, A, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Tesfay, FH, Tesfaye, B, Thakur, JS, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Thiyagarajan, A, Thomas, N, Tobe-Gai, R, Togtmol, M, Tohidast, SA, Tohidinik, HR, Tolani, MA, Tollosa, DN, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Traini, E, Bach, XT, Mai, TNT, Tripathy, JP, Tusa, BS, Ukke, GG, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Umapathi, KK, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Ushula, TW, Vacante, M, Tahbaz, SV, Varthya, SB, Veroux, M, Villeneuve, PJ, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Giang, TV, Waheed, Y, Wang, N, Ward, P, Weldesenbet, AB, Wen, YF, Westerman, R, Winkler, AS, Wubishet, BL, Xu, S, Jabbari, SHY, Yang, L, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yazie, TS, Yehualashet, SS, Yeshaneh, A, Yeshaw, Y, Yirdaw, BW, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zadnik, V, Zahir, M, Moghadam, TZ, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zare, F, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, J, Zhang, Z-J, Ziapour, A, Zoladl, M, Murray, CJL, Fitzmaurice, C, Bleyer, A, Bhakta, N, and Gebremeskel, TG
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. METHODS: Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. FINDINGS: There were 1·19 million (95% UI 1·11-1·28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59·6 [54·5-65·7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53·2 [48·8-57·9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14
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- 2022
9. Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990-2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- Author
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Ledesma, JR, Ma, J, Vongpradith, A, Maddison, ER, Novotney, A, Biehl, MH, LeGrand, KE, Ross, JM, Jahagirdar, D, Bryazka, D, Feldman, R, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, AE, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Adebayo, OM, Adnani, QES, Afzal, S, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, SA, Ahmadi, S, Rashid, TA, Salih, YA, Aklilu, A, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alemayehu, Y, Alene, KA, Ali, BA, Ali, L, Alipour, V, Alizade, H, Al-Raddadi, RM, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amini, S, Amit, AML, Anderson, JA, Androudi, S, Antonio, CAT, Antony, CM, Anwer, R, Arabloo, J, Arja, A, Asemahagn, MA, Atre, SR, Azhar, GS, Darshan, BB, Babar, Z-U-D, Baig, AA, Banach, M, Barqawi, HJ, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Basu, S, Belgaumi, UI, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharjee, N, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Boloor, A, Briko, NI, Buonsenso, D, Nagaraja, SB, Butt, ZA, Carter, A, Carvalho, F, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Claassens, MM, Dadras, O, Dagnew, AB, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daneshpajouhnejad, P, Darwesh, AM, Dhamnetiya, D, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Linh, PD, Eftekharzadeh, S, Elhadi, M, Emami, A, Enany, S, Faraon, EJA, Farzadfar, F, Fernandes, E, Desideri, LF, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foroutan, M, Frank, TD, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Garcia-Calavaro, C, Garg, T, Geberemariyam, BS, Ghadiri, K, Ghashghaee, A, Golechha, M, Goodridge, A, Gupta, B, Gupta, S, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Haider, MR, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Haque, S, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Hasaballah, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hassankhani, H, Hayat, K, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Hussain, R, Ibitoye, SE, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Irvani, SSN, Ismail, NE, Itumalla, R, Jaafari, J, Jacobsen, KH, Jain, V, Javanmardi, F, Jayapal, SK, Jayaram, S, Jha, RP, Jonas, JB, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Kabir, Z, Kamath, A, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Katoto, PD, Kayode, GA, Kendrick, PJ, Kerbo, AA, Khajuria, H, Khalilov, R, Khatab, K, Khoja, AT, Khubchandani, J, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Laxminarayana, SLK, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Bicer, BK, Kumar, A, Kumar, GA, Kumar, N, Kwarteng, A, Lak, HM, Lal, DK, Landires, I, Lasrado, S, Lee, SWH, Lee, W-C, Lin, C, Liu, X, Lopukhov, PD, Lozano, R, Machado, DB, Kunjathur, SM, Madi, D, Mahajan, PB, Majeed, A, Malik, AA, Martins-Melo, FR, Mehta, S, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Merie, HE, Mersha, AG, Mesregah, MK, Mestrovic, T, Mheidly, NM, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Molokhia, M, Moni, MA, Al Montasir, A, Moore, CE, Nagarajan, AJ, Nair, S, Naqvi, AA, Swamy, SN, Nayak, BP, Nazari, J, Kandel, SN, Nguyen, TH, Nixon, MR, Nnaji, CA, Ntsekhe, M, Nunez-Samudio, V, Oancea, B, Odukoya, OO, Olagunju, AT, Oren, E, Mahesh, PA, Parthasarathi, R, Kan, FP, Pattanshetty, SM, Paudel, R, Paul, P, Pawar, S, Pepito, VCF, Yigit, V, Perico, N, Pirestani, M, Polibin, R, Postma, MJ, Pourshams, A, Prashant, A, Pribadi, DRA, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahmani, AM, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Reitsma, MB, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMN, Reta, MA, Rezaei, N, Rezahosseini, O, Rezai, MS, Rezapour, A, Roshandel, G, Roshchin, DO, Sabour, S, Saif-Ur-Rahman, KM, Salam, N, Kafil, HS, Samaei, M, Samy, AM, Saroshe, S, Sartorius, B, Sathian, B, Sawyer, SM, Senthilkumaran, S, Seylani, A, Shafaat, O, Shaikh, MA, Sharafi, K, Shetty, RS, Shigematsu, M, Shin, JI, Silva, JP, Singh, JK, Sinha, S, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Spurlock, EE, Sreeramareddy, CT, Steiropoulos, P, Sufiyan, MB, Tabuchi, T, Tadesse, EG, Tamir, Z, Tarkang, EE, Tekalegn, Y, Tesfay, FH, Tessema, B, Thapar, R, Tleyjeh, II, Tobe-Gai, R, Bach, XT, Tsegaye, B, Tsegaye, GW, Ullah, A, Umeokonkwo, CD, Tahbaz, SV, Bay, V, Giang, TV, Waheed, Y, Walters, MK, Whisnant, JL, Woldekidan, MA, Wubishet, BL, Jabbari, SHY, Yazie, TSY, Yeshaw, Y, Yi, S, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Z-J, Zumla, A, Mokdad, AH, Salomon, JA, Reiner, RC, Lim, SS, Naghavi, M, Vos, T, Hay, S, Murray, CJL, Kyu, HH, Ledesma, JR, Ma, J, Vongpradith, A, Maddison, ER, Novotney, A, Biehl, MH, LeGrand, KE, Ross, JM, Jahagirdar, D, Bryazka, D, Feldman, R, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, AE, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Adebayo, OM, Adnani, QES, Afzal, S, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, SA, Ahmadi, S, Rashid, TA, Salih, YA, Aklilu, A, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alemayehu, Y, Alene, KA, Ali, BA, Ali, L, Alipour, V, Alizade, H, Al-Raddadi, RM, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amini, S, Amit, AML, Anderson, JA, Androudi, S, Antonio, CAT, Antony, CM, Anwer, R, Arabloo, J, Arja, A, Asemahagn, MA, Atre, SR, Azhar, GS, Darshan, BB, Babar, Z-U-D, Baig, AA, Banach, M, Barqawi, HJ, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Basu, S, Belgaumi, UI, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharjee, N, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Boloor, A, Briko, NI, Buonsenso, D, Nagaraja, SB, Butt, ZA, Carter, A, Carvalho, F, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Claassens, MM, Dadras, O, Dagnew, AB, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daneshpajouhnejad, P, Darwesh, AM, Dhamnetiya, D, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Linh, PD, Eftekharzadeh, S, Elhadi, M, Emami, A, Enany, S, Faraon, EJA, Farzadfar, F, Fernandes, E, Desideri, LF, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foroutan, M, Frank, TD, Garcia-Basteiro, AL, Garcia-Calavaro, C, Garg, T, Geberemariyam, BS, Ghadiri, K, Ghashghaee, A, Golechha, M, Goodridge, A, Gupta, B, Gupta, S, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Haider, MR, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Haque, S, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Hasaballah, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hassankhani, H, Hayat, K, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Hussain, R, Ibitoye, SE, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Irvani, SSN, Ismail, NE, Itumalla, R, Jaafari, J, Jacobsen, KH, Jain, V, Javanmardi, F, Jayapal, SK, Jayaram, S, Jha, RP, Jonas, JB, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Kabir, Z, Kamath, A, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Katoto, PD, Kayode, GA, Kendrick, PJ, Kerbo, AA, Khajuria, H, Khalilov, R, Khatab, K, Khoja, AT, Khubchandani, J, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Laxminarayana, SLK, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Bicer, BK, Kumar, A, Kumar, GA, Kumar, N, Kwarteng, A, Lak, HM, Lal, DK, Landires, I, Lasrado, S, Lee, SWH, Lee, W-C, Lin, C, Liu, X, Lopukhov, PD, Lozano, R, Machado, DB, Kunjathur, SM, Madi, D, Mahajan, PB, Majeed, A, Malik, AA, Martins-Melo, FR, Mehta, S, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Merie, HE, Mersha, AG, Mesregah, MK, Mestrovic, T, Mheidly, NM, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Molokhia, M, Moni, MA, Al Montasir, A, Moore, CE, Nagarajan, AJ, Nair, S, Naqvi, AA, Swamy, SN, Nayak, BP, Nazari, J, Kandel, SN, Nguyen, TH, Nixon, MR, Nnaji, CA, Ntsekhe, M, Nunez-Samudio, V, Oancea, B, Odukoya, OO, Olagunju, AT, Oren, E, Mahesh, PA, Parthasarathi, R, Kan, FP, Pattanshetty, SM, Paudel, R, Paul, P, Pawar, S, Pepito, VCF, Yigit, V, Perico, N, Pirestani, M, Polibin, R, Postma, MJ, Pourshams, A, Prashant, A, Pribadi, DRA, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahmani, AM, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Reitsma, MB, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMN, Reta, MA, Rezaei, N, Rezahosseini, O, Rezai, MS, Rezapour, A, Roshandel, G, Roshchin, DO, Sabour, S, Saif-Ur-Rahman, KM, Salam, N, Kafil, HS, Samaei, M, Samy, AM, Saroshe, S, Sartorius, B, Sathian, B, Sawyer, SM, Senthilkumaran, S, Seylani, A, Shafaat, O, Shaikh, MA, Sharafi, K, Shetty, RS, Shigematsu, M, Shin, JI, Silva, JP, Singh, JK, Sinha, S, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Spurlock, EE, Sreeramareddy, CT, Steiropoulos, P, Sufiyan, MB, Tabuchi, T, Tadesse, EG, Tamir, Z, Tarkang, EE, Tekalegn, Y, Tesfay, FH, Tessema, B, Thapar, R, Tleyjeh, II, Tobe-Gai, R, Bach, XT, Tsegaye, B, Tsegaye, GW, Ullah, A, Umeokonkwo, CD, Tahbaz, SV, Bay, V, Giang, TV, Waheed, Y, Walters, MK, Whisnant, JL, Woldekidan, MA, Wubishet, BL, Jabbari, SHY, Yazie, TSY, Yeshaw, Y, Yi, S, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Z-J, Zumla, A, Mokdad, AH, Salomon, JA, Reiner, RC, Lim, SS, Naghavi, M, Vos, T, Hay, S, Murray, CJL, and Kyu, HH
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is a major contributor to the global burden of disease, causing more than a million deaths annually. Given an emphasis on equity in access to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in global health targets, evaluations of differences in tuberculosis burden by sex are crucial. We aimed to assess the levels and trends of the global burden of tuberculosis, with an emphasis on investigating differences in sex by HIV status for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. METHODS: We used a Bayesian hierarchical Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) platform to analyse 21 505 site-years of vital registration data, 705 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, and 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data to estimate mortality due to tuberculosis among HIV-negative individuals. We used a population attributable fraction approach to estimate mortality related to HIV and tuberculosis coinfection. A compartmental meta-regression tool (DisMod-MR 2.1) was then used to synthesise all available data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, population-based tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis cause-specific mortality, to produce estimates of incidence, prevalence, and mortality that were internally consistent. We further estimated the fraction of tuberculosis mortality that is attributable to independent effects of risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes, for HIV-negative individuals. For individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, we assessed mortality attributable to HIV risk factors including unsafe sex, intimate partner violence (only estimated among females), and injection drug use. We present 95% uncertainty intervals for all estimates. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, among HIV-negative individuals, there were 1·18 million (95% uncertainty interval 1·08-1·29) deaths due to tuberculosis and 8·50 million (7·45-9·73) incident cases of tuberculosis
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- 2022
10. Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
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Sheena, BS, Hiebert, L, Han, H, Ippolito, H, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, Z, Abbastabar, H, Abdoli, A, Ali, HA, Adane, MM, Adegboye, OA, Adnani, QES, Advani, SM, Afzal, MS, Afzal, S, Meybodi, MA, Ahadinezhad, B, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, MB, Rashid, TA, Akalu, GT, Aklilu, A, Akram, T, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alem, AZ, Alem, DT, Alhalaiqa, FAN, Alhassan, RK, Ali, L, Ali, MA, Alimohamadi, Y, Alipour, V, Alkhayyat, M, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, RM, Altawalah, H, Amini, S, Amu, H, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Anoushiravani, A, Ansar, A, Anyasodor, AE, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Argaw, AM, Argaw, ZG, Arshad, M, Artamonov, AA, Ashraf, T, Atlaw, D, Ausloos, F, Ausloos, M, Azadnajafabad, S, Azangou-Khyavy, M, Jafari, AA, Azarian, G, Bagheri, S, Bahadory, S, Baig, AA, Banach, M, Barati, N, Barrow, A, Batiha, A-MM, Ramirez, DFB, Belgaumi, UI, Berhie, AY, Bhagat, DS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhojaraja, VS, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Bodicha, BBA, Bojia, HA, Boloor, A, Bosetti, C, Braithwaite, D, Briko, NI, Butt, ZA, Camera, LA, Chakinala, RC, Chakraborty, PA, Charan, J, Chen, S, Choi, J-YJ, Choudhari, SG, Chowdhury, FR, Chu, D-T, Chung, S-C, Cortesi, PA, Cowie, BC, Culbreth, GT, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, De la Hoz, FP, Debela, SA, Dedefo, MG, Demeke, FM, Demie, TGG, Demissie, GD, Molla, MD, Desta, AA, Dhamnetiya, D, Dhimal, ML, Dhimal, M, Didehdar, M, Doan, LP, Dorostkar, F, Drake, TM, Eghbalian, F, Ekholuenetale, M, El Sayed, I, Zaki, MES, Elhadi, M, Elmonem, MA, Elsharkawy, A, Enany, S, Enyew, DB, Erkhembayar, R, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Ezzikouri, S, Farrokhpour, H, Fetensa, G, Fischer, F, Foroutan, M, Gad, MM, Gaidhane, AM, Gaidhane, S, Galles, NC, Gallus, S, Gebremeskel, TG, Gebreyohannes, EA, Ghadiri, K, Ghaffari, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, S-H, Ghashghaee, A, Gholami, A, Gholizadeh, A, Gilani, A, Goel, A, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Golinelli, D, Gorini, G, Goshu, YA, Griswold, MG, Gubari, MIM, Gupta, B, Gupta, S, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Haddadi, R, Halwani, R, Hamid, SS, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Haque, S, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Hariri, S, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, SMM, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Herteliu, C, Heyi, DZ, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hosseini, M-S, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Huang, J, Hussein, NR, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, SE, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Irham, LM, Islam, JY, Ismail, NE, Jacobsen, KH, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Mamaghani, AJ, Jayaram, S, Jayawardena, R, Jebai, R, Jha, RP, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Kaambwa, B, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalhor, R, Kandel, H, Kanko, TKT, Kantar, RS, Karaye, IM, Kassa, BG, Bohan, PMK, Keykhaei, M, Khader, YS, Khajuria, H, Khan, G, Khan, IA, Khan, J, Ab Khan, M, Khanali, J, Khater, AM, Khatib, MN, Khodadost, M, Khoja, AT, Khosravizadeh, O, Khubchandani, J, Kim, GR, Kim, H, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kocarnik, JM, Kolahi, A-A, Koteeswaran, R, Kumar, GA, La Vecchia, C, Lal, DK, Landires, I, Lasrado, S, Lazarus, J, Ledda, C, Lee, DW, Lee, S-W, Lee, YY, Levi, M, Li, J, Lim, SS, Lobo, SW, Lopukhov, PD, Loureiro, JA, MacLachlan, JH, Razek, HMAE, Razek, MMAE, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Malekpour, M-R, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, AA, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, MA, Martins-Melo, FR, Matthews, PC, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AG, Mestrovic, T, Miller, TR, Minh, LHN, Mirica, A, Mirmoeeni, S, Mirrakhimov, EM, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Moazen, B, Mohamadkhani, A, Mohammadi, M, Mohammed, S, Moka, N, Mokdad, AH, Moludi, J, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Moradi, G, Moradzadeh, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Mostafavi, E, Mubarik, S, Muniyandi, M, Murray, CJL, Naghavi, M, Naimzada, MD, Swamy, SN, Natto, ZS, Nayak, BP, Nazari, J, Negoi, I, Negru, SM, Nejadghaderi, SA, Kandel, SN, Nguyen, HLT, Ngwa, CH, Niazi, RK, Nnaji, CA, Noubiap, JJ, Nowroozi, A, Nunez-Samudio, V, Oancea, B, Ochir, C, Odukoya, OO, Oh, I-H, Olagunju, AT, Olakunde, BO, Bali, AO, Omer, E, Otstavnov, SS, Oumer, B, Padubidri, JR, Pana, A, Pandey, A, Park, E-C, Kan, FP, Patel, UK, Paudel, U, Petcu, I-R, Piracha, ZZ, Pollok, RCG, Postma, MJ, Pourshams, A, Poustchi, H, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rafiei, A, Rafiei, S, Raghuram, PM, Rahman, M, Rahmani, AM, Rahmawaty, S, Rajesh, A, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rao, SJ, Rashidi, M, Rashidi, M-M, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawassizadeh, R, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Rezazadeh-Khadem, S, Rodriguez, JAB, Rwegerera, GM, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Sahebkar, A, Saif-Ur-Rahman, K, Salahi, S, Salimzadeh, H, Sampath, C, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanmarchi, F, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Seidu, A-A, Sepanlou, SG, Seylani, A, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, MA, Shaker, E, Shakhmardanov, MZ, Shannawaz, M, Shenoy, SM, Shetty, JK, Shetty, PH, Shibuya, K, Shin, JI, Shobeiri, P, Sibhat, MM, Singh, AD, Singh, JA, Singh, S, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Sohrabpour, AA, Song, S, Tabaeian, SP, Tadesse, EG, Taheri, M, Tampa, M, Tan, K-K, Tavakoli, A, Tbakhi, A, Tefera, BN, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tesfaw, HM, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Tohidast, SA, Tollosa, DN, Tosti, ME, Tovani-Palone, MR, Traini, E, Mai, TNT, Trihandini, I, Tusa, BS, Ullah, I, Vacante, M, Tahbaz, SV, Valdez, PR, Varthya, SB, Vo, B, Waheed, Y, Weldesenbet, AB, Woldemariam, M, Xu, S, Jabbari, SHY, Yaseri, M, Yeshaw, Y, Yigit, V, Yirdaw, BW, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zahir, M, Zaki, L, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zastrozhin, MS, Vos, T, Ward, JW, Dirac, MA, Sheena, BS, Hiebert, L, Han, H, Ippolito, H, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, Z, Abbastabar, H, Abdoli, A, Ali, HA, Adane, MM, Adegboye, OA, Adnani, QES, Advani, SM, Afzal, MS, Afzal, S, Meybodi, MA, Ahadinezhad, B, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, MB, Rashid, TA, Akalu, GT, Aklilu, A, Akram, T, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alem, AZ, Alem, DT, Alhalaiqa, FAN, Alhassan, RK, Ali, L, Ali, MA, Alimohamadi, Y, Alipour, V, Alkhayyat, M, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, RM, Altawalah, H, 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- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Combating viral hepatitis is part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and WHO has put forth hepatitis B elimination targets in its Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis (WHO-GHSS) and Interim Guidance for Country Validation of Viral Hepatitis Elimination (WHO Interim Guidance). We estimated the global, regional, and national prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), as well as mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to HBV, as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. This included estimates for 194 WHO member states, for which we compared our estimates to WHO elimination targets. METHODS: The primary data sources were population-based serosurveys, claims and hospital discharges, cancer registries, vital registration systems, and published case series. We estimated chronic HBV infection and the burden of HBV-related diseases, defined as an aggregate of cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, liver cancer due to hepatitis B, and acute hepatitis B. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression tool, to estimate the prevalence of chronic HBV infection, cirrhosis, and aetiological proportions of cirrhosis. We used mortality-to-incidence ratios modelled with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression to estimate the incidence of liver cancer. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling (CODEm) model, a tool that selects models and covariates on the basis of out-of-sample performance, to estimate mortality due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and acute hepatitis B. FINDINGS: In 2019, the estimated global, all-age prevalence of chronic HBV infection was 4·1% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 to 4·5), corresponding to 316 million (284 to 351) infected people. There was a 31·3% (29·0 to 33·9) decline in all-age prevalence between 1990 and 2019, with a more marked decline of 76·8% (76·2 to 77·5) in prevalence in children younger than 5 years. HBV-related diseases resulted in 555 0
- Published
- 2022
11. Adolescent transport and unintentional injuries: a systematic analysis using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- Author
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Veroux, M, Vervoort, D, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Linh, GV, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Wang, C, Wiangkham, T, Wickramasinghe, ND, Woday, AT, Wu, A-M, Yahya, GAT, Jabbari, SHY, Yang, L, Yaya, S, Yigit, A, Yigit, V, Yisihak, E, Yonemoto, N, You, Y, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Yusefi, H, Zahir, M, Bin Zaman, S, Zare, I, Zarea, K, Zastrozhin, MS, Zhang, Z-J, Zhang, Y, Ziapour, A, Zodpey, S, Zoladl, M, Patton, GC, and Ivers, RQ
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Globally, transport and unintentional injuries persist as leading preventable causes of mortality and morbidity for adolescents. We sought to report comprehensive trends in injury-related mortality and morbidity for adolescents aged 10-24 years during the past three decades. METHODS: Using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2019 Study, we analysed mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributed to transport and unintentional injuries for adolescents in 204 countries. Burden is reported in absolute numbers and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population by sex, age group (10-14, 15-19, and 20-24 years), and sociodemographic index (SDI) with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We report percentage changes in deaths and DALYs between 1990 and 2019. FINDINGS: In 2019, 369 061 deaths (of which 214 337 [58%] were transport related) and 31·1 million DALYs (of which 16·2 million [52%] were transport related) among adolescents aged 10-24 years were caused by transport and unintentional injuries combined. If compared with other causes, transport and unintentional injuries combined accounted for 25% of deaths and 14% of DALYs in 2019, and showed little improvement from 1990 when such injuries accounted for 26% of adolescent deaths and 17% of adolescent DALYs. Throughout adolescence, transport and unintentional injury fatality rates increased by age group. The unintentional injury burden was higher among males than females for all injury types, except for injuries related to fire, heat, and hot substances, or to adverse effects of medical treatment. From 1990 to 2019, global mortality rates declined by 34·4% (from 17·5 to 11·5 per 100 000) for transport injuries, and by 47·7% (from 15·9 to 8·3 per 100 000) for unintentional injuries. However, in low-SDI nations the absolute number of deaths increased (by 80·5% to 42 774 for transport injuries and by 39·4% to 31 961 for unintentional injuries). In the high-SDI quintile in 2010-19
- Published
- 2022
12. Diabetes mortality and trends before 25 years of age: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- Author
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SHY, Yatsuya, H, Yaya, S, Yazie, TSY, Yi, S, Yonemoto, N, Yunusa, I, Zadey, S, Bin Zaman, S, Zamanian, M, Zamora, N, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Z-J, Zhong, C, Zmaili, M, Zumla, A, Naghavi, M, and Schmidt, MI
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes, at younger ages can be a largely preventable cause of death with the correct health care and services. We aimed to evaluate diabetes mortality and trends at ages younger than 25 years globally using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. METHODS: We used estimates of GBD 2019 to calculate international diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years in 1990 and 2019. Data sources for causes of death were obtained from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and other surveillance systems for 1990-2019. We estimated death rates for each location using the GBD Cause of Death Ensemble model. We analysed the association of age-standardised death rates per 100 000 population with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and a measure of universal health coverage (UHC) and described the variability within SDI quintiles. We present estimates with their 95% uncertainty intervals. FINDINGS: In 2019, 16 300 (95% uncertainty interval 14 200 to 18 900) global deaths due to diabetes (type 1 and 2 combined) occurred in people younger than 25 years and 73·7% (68·3 to 77·4) were classified as due to type 1 diabetes. The age-standardised death rate was 0·50 (0·44 to 0·58) per 100 000 population, and 15 900 (97·5%) of these deaths occurred in low to high-middle SDI countries. The rate was 0·13 (0·12 to 0·14) per 100 000 population in the high SDI quintile, 0·60 (0·51 to 0·70) per 100 000 population in the low-middle SDI quintile, and 0·71 (0·60 to 0·86) per 100 000 population in the low SDI quintile. Within SDI quintiles, we observed large variability in rates across countries, in part explained by the extent of UHC (r2=0·62). From 1990 to 2019, age-standardised death rates decreased globally by 17·0% (-28·4 to -2·9) for all diabetes, and by 21·0% (-33·0 to -5·9) when considering only type 1 diabetes. However, the low SDI quintile had the lowest decline for both all diabetes (-13·6% [-2
- Published
- 2022
13. Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020
- Author
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MS, Sheikhbahaei, S, Sheikhi, RA, Shetty, A, Shetty, JK, Shiferaw, DS, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shivakumar, KM, Shivarov, V, Shobeiri, P, Shrestha, R, Sidemo, NB, Sigfusdottir, ID, Silva, DAS, da Silva, NT, Singh, JA, Singh, S, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Sleet, DA, Solmi, M, Solomon, Y, Song, S, Song, Y, Sorensen, RJD, Soshnikov, S, Soyiri, IN, Stein, DJ, Subba, SH, Szocska, M, Seisdedos, RT, Tabuchi, T, Taheri, M, Tan, KK, Tareke, M, Tarkang, EE, Temesgen, G, Temesgen, WA, Temsah, MH, Thankappan, KR, Thapar, R, Thomas, NK, Tiruneh, C, Todorovic, J, Torrado, M, Touvier, M, Palone, MRT, Mai, TNT, Llimos, ST, Tripathy, JP, Vakilian, A, Valizadeh, R, Varmaghani, M, Varthya, SB, Vasankari, TJ, Vos, T, Wagaye, B, Waheed, Y, Walde, MT, Wang, C, Wang, Y, Wang, YP, Westerman, R, Wickramasinghe, ND, Wubetu, AD, Xu, S, Yamagishi, K, Yang, L, Yesera, GEE, Yigit, A, Yigit, V, Yimaw, AE, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Zadey, S, Zahir, M, Zare, I, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, ZJ, Zhong, C, Zmaili, M, Zuniga, YMH, Gakidou, E, Madureira-Carvalho, AM, Bryazka, D, Reitsma, MB, Griswold, MG, Abate, KH, Abbafati, C, Kangevari, MA, Kangevari, ZA, Abdoli, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdullah, AYM, Abhilash, ES, Abu Gharbieh, E, Acuna, JM, Addolorato, G, Adebayo, OM, Adekanmbi, V, Adhikari, K, Adhikari, S, Adnani, QES, Afzal, S, Agegnehu, WY, Aggarwal, M, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, AR, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Rashid, TA, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alam, MZ, Alem, DT, Alene, KA, Alimohamadi, Y, Alizadeh, A, Allel, K, Alonso, J, Alvand, S, Guzman, NA, Amare, F, Ameyaw, EK, Amiri, S, Ancuceanu, R, Anderson, JA, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Arabloo, J, Arshad, M, Artamonov, AA, Aryan, Z, Asaad, M, Asemahagn, MA, Burt, TA, Athari, SS, Atnafu, DD, Atorkey, P, Atreya, A, Ausloos, F, Ausloos, M, Ayano, G, Ayanore, MA, Ayinde, OO, Mateos, JLA, Azadnajafabad, S, Azanaw, MM, Khyavy, MA, Jafari, AA, Azzam, AY, Badiye, AD, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bairwa, M, Bakkannavar, SM, Bakshi, RK, Balchut, AH, Null, T, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Baskaran, P, Belo, L, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhojaraja, VS, Bintoro, BS, Blokhina, EAE, Bodicha, BBA, Boloor, A, Bosetti, C, Braithwaite, D, Brenner, H, Briko, NI, Brunoni, AR, Butt, ZA, Cao, C, Cao, Y, Cardenas, R, Carvalho, AF, Carvalho, M, Maia, JMC, Castelpietra, G, de Araujo, LFSC, Cattaruzza, MS, Chakraborty, PA, Charan, J, Chattu, VK, Chaurasia, A, Cherbuin, N, Dinh, TC, Chudal, N, Chung, SC, Churko, C, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Claro, RM, Costanzo, S, Cowden, RG, Criqui, MH, Martins, NC, Culbreth, GT, Dachew, BA, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daniel, BD, Danielewicz, A, Gela, JD, Davletov, K, de Araujo, JAP, de Sa Junior, AR, Debela, SA, Dehghan, A, Demetriades, AK, Molla, MD, Desai, R, Desta, AA, da Silva, DD, Diaz, D, Digesa, LE, Diress, M, Dodangeh, M, Dongarwar, D, Dorostkar, F, Dsouza, HL, Duko, B, Duncan, BB, Edvardsson, K, Ekholuenetale, M, Elgar, FJ, Elhadi, M, Elmonem, MA, Endries, AY, Eskandarieh, S, Etemadimanesh, A, Fagbamigbe, AF, Fakhradiyev, IR, Farahmand, F, Sa Farinha, CSE, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, NK, Feigin, VL, Feldman, R, Feng, X, Fentaw, Z, Ferrero, S, Desideri, LF, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Francis, JM, Franklin, RC, Gaal, PA, Gad, MM, Gallus, S, Galvano, F, Ganesan, B, Garg, T, Gebrehiwot, MGD, Gebremeskel, TG, Gebremichael, MA, Gemechu, TR, Getacher, L, Getachew, ME, Obsa, AG, Getie, A, Ghaderi, A, Ghafourifard, M, Ghajar, A, Ghamari, SH, Ghandour, LA, Nour, MG, Ghashghaee, A, Ghozy, S, Glozah, FN, Glushkova, EV, Godos, J, Goel, A, Goharinezhad, S, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Golitaleb, M, Greaves, F, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Gudayu, TW, Gupta, B, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Nejad, NH, Mirzaian, AH, Hall, BJ, Halwani, R, Handiso, TB, Hankey, GJ, Hariri, S, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, A, Moghaddam, HH, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Hendrie, D, Herteliu, C, Heyi, DZ, Hezam, K, Hlongwa, MM, Holla, R, Hossain, MM, Hossain, S, Hosseini, SK, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, G, Huang, J, Hussain, S, Ibitoye, SE, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Immurana, M, Irham, LM, Islam, MM, Islam, RM, Islam, SMS, Iso, H, Itumalla, R, Iwagami, M, Jabbarinejad, R, Jacob, L, Jakovljevic, M, Jamalpoor, Z, Jamshidi, E, Jayapal, SK, Jayarajah, UU, Jayawardena, R, Jebai, R, Jeddi, SA, Jema, AT, Jha, RP, Jindal, HA, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, JJ, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabthymer, RH, Kamble, BD, Kandel, H, Kanno, GG, Kapoor, N, Karaye, IM, Karimi, SE, Kassa, BG, Kaur, RJ, Kayode, GA, Keykhaei, M, Khajuria, H, Khalilov, R, Khan, IA, Ab Khan, M, Kim, H, Kim, J, Kim, MS, Kimokoti, RW, Kivimaki, M, Klymchuk, V, Knudsen, AKS, Kolahi, AA, Korshunov, VA, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Kumar, GA, Kumar, N, Ben, L, Lallukka, T, Lasrado, S, Lau, J, Lee, SW, Lee, WC, Lee, YH, Lim, LL, Lim, SS, Lobo, SW, Lopukhov, PD, Lorkowski, S, Lozano, R, Lucchetti, G, Madadizadeh, F, Mahjoub, S, Mahmoodpoor, A, Mahumud, RA, Makki, A, Malekpour, MR, Manjunatha, N, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, MA, Raga, JM, Villa, FAM, Matzopoulos, R, Maulik, PK, Mayeli, M, McGrath, JJ, Meena, JK, Nasab, EM, Menezes, RG, Mensink, GBM, Mentis, AFA, Meretoja, A, Merga, BT, Mestrovic, T, Jonasson, JM, Miazgowski, B, de Sa, ACMGN, Miller, TR, Mini, G, Mirica, A, Mirijello, A, Mirmoeeni, S, Mirrakhimov, EM, Misra, S, Moazen, B, Mobarakabadi, M, Moccia, M, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, E, Hafshejani, AM, Mohammed, TA, Moka, N, Mokdad, AH, Momtazmanesh, S, Moradi, Y, Mostafavi, E, Mubarik, S, Mullany, EC, Mulugeta, BT, Zamora, EM, Murray, CJL, Mwita, JC, Naghavi, M, Naimzada, MD, Nangia, V, Nayak, BP, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Nejadghaderi, SA, Nepal, S, Neupane, SPP, Kandel, SN, Nigatu, YT, Nowroozi, A, Nuruzzaman, KM, Nzoputam, CI, Obamiro, KO, Ogbo, FA, Oguntade, AS, Aliabad, HO, Olakunde, BO, Oliveira, GMM, Bali, AO, Omer, E, Altamirano, DVO, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, SS, Oumer, B, Mahesh, PA, Monedero, AP, Palladino, R, Pana, A, Jonas, SP, Pandey, A, Pardhan, S, Parekh, T, Park, EK, Parry, CDH, Kan, FP, Patel, J, Pati, S, Patton, GC, Paudel, U, Pawar, S, Peden, AE, Petcu, IR, Phillips, MR, Pinheiro, M, Plotnikov, E, Pradhan, PMS, Prashant, A, Quan, J, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Raghav, PR, Movaghar, VR, Rahman, A, Rahman, MM, Rahman, M, Rahmani, AM, Rahmani, S, Ranabhat, CL, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rasali, DP, Rashidi, MM, Ratan, ZA, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, N, Rezaei, S, Rezaeian, M, Riahi, SM, Rodriguez, ER, Roth, GA, Rwegerera, GM, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghian, R, Saeed, U, Saeedi, F, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, H, Sahraian, MA, Rahman, KSU, Salahi, S, Salimzadeh, H, Samy, AM, Sanmarchi, F, Milicevic, MMS, Sarikhani, Y, Sathian, B, Saya, GK, Sayyah, M, Schmidt, MI, Schutte, AE, Schwarzinger, M, Schwebel, DC, Seidu, AA, Kumar, NS, SeyedAlinaghi, S, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Shahin, S, Sanavi, FS, Shahrokhi, S, Shaikh, MA, Shaker, E, Shakhmardanov, MZ, Beyranvand, MS, Sheikhbahaei, S, Sheikhi, RA, Shetty, A, Shetty, JK, Shiferaw, DS, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shivakumar, KM, Shivarov, V, Shobeiri, P, Shrestha, R, Sidemo, NB, Sigfusdottir, ID, Silva, DAS, da Silva, NT, Singh, JA, Singh, S, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Sleet, DA, Solmi, M, Solomon, Y, Song, S, Song, Y, Sorensen, RJD, Soshnikov, S, Soyiri, IN, Stein, DJ, Subba, SH, Szocska, M, Seisdedos, RT, Tabuchi, T, Taheri, M, Tan, KK, Tareke, M, Tarkang, EE, Temesgen, G, Temesgen, WA, Temsah, MH, Thankappan, KR, Thapar, R, Thomas, NK, Tiruneh, C, Todorovic, J, Torrado, M, Touvier, M, Palone, MRT, Mai, TNT, Llimos, ST, Tripathy, JP, Vakilian, A, Valizadeh, R, Varmaghani, M, Varthya, SB, Vasankari, TJ, Vos, T, Wagaye, B, Waheed, Y, Walde, MT, Wang, C, Wang, Y, Wang, YP, Westerman, R, Wickramasinghe, ND, Wubetu, AD, Xu, S, Yamagishi, K, Yang, L, Yesera, GEE, Yigit, A, Yigit, V, Yimaw, AE, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Zadey, S, Zahir, M, Zare, I, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, ZJ, Zhong, C, Zmaili, M, Zuniga, YMH, Gakidou, E, and Madureira-Carvalho, AM
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. METHODS: For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose-response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15-95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. FINDINGS: The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15-39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0-0) and 0·603 (0·400-1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0-0) and 1·75 (0·698-4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0-0·403) to 1·87 (0·500-3·30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0·193 (0-0·900) and 6·94 (3·40-8·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59·1% (54·3-65·4) were aged 15-39 years and 76·9% (73·0-81·3) were male. INTERPRETATION: There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attribu
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- 2022
14. The burden of injury in Central, Eastern, and Western European sub-region: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study
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Haagsma, JA, Charalampous, P, Ariani, F, Gallay, A, Moesgaard Iburg, K, Nena, E, Ngwa, CH, Rommel, A, Zelviene, A, Abegaz, KH, Al Hamad, H, Albano, L, Liliana Andrei, C, Andrei, T, Antonazzo, IC, Aremu, O, Arumugam, A, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Engelbert Bain, L, Banach, M, Winfried Baernighausen, T, Barone-Adesi, F, Beghi, M, Bennett, DA, Bhagavathula, AS, Carvalho, F, Castelpietra, G, Caterina, L, Chandan, JS, Couto, RAS, Cruz-Martins, N, Damiani, G, Dastiridou, A, Demetriades, AK, Dias-da-Silva, D, Francis Fagbamigbe, A, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Fischer, F, Fra Paleo, U, Ghirini, S, Glasbey, JC, Glavan, I-R, Gomes, NGM, Grivna, M, Harlianto, NI, Haro, JM, Hasan, MT, Hostiuc, S, Iavicoli, I, Ilic, MD, Ilic, IM, Jakovljevic, M, Jonas, JB, Jerzy Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kauppila, JH, Kayode, GA, han, MAB, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Koyanagi, A, Kumar, M, Kurmi, OP, La-Vecchia, C, Lamnisos, D, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Linn, S, Loureiro, JA, Lunevicius, R, Madureira-Carvalho, A, Mechili, EA, Majeed, A, Menezes, RG, Mentis, A-FA, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, T, Miazgowski, B, Mirica, A, Molokhia, M, Mohammed, S, Monasta, L, Mulita, F, David Naimzada, M, Negoi, I, Neupane, S, Oancea, B, Orru, H, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Padron-Monedero, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pardhan, S, Patel, J, Pedersini, P, Pinheiro, M, Rakovac, I, Rao, CR, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, DL, Rodrigues, V, Ronfani, L, Sagoe, D, Sanmarchi, F, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sathian, B, Sheikh, A, Shiri, R, Shivalli, S, Dora Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Yurievich Skryabin, V, Aleksandrovna Skryabina, A, Smarandache, C-G, Socea, B, Sousa, RARC, Steiropoulos, P, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Roberto Tovani-Palone, M, Tozija, F, Van de Velde, S, Juhani Vasankari, T, Veroux, M, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Wang, Y, Yadollahpour, A, Yaya, S, Sergeevich Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Polinder, S, Majdan, M, Haagsma, JA, Charalampous, P, Ariani, F, Gallay, A, Moesgaard Iburg, K, Nena, E, Ngwa, CH, Rommel, A, Zelviene, A, Abegaz, KH, Al Hamad, H, Albano, L, Liliana Andrei, C, Andrei, T, Antonazzo, IC, Aremu, O, Arumugam, A, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Engelbert Bain, L, Banach, M, Winfried Baernighausen, T, Barone-Adesi, F, Beghi, M, Bennett, DA, Bhagavathula, AS, Carvalho, F, Castelpietra, G, Caterina, L, Chandan, JS, Couto, RAS, Cruz-Martins, N, Damiani, G, Dastiridou, A, Demetriades, AK, Dias-da-Silva, D, Francis Fagbamigbe, A, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Fischer, F, Fra Paleo, U, Ghirini, S, Glasbey, JC, Glavan, I-R, Gomes, NGM, Grivna, M, Harlianto, NI, Haro, JM, Hasan, MT, Hostiuc, S, Iavicoli, I, Ilic, MD, Ilic, IM, Jakovljevic, M, Jonas, JB, Jerzy Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kauppila, JH, Kayode, GA, han, MAB, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Koyanagi, A, Kumar, M, Kurmi, OP, La-Vecchia, C, Lamnisos, D, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Linn, S, Loureiro, JA, Lunevicius, R, Madureira-Carvalho, A, Mechili, EA, Majeed, A, Menezes, RG, Mentis, A-FA, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, T, Miazgowski, B, Mirica, A, Molokhia, M, Mohammed, S, Monasta, L, Mulita, F, David Naimzada, M, Negoi, I, Neupane, S, Oancea, B, Orru, H, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Padron-Monedero, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pardhan, S, Patel, J, Pedersini, P, Pinheiro, M, Rakovac, I, Rao, CR, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, DL, Rodrigues, V, Ronfani, L, Sagoe, D, Sanmarchi, F, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sathian, B, Sheikh, A, Shiri, R, Shivalli, S, Dora Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Yurievich Skryabin, V, Aleksandrovna Skryabina, A, Smarandache, C-G, Socea, B, Sousa, RARC, Steiropoulos, P, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Roberto Tovani-Palone, M, Tozija, F, Van de Velde, S, Juhani Vasankari, T, Veroux, M, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Wang, Y, Yadollahpour, A, Yaya, S, Sergeevich Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Polinder, S, and Majdan, M
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Injury remains a major concern to public health in the European region. Previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study showed wide variation in injury death and disability adjusted life year (DALY) rates across Europe, indicating injury inequality gaps between sub-regions and countries. The objectives of this study were to: 1) compare GBD 2019 estimates on injury mortality and DALYs across European sub-regions and countries by cause-of-injury category and sex; 2) examine changes in injury DALY rates over a 20 year-period by cause-of-injury category, sub-region and country; and 3) assess inequalities in injury mortality and DALY rates across the countries. METHODS: We performed a secondary database descriptive study using the GBD 2019 results on injuries in 44 European countries from 2000 to 2019. Inequality in DALY rates between these countries was assessed by calculating the DALY rate ratio between the highest-ranking country and lowest-ranking country in each year. RESULTS: In 2019, in Eastern Europe 80 [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 71 to 89] people per 100,000 died from injuries; twice as high compared to Central Europe (38 injury deaths per 100,000; 95% UI 34 to 42) and three times as high compared to Western Europe (27 injury deaths per 100,000; 95%UI 25 to 28). The injury DALY rates showed less pronounced differences between Eastern (5129 DALYs per 100,000; 95% UI: 4547 to 5864), Central (2940 DALYs per 100,000; 95% UI: 2452 to 3546) and Western Europe (1782 DALYs per 100,000; 95% UI: 1523 to 2115). Injury DALY rate was lowest in Italy (1489 DALYs per 100,000) and highest in Ukraine (5553 DALYs per 100,000). The difference in injury DALY rates by country was larger for males compared to females. The DALY rate ratio was highest in 2005, with DALY rate in the lowest-ranking country (Russian Federation) 6.0 times higher compared to the highest-ranking country (Malta). After 2005, the DALY rate ratio between the lowest- and the highe
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- 2022
15. Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.
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Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration, Kocarnik, JM, Compton, K, Dean, FE, Fu, W, Gaw, BL, Harvey, JD, Henrikson, HJ, Lu, D, Pennini, A, Xu, R, Bhojaraja, VS, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Bisignano, C, Bjørge, T, Bleyer, A, Blyuss, O, Bolarinwa, OA, Bolla, SR, Ababneh, E, Braithwaite, D, Brar, A, Brenner, H, Bustamante-Teixeira, MT, Butt, NS, Butt, ZA, Caetano Dos Santos, FL, Cao, Y, Carreras, G, Catalá-López, F, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Cembranel, F, Cerin, E, Cernigliaro, A, Chakinala, RC, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Chaturvedi, P, Chimed-Ochir, O, Cho, DY, Christopher, DJ, Abbastabar, H, Chu, D-T, Chung, MT, Conde, J, Cortés, S, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Cunha, AR, Dadras, O, Dagnew, AB, Dahlawi, SMA, Abd-Elsalam, SM, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Darwesh, AM, das Neves, J, De la Hoz, FP, Demis, AB, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Dhamnetiya, D, Dhimal, ML, Abdoli, A, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Do, HP, Doaei, S, Dorostkar, F, Dos Santos Figueiredo, FW, Driscoll, TR, Ebrahimi, H, Abedi, A, Eftekharzadeh, S, El Tantawi, M, El-Abid, H, Elbarazi, I, Elhabashy, HR, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, SI, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Abidi, H, Etemadi, A, Ezzikouri, S, Faisaluddin, M, Faraon, EJA, Fares, J, Farzadfar, F, Feroze, AH, Ferrero, S, Ferro Desideri, L, Filip, I, Abolhassani, H, Fischer, F, Fisher, JL, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Gaal, PA, Gad, MM, Gadanya, MA, Gallus, S, Gaspar Fonseca, M, Getachew Obsa, A, Adedeji, IA, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gilani, SA, Ginindza, TG, Gizaw, ATT, Glasbey, JC, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Adnani, QES, Gomez, RS, Gopalani, SV, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Grosso, G, Gubari, MIM, Guerra, MR, Guha, A, Gunasekera, DS, Gupta, B, Advani, SM, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gutiérrez, RA, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haider, MR, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halwani, R, Hamadeh, RR, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Afzal, MS, Hanif, A, Haque, S, Harlianto, NI, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hassanipour, S, Hay, RJ, Hay, SI, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Aghaali, M, Heidari, M, Herrera-Serna, BY, Herteliu, C, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hossain, MM, Hossain, MBH, Hosseini, M-S, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Ahinkorah, BO, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsairi, M, Huang, J, Hugo, FN, Hussain, R, Hussein, NR, Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I, Ahmad, S, Ibitoye, SE, Ida, F, Ikuta, KS, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Irham, LM, Islam, JY, Islam, RM, Islam, SMS, Ahmad, T, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jain, V, Jakovljevic, MB, Javaheri, T, Jayaram, S, Jazayeri, SB, Jha, RP, Ahmadi, A, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jürisson, M, Kabir, A, Kahrizi, D, Kalankesh, LR, Kalhor, R, Kaliyadan, F, Ahmadi, S, Kalkonde, Y, Kamath, A, Kameran Al-Salihi, N, Kandel, H, Kapoor, N, Karch, A, Kasa, AS, Katikireddi, SV, Kauppila, JH, Kavetskyy, T, Ahmed Rashid, T, Kebede, SA, Keshavarz, P, Keykhaei, M, Khader, YS, Khalilov, R, Khan, G, Khan, M, Khan, MN, Khan, MAB, Khang, Y-H, Ahmed Salih, Y, Khater, AM, Khayamzadeh, M, Kim, GR, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kopec, JA, Koteeswaran, R, Koul, PA, Akalu, GT, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Koyanagi, A, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kugbey, N, Kumar, GA, Kumar, N, Kurmi, OP, Kutluk, T, La Vecchia, C, Aklilu, A, Lami, FH, Landires, I, Lauriola, P, Lee, S-W, Lee, SWH, Lee, W-C, Lee, YH, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Li, J, Akram, T, Li, M-C, Liu, X, Loureiro, JA, Lunevicius, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Male, S, Malik, AA, Mansournia, MA, Akunna, CJ, Martini, S, Masoumi, SZ, Mathur, P, McKee, M, Mehrotra, R, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengesha, EW, Mesregah, MK, Mestrovic, T, Al Hamad, H, Miao Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, Miller, TR, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, HR, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Moghadaszadeh, M, Alahdab, F, Mohammad, KA, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadi, SM, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Moka, N, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Al-Aly, Z, Moni, MA, Moosavi, MA, Moradi, Y, Moraga, P, Morgado-da-Costa, J, Morrison, SD, Mosapour, A, Mubarik, S, Mwanri, L, Nagarajan, AJ, Ali, S, Nagaraju, SP, Nagata, C, Naimzada, MD, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narasimha Swamy, S, Ndejjo, R, Nduaguba, SO, Negoi, I, Negru, SM, Alimohamadi, Y, Neupane Kandel, S, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, HLT, Niazi, RK, Nnaji, CA, Noor, NM, Nuñez-Samudio, V, Nzoputam, CI, Oancea, B, Ochir, C, Alipour, V, Odukoya, OO, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Olakunde, BO, Omar, E, Omar Bali, A, Omonisi, AEE, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Orru, H, Aljunid, SM, Ortega-Altamirano, DV, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Owolabi, MO, P A, M, Padubidri, JR, Pakshir, K, Pana, A, Panagiotakos, D, Panda-Jonas, S, Alkhayyat, M, Pardhan, S, Park, E-C, Park, E-K, Pashazadeh Kan, F, Patel, HK, Patel, JR, Pati, S, Pattanshetty, SM, Paudel, U, Pereira, DM, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Pereira, RB, Perianayagam, A, Pillay, JD, Pirouzpanah, S, Pishgar, F, Podder, I, Postma, MJ, Pourjafar, H, Prashant, A, Preotescu, L, Almasri, NA, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Radhakrishnan, RA, Radhakrishnan, V, Rafiee, A, Rahim, F, Rahimzadeh, S, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Al-Maweri, SAA, Rahmani, AM, Rajai, N, Rajesh, A, Rakovac, I, Ram, P, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, K, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rao, SJ, Almustanyir, S, Rawassizadeh, R, Razeghinia, MS, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Roberts, TJ, Rodriguez, JAB, Rohloff, P, Romoli, M, Alonso, N, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rwegerera, GM, S, M, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Saeed, U, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, H, Salehi, S, Alvis-Guzman, N, Salem, MR, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sankararaman, S, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sardiwalla, Y, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Amu, H, Sawhney, M, Saylan, M, Schneider, IJC, Sekerija, M, Seylani, A, Shafaat, O, Shaghaghi, Z, Shaikh, MA, Shamsoddin, E, Shannawaz, M, Anbesu, EW, Sharma, R, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shetty, A, Shetty, JK, Shetty, PH, Shibuya, K, Shirkoohi, R, Shivakumar, KM, Shivarov, V, Ancuceanu, R, Siabani, S, Siddappa Malleshappa, SK, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Sintayehu, Y, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Soeberg, MJ, Sofi-Mahmudi, A, Sotoudeh, H, Ansari, F, Steiropoulos, P, Straif, K, Subedi, R, Sufiyan, MB, Sultan, I, Sultana, S, Sur, D, Szerencsés, V, Szócska, M, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Tabuchi, T, Tadbiri, H, Taherkhani, A, Takahashi, K, Talaat, IM, Tan, K-K, Tat, VY, Tedla, BAA, Tefera, YG, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Antwi, MH, Temsah, M-H, Tesfay, FH, Tessema, GA, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Thoguluva Chandrasekar, V, Thomas, N, Tohidinik, HR, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Anvari, D, Traini, E, Tran, BX, Tran, KB, Tran, MTN, Tripathy, JP, Tusa, BS, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Umapathi, KK, Unnikrishnan, B, Anyasodor, AE, Upadhyay, E, Vacante, M, Vaezi, M, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Velazquez, DZ, Veroux, M, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Aqeel, M, Vu, GT, Waheed, Y, Wamai, RG, Ward, P, Wen, YF, Westerman, R, Winkler, AS, Yadav, L, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, SH, Yang, L, Arabloo, J, Yaya, S, Yazie, TSY, Yeshaw, Y, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yunusa, I, Zadnik, V, Arab-Zozani, M, Zare, F, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, J, Zhong, C, Zhou, L, Zhu, C, Ziapour, A, Zimmermann, IR, Fitzmaurice, C, Aremu, O, Murray, CJL, Force, LM, Ariffin, H, Aripov, T, Arshad, M, Artaman, A, Arulappan, J, Asemi, Z, Asghari Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, T, Atorkey, P, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Awedew, AF, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayenew, T, Azab, MA, Azadnajafabad, S, Azari Jafari, A, Azarian, G, Azzam, AY, Badiye, AD, Bahadory, S, Baig, AA, Baker, JL, Balakrishnan, S, Banach, M, Bärnighausen, TW, Barone-Adesi, F, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Behzadifar, M, Belgaumi, UI, Bezabhe, WMM, Bezabih, YM, Bhagat, DS, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration, Kocarnik, JM, Compton, K, Dean, FE, Fu, W, Gaw, BL, Harvey, JD, Henrikson, HJ, Lu, D, Pennini, A, Xu, R, Bhojaraja, VS, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Bisignano, C, Bjørge, T, Bleyer, A, Blyuss, O, Bolarinwa, OA, Bolla, SR, Ababneh, E, Braithwaite, D, Brar, A, Brenner, H, Bustamante-Teixeira, MT, Butt, NS, Butt, ZA, Caetano Dos Santos, FL, Cao, Y, Carreras, G, Catalá-López, F, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Cembranel, F, Cerin, E, Cernigliaro, A, Chakinala, RC, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Chaturvedi, P, Chimed-Ochir, O, Cho, DY, Christopher, DJ, Abbastabar, H, Chu, D-T, Chung, MT, Conde, J, Cortés, S, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Cunha, AR, Dadras, O, Dagnew, AB, Dahlawi, SMA, Abd-Elsalam, SM, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Darwesh, AM, das Neves, J, De la Hoz, FP, Demis, AB, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Dhamnetiya, D, Dhimal, ML, Abdoli, A, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Do, HP, Doaei, S, Dorostkar, F, Dos Santos Figueiredo, FW, Driscoll, TR, Ebrahimi, H, Abedi, A, Eftekharzadeh, S, El Tantawi, M, El-Abid, H, Elbarazi, I, Elhabashy, HR, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, SI, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Abidi, H, Etemadi, A, Ezzikouri, S, Faisaluddin, M, Faraon, EJA, Fares, J, Farzadfar, F, Feroze, AH, Ferrero, S, Ferro Desideri, L, Filip, I, Abolhassani, H, Fischer, F, Fisher, JL, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Gaal, PA, Gad, MM, Gadanya, MA, Gallus, S, Gaspar Fonseca, M, Getachew Obsa, A, Adedeji, IA, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gilani, SA, Ginindza, TG, Gizaw, ATT, Glasbey, JC, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Adnani, QES, Gomez, RS, Gopalani, SV, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Grosso, G, Gubari, MIM, Guerra, MR, Guha, A, Gunasekera, DS, Gupta, B, Advani, SM, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gutiérrez, RA, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haider, MR, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halwani, R, Hamadeh, RR, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Afzal, MS, Hanif, A, Haque, S, Harlianto, NI, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hassanipour, S, Hay, RJ, Hay, SI, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Aghaali, M, Heidari, M, Herrera-Serna, BY, Herteliu, C, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hossain, MM, Hossain, MBH, Hosseini, M-S, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Ahinkorah, BO, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsairi, M, Huang, J, Hugo, FN, Hussain, R, Hussein, NR, Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I, Ahmad, S, Ibitoye, SE, Ida, F, Ikuta, KS, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Irham, LM, Islam, JY, Islam, RM, Islam, SMS, Ahmad, T, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jain, V, Jakovljevic, MB, Javaheri, T, Jayaram, S, Jazayeri, SB, Jha, RP, Ahmadi, A, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jürisson, M, Kabir, A, Kahrizi, D, Kalankesh, LR, Kalhor, R, Kaliyadan, F, Ahmadi, S, Kalkonde, Y, Kamath, A, Kameran Al-Salihi, N, Kandel, H, Kapoor, N, Karch, A, Kasa, AS, Katikireddi, SV, Kauppila, JH, Kavetskyy, T, Ahmed Rashid, T, Kebede, SA, Keshavarz, P, Keykhaei, M, Khader, YS, Khalilov, R, Khan, G, Khan, M, Khan, MN, Khan, MAB, Khang, Y-H, Ahmed Salih, Y, Khater, AM, Khayamzadeh, M, Kim, GR, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kopec, JA, Koteeswaran, R, Koul, PA, Akalu, GT, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Koyanagi, A, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kugbey, N, Kumar, GA, Kumar, N, Kurmi, OP, Kutluk, T, La Vecchia, C, Aklilu, A, Lami, FH, Landires, I, Lauriola, P, Lee, S-W, Lee, SWH, Lee, W-C, Lee, YH, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Li, J, Akram, T, Li, M-C, Liu, X, Loureiro, JA, Lunevicius, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Male, S, Malik, AA, Mansournia, MA, Akunna, CJ, Martini, S, Masoumi, SZ, Mathur, P, McKee, M, Mehrotra, R, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengesha, EW, Mesregah, MK, Mestrovic, T, Al Hamad, H, Miao Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, Miller, TR, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, HR, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Moghadaszadeh, M, Alahdab, F, Mohammad, KA, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadi, SM, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Moka, N, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Al-Aly, Z, Moni, MA, Moosavi, MA, Moradi, Y, Moraga, P, Morgado-da-Costa, J, Morrison, SD, Mosapour, A, Mubarik, S, Mwanri, L, Nagarajan, AJ, Ali, S, Nagaraju, SP, Nagata, C, Naimzada, MD, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narasimha Swamy, S, Ndejjo, R, Nduaguba, SO, Negoi, I, Negru, SM, Alimohamadi, Y, Neupane Kandel, S, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, HLT, Niazi, RK, Nnaji, CA, Noor, NM, Nuñez-Samudio, V, Nzoputam, CI, Oancea, B, Ochir, C, Alipour, V, Odukoya, OO, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Olakunde, BO, Omar, E, Omar Bali, A, Omonisi, AEE, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Orru, H, Aljunid, SM, Ortega-Altamirano, DV, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Owolabi, MO, P A, M, Padubidri, JR, Pakshir, K, Pana, A, Panagiotakos, D, Panda-Jonas, S, Alkhayyat, M, Pardhan, S, Park, E-C, Park, E-K, Pashazadeh Kan, F, Patel, HK, Patel, JR, Pati, S, Pattanshetty, SM, Paudel, U, Pereira, DM, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Pereira, RB, Perianayagam, A, Pillay, JD, Pirouzpanah, S, Pishgar, F, Podder, I, Postma, MJ, Pourjafar, H, Prashant, A, Preotescu, L, Almasri, NA, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Radhakrishnan, RA, Radhakrishnan, V, Rafiee, A, Rahim, F, Rahimzadeh, S, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Al-Maweri, SAA, Rahmani, AM, Rajai, N, Rajesh, A, Rakovac, I, Ram, P, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, K, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rao, SJ, Almustanyir, S, Rawassizadeh, R, Razeghinia, MS, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Roberts, TJ, Rodriguez, JAB, Rohloff, P, Romoli, M, Alonso, N, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rwegerera, GM, S, M, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Saeed, U, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, H, Salehi, S, Alvis-Guzman, N, Salem, MR, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sankararaman, S, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sardiwalla, Y, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Amu, H, Sawhney, M, Saylan, M, Schneider, IJC, Sekerija, M, Seylani, A, Shafaat, O, Shaghaghi, Z, Shaikh, MA, Shamsoddin, E, Shannawaz, M, Anbesu, EW, Sharma, R, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shetty, A, Shetty, JK, Shetty, PH, Shibuya, K, Shirkoohi, R, Shivakumar, KM, Shivarov, V, Ancuceanu, R, Siabani, S, Siddappa Malleshappa, SK, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Sintayehu, Y, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Soeberg, MJ, Sofi-Mahmudi, A, Sotoudeh, H, Ansari, F, Steiropoulos, P, Straif, K, Subedi, R, Sufiyan, MB, Sultan, I, Sultana, S, Sur, D, Szerencsés, V, Szócska, M, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Tabuchi, T, Tadbiri, H, Taherkhani, A, Takahashi, K, Talaat, IM, Tan, K-K, Tat, VY, Tedla, BAA, Tefera, YG, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Antwi, MH, Temsah, M-H, Tesfay, FH, Tessema, GA, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Thoguluva Chandrasekar, V, Thomas, N, Tohidinik, HR, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Anvari, D, Traini, E, Tran, BX, Tran, KB, Tran, MTN, Tripathy, JP, Tusa, BS, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Umapathi, KK, Unnikrishnan, B, Anyasodor, AE, Upadhyay, E, Vacante, M, Vaezi, M, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Velazquez, DZ, Veroux, M, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Aqeel, M, Vu, GT, Waheed, Y, Wamai, RG, Ward, P, Wen, YF, Westerman, R, Winkler, AS, Yadav, L, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, SH, Yang, L, Arabloo, J, Yaya, S, Yazie, TSY, Yeshaw, Y, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yunusa, I, Zadnik, V, Arab-Zozani, M, Zare, F, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, J, Zhong, C, Zhou, L, Zhu, C, Ziapour, A, Zimmermann, IR, Fitzmaurice, C, Aremu, O, Murray, CJL, Force, LM, Ariffin, H, Aripov, T, Arshad, M, Artaman, A, Arulappan, J, Asemi, Z, Asghari Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, T, Atorkey, P, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Awedew, AF, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayenew, T, Azab, MA, Azadnajafabad, S, Azari Jafari, A, Azarian, G, Azzam, AY, Badiye, AD, Bahadory, S, Baig, AA, Baker, JL, Balakrishnan, S, Banach, M, Bärnighausen, TW, Barone-Adesi, F, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Behzadifar, M, Belgaumi, UI, Bezabhe, WMM, Bezabih, YM, Bhagat, DS, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, and Bhattacharyya, K
- Abstract
Importance: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) provided systematic estimates of incidence, morbidity, and mortality to inform local and international efforts toward reducing cancer burden. Objective: To estimate cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles from 2010 to 2019. Evidence Review: The GBD 2019 estimation methods were used to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019 and over the past decade. Estimates are also provided by quintiles of the SDI, a composite measure of educational attainment, income per capita, and total fertility rate for those younger than 25 years. Estimates include 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings: In 2019, there were an estimated 23.6 million (95% UI, 22.2-24.9 million) new cancer cases (17.2 million when excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 10.0 million (95% UI, 9.36-10.6 million) cancer deaths globally, with an estimated 250 million (235-264 million) DALYs due to cancer. Since 2010, these represented a 26.3% (95% UI, 20.3%-32.3%) increase in new cases, a 20.9% (95% UI, 14.2%-27.6%) increase in deaths, and a 16.0% (95% UI, 9.3%-22.8%) increase in DALYs. Among 22 groups of diseases and injuries in the GBD 2019 study, cancer was second only to cardiovascular diseases for the number of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs globally in 2019. Cancer burden differed across SDI quintiles. The proportion of years lived with disability that contributed to DALYs increased with SDI, ranging from 1.4% (1.1%-1.8%) in the low SDI quintile to 5.7% (4.2%-7.1%) in the high SDI quintile. While the high SDI quintile had the highest number of new cases in 2019, the middle SDI quintile had the highest number of cancer deaths and DALYs. From 2010 to 2019, the largest percentage increase in the numbers of cases and deaths occurred in the low
- Published
- 2022
16. Oral performance of ancient texts: Presenting stories to contemporary audiences
- Author
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Ananth Rao, CR
- Published
- 2011
17. Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019:A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- Author
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Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration, Kocarnik, JM, Compton, K, Dean, FE, Fu, W, Gaw, BL, Harvey, JD, Henrikson, HJ, Lu, D, Pennini, A, Xu, R, Ababneh, E, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Elsalam, SM, Abdoli, A, Abedi, A, Abidi, H, Abolhassani, H, Adedeji, IA, Adnani, QES, Advani, SM, Afzal, MS, Aghaali, M, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed Rashid, T, Ahmed Salih, Y, Akalu, GT, Aklilu, A, Akram, T, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Ali, S, Alimohamadi, Y, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Alkhayyat, M, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, NA, Al-Maweri, SAA, Almustanyir, S, Alonso, N, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amu, H, Anbesu, EW, Ancuceanu, R, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antwi, MH, Anvari, D, Anyasodor, AE, Aqeel, M, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Ariffin, H, Aripov, T, Arshad, M, Artaman, A, Arulappan, J, Asemi, Z, Asghari Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, T, Atorkey, P, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Awedew, AF, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayenew, T, Azab, MA, Azadnajafabad, S, Azari Jafari, A, Azarian, G, Azzam, AY, Badiye, AD, Bahadory, S, Baig, AA, Baker, JL, Balakrishnan, S, Banach, M, Bärnighausen, TW, Barone-Adesi, F, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Behzadifar, M, Belgaumi, UI, Bezabhe, WMM, Bezabih, YM, Bhagat, DS, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhojaraja, VS, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Bisignano, C, Bjørge, T, Bleyer, A, Blyuss, O, Bolarinwa, OA, Bolla, SR, Braithwaite, D, Brar, A, Brenner, H, Bustamante-Teixeira, MT, Butt, NS, Butt, ZA, Caetano Dos Santos, FL, Cao, Y, Carreras, G, Catalá-López, F, Cembranel, F, Cerin, E, Cernigliaro, A, Chakinala, RC, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Chaturvedi, P, Chimed-Ochir, O, Cho, DY, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Chung, MT, Conde, J, Cortés, S, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Cunha, AR, Dadras, O, Dagnew, AB, Dahlawi, SMA, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Darwesh, AM, Das Neves, J, De la Hoz, FP, Demis, AB, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Dhamnetiya, D, Dhimal, ML, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Do, HP, Doaei, S, Dorostkar, F, Dos Santos Figueiredo, FW, Driscoll, TR, Ebrahimi, H, Eftekharzadeh, S, El Tantawi, M, El-Abid, H, Elbarazi, I, Elhabashy, HR, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, SI, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Etemadi, A, Ezzikouri, S, Faisaluddin, M, Faraon, EJA, Fares, J, Farzadfar, F, Feroze, AH, Ferrero, S, Ferro Desideri, L, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, JL, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Gaal, PA, Gad, MM, Gadanya, MA, Gallus, S, Gaspar Fonseca, M, Getachew Obsa, A, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gilani, SA, Ginindza, TG, Gizaw, ATT, Glasbey, JC, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Gomez, RS, Gopalani, SV, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Grosso, G, Gubari, MIM, Guerra, MR, Guha, A, Gunasekera, DS, Gupta, B, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gutiérrez, RA, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haider, MR, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halwani, R, Hamadeh, RR, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Haque, S, Harlianto, NI, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hassanipour, S, Hay, RJ, Hay, SI, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Herrera-Serna, BY, Herteliu, C, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hossain, MM, Hossain, MBH, Hosseini, M-S, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsairi, M, Huang, J, Hugo, FN, Hussain, R, Hussein, NR, Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, SE, Ida, F, Ikuta, KS, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Irham, LM, Islam, JY, Islam, RM, Islam, SMS, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jain, V, Jakovljevic, MB, Javaheri, T, Jayaram, S, Jazayeri, SB, Jha, RP, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jürisson, M, Kabir, A, Kahrizi, D, Kalankesh, LR, Kalhor, R, Kaliyadan, F, Kalkonde, Y, Kamath, A, Kameran Al-Salihi, N, Kandel, H, Kapoor, N, Karch, A, Kasa, AS, Katikireddi, SV, Kauppila, JH, Kavetskyy, T, Kebede, SA, Keshavarz, P, Keykhaei, M, Khader, YS, Khalilov, R, Khan, G, Khan, M, Khan, MN, Khan, MAB, Khang, Y-H, Khater, AM, Khayamzadeh, M, Kim, GR, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kopec, JA, Koteeswaran, R, Koul, PA, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Koyanagi, A, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kugbey, N, Kumar, GA, Kumar, N, Kurmi, OP, Kutluk, T, La Vecchia, C, Lami, FH, Landires, I, Lauriola, P, Lee, S-W, Lee, SWH, Lee, W-C, Lee, YH, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Li, J, Li, M-C, Liu, X, Loureiro, JA, Lunevicius, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Male, S, Malik, AA, Mansournia, MA, Martini, S, Masoumi, SZ, Mathur, P, McKee, M, Mehrotra, R, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengesha, EW, Mesregah, MK, Mestrovic, T, Miao Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, Miller, TR, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, HR, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohammad, KA, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadi, SM, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Moka, N, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moni, MA, Moosavi, MA, Moradi, Y, Moraga, P, Morgado-da-Costa, J, Morrison, SD, Mosapour, A, Mubarik, S, Mwanri, L, Nagarajan, AJ, Nagaraju, SP, Nagata, C, Naimzada, MD, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narasimha Swamy, S, Ndejjo, R, Nduaguba, SO, Negoi, I, Negru, SM, Neupane Kandel, S, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, HLT, Niazi, RK, Nnaji, CA, Noor, NM, Nuñez-Samudio, V, Nzoputam, CI, Oancea, B, Ochir, C, Odukoya, OO, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Olakunde, BO, Omar, E, Omar Bali, A, Omonisi, AEE, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Orru, H, Ortega-Altamirano, DV, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Owolabi, MO, P A, M, Padubidri, JR, Pakshir, K, Pana, A, Panagiotakos, D, Panda-Jonas, S, Pardhan, S, Park, E-C, Park, E-K, Pashazadeh Kan, F, Patel, HK, Patel, JR, Pati, S, Pattanshetty, SM, Paudel, U, Pereira, DM, Pereira, RB, Perianayagam, A, Pillay, JD, Pirouzpanah, S, Pishgar, F, Podder, I, Postma, MJ, Pourjafar, H, Prashant, A, Preotescu, L, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Radhakrishnan, RA, Radhakrishnan, V, Rafiee, A, Rahim, F, Rahimzadeh, S, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, AM, Rajai, N, Rajesh, A, Rakovac, I, Ram, P, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, K, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rao, SJ, Rawassizadeh, R, Razeghinia, MS, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Roberts, TJ, Rodriguez, JAB, Rohloff, P, Romoli, M, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rwegerera, GM, S, M, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Saeed, U, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, H, Salehi, S, Salem, MR, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sankararaman, S, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sardiwalla, Y, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Saylan, M, Schneider, IJC, Sekerija, M, Seylani, A, Shafaat, O, Shaghaghi, Z, Shaikh, MA, Shamsoddin, E, Shannawaz, M, Sharma, R, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shetty, A, Shetty, JK, Shetty, PH, Shibuya, K, Shirkoohi, R, Shivakumar, KM, Shivarov, V, Siabani, S, Siddappa Malleshappa, SK, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Sintayehu, Y, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Soeberg, MJ, Sofi-Mahmudi, A, Sotoudeh, H, Steiropoulos, P, Straif, K, Subedi, R, Sufiyan, MB, Sultan, I, Sultana, S, Sur, D, Szerencsés, V, Szócska, M, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabuchi, T, Tadbiri, H, Taherkhani, A, Takahashi, K, Talaat, IM, Tan, K-K, Tat, VY, Tedla, BAA, Tefera, YG, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Tesfay, FH, Tessema, GA, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Thoguluva Chandrasekar, V, Thomas, N, Tohidinik, HR, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Traini, E, Tran, BX, Tran, KB, Tran, MTN, Tripathy, JP, Tusa, BS, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Umapathi, KK, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Vacante, M, Vaezi, M, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Velazquez, DZ, Veroux, M, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Vu, GT, Waheed, Y, Wamai, RG, Ward, P, Wen, YF, Westerman, R, Winkler, AS, Yadav, L, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, SH, Yang, L, Yaya, S, Yazie, TSY, Yeshaw, Y, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yunusa, I, Zadnik, V, Zare, F, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, J, Zhong, C, Zhou, L, Zhu, C, Ziapour, A, Zimmermann, IR, Fitzmaurice, C, Murray, CJL, Force, LM, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Kocarnik, J, Compton, K, Dean, F, Fu, W, Gaw, B, Harvey, J, Henrikson, H, Lu, D, Pennini, A, Xu, R, Ababneh, E, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdoli, A, Abedi, A, Abidi, H, Abolhassani, H, Adedeji, I, Adnani, Q, Advani, S, Afzal, M, Aghaali, M, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed Rashid, T, Ahmed Salih, Y, Akalu, G, Aklilu, A, Akram, T, Akunna, C, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Ali, S, Alimohamadi, Y, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Alkhayyat, M, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, N, Al-Maweri, S, Almustanyir, S, Alonso, N, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amu, H, Anbesu, E, Ancuceanu, R, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antwi, M, Anvari, D, Anyasodor, A, Aqeel, M, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Ariffin, H, Aripov, T, Arshad, M, Artaman, A, Arulappan, J, Asemi, Z, Asghari Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, T, Atorkey, P, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Awedew, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayenew, T, Azab, M, Azadnajafabad, S, Azari Jafari, A, Azarian, G, Azzam, A, Badiye, A, Bahadory, S, Baig, A, Baker, J, Balakrishnan, S, Banach, M, Barnighausen, T, Barone-Adesi, F, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Behzadifar, M, Belgaumi, U, Bezabhe, W, Bezabih, Y, Bhagat, D, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhojaraja, V, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Bisignano, C, Bjorge, T, Bleyer, A, Blyuss, O, Bolarinwa, O, Bolla, S, Braithwaite, D, Brar, A, Brenner, H, Bustamante-Teixeira, M, Butt, N, Butt, Z, Caetano Dos Santos, F, Cao, Y, Carreras, G, Catala-Lopez, F, Cembranel, F, Cerin, E, Cernigliaro, A, Chakinala, R, Chattu, S, Chattu, V, Chaturvedi, P, Chimed-Ochir, O, Cho, D, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Chung, M, Conde, J, Cortes, S, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Cunha, A, Dadras, O, Dagnew, A, Dahlawi, S, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Darwesh, A, Das Neves, J, De La Hoz, F, Demis, A, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dhamnetiya, D, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Do, H, Doaei, S, Dorostkar, F, Dos Santos Figueiredo, F, Driscoll, T, Ebrahimi, H, Eftekharzadeh, S, El Tantawi, M, El-Abid, H, Elbarazi, I, Elhabashy, H, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Etemadi, A, Ezzikouri, S, Faisaluddin, M, Faraon, E, Fares, J, Farzadfar, F, Feroze, A, Ferrero, S, Ferro Desideri, L, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, J, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Gaal, P, Gad, M, Gadanya, M, Gallus, S, Gaspar Fonseca, M, Getachew Obsa, A, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gilani, S, Ginindza, T, Gizaw, A, Glasbey, J, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Gomez, R, Gopalani, S, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Grosso, G, Gubari, M, Guerra, M, Guha, A, Gunasekera, D, Gupta, B, Gupta, V, Gutierrez, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haider, M, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halwani, R, Hamadeh, R, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Haque, S, Harlianto, N, Haro, J, Hasaballah, A, Hassanipour, S, Hay, R, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Herrera-Serna, B, Herteliu, C, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hossain, M, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsairi, M, Huang, J, Hugo, F, Hussain, R, Hussein, N, Hwang, B, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, S, Ida, F, Ikuta, K, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Irham, L, Islam, J, Islam, R, Islam, S, Ismail, N, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jain, V, Jakovljevic, M, Javaheri, T, Jayaram, S, Jazayeri, S, Jha, R, Jonas, J, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kahrizi, D, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kaliyadan, F, Kalkonde, Y, Kamath, A, Kameran Al-Salihi, N, Kandel, H, Kapoor, N, Karch, A, Kasa, A, Katikireddi, S, Kauppila, J, Kavetskyy, T, Kebede, S, Keshavarz, P, Keykhaei, M, Khader, Y, Khalilov, R, Khan, G, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Khater, A, Khayamzadeh, M, Kim, G, Kim, Y, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kopec, J, Koteeswaran, R, Koul, P, Koulmane Laxminarayana, S, Koyanagi, A, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kugbey, N, Kumar, G, Kumar, N, Kurmi, O, Kutluk, T, La Vecchia, C, Lami, F, Landires, I, Lauriola, P, Lee, S, Lee, W, Lee, Y, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Li, J, Li, M, Liu, X, Loureiro, J, Lunevicius, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Male, S, Malik, A, Mansournia, M, Martini, S, Masoumi, S, Mathur, P, Mckee, M, Mehrotra, R, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Mesregah, M, Mestrovic, T, Miao Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Miller, T, Mirzaei, H, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohammad, K, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadi, S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Moka, N, Mokdad, A, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moni, M, Moosavi, M, Moradi, Y, Moraga, P, Morgado-Da-Costa, J, Morrison, S, Mosapour, A, Mubarik, S, Mwanri, L, Nagarajan, A, Nagaraju, S, Nagata, C, Naimzada, M, Nangia, V, Naqvi, A, Narasimha Swamy, S, Ndejjo, R, Nduaguba, S, Negoi, I, Negru, S, Neupane Kandel, S, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Niazi, R, Nnaji, C, Noor, N, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nzoputam, C, Oancea, B, Ochir, C, Odukoya, O, Ogbo, F, Olagunju, A, Olakunde, B, Omar, E, Omar Bali, A, Omonisi, A, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, O, Orru, H, Ortega-Altamirano, D, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Owolabi, M, P A, M, Padubidri, J, Pakshir, K, Pana, A, Panagiotakos, D, Panda-Jonas, S, Pardhan, S, Park, E, Pashazadeh Kan, F, Patel, H, Patel, J, Pati, S, Pattanshetty, S, Paudel, U, Pereira, D, Pereira, R, Perianayagam, A, Pillay, J, Pirouzpanah, S, Pishgar, F, Podder, I, Postma, M, Pourjafar, H, Prashant, A, Preotescu, L, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Radhakrishnan, R, Radhakrishnan, V, Rafiee, A, Rahim, F, Rahimzadeh, S, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rajai, N, Rajesh, A, Rakovac, I, Ram, P, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, K, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, C, Rao, S, Rawassizadeh, R, Razeghinia, M, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Roberts, T, Rodriguez, J, Rohloff, P, Romoli, M, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rwegerera, G, Manjula, S, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Saeed, U, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, H, Salehi, S, Salem, M, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sankararaman, S, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sardiwalla, Y, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Saylan, M, Schneider, I, Sekerija, M, Seylani, A, Shafaat, O, Shaghaghi, Z, Shaikh, M, Shamsoddin, E, Shannawaz, M, Sharma, R, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shetty, A, Shetty, J, Shetty, P, Shibuya, K, Shirkoohi, R, Shivakumar, K, Shivarov, V, Siabani, S, Siddappa Malleshappa, S, Silva, D, Singh, J, Sintayehu, Y, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Soeberg, M, Sofi-Mahmudi, A, Sotoudeh, H, Steiropoulos, P, Straif, K, Subedi, R, Sufiyan, M, Sultan, I, Sultana, S, Sur, D, Szerencses, V, Szocska, M, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabuchi, T, Tadbiri, H, Taherkhani, A, Takahashi, K, Talaat, I, Tan, K, Tat, V, Tedla, B, Tefera, Y, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M, Tesfay, F, Tessema, G, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Thoguluva Chandrasekar, V, Thomas, N, Tohidinik, H, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Traini, E, Tran, B, Tran, K, Tran, M, Tripathy, J, Tusa, B, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Umapathi, K, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Vacante, M, Vaezi, M, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Velazquez, D, Veroux, M, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Vu, G, Waheed, Y, Wamai, R, Ward, P, Wen, Y, Westerman, R, Winkler, A, Yadav, L, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yang, L, Yaya, S, Yazie, T, Yeshaw, Y, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yunusa, I, Zadnik, V, Zare, F, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, J, Zhong, C, Zhou, L, Zhu, C, Ziapour, A, Zimmermann, I, Fitzmaurice, C, Murray, C, Force, L, Kocarnik J.M., Compton K., Dean F.E., Fu W., Gaw B.L., Harvey J.D., Henrikson H.J., Lu D., Pennini A., Xu R., Ababneh E., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbastabar H., Abd-Elsalam S.M., Abdoli A., Abedi A., Abidi H., Abolhassani H., Adedeji I.A., Adnani Q.E.S., Advani S.M., Afzal M.S., Aghaali M., Ahinkorah B.O., Ahmad S., Ahmad T., Ahmadi A., Ahmadi S., Ahmed Rashid T., Ahmed Salih Y., Akalu G.T., Aklilu A., Akram T., Akunna C.J., Al Hamad H., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Ali S., Alimohamadi Y., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Alkhayyat M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N.A., Al-Maweri S.A.A., Almustanyir S., Alonso N., Alvis-Guzman N., Amu H., Anbesu E.W., Ancuceanu R., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Antwi M.H., Anvari D., Anyasodor A.E., Aqeel M., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Ariffin H., Aripov T., Arshad M., Artaman A., Arulappan J., Asemi Z., Asghari Jafarabadi M., Ashraf T., Atorkey P., Aujayeb A., Ausloos M., Awedew A.F., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayenew T., Azab M.A., Azadnajafabad S., Azari Jafari A., Azarian G., Azzam A.Y., Badiye A.D., Bahadory S., Baig A.A., Baker J.L., Balakrishnan S., Banach M., Barnighausen T.W., Barone-Adesi F., Barra F., Barrow A., Behzadifar M., Belgaumi U.I., Bezabhe W.M.M., Bezabih Y.M., Bhagat D.S., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhaskar S., Bhattacharyya K., Bhojaraja V.S., Bibi S., Bijani A., Biondi A., Bisignano C., Bjorge T., Bleyer A., Blyuss O., Bolarinwa O.A., Bolla S.R., Braithwaite D., Brar A., Brenner H., Bustamante-Teixeira M.T., Butt N.S., Butt Z.A., Caetano dos Santos F.L., Cao Y., Carreras G., Catala-Lopez F., Cembranel F., Cerin E., Cernigliaro A., Chakinala R.C., Chattu S.K., Chattu V.K., Chaturvedi P., Chimed-Ochir O., Cho D.Y., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Chung M.T., Conde J., Cortes S., Cortesi P.A., Costa V.M., Cunha A.R., Dadras O., Dagnew A.B., Dahlawi S.M.A., Dai X., Dandona L., Dandona R., Darwesh A.M., das Neves J., De la Hoz F.P., Demis A.B., Denova-Gutierrez E., Dhamnetiya D., Dhimal M.L., Dhimal M., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Djalalinia S., Do H.P., Doaei S., Dorostkar F., dos Santos Figueiredo F.W., Driscoll T.R., Ebrahimi H., Eftekharzadeh S., El Tantawi M., El-Abid H., Elbarazi I., Elhabashy H.R., Elhadi M., El-Jaafary S.I., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeilzadeh F., Etemadi A., Ezzikouri S., Faisaluddin M., Faraon E.J.A., Fares J., Farzadfar F., Feroze A.H., Ferrero S., Ferro Desideri L., Filip I., Fischer F., Fisher J.L., Foroutan M., Fukumoto T., Gaal P.A., Gad M.M., Gadanya M.A., Gallus S., Gaspar Fonseca M., Getachew Obsa A., Ghafourifard M., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Gholamalizadeh M., Gilani S.A., Ginindza T.G., Gizaw A.T.T., Glasbey J.C., Golechha M., Goleij P., Gomez R.S., Gopalani S.V., Gorini G., Goudarzi H., Grosso G., Gubari M.I.M., Guerra M.R., Guha A., Gunasekera D.S., Gupta B., Gupta V.B., Gupta V.K., Gutierrez R.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haider M.R., Haj-Mirzaian A., Halwani R., Hamadeh R.R., Hameed S., Hamidi S., Hanif A., Haque S., Harlianto N.I., Haro J.M., Hasaballah A.I., Hassanipour S., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., Hayat K., Heidari G., Heidari M., Herrera-Serna B.Y., Herteliu C., Hezam K., Holla R., Hossain M.M., Hossain M.B.H., Hosseini M.-S., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Hsairi M., Huang J., Hugo F.N., Hussain R., Hussein N.R., Hwang B.-F., Iavicoli I., Ibitoye S.E., Ida F., Ikuta K.S., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I.M., Ilic M.D., Irham L.M., Islam J.Y., Islam R.M., Islam S.M.S., Ismail N.E., Isola G., Iwagami M., Jacob L., Jain V., Jakovljevic M.B., Javaheri T., Jayaram S., Jazayeri S.B., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Joo T., Joseph N., Joukar F., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kahrizi D., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kaliyadan F., Kalkonde Y., Kamath A., Kameran Al-Salihi N., Kandel H., Kapoor N., Karch A., Kasa A.S., Katikireddi S.V., Kauppila J.H., Kavetskyy T., Kebede S.A., Keshavarz P., Keykhaei M., Khader Y.S., Khalilov R., Khan G., Khan M., Khan M.N., Khan M.A.B., Khang Y.-H., Khater A.M., Khayamzadeh M., Kim G.R., Kim Y.J., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kopec J.A., Koteeswaran R., Koul P.A., Koulmane Laxminarayana S.L., Koyanagi A., Kucuk Bicer B., Kugbey N., Kumar G.A., Kumar N., Kurmi O.P., Kutluk T., La Vecchia C., Lami F.H., Landires I., Lauriola P., Lee S.-W., Lee S.W.H., Lee W.-C., Lee Y.H., Leigh J., Leong E., Li J., Li M.-C., Liu X., Loureiro J.A., Lunevicius R., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Majeed A., Makki A., Male S., Malik A.A., Mansournia M.A., Martini S., Masoumi S.Z., Mathur P., McKee M., Mehrotra R., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha E.W., Mesregah M.K., Mestrovic T., Miao Jonasson J., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Michalek I.M., Miller T.R., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei H.R., Misra S., Mithra P., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohammad K.A., Mohammad Y., Mohammadi M., Mohammadi S.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed S., Moka N., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moni M.A., Moosavi M.A., Moradi Y., Moraga P., Morgado-Da-Costa J., Morrison S.D., Mosapour A., Mubarik S., Mwanri L., Nagarajan A.J., Nagaraju S.P., Nagata C., Naimzada M.D., Nangia V., Naqvi A.A., Narasimha Swamy S., Ndejjo R., Nduaguba S.O., Negoi I., Negru S.M., Neupane Kandel S., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Niazi R.K., Nnaji C.A., Noor N.M., Nunez-Samudio V., Nzoputam C.I., Oancea B., Ochir C., Odukoya O.O., Ogbo F.A., Olagunju A.T., Olakunde B.O., Omar E., Omar Bali A.O., Omonisi A.E.E., Ong S., Onwujekwe O.E., Orru H., Ortega-Altamirano D.V., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakshir K., Pana A., Panagiotakos D., Panda-Jonas S., Pardhan S., Park E.-C., Park E.-K., Pashazadeh Kan F., Patel H.K., Patel J.R., Pati S., Pattanshetty S.M., Paudel U., Pereira D.M., Pereira R.B., Perianayagam A., Pillay J.D., Pirouzpanah S., Pishgar F., Podder I., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Prashant A., Preotescu L., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Radhakrishnan R.A., Radhakrishnan V., Rafiee A., Rahim F., Rahimzadeh S., Rahman M., Rahman M.A., Rahmani A.M., Rajai N., Rajesh A., Rakovac I., Ram P., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat K., Ranasinghe P., Rao C.R., Rao S.J., Rawassizadeh R., Razeghinia M.S., Renzaho A.M.N., Rezaei N., Rezapour A., Roberts T.J., Rodriguez J.A.B., Rohloff P., Romoli M., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rwegerera G.M., Manjula S., Sabour S., Saddik B., Saeed U., Sahebkar A., Sahoo H., Salehi S., Salem M.R., Salimzadeh H., Samaei M., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Sankararaman S., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Sardiwalla Y., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Saylan M., Schneider I.J.J., Sekerija M., Seylani A., Shafaat O., Shaghaghi Z., Shaikh M.A., Shamsoddin E., Shannawaz M., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Sheikhbahaei S., Shetty A., Shetty J.K., Shetty P.H., Shibuya K., Shirkoohi R., Shivakumar K.M., Shivarov V., Siabani S., Siddappa Malleshappa S.K., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Sintayehu Y., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Soeberg M.J., Sofi-Mahmudi A., Sotoudeh H., Steiropoulos P., Straif K., Subedi R., Sufiyan M.B., Sultan I., Sultana S., Sur D., Szerencses V., Szocska M., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadbiri H., Taherkhani A., Takahashi K., Talaat I.M., Tan K.-K., Tat V.Y., Tedla B.A.A., Tefera Y.G., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Temsah M., Tesfay F.H., Tessema G.A., Thapar R., Thavamani A., Thoguluva Chandrasekar V., Thomas N., Tohidinik H.R., Touvier M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Traini E., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Tran M.T.N., Tripathy J.P., Tusa B.S., Ullah I., Ullah S., Umapathi K.K., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Vacante M., Vaezi M., Valadan Tahbaz S., Velazquez D.Z., Veroux M., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vo B., Volovici V., Vu G.T., Waheed Y., Wamai R.G., Ward P., Wen Y.F., Westerman R., Winkler A.S., Yadav L., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yang L., Yaya S., Yazie T.S.Y., Yeshaw Y., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yu C., Yuce D., Yunusa I., Zadnik V., Zare F., Zastrozhin M.S., Zastrozhina A., Zhang J., Zhong C., Zhou L., Zhu C., Ziapour A., Zimmermann I.R., Fitzmaurice C., Murray C.J.L., Force L.M., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, Kuwait University (Kuwait), National University of Malaysia (Malasia), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), NIH - National Cancer Institute (NCI) (Estados Unidos), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. European Research Council (ERC), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. H2020, Novo Nordisk Foundation, National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Jazan University (Arabia Saudí), Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, Ministry of Education (Brasil), National Heart Foundation of Australia, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), NHS - Research Scotland (Reino Unido), Medical Research Council (Reino Unido), Scottish Government (Reino Unido), Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University (Bangladesh), Xiamen University (Malasia), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Sistema Nacional de Investigación (Panamá), Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Panamá), King College London, National Health Service (Reino Unido), Government of the Russian Federation, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (Estados Unidos), Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal), Neurosurgery, Kocarnik, J. M., Compton, K., Dean, F. E., Fu, W., Gaw, B. L., Harvey, J. D., Henrikson, H. J., Lu, D., Pennini, A., Xu, R., Ababneh, E., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Elsalam, S. M., Abdoli, A., Abedi, A., Abidi, H., Abolhassani, H., Adedeji, I. A., Adnani, Q. E. S., Advani, S. M., Afzal, M. S., Aghaali, M., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, S., Ahmad, T., Ahmadi, A., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed Rashid, T., Ahmed Salih, Y., Akalu, G. T., Aklilu, A., Akram, T., Akunna, C. J., Al Hamad, H., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Ali, S., Alimohamadi, Y., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Alkhayyat, M., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Almasri, N. A., Al-Maweri, S. A. A., Almustanyir, S., Alonso, N., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amu, H., Anbesu, E. W., Ancuceanu, R., Ansari, F., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Antwi, M. H., Anvari, D., Anyasodor, A. E., Aqeel, M., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aremu, O., Ariffin, H., Aripov, T., Arshad, M., Artaman, A., Arulappan, J., Asemi, Z., Asghari Jafarabadi, M., Ashraf, T., Atorkey, P., Aujayeb, A., Ausloos, M., Awedew, A. F., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Ayenew, T., Azab, M. A., Azadnajafabad, S., Azari Jafari, A., Azarian, G., Azzam, A. Y., Badiye, A. D., Bahadory, S., Baig, A. A., Baker, J. L., Balakrishnan, S., Banach, M., Barnighausen, T. W., Barone-Adesi, F., Barra, F., Barrow, A., Behzadifar, M., Belgaumi, U. I., Bezabhe, W. M. M., Bezabih, Y. M., Bhagat, D. S., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhaskar, S., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhojaraja, V. S., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Biondi, A., Bisignano, C., Bjorge, T., Bleyer, A., Blyuss, O., Bolarinwa, O. A., Bolla, S. R., Braithwaite, D., Brar, A., Brenner, H., Bustamante-Teixeira, M. T., Butt, N. S., Butt, Z. A., Caetano Dos Santos, F. L., Cao, Y., Carreras, G., Catala-Lopez, F., Cembranel, F., Cerin, E., Cernigliaro, A., Chakinala, R. C., Chattu, S. K., Chattu, V. K., Chaturvedi, P., Chimed-Ochir, O., Cho, D. Y., Christopher, D. J., Chu, D. -T., Chung, M. T., Conde, J., Cortes, S., Cortesi, P. A., Costa, V. M., Cunha, A. R., Dadras, O., Dagnew, A. B., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Dai, X., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Darwesh, A. M., Das Neves, J., De La Hoz, F. P., Demis, A. B., Denova-Gutierrez, E., Dhamnetiya, D., Dhimal, M. L., Dhimal, M., Dianatinasab, M., Diaz, D., Djalalinia, S., Do, H. P., Doaei, S., Dorostkar, F., Dos Santos Figueiredo, F. W., Driscoll, T. R., Ebrahimi, H., Eftekharzadeh, S., El Tantawi, M., El-Abid, H., Elbarazi, I., Elhabashy, H. R., Elhadi, M., El-Jaafary, S. I., Eshrati, B., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeilzadeh, F., Etemadi, A., Ezzikouri, S., Faisaluddin, M., Faraon, E. J. A., Fares, J., Farzadfar, F., Feroze, A. H., Ferrero, S., Ferro Desideri, L., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fisher, J. L., Foroutan, M., Fukumoto, T., Gaal, P. A., Gad, M. M., Gadanya, M. A., Gallus, S., Gaspar Fonseca, M., Getachew Obsa, A., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Ghith, N., Gholamalizadeh, M., Gilani, S. A., Ginindza, T. G., Gizaw, A. T. T., Glasbey, J. C., Golechha, M., Goleij, P., Gomez, R. S., Gopalani, S. V., Gorini, G., Goudarzi, H., Grosso, G., Gubari, M. I. M., Guerra, M. R., Guha, A., Gunasekera, D. S., Gupta, B., Gupta, V. B., Gupta, V. K., Gutierrez, R. A., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haider, M. R., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Halwani, R., Hamadeh, R. R., Hameed, S., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Haque, S., Harlianto, N. I., Haro, J. M., Hasaballah, A. I., Hassanipour, S., Hay, R. J., Hay, S. I., Hayat, K., Heidari, G., Heidari, M., Herrera-Serna, B. Y., Herteliu, C., Hezam, K., Holla, R., Hossain, M. M., Hossain, M. B. H., Hosseini, M. -S., Hosseini, M., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Hsairi, M., Huang, J., Hugo, F. N., Hussain, R., Hussein, N. R., Hwang, B. -F., Iavicoli, I., Ibitoye, S. E., Ida, F., Ikuta, K. S., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ilic, I. M., Ilic, M. D., Irham, L. M., Islam, J. Y., Islam, R. M., Islam, S. M. S., Ismail, N. E., Isola, G., Iwagami, M., Jacob, L., Jain, V., Jakovljevic, M. B., Javaheri, T., Jayaram, S., Jazayeri, S. B., Jha, R. P., Jonas, J. B., Joo, T., Joseph, N., Joukar, F., Jurisson, M., Kabir, A., Kahrizi, D., Kalankesh, L. R., Kalhor, R., Kaliyadan, F., Kalkonde, Y., Kamath, A., Kameran Al-Salihi, N., Kandel, H., Kapoor, N., Karch, A., Kasa, A. S., Katikireddi, S. V., Kauppila, J. H., Kavetskyy, T., Kebede, S. A., Keshavarz, P., Keykhaei, M., Khader, Y. S., Khalilov, R., Khan, G., Khan, M., Khan, M. N., Khan, M. A. B., Khang, Y. -H., Khater, A. M., Khayamzadeh, M., Kim, G. R., Kim, Y. J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kissimova-Skarbek, K., Kopec, J. A., Koteeswaran, R., Koul, P. A., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S. L., Koyanagi, A., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kugbey, N., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, N., Kurmi, O. P., Kutluk, T., La Vecchia, C., Lami, F. H., Landires, I., Lauriola, P., Lee, S. -W., Lee, S. W. H., Lee, W. -C., Lee, Y. H., Leigh, J., Leong, E., Li, J., Li, M. -C., Liu, X., Loureiro, J. A., Lunevicius, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Majeed, A., Makki, A., Male, S., Malik, A. A., Mansournia, M. A., Martini, S., Masoumi, S. Z., Mathur, P., Mckee, M., Mehrotra, R., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R. G., Mengesha, E. W., Mesregah, M. K., Mestrovic, T., Miao Jonasson, J., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Michalek, I. M., Miller, T. R., Mirzaei, H., Mirzaei, H. R., Misra, S., Mithra, P., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohammad, K. A., Mohammad, Y., Mohammadi, M., Mohammadi, S. M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Moka, N., Mokdad, A. H., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Moni, M. A., Moosavi, M. A., Moradi, Y., Moraga, P., Morgado-Da-Costa, J., Morrison, S. D., Mosapour, A., Mubarik, S., Mwanri, L., Nagarajan, A. J., Nagaraju, S. P., Nagata, C., Naimzada, M. D., Nangia, V., Naqvi, A. A., Narasimha Swamy, S., Ndejjo, R., Nduaguba, S. O., Negoi, I., Negru, S. M., Neupane Kandel, S., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, H. L. T., Niazi, R. K., Nnaji, C. A., Noor, N. M., Nunez-Samudio, V., Nzoputam, C. I., Oancea, B., Ochir, C., Odukoya, O. O., Ogbo, F. A., Olagunju, A. T., Olakunde, B. O., Omar, E., Omar Bali, A., Omonisi, A. E. E., Ong, S., Onwujekwe, O. E., Orru, H., Ortega-Altamirano, D. V., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S. S., Owolabi, M. O., P A, M., Padubidri, J. R., Pakshir, K., Pana, A., Panagiotakos, D., Panda-Jonas, S., Pardhan, S., Park, E. -C., Park, E. -K., Pashazadeh Kan, F., Patel, H. K., Patel, J. R., Pati, S., Pattanshetty, S. M., Paudel, U., Pereira, D. M., Pereira, R. B., Perianayagam, A., Pillay, J. D., Pirouzpanah, S., Pishgar, F., Podder, I., Postma, M. J., Pourjafar, H., Prashant, A., Preotescu, L., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Radfar, A., Radhakrishnan, R. A., Radhakrishnan, V., Rafiee, A., Rahim, F., Rahimzadeh, S., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. A., Rahmani, A. 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J., Sofi-Mahmudi, A., Sotoudeh, H., Steiropoulos, P., Straif, K., Subedi, R., Sufiyan, M. B., Sultan, I., Sultana, S., Sur, D., Szerencses, V., Szocska, M., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabuchi, T., Tadbiri, H., Taherkhani, A., Takahashi, K., Talaat, I. M., Tan, K. -K., Tat, V. Y., Tedla, B. A. A., Tefera, Y. G., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Temsah, M. -H., Tesfay, F. H., Tessema, G. A., Thapar, R., Thavamani, A., Thoguluva Chandrasekar, V., Thomas, N., Tohidinik, H. R., Touvier, M., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Traini, E., Tran, B. X., Tran, K. B., Tran, M. T. N., Tripathy, J. P., Tusa, B. S., Ullah, I., Ullah, S., Umapathi, K. K., Unnikrishnan, B., Upadhyay, E., Vacante, M., Vaezi, M., Valadan Tahbaz, S., Velazquez, D. Z., Veroux, M., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Vo, B., Volovici, V., Vu, G. T., Waheed, Y., Wamai, R. G., Ward, P., Wen, Y. F., Westerman, R., Winkler, A. S., Yadav, L., Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S. H., Yang, L., Yaya, S., Yazie, T. S. Y., Yeshaw, Y., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yousefi, Z., Yu, C., Yuce, D., Yunusa, I., Zadnik, V., Zare, F., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, J., Zhong, C., Zhou, L., Zhu, C., Ziapour, A., Zimmermann, I. R., Fitzmaurice, C., Murray, C. J. L., and Force, L. M.
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Cancer Research ,GBD ,195 COUNTRIES ,Global Health ,1117 Public Health and Health Services ,Global Burden of Disease ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,WORLDWIDE ,Risk Factors ,Neoplasms ,SURVEILLANCE ,SUPPORT ,Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration ,Prevalence ,Online First ,cancer ,Humans ,1112 Oncology and Carcinogenesis ,public health, cancer, burden of diseases ,PROGRESS ,Original Investigation ,Global burden ,Science & Technology ,CHALLENGES ,Research ,Incidence ,Medisinske Fag: 700::Klinisk medisinske fag: 750::Onkologi: 762 [VDP] ,COVID-19 ,1112 Oncology and Carcinogenesis, 1117 Public Health and Health Services ,Disability-Adjusted Life Years ,mortality ,STATISTICS ,Oncology ,Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019 A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 ,HEALTH-CARE ,TERRITORIES ,Quality-Adjusted Life Years ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Comments - Abstract
Key Points Question What was the burden of cancer globally and across Sociodemographic Index (SDI) groupings in 2019, and how has incidence, morbidity, and mortality changed since 2010? Findings In this systematic analysis, there were 23.6 million new global cancer cases in 2019 (17.2 million when excluding those with nonmelanoma skin cancer), 10.0 million cancer deaths, and an estimated 250 million disability-adjusted life years estimated to be due to cancer; since 2010, these represent increases of 26.3%, 20.9%, and 16.0%, respectively. Absolute cancer burden increased in all SDI quintiles since 2010, but the largest percentage increases occurred in the low and low-middle SDI quintiles. Meanings The study results suggest that increased cancer prevention and control efforts are needed to equitably address the evolving and increasing burden of cancer across the SDI spectrum., Importance The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) provided systematic estimates of incidence, morbidity, and mortality to inform local and international efforts toward reducing cancer burden. Objective To estimate cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles from 2010 to 2019. Evidence Review The GBD 2019 estimation methods were used to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019 and over the past decade. Estimates are also provided by quintiles of the SDI, a composite measure of educational attainment, income per capita, and total fertility rate for those younger than 25 years. Estimates include 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings In 2019, there were an estimated 23.6 million (95% UI, 22.2-24.9 million) new cancer cases (17.2 million when excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 10.0 million (95% UI, 9.36-10.6 million) cancer deaths globally, with an estimated 250 million (235-264 million) DALYs due to cancer. Since 2010, these represented a 26.3% (95% UI, 20.3%-32.3%) increase in new cases, a 20.9% (95% UI, 14.2%-27.6%) increase in deaths, and a 16.0% (95% UI, 9.3%-22.8%) increase in DALYs. Among 22 groups of diseases and injuries in the GBD 2019 study, cancer was second only to cardiovascular diseases for the number of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs globally in 2019. Cancer burden differed across SDI quintiles. The proportion of years lived with disability that contributed to DALYs increased with SDI, ranging from 1.4% (1.1%-1.8%) in the low SDI quintile to 5.7% (4.2%-7.1%) in the high SDI quintile. While the high SDI quintile had the highest number of new cases in 2019, the middle SDI quintile had the highest number of cancer deaths and DALYs. From 2010 to 2019, the largest percentage increase in the numbers of cases and deaths occurred in the low and low-middle SDI quintiles. Conclusions and Relevance The results of this systematic analysis suggest that the global burden of cancer is substantial and growing, with burden differing by SDI. These results provide comprehensive and comparable estimates that can potentially inform efforts toward equitable cancer control around the world., The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 examines cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index quintiles from 2010 to 2019.
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- 2022
18. Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.
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Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration, Kocarnik, JM, Compton, K, Dean, FE, Fu, W, Gaw, BL, Harvey, JD, Henrikson, HJ, Lu, D, Pennini, A, Xu, R, Ababneh, E, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Elsalam, SM, Abdoli, A, Abedi, A, Abidi, H, Abolhassani, H, Adedeji, IA, Adnani, QES, Advani, SM, Afzal, MS, Aghaali, M, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed Rashid, T, Ahmed Salih, Y, Akalu, GT, Aklilu, A, Akram, T, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Ali, S, Alimohamadi, Y, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Alkhayyat, M, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, NA, Al-Maweri, SAA, Almustanyir, S, Alonso, N, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amu, H, Anbesu, EW, Ancuceanu, R, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antwi, MH, Anvari, D, Anyasodor, AE, Aqeel, M, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Ariffin, H, Aripov, T, Arshad, M, Artaman, A, Arulappan, J, Asemi, Z, Asghari Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, T, Atorkey, P, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Awedew, AF, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayenew, T, Azab, MA, Azadnajafabad, S, Azari Jafari, A, Azarian, G, Azzam, AY, Badiye, AD, Bahadory, S, Baig, AA, Baker, JL, Balakrishnan, S, Banach, M, Bärnighausen, TW, Barone-Adesi, F, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Behzadifar, M, Belgaumi, UI, Bezabhe, WMM, Bezabih, YM, Bhagat, DS, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhojaraja, VS, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Bisignano, C, Bjørge, T, Bleyer, A, Blyuss, O, Bolarinwa, OA, Bolla, SR, Braithwaite, D, Brar, A, Brenner, H, Bustamante-Teixeira, MT, Butt, NS, Butt, ZA, Caetano Dos Santos, FL, Cao, Y, Carreras, G, Catalá-López, F, Cembranel, F, Cerin, E, Cernigliaro, A, Chakinala, RC, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Chaturvedi, P, Chimed-Ochir, O, Cho, DY, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Chung, MT, Conde, J, Cortés, S, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Cunha, AR, Dadras, O, Dagnew, AB, Dahlawi, SMA, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Darwesh, AM, das Neves, J, De la Hoz, FP, Demis, AB, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Dhamnetiya, D, Dhimal, ML, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Do, HP, Doaei, S, Dorostkar, F, Dos Santos Figueiredo, FW, Driscoll, TR, Ebrahimi, H, Eftekharzadeh, S, El Tantawi, M, El-Abid, H, Elbarazi, I, Elhabashy, HR, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, SI, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Etemadi, A, Ezzikouri, S, Faisaluddin, M, Faraon, EJA, Fares, J, Farzadfar, F, Feroze, AH, Ferrero, S, Ferro Desideri, L, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, JL, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Gaal, PA, Gad, MM, Gadanya, MA, Gallus, S, Gaspar Fonseca, M, Getachew Obsa, A, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gilani, SA, Ginindza, TG, Gizaw, ATT, Glasbey, JC, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Gomez, RS, Gopalani, SV, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Grosso, G, Gubari, MIM, Guerra, MR, Guha, A, Gunasekera, DS, Gupta, B, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gutiérrez, RA, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haider, MR, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halwani, R, Hamadeh, RR, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Haque, S, Harlianto, NI, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hassanipour, S, Hay, RJ, Hay, SI, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Herrera-Serna, BY, Herteliu, C, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hossain, MM, Hossain, MBH, Hosseini, M-S, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsairi, M, Huang, J, Hugo, FN, Hussain, R, Hussein, NR, Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, SE, Ida, F, Ikuta, KS, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Irham, LM, Islam, JY, Islam, RM, Islam, Shariful, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jain, V, Jakovljevic, MB, Javaheri, T, Jayaram, S, Jazayeri, SB, Jha, RP, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jürisson, M, Kabir, A, Kahrizi, D, Kalankesh, LR, Kalhor, R, Kaliyadan, F, Kalkonde, Y, Kamath, A, Kameran Al-Salihi, N, Kandel, H, Kapoor, N, Karch, A, Kasa, AS, Katikireddi, SV, Kauppila, JH, Kavetskyy, T, Kebede, SA, Keshavarz, P, Keykhaei, M, Khader, YS, Khalilov, R, Khan, G, Khan, M, Khan, MN, Khan, MAB, Khang, Y-H, Khater, AM, Khayamzadeh, M, Kim, GR, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kopec, JA, Koteeswaran, R, Koul, PA, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Koyanagi, A, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kugbey, N, Kumar, GA, Kumar, N, Kurmi, OP, Kutluk, T, La Vecchia, C, Lami, FH, Landires, I, Lauriola, P, Lee, S-W, Lee, SWH, Lee, W-C, Lee, YH, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Li, J, Li, M-C, Liu, X, Loureiro, JA, Lunevicius, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Male, S, Malik, AA, Mansournia, MA, Martini, S, Masoumi, SZ, Mathur, P, McKee, M, Mehrotra, R, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengesha, EW, Mesregah, MK, Mestrovic, T, Miao Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, Miller, TR, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, HR, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohammad, KA, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadi, SM, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Moka, N, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moni, MA, Moosavi, MA, Moradi, Y, Moraga, P, Morgado-da-Costa, J, Morrison, SD, Mosapour, A, Mubarik, S, Mwanri, L, Nagarajan, AJ, Nagaraju, SP, Nagata, C, Naimzada, MD, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narasimha Swamy, S, Ndejjo, R, Nduaguba, SO, Negoi, I, Negru, SM, Neupane Kandel, S, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, HLT, Niazi, RK, Nnaji, CA, Noor, NM, Nuñez-Samudio, V, Nzoputam, CI, Oancea, B, Ochir, C, Odukoya, OO, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Olakunde, BO, Omar, E, Omar Bali, A, Omonisi, AEE, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Orru, H, Ortega-Altamirano, DV, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Owolabi, MO, P A, M, Padubidri, JR, Pakshir, K, Pana, A, Panagiotakos, D, Panda-Jonas, S, Pardhan, S, Park, E-C, Park, E-K, Pashazadeh Kan, F, Patel, HK, Patel, JR, Pati, S, Pattanshetty, SM, Paudel, U, Pereira, DM, Pereira, RB, Perianayagam, A, Pillay, JD, Pirouzpanah, S, Pishgar, F, Podder, I, Postma, MJ, Pourjafar, H, Prashant, A, Preotescu, L, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Radhakrishnan, RA, Radhakrishnan, V, Rafiee, A, Rahim, F, Rahimzadeh, S, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, AM, Rajai, N, Rajesh, A, Rakovac, I, Ram, P, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, K, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rao, SJ, Rawassizadeh, R, Razeghinia, MS, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Roberts, TJ, Rodriguez, JAB, Rohloff, P, Romoli, M, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rwegerera, GM, S, M, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Saeed, U, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, H, Salehi, S, Salem, MR, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sankararaman, S, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sardiwalla, Y, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Saylan, M, Schneider, IJC, Sekerija, M, Seylani, A, Shafaat, O, Shaghaghi, Z, Shaikh, MA, Shamsoddin, E, Shannawaz, M, Sharma, R, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shetty, A, Shetty, JK, Shetty, PH, Shibuya, K, Shirkoohi, R, Shivakumar, KM, Shivarov, V, Siabani, S, Siddappa Malleshappa, SK, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Sintayehu, Y, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Soeberg, MJ, Sofi-Mahmudi, A, Sotoudeh, H, Steiropoulos, P, Straif, K, Subedi, R, Sufiyan, MB, Sultan, I, Sultana, S, Sur, D, Szerencsés, V, Szócska, M, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabuchi, T, Tadbiri, H, Taherkhani, A, Takahashi, K, Talaat, IM, Tan, K-K, Tat, VY, Tedla, BAA, Tefera, YG, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Tesfay, FH, Tessema, GA, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Thoguluva Chandrasekar, V, Thomas, N, Tohidinik, HR, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Traini, E, Tran, BX, Tran, KB, Tran, MTN, Tripathy, JP, Tusa, BS, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Umapathi, KK, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Vacante, M, Vaezi, M, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Velazquez, DZ, Veroux, M, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Vu, GT, Waheed, Y, Wamai, RG, Ward, P, Wen, YF, Westerman, R, Winkler, AS, Yadav, L, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, SH, Yang, L, Yaya, S, Yazie, TSY, Yeshaw, Y, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yunusa, I, Zadnik, V, Zare, F, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, J, Zhong, C, Zhou, L, Zhu, C, Ziapour, A, Zimmermann, IR, Fitzmaurice, C, Murray, CJL, Force, LM, Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration, Kocarnik, JM, Compton, K, Dean, FE, Fu, W, Gaw, BL, Harvey, JD, Henrikson, HJ, Lu, D, Pennini, A, Xu, R, Ababneh, E, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Elsalam, SM, Abdoli, A, Abedi, A, Abidi, H, Abolhassani, H, Adedeji, IA, Adnani, QES, Advani, SM, Afzal, MS, Aghaali, M, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed Rashid, T, Ahmed Salih, Y, Akalu, GT, Aklilu, A, Akram, T, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Ali, S, Alimohamadi, Y, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Alkhayyat, M, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, NA, Al-Maweri, SAA, Almustanyir, S, Alonso, N, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amu, H, Anbesu, EW, Ancuceanu, R, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antwi, MH, Anvari, D, Anyasodor, AE, Aqeel, M, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Ariffin, H, Aripov, T, Arshad, M, Artaman, A, Arulappan, J, Asemi, Z, Asghari Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, T, Atorkey, P, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Awedew, AF, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayenew, T, Azab, MA, Azadnajafabad, S, Azari Jafari, A, Azarian, G, Azzam, AY, Badiye, AD, Bahadory, S, Baig, AA, Baker, JL, Balakrishnan, S, Banach, M, Bärnighausen, TW, Barone-Adesi, F, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Behzadifar, M, Belgaumi, UI, Bezabhe, WMM, Bezabih, YM, Bhagat, DS, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhojaraja, VS, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Bisignano, C, Bjørge, T, Bleyer, A, Blyuss, O, Bolarinwa, OA, Bolla, SR, Braithwaite, D, Brar, A, Brenner, H, Bustamante-Teixeira, MT, Butt, NS, Butt, ZA, Caetano Dos Santos, FL, Cao, Y, Carreras, G, Catalá-López, F, Cembranel, F, Cerin, E, Cernigliaro, A, Chakinala, RC, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Chaturvedi, P, Chimed-Ochir, O, Cho, DY, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Chung, MT, Conde, J, Cortés, S, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Cunha, AR, Dadras, O, Dagnew, AB, Dahlawi, SMA, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Darwesh, AM, das Neves, J, De la Hoz, FP, Demis, AB, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Dhamnetiya, D, Dhimal, ML, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Do, HP, Doaei, S, Dorostkar, F, Dos Santos Figueiredo, FW, Driscoll, TR, Ebrahimi, H, Eftekharzadeh, S, El Tantawi, M, El-Abid, H, Elbarazi, I, Elhabashy, HR, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, SI, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Etemadi, A, Ezzikouri, S, Faisaluddin, M, Faraon, EJA, Fares, J, Farzadfar, F, Feroze, AH, Ferrero, S, Ferro Desideri, L, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, JL, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Gaal, PA, Gad, MM, Gadanya, MA, Gallus, S, Gaspar Fonseca, M, Getachew Obsa, A, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gilani, SA, Ginindza, TG, Gizaw, ATT, Glasbey, JC, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Gomez, RS, Gopalani, SV, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Grosso, G, Gubari, MIM, Guerra, MR, Guha, A, Gunasekera, DS, Gupta, B, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gutiérrez, RA, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haider, MR, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halwani, R, Hamadeh, RR, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Haque, S, Harlianto, NI, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hassanipour, S, Hay, RJ, Hay, SI, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Herrera-Serna, BY, Herteliu, C, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hossain, MM, Hossain, MBH, Hosseini, M-S, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsairi, M, Huang, J, Hugo, FN, Hussain, R, Hussein, NR, Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, SE, Ida, F, Ikuta, KS, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Irham, LM, Islam, JY, Islam, RM, Islam, Shariful, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jain, V, Jakovljevic, MB, Javaheri, T, Jayaram, S, Jazayeri, SB, Jha, RP, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jürisson, M, Kabir, A, Kahrizi, D, Kalankesh, LR, Kalhor, R, Kaliyadan, F, Kalkonde, Y, Kamath, A, Kameran Al-Salihi, N, Kandel, H, Kapoor, N, Karch, A, Kasa, AS, Katikireddi, SV, Kauppila, JH, Kavetskyy, T, Kebede, SA, Keshavarz, P, Keykhaei, M, Khader, YS, Khalilov, R, Khan, G, Khan, M, Khan, MN, Khan, MAB, Khang, Y-H, Khater, AM, Khayamzadeh, M, Kim, GR, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kopec, JA, Koteeswaran, R, Koul, PA, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Koyanagi, A, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kugbey, N, Kumar, GA, Kumar, N, Kurmi, OP, Kutluk, T, La Vecchia, C, Lami, FH, Landires, I, Lauriola, P, Lee, S-W, Lee, SWH, Lee, W-C, Lee, YH, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Li, J, Li, M-C, Liu, X, Loureiro, JA, Lunevicius, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Male, S, Malik, AA, Mansournia, MA, Martini, S, Masoumi, SZ, Mathur, P, McKee, M, Mehrotra, R, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengesha, EW, Mesregah, MK, Mestrovic, T, Miao Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, Miller, TR, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, HR, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohammad, KA, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadi, SM, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Moka, N, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moni, MA, Moosavi, MA, Moradi, Y, Moraga, P, Morgado-da-Costa, J, Morrison, SD, Mosapour, A, Mubarik, S, Mwanri, L, Nagarajan, AJ, Nagaraju, SP, Nagata, C, Naimzada, MD, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narasimha Swamy, S, Ndejjo, R, Nduaguba, SO, Negoi, I, Negru, SM, Neupane Kandel, S, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, HLT, Niazi, RK, Nnaji, CA, Noor, NM, Nuñez-Samudio, V, Nzoputam, CI, Oancea, B, Ochir, C, Odukoya, OO, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Olakunde, BO, Omar, E, Omar Bali, A, Omonisi, AEE, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Orru, H, Ortega-Altamirano, DV, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Owolabi, MO, P A, M, Padubidri, JR, Pakshir, K, Pana, A, Panagiotakos, D, Panda-Jonas, S, Pardhan, S, Park, E-C, Park, E-K, Pashazadeh Kan, F, Patel, HK, Patel, JR, Pati, S, Pattanshetty, SM, Paudel, U, Pereira, DM, Pereira, RB, Perianayagam, A, Pillay, JD, Pirouzpanah, S, Pishgar, F, Podder, I, Postma, MJ, Pourjafar, H, Prashant, A, Preotescu, L, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Radhakrishnan, RA, Radhakrishnan, V, Rafiee, A, Rahim, F, Rahimzadeh, S, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, AM, Rajai, N, Rajesh, A, Rakovac, I, Ram, P, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, K, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rao, SJ, Rawassizadeh, R, Razeghinia, MS, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Roberts, TJ, Rodriguez, JAB, Rohloff, P, Romoli, M, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rwegerera, GM, S, M, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Saeed, U, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, H, Salehi, S, Salem, MR, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sankararaman, S, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sardiwalla, Y, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Saylan, M, Schneider, IJC, Sekerija, M, Seylani, A, Shafaat, O, Shaghaghi, Z, Shaikh, MA, Shamsoddin, E, Shannawaz, M, Sharma, R, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shetty, A, Shetty, JK, Shetty, PH, Shibuya, K, Shirkoohi, R, Shivakumar, KM, Shivarov, V, Siabani, S, Siddappa Malleshappa, SK, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Sintayehu, Y, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Soeberg, MJ, Sofi-Mahmudi, A, Sotoudeh, H, Steiropoulos, P, Straif, K, Subedi, R, Sufiyan, MB, Sultan, I, Sultana, S, Sur, D, Szerencsés, V, Szócska, M, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabuchi, T, Tadbiri, H, Taherkhani, A, Takahashi, K, Talaat, IM, Tan, K-K, Tat, VY, Tedla, BAA, Tefera, YG, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Tesfay, FH, Tessema, GA, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Thoguluva Chandrasekar, V, Thomas, N, Tohidinik, HR, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Traini, E, Tran, BX, Tran, KB, Tran, MTN, Tripathy, JP, Tusa, BS, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Umapathi, KK, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Vacante, M, Vaezi, M, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Velazquez, DZ, Veroux, M, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Vu, GT, Waheed, Y, Wamai, RG, Ward, P, Wen, YF, Westerman, R, Winkler, AS, Yadav, L, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, SH, Yang, L, Yaya, S, Yazie, TSY, Yeshaw, Y, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yunusa, I, Zadnik, V, Zare, F, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, J, Zhong, C, Zhou, L, Zhu, C, Ziapour, A, Zimmermann, IR, Fitzmaurice, C, Murray, CJL, and Force, LM
- Abstract
Importance: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) provided systematic estimates of incidence, morbidity, and mortality to inform local and international efforts toward reducing cancer burden. Objective: To estimate cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles from 2010 to 2019. Evidence Review: The GBD 2019 estimation methods were used to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019 and over the past decade. Estimates are also provided by quintiles of the SDI, a composite measure of educational attainment, income per capita, and total fertility rate for those younger than 25 years. Estimates include 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings: In 2019, there were an estimated 23.6 million (95% UI, 22.2-24.9 million) new cancer cases (17.2 million when excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 10.0 million (95% UI, 9.36-10.6 million) cancer deaths globally, with an estimated 250 million (235-264 million) DALYs due to cancer. Since 2010, these represented a 26.3% (95% UI, 20.3%-32.3%) increase in new cases, a 20.9% (95% UI, 14.2%-27.6%) increase in deaths, and a 16.0% (95% UI, 9.3%-22.8%) increase in DALYs. Among 22 groups of diseases and injuries in the GBD 2019 study, cancer was second only to cardiovascular diseases for the number of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs globally in 2019. Cancer burden differed across SDI quintiles. The proportion of years lived with disability that contributed to DALYs increased with SDI, ranging from 1.4% (1.1%-1.8%) in the low SDI quintile to 5.7% (4.2%-7.1%) in the high SDI quintile. While the high SDI quintile had the highest number of new cases in 2019, the middle SDI quintile had the highest number of cancer deaths and DALYs. From 2010 to 2019, the largest percentage increase in the numbers of cases and deaths occurred in the low
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- 2021
19. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
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Feigin, VL, Stark, BA, Johnson, CO, Roth, GA, Bisignano, C, Abady, GG, Abbasifard, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Allah, F, Abedi, V, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Rmeileh, NM, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, OM, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, S, Salih, YA, Aji, B, Akbarpour, S, Akinyemi, RO, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alif, SM, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, RM, Salman, RA-S, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, JA, Ansar, A, Antonazzo, IC, Arabloo, J, Arnlov, J, Artanti, KD, Aryan, Z, Asgari, S, Ashraf, T, Athar, M, Atreya, A, Ausloos, M, Baig, AA, Baltatu, OC, Banach, M, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, TW, Barone, MTU, Basu, S, Bazmandegan, G, Beghi, E, Beheshti, M, Bejot, Y, Bell, AW, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Bezabhe, WM, Bezabih, YM, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Birhanu, MM, Boloor, A, Bonny, A, Brauer, M, Brenner, H, Bryazka, D, Butt, ZA, dos Santos, FLC, Campos-Nonato, IR, Cantu-Brito, C, Carrero, JJ, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Catapano, AL, Chakraborty, PA, Charan, J, Choudhari, SG, Chowdhury, EK, Chu, D-T, Chung, S-C, Colozza, D, Costa, VM, Costanzo, S, Criqui, MH, Dadras, O, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dalal, K, Damasceno, AAM, D'Amico, E, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Gela, JD, Davletov, K, De La Cruz-Gongora, V, Desai, R, Dhamnetiya, D, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhimal, ML, Dhimal, M, Diaz, D, Dichgans, M, Dokova, K, Doshi, R, Douiri, A, Duncan, BB, Eftekharzadeh, S, Ekholuenetale, M, El Nahas, N, Elgendy, IY, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Endres, M, Endries, AY, Erku, DA, Faraon, EJA, Farooque, U, Farzadfar, F, Feroze, AH, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flood, D, Gad, MM, Gaidhane, S, Gheshlagh, RG, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Ghozali, G, Ghozy, S, Gialluisi, A, Giampaoli, S, Gilani, SA, Gill, PS, Gnedovskaya, E, Golechha, M, Goulart, AC, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gyanwali, P, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Hankey, GJ, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, TS, Hassen, HY, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hwang, B-F, Iacoviello, L, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, SE, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Iqbal, U, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Ismail, NE, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jain, V, Jang, S-I, Jayapal, SK, Jayaram, S, Jayawardena, R, Jeemon, P, Jha, RP, Johnson, WD, Jonas, JB, Joseph, N, Jozwiak, JJ, Jurisson, M, Kalani, R, Kalhor, R, Kalkonde, Y, Kamath, A, Kamiab, Z, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Katoto, PDMC, Kayode, GA, Keshavarz, P, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khan, IA, Khan, M, Khan, MAB, Khatib, MN, Khubchandani, J, Kim, GR, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Kolte, D, Koolivand, A, Laxminarayana, SLK, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamurthi, R, Kumar, GA, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lak, HM, Lallukka, T, Lasrado, S, Lavados, PM, Leonardi, M, Li, B, Li, S, Lin, H, Lin, R-T, Liu, X, Lo, WD, Lorkowski, S, Lucchetti, G, Saute, RL, Razek, HMAE, Magnani, FG, Mahajan, PB, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, AA, Manafi, N, Mansournia, MA, Mantovani, LG, Martini, S, Mazzaglia, G, Mehndiratta, MM, Menezes, RG, Meretoja, A, Mersha, AG, Jonasson, JM, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Mokhayeri, Y, Molokhia, M, Moni, MA, Al Montasir, A, Moradzadeh, R, Morawska, L, Morze, J, Muruet, W, Musa, KI, Nagarajan, AJ, Naghavi, M, Swamy, SN, Nascimento, BR, Negoi, RI, Kandel, SN, Trang, HN, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJ, Nwatah, VE, Oancea, B, Odukoya, OO, Olagunju, AT, Orru, H, Owolabi, MO, Padubidri, JR, Pana, A, Parekh, T, Park, E-C, Kan, FP, Pathak, M, Peres, MFP, Perianayagam, A, Truong-Minh, P, Piradov, MA, Podder, V, Polinder, S, Postma, MJ, Pourshams, A, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Raggi, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, AM, Rajai, N, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rao, SJ, Rathi, P, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Reitsma, MB, Renjith, V, Renzaho, AMN, Rezapour, A, Rodriguez, JAB, Roever, L, Romoli, M, Rynkiewicz, A, Sacco, S, Sadeghi, M, Moghaddam, SS, Sahebkar, A, Saif-Ur-Rahman, K, Salah, R, Samaei, M, Samy, AM, Santos, IS, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sathian, B, Sattin, D, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, MP, Schmidt, MI, Schutte, AE, Sepanlou, SG, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, MA, Shannawaz, M, Shawon, MSR, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shibuya, K, Siabani, S, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Singh, JK, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Sobaih, BH, Stortecky, S, Stranges, S, Tadesse, EG, Tarigan, IU, Temsah, M-H, Teuschl, Y, Thrift, AG, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Bach, XT, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, GW, Ullah, A, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Vakilian, A, Tahbaz, SV, Vasankari, TJ, Venketasubramanian, N, Vervoort, D, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Vosoughi, K, Giang, TV, Linh, GV, Wafa, HA, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Wijeratne, T, Winkler, AS, Wolfe, CDA, Woodward, M, Wu, JH, Hanson, SW, Xu, X, Yadav, L, Yadollahpour, A, Jabbari, SHY, Yamagishi, K, Yatsuya, H, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zaman, MS, Bin Zaman, S, Zamanian, M, Zand, R, Zandifar, A, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z-J, Zhong, C, Zuniga, YMH, Murray, CJL, Feigin, VL, Stark, BA, Johnson, CO, Roth, GA, Bisignano, C, Abady, GG, Abbasifard, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Allah, F, Abedi, V, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Rmeileh, NM, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, OM, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, S, Salih, YA, Aji, B, Akbarpour, S, Akinyemi, RO, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alif, SM, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, RM, Salman, RA-S, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, JA, Ansar, A, Antonazzo, IC, Arabloo, J, Arnlov, J, Artanti, KD, Aryan, Z, Asgari, S, Ashraf, T, Athar, M, Atreya, A, Ausloos, M, Baig, AA, Baltatu, OC, Banach, M, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, TW, Barone, MTU, Basu, S, Bazmandegan, G, Beghi, E, Beheshti, M, Bejot, Y, Bell, AW, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Bezabhe, WM, Bezabih, YM, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Birhanu, MM, Boloor, A, Bonny, A, Brauer, M, Brenner, H, Bryazka, D, Butt, ZA, dos Santos, FLC, Campos-Nonato, IR, Cantu-Brito, C, Carrero, JJ, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Catapano, AL, Chakraborty, PA, Charan, J, Choudhari, SG, Chowdhury, EK, Chu, D-T, Chung, S-C, Colozza, D, Costa, VM, Costanzo, S, Criqui, MH, Dadras, O, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dalal, K, Damasceno, AAM, D'Amico, E, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Gela, JD, Davletov, K, De La Cruz-Gongora, V, Desai, R, Dhamnetiya, D, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhimal, ML, Dhimal, M, Diaz, D, Dichgans, M, Dokova, K, Doshi, R, Douiri, A, Duncan, BB, Eftekharzadeh, S, Ekholuenetale, M, El Nahas, N, Elgendy, IY, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Endres, M, Endries, AY, Erku, DA, Faraon, EJA, Farooque, U, Farzadfar, F, Feroze, AH, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flood, D, Gad, MM, Gaidhane, S, Gheshlagh, RG, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Ghozali, G, Ghozy, S, Gialluisi, A, Giampaoli, S, Gilani, SA, Gill, PS, Gnedovskaya, E, Golechha, M, Goulart, AC, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gyanwali, P, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Hankey, GJ, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, TS, Hassen, HY, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hwang, B-F, Iacoviello, L, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, SE, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Iqbal, U, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Ismail, NE, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jain, V, Jang, S-I, Jayapal, SK, Jayaram, S, Jayawardena, R, Jeemon, P, Jha, RP, Johnson, WD, Jonas, JB, Joseph, N, Jozwiak, JJ, Jurisson, M, Kalani, R, Kalhor, R, Kalkonde, Y, Kamath, A, Kamiab, Z, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Katoto, PDMC, Kayode, GA, Keshavarz, P, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khan, IA, Khan, M, Khan, MAB, Khatib, MN, Khubchandani, J, Kim, GR, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Kolte, D, Koolivand, A, Laxminarayana, SLK, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamurthi, R, Kumar, GA, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lak, HM, Lallukka, T, Lasrado, S, Lavados, PM, Leonardi, M, Li, B, Li, S, Lin, H, Lin, R-T, Liu, X, Lo, WD, Lorkowski, S, Lucchetti, G, Saute, RL, Razek, HMAE, Magnani, FG, Mahajan, PB, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, AA, Manafi, N, Mansournia, MA, Mantovani, LG, Martini, S, Mazzaglia, G, Mehndiratta, MM, Menezes, RG, Meretoja, A, Mersha, AG, Jonasson, JM, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Mokhayeri, Y, Molokhia, M, Moni, MA, Al Montasir, A, Moradzadeh, R, Morawska, L, Morze, J, Muruet, W, Musa, KI, Nagarajan, AJ, Naghavi, M, Swamy, SN, Nascimento, BR, Negoi, RI, Kandel, SN, Trang, HN, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJ, Nwatah, VE, Oancea, B, Odukoya, OO, Olagunju, AT, Orru, H, Owolabi, MO, Padubidri, JR, Pana, A, Parekh, T, Park, E-C, Kan, FP, Pathak, M, Peres, MFP, Perianayagam, A, Truong-Minh, P, Piradov, MA, Podder, V, Polinder, S, Postma, MJ, Pourshams, A, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Raggi, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, AM, Rajai, N, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rao, SJ, Rathi, P, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Reitsma, MB, Renjith, V, Renzaho, AMN, Rezapour, A, Rodriguez, JAB, Roever, L, Romoli, M, Rynkiewicz, A, Sacco, S, Sadeghi, M, Moghaddam, SS, Sahebkar, A, Saif-Ur-Rahman, K, Salah, R, Samaei, M, Samy, AM, Santos, IS, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sathian, B, Sattin, D, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, MP, Schmidt, MI, Schutte, AE, Sepanlou, SG, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, MA, Shannawaz, M, Shawon, MSR, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shibuya, K, Siabani, S, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Singh, JK, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Sobaih, BH, Stortecky, S, Stranges, S, Tadesse, EG, Tarigan, IU, Temsah, M-H, Teuschl, Y, Thrift, AG, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Bach, XT, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, GW, Ullah, A, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Vakilian, A, Tahbaz, SV, Vasankari, TJ, Venketasubramanian, N, Vervoort, D, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Vosoughi, K, Giang, TV, Linh, GV, Wafa, HA, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Wijeratne, T, Winkler, AS, Wolfe, CDA, Woodward, M, Wu, JH, Hanson, SW, Xu, X, Yadav, L, Yadollahpour, A, Jabbari, SHY, Yamagishi, K, Yatsuya, H, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zaman, MS, Bin Zaman, S, Zamanian, M, Zand, R, Zandifar, A, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z-J, Zhong, C, Zuniga, YMH, and Murray, CJL
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. METHODS: We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. FINDINGS: In 2019, there were 12·2 million (95% UI 11·0-13·6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93·2-111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133-153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6·55 million (6·00-7·02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11·6% [10·8-12·2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5·7% [5·1-6·2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70·0% (67·0-73·0), prevalent strokes increased by 85·0% (83·0-88·0), deaths from stroke increased by 43·0% (31·0-55·0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32·0% (22·0-42·0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17·0% (15·0-18·0), mortality decreased by 36·0% (31·0-42·0), prevalence decreased by 6·0% (5·0-7·0), and DALYs decreased by 36·0% (31·0-42·0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22·0% (21·0-24·0) and incidence rat
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- 2021
20. Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050
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Micah, AE, Cogswell, IE, Cunningham, B, Ezoe, S, Harle, AC, Maddison, ER, McCracken, D, Nomura, S, Simpson, KE, Stutzman, HN, Tsakalos, G, Wallace, LE, Zhao, Y, Zende, RR, Abbafati, C, Abdelmasseh, M, Abedi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abhilash, ES, Abolhassani, H, Abrigo, MRM, Adhikari, TB, Afzal, S, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, MB, Rashid, TA, Ajami, M, Aji, B, Akalu, Y, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alam, K, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alemayehu, Y, Alhassan, RK, Alinia, C, Aljunid, SM, Almustanyir, SA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ, Amini, S, Amini-Rarani, M, Amu, H, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Angell, B, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, CAT, Antony, CM, Aqeel, M, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aripov, T, Arrigo, A, Ashraf, T, Atnafu, DD, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awan, AT, Ayano, G, Ayanore, MA, Azari, S, Azhar, GS, Babalola, TK, Bahrami, MA, Baig, AA, Banach, M, Barati, N, Barnighausen, TW, Barrow, A, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Benzian, H, Berman, AE, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Bodolica, V, Bragazzi, NL, Braithwaite, D, Breitborde, NJK, Breusov, AV, Briko, NI, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Callander, EJ, Camera, LA, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Catala-Lopez, F, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Chen, S, Cicero, AFG, Dadras, O, Dahlawi, SMA, Dai, X, Dalal, K, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davitoiu, DV, De Neve, J-W, de Sa-Junior, AR, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dhamnetiya, D, Dharmaratne, SD, Doshmangir, L, Dube, J, Ehsani-Chimeh, E, Zaki, MES, El Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Farzadfar, F, Ferede, TY, Fischer, F, Foigt, NA, Freitas, A, Friedman, SD, Fukumoto, T, Fullman, N, Gaal, PA, Gad, MM, Garcia-Gordillo, MA, Garg, T, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Ghozali, G, Gilani, SA, Glavan, I-R, Glushkova, EV, Goharinezhad, S, Golechha, M, Goli, S, Guha, A, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Haakenstad, A, Haider, MR, Hailu, A, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Harapan, H, Hartono, RK, Hasaballah, AI, Hassan, S, Hassanein, MH, Hayat, K, Hegazy, MI, Heidari, G, Hendrie, D, Heredia-Pi, I, Herteliu, C, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hossain, SJ, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Huda, TM, Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I, Idrisov, B, Ilesanmi, OS, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Jahani, MA, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Janodia, MD, Javaheri, T, Jayapal, SK, Jayawardena, R, Jazayeri, SB, Jha, RP, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joukar, F, Jurisson, M, Kaambwa, B, Kalhor, R, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Matin, BK, Karimi, SE, Kassahun, G, Kayode, GA, Karyani, AK, Keikavoosi-Arani, L, Khader, YS, Khajuria, H, Khalilov, R, Khammarnia, M, Khan, J, Khubchandani, J, Kianipour, N, Kim, GR, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kohler, S, Kosen, S, Koteeswaran, R, Laxminarayana, SLK, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Kumar, GA, Kusuma, D, Lamnisos, D, Lansingh, VC, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Le, LKD, Lee, SWH, Lee, YY, Lim, SS, Lobo, SW, Lozano, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Mahdavi, MM, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Maleki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Manda, AL, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, MA, Arnedo, CAM, Martinez-Valle, A, Masoumi, SZ, Maude, RJ, Mckee, M, Medina-Solis, CE, Menezes, RG, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mesregah, MK, Mestrovic, T, Kostova, NM, Miller, TR, Mini, GK, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mohajer, B, Mohamed, TA, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Moitra, M, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Moni, MA, Moradi, Y, Morze, J, Mousavi, SM, Mpundu-Kaambwa, C, Muriithi, MK, Muthupandian, S, Nagarajan, AJ, Naimzada, MD, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narayana, AI, Nascimento, BR, Naveed, M, Nayak, BP, Nazari, J, Ndejjo, R, Negoi, I, Kandel, SN, Trang, HN, Nonvignon, J, Noubiap, JJ, Nwatah, VE, Oancea, B, Ojelabi, FAO, Olagunju, AT, Olakunde, BO, Olgiati, S, Olusanya, JO, Onwujekwe, OE, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Owolabi, MO, Padubidri, JR, Palladino, R, Panda-Jonas, S, Park, E-C, Kan, FP, Pawar, S, Toroudi, HP, Pereira, DM, Perianayagam, A, Pesudovs, K, Piccinelli, C, Postma, MJ, Prada, SI, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, M, Rahmani, AM, Ram, U, Ranabhat, CL, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rathi, P, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Reiner, RC, Renzaho, AMN, Reshmi, B, Riaz, MA, Ripon, RK, Saad, AM, Sahraian, MA, Sahu, M, Salama, JS, Salehi, S, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanmarchi, F, Santos, JV, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sathian, B, Savic, M, Saxena, D, Sayyah, M, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Seylani, A, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, MA, Sheikh, A, Shetty, A, Shetty, PH, Shibuya, K, Shrime, MG, Shuja, KH, Singh, JA, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Spurlock, EE, Stefan, SC, Szerencses, V, Szocska, M, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Taddele, BW, Tefera, YG, Thavamani, A, Tobe-Gai, R, Topor-Madry, R, Tovani-Palone, MR, Bach, XT, Car, LT, Ullah, A, Ullah, S, Umar, N, Undurraga, EA, Valdez, PR, Vasankari, TJ, Villafane, JH, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Bay, V, Vollmer, S, Theo, V, Giang, TV, Linh, GV, Wamai, RG, Werdecker, A, Woldekidan, MA, Wubishet, BL, Xu, G, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yigit, V, Yip, P, Yirdaw, BW, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Moghadam, TZ, Zandian, H, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Z-J, Ziapour, A, Zuniga, YMH, Hay, SI, Murray, CJL, Dieleman, JL, Micah, AE, Cogswell, IE, Cunningham, B, Ezoe, S, Harle, AC, Maddison, ER, McCracken, D, Nomura, S, Simpson, KE, Stutzman, HN, Tsakalos, G, Wallace, LE, Zhao, Y, Zende, RR, Abbafati, C, Abdelmasseh, M, Abedi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abhilash, ES, Abolhassani, H, Abrigo, MRM, Adhikari, TB, Afzal, S, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, MB, Rashid, TA, Ajami, M, Aji, B, Akalu, Y, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alam, K, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alemayehu, Y, Alhassan, RK, Alinia, C, Aljunid, SM, Almustanyir, SA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ, Amini, S, Amini-Rarani, M, Amu, H, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Angell, B, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, CAT, Antony, CM, Aqeel, M, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aripov, T, Arrigo, A, Ashraf, T, Atnafu, DD, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awan, AT, Ayano, G, Ayanore, MA, Azari, S, Azhar, GS, Babalola, TK, Bahrami, MA, Baig, AA, Banach, M, Barati, N, Barnighausen, TW, Barrow, A, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Benzian, H, Berman, AE, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Bodolica, V, Bragazzi, NL, Braithwaite, D, Breitborde, NJK, Breusov, AV, Briko, NI, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Callander, EJ, Camera, LA, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Catala-Lopez, F, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Chen, S, Cicero, AFG, Dadras, O, Dahlawi, SMA, Dai, X, Dalal, K, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davitoiu, DV, De Neve, J-W, de Sa-Junior, AR, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dhamnetiya, D, Dharmaratne, SD, Doshmangir, L, Dube, J, Ehsani-Chimeh, E, Zaki, MES, El Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Farzadfar, F, Ferede, TY, Fischer, F, Foigt, NA, Freitas, A, Friedman, SD, Fukumoto, T, Fullman, N, Gaal, PA, Gad, MM, Garcia-Gordillo, MA, Garg, T, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Ghozali, G, Gilani, SA, Glavan, I-R, Glushkova, EV, Goharinezhad, S, Golechha, M, Goli, S, Guha, A, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Haakenstad, A, Haider, MR, Hailu, A, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Harapan, H, Hartono, RK, Hasaballah, AI, Hassan, S, Hassanein, MH, Hayat, K, Hegazy, MI, Heidari, G, Hendrie, D, Heredia-Pi, I, Herteliu, C, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hossain, SJ, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Huda, TM, Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I, Idrisov, B, Ilesanmi, OS, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Jahani, MA, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Janodia, MD, Javaheri, T, Jayapal, SK, Jayawardena, R, Jazayeri, SB, Jha, RP, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joukar, F, Jurisson, M, Kaambwa, B, Kalhor, R, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Matin, BK, Karimi, SE, Kassahun, G, Kayode, GA, Karyani, AK, Keikavoosi-Arani, L, Khader, YS, Khajuria, H, Khalilov, R, Khammarnia, M, Khan, J, Khubchandani, J, Kianipour, N, Kim, GR, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kohler, S, Kosen, S, Koteeswaran, R, Laxminarayana, SLK, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Kumar, GA, Kusuma, D, Lamnisos, D, Lansingh, VC, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Le, LKD, Lee, SWH, Lee, YY, Lim, SS, Lobo, SW, Lozano, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Mahdavi, MM, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Maleki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Manda, AL, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, MA, Arnedo, CAM, Martinez-Valle, A, Masoumi, SZ, Maude, RJ, Mckee, M, Medina-Solis, CE, Menezes, RG, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mesregah, MK, Mestrovic, T, Kostova, NM, Miller, TR, Mini, GK, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mohajer, B, Mohamed, TA, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Moitra, M, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Moni, MA, Moradi, Y, Morze, J, Mousavi, SM, Mpundu-Kaambwa, C, Muriithi, MK, Muthupandian, S, Nagarajan, AJ, Naimzada, MD, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narayana, AI, Nascimento, BR, Naveed, M, Nayak, BP, Nazari, J, Ndejjo, R, Negoi, I, Kandel, SN, Trang, HN, Nonvignon, J, Noubiap, JJ, Nwatah, VE, Oancea, B, Ojelabi, FAO, Olagunju, AT, Olakunde, BO, Olgiati, S, Olusanya, JO, Onwujekwe, OE, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Owolabi, MO, Padubidri, JR, Palladino, R, Panda-Jonas, S, Park, E-C, Kan, FP, Pawar, S, Toroudi, HP, Pereira, DM, Perianayagam, A, Pesudovs, K, Piccinelli, C, Postma, MJ, Prada, SI, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, M, Rahmani, AM, Ram, U, Ranabhat, CL, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rathi, P, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Reiner, RC, Renzaho, AMN, Reshmi, B, Riaz, MA, Ripon, RK, Saad, AM, Sahraian, MA, Sahu, M, Salama, JS, Salehi, S, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanmarchi, F, Santos, JV, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sathian, B, Savic, M, Saxena, D, Sayyah, M, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Seylani, A, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, MA, Sheikh, A, Shetty, A, Shetty, PH, Shibuya, K, Shrime, MG, Shuja, KH, Singh, JA, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Spurlock, EE, Stefan, SC, Szerencses, V, Szocska, M, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Taddele, BW, Tefera, YG, Thavamani, A, Tobe-Gai, R, Topor-Madry, R, Tovani-Palone, MR, Bach, XT, Car, LT, Ullah, A, Ullah, S, Umar, N, Undurraga, EA, Valdez, PR, Vasankari, TJ, Villafane, JH, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Bay, V, Vollmer, S, Theo, V, Giang, TV, Linh, GV, Wamai, RG, Werdecker, A, Woldekidan, MA, Wubishet, BL, Xu, G, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yigit, V, Yip, P, Yirdaw, BW, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Moghadam, TZ, Zandian, H, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Z-J, Ziapour, A, Zuniga, YMH, Hay, SI, Murray, CJL, and Dieleman, JL
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. METHODS: We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. FINDINGS: In 2019, health spending globally reached $8·8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·7-8·8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this t
- Published
- 2021
21. Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1
- Author
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Galles, NC, Liu, PY, Updike, RL, Fullman, N, Nguyen, J, Rolfe, S, Sbarra, AN, Schipp, MF, Marks, A, Abady, GG, Abbas, KM, Abbasi, SW, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdoli, A, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, AE, Adabi, M, Adamu, AA, Adetokunboh, OO, Adnani, QES, Advani, SM, Afzal, S, Aghamir, SMK, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, MB, Rashid, TA, Salih, YA, Akalu, Y, Aklilu, A, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Albano, L, Alemayehu, Y, Alene, KA, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alhassan, RK, Ali, L, Aljunid, SM, Almustanyir, S, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amu, H, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Ansar, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonazzo, IC, Antony, B, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Artanti, KD, Arulappan, J, Awan, AT, Awoke, MA, Ayza, MA, Azarian, G, Azzam, AY, Darshan, BB, Babar, Z-U-D, Balakrishnan, S, Banach, M, Bante, SA, Barnighausen, TW, Barqawi, HJ, Barrow, A, Bassat, Q, Bayarmagnai, N, Ramirez, DFB, Bekuma, TT, Belay, HG, Belgaumi, UI, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Boloor, A, Braithwaite, D, Buonsenso, D, Butt, ZA, Camargos, P, Carreras, G, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Chakinala, RC, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Chowdhury, FR, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Chung, S-C, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Couto, RAS, Dadras, O, Dagnew, AB, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, De Neve, J-W, Molla, MD, Derseh, BT, Desai, R, Desta, AA, Dhamnetiya, D, Dhimal, ML, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Dorostkar, F, Edem, B, Edinur, HA, Eftekharzadeh, S, El Sayed, I, Zaki, MES, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Elsharkawy, A, Enany, S, Erkhembayar, R, Esezobor, CI, Eskandarieh, S, Ezeonwumelu, IJ, Ezzikouri, S, Fares, J, Faris, PS, Feleke, BE, Ferede, TY, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, JC, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Francis, MR, Fukumoto, T, Gad, MM, Gaidhane, S, Gallus, S, Garg, T, Geberemariyam, BS, Gebre, T, Gebregiorgis, BG, Gebremedhin, KB, Gebremichael, B, Gessner, BD, Ghadiri, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gilani, SA, Glavan, I-R, Glushkova, EV, Golechha, M, Gonfa, KB, Gopalani, SV, Goudarzi, H, Gubari, MIM, Guo, Y, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gutierrez, RA, Haeuser, E, Halwani, R, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Haque, S, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hassanein, MH, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Heidari, G, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hoque, ME, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Hsieh, VC-R, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hussain, R, Hussein, NR, Ibitoye, SE, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Inamdar, S, Iqbal, U, Irham, LM, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Ismail, NE, Itumalla, R, Jha, RP, Joukar, F, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalhor, R, Kamal, Z, Kamande, SM, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Kassahun, G, Kassebaum, NJ, Katoto, PD, Kelkay, B, Kengne, AP, Khader, YS, Khajuria, H, Khalil, IA, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khan, J, Khan, M, Ab Khan, M, Khang, Y-H, Khoja, AT, Khubchandani, J, Kim, GR, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Korshunov, VA, Kosen, S, Defo, BK, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, A, Kumar, GA, Kumar, N, Kwarteng, A, La Vecchia, C, Lami, FH, Landires, I, Lasrado, S, Lassi, ZS, Lee, H, Lee, YY, Levi, M, Lewycka, S, Li, S, Liu, X, Lobo, SW, Lopukhov, PD, Lozano, R, Saute, RL, Razek, MMAE, Makki, A, Malik, AA, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, MA, Mantovani, LG, Martins-Melo, FR, Matthews, PC, Medina, JRC, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengesha, EW, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AG, Mesregah, MK, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Milne, GJ, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirzaei, HR, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohamed, TA, Mohammad, KA, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, S, Mohapatra, A, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moni, MA, Al Montasir, A, Moore, CE, Moradi, G, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Mueller, UO, Munro, SB, Naghavi, M, Naimzada, MD, Naveed, M, Nayak, BP, Negoi, I, Kandel, SN, Nguyen, TH, Nikbakhsh, R, Ningrum, DNA, Nixon, MR, Nnaji, CA, Noubiap, JJ, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nwatah, VE, Oancea, B, Ochir, C, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Olakunde, BO, Onwujekwe, OE, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Owolabi, MO, Padubidri, JR, Pakshir, K, Park, E-C, Kan, FP, Pathak, M, Paudel, R, Pawar, S, Pereira, J, Peres, MFP, Perianayagam, A, Pinheiro, M, Pirestani, M, Podder, V, Polibin, R, Pollok, RCG, Postma, MJ, Pottoo, FH, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahmani, AM, Rahmawaty, S, Rajesh, A, Ramshaw, RE, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rao, SJ, Rathi, P, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, N, Rezai, MS, Rios-Blancas, M, Rogowski, ELB, Ronfani, L, Rwegerera, GM, Saad, AM, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, MA, Salam, N, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanmarchi, F, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sartorius, B, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Saxena, D, Saxena, S, Seidu, A-A, Seylani, A, Shaikh, MA, Shamsizadeh, M, Shetty, PH, Shigematsu, M, Shin, JI, Sidemo, NB, Singh, A, Singh, JA, Sinha, S, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Soheili, A, Tadesse, EG, Tamiru, AT, Tan, K-K, Tekalegn, Y, Temsah, M-H, Thakur, B, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Tobe-Gai, R, Tohidinik, HR, Tovani-Palone, MR, Traini, E, Bach, XT, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, B, Tsegaye, GW, Ullah, A, Ullah, S, Unim, B, Vacante, M, Velazquez, DZ, Vo, B, Vollmer, S, Giang, TV, Linh, GV, Waheed, Y, Winkler, AS, Wiysonge, CS, Yigit, V, Yirdaw, BW, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yunusa, I, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zewdie, DT, Zhang, Z-J, Zhong, C, Zumla, A, Murray, CJL, Lim, SS, Mosser, JF, Galles, NC, Liu, PY, Updike, RL, Fullman, N, Nguyen, J, Rolfe, S, Sbarra, AN, Schipp, MF, Marks, A, Abady, GG, Abbas, KM, Abbasi, SW, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdoli, A, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, AE, Adabi, M, Adamu, AA, Adetokunboh, OO, Adnani, QES, Advani, SM, Afzal, S, Aghamir, SMK, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, MB, Rashid, TA, Salih, YA, Akalu, Y, Aklilu, A, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Albano, L, Alemayehu, Y, Alene, KA, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alhassan, RK, Ali, L, Aljunid, SM, Almustanyir, S, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amu, H, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Ansar, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonazzo, IC, Antony, B, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Artanti, KD, Arulappan, J, Awan, AT, Awoke, MA, Ayza, MA, Azarian, G, Azzam, AY, Darshan, BB, Babar, Z-U-D, Balakrishnan, S, Banach, M, Bante, SA, Barnighausen, TW, Barqawi, HJ, Barrow, A, Bassat, Q, Bayarmagnai, N, Ramirez, DFB, Bekuma, TT, Belay, HG, Belgaumi, UI, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Boloor, A, Braithwaite, D, Buonsenso, D, Butt, ZA, Camargos, P, Carreras, G, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Chakinala, RC, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Chowdhury, FR, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Chung, S-C, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Couto, RAS, Dadras, O, Dagnew, AB, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, De Neve, J-W, Molla, MD, Derseh, BT, Desai, R, Desta, AA, Dhamnetiya, D, Dhimal, ML, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Dorostkar, F, Edem, B, Edinur, HA, Eftekharzadeh, S, El Sayed, I, Zaki, MES, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Elsharkawy, A, Enany, S, Erkhembayar, R, Esezobor, CI, Eskandarieh, S, Ezeonwumelu, IJ, Ezzikouri, S, Fares, J, Faris, PS, Feleke, BE, Ferede, TY, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, JC, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Francis, MR, Fukumoto, T, Gad, MM, Gaidhane, S, Gallus, S, Garg, T, Geberemariyam, BS, Gebre, T, Gebregiorgis, BG, Gebremedhin, KB, Gebremichael, B, Gessner, BD, Ghadiri, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gilani, SA, Glavan, I-R, Glushkova, EV, Golechha, M, Gonfa, KB, Gopalani, SV, Goudarzi, H, Gubari, MIM, Guo, Y, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gutierrez, RA, Haeuser, E, Halwani, R, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Haque, S, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hassanein, MH, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Heidari, G, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hoque, ME, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Hsieh, VC-R, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hussain, R, Hussein, NR, Ibitoye, SE, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Inamdar, S, Iqbal, U, Irham, LM, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Ismail, NE, Itumalla, R, Jha, RP, Joukar, F, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalhor, R, Kamal, Z, Kamande, SM, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Kassahun, G, Kassebaum, NJ, Katoto, PD, Kelkay, B, Kengne, AP, Khader, YS, Khajuria, H, Khalil, IA, Khan, EA, Khan, G, Khan, J, Khan, M, Ab Khan, M, Khang, Y-H, Khoja, AT, Khubchandani, J, Kim, GR, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Korshunov, VA, Kosen, S, Defo, BK, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, A, Kumar, GA, Kumar, N, Kwarteng, A, La Vecchia, C, Lami, FH, Landires, I, Lasrado, S, Lassi, ZS, Lee, H, Lee, YY, Levi, M, Lewycka, S, Li, S, Liu, X, Lobo, SW, Lopukhov, PD, Lozano, R, Saute, RL, Razek, MMAE, Makki, A, Malik, AA, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, MA, Mantovani, LG, Martins-Melo, FR, Matthews, PC, Medina, JRC, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengesha, EW, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AG, Mesregah, MK, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Milne, GJ, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirzaei, HR, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohamed, TA, Mohammad, KA, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, S, Mohapatra, A, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moni, MA, Al Montasir, A, Moore, CE, Moradi, G, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Mueller, UO, Munro, SB, Naghavi, M, Naimzada, MD, Naveed, M, Nayak, BP, Negoi, I, Kandel, SN, Nguyen, TH, Nikbakhsh, R, Ningrum, DNA, Nixon, MR, Nnaji, CA, Noubiap, JJ, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nwatah, VE, Oancea, B, Ochir, C, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Olakunde, BO, Onwujekwe, OE, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Owolabi, MO, Padubidri, JR, Pakshir, K, Park, E-C, Kan, FP, Pathak, M, Paudel, R, Pawar, S, Pereira, J, Peres, MFP, Perianayagam, A, Pinheiro, M, Pirestani, M, Podder, V, Polibin, R, Pollok, RCG, Postma, MJ, Pottoo, FH, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahmani, AM, Rahmawaty, S, Rajesh, A, Ramshaw, RE, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rao, SJ, Rathi, P, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, N, Rezai, MS, Rios-Blancas, M, Rogowski, ELB, Ronfani, L, Rwegerera, GM, Saad, AM, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, MA, Salam, N, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanmarchi, F, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sartorius, B, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Saxena, D, Saxena, S, Seidu, A-A, Seylani, A, Shaikh, MA, Shamsizadeh, M, Shetty, PH, Shigematsu, M, Shin, JI, Sidemo, NB, Singh, A, Singh, JA, Sinha, S, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Soheili, A, Tadesse, EG, Tamiru, AT, Tan, K-K, Tekalegn, Y, Temsah, M-H, Thakur, B, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Tobe-Gai, R, Tohidinik, HR, Tovani-Palone, MR, Traini, E, Bach, XT, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, B, Tsegaye, GW, Ullah, A, Ullah, S, Unim, B, Vacante, M, Velazquez, DZ, Vo, B, Vollmer, S, Giang, TV, Linh, GV, Waheed, Y, Winkler, AS, Wiysonge, CS, Yigit, V, Yirdaw, BW, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yunusa, I, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zewdie, DT, Zhang, Z-J, Zhong, C, Zumla, A, Murray, CJL, Lim, SS, and Mosser, JF
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies and programme implementation, and to track progress towards targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) and Immunization Agenda 2030. Robust estimates of routine vaccine coverage are needed to identify past successes and persistent vulnerabilities. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020, Release 1, we did a systematic analysis of global, regional, and national vaccine coverage trends using a statistical framework, by vaccine and over time. METHODS: For this analysis we collated 55 326 country-specific, cohort-specific, year-specific, vaccine-specific, and dose-specific observations of routine childhood vaccination coverage between 1980 and 2019. Using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, we produced location-specific and year-specific estimates of 11 routine childhood vaccine coverage indicators for 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2019, adjusting for biases in country-reported data and reflecting reported stockouts and supply disruptions. We analysed global and regional trends in coverage and numbers of zero-dose children (defined as those who never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis [DTP] vaccine dose), progress towards GVAP targets, and the relationship between vaccine coverage and sociodemographic development. FINDINGS: By 2019, global coverage of third-dose DTP (DTP3; 81·6% [95% uncertainty interval 80·4-82·7]) more than doubled from levels estimated in 1980 (39·9% [37·5-42·1]), as did global coverage of the first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1; from 38·5% [35·4-41·3] in 1980 to 83·6% [82·3-84·8] in 2019). Third-dose polio vaccine (Pol3) coverage also increased, from 42·6% (41·4-44·1) in 1980 to 79·8% (78·4-81·1) in 2019, and global coverage of newer vaccines increased rapidly between 2000 and 2019. The global number of zero-dose children fell by nearly 75% between 1980 and 2019
- Published
- 2021
22. Plasma Epstein–Barr virus and Hepatitis B virus in non-Hodgkin lymphomas: Two lymphotropic, potentially oncogenic, latently occurring DNA viruses
- Author
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M. Shafiulla, Mahua Sinha, L. Appaji, Govind Babu, Linu Abraham Jacob, K C Lakshmaiah, C. S. Premalata, BK Viveka, Jayshree R. Subramanyam, and Rao Cr
- Subjects
medicine.disease_cause ,Virus ,law.invention ,Epstein–Barr virus ,03 medical and health sciences ,occult hepatitis B virus infection ,0302 clinical medicine ,immune system diseases ,law ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,medicine ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Hepatitis B virus ,business.industry ,non-Hodgkin lymphoma ,Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Lymphoma ,HBx ,Oncology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Immunology ,Original Article ,business ,hepatitis B virus ,Nested polymerase chain reaction ,030215 immunology - Abstract
Context: There is a need to study potential infective etiologies in lymphomas. Lymphocyte-transforming viruses can directly infect lymphocytes, disrupt normal cell functions, and promote cell division. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is known to be associated with several lymphomas, especially Hodgkin lymphomas (HLs). And recently, the lymphocyte-transforming role of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been emphasized. Aims: The aim of this study was to elucidate the association of two potentially oncogenic, widely prevalent latent DNA viruses, EBV and HBV, in non-HL (NHL). Settings and Design: In this prospective study, we estimated plasma EBV and HBV DNA in NHL patients. Materials and Methods: Peripheral blood was obtained from newly diagnosed, treatment na ïve, histologically confirmed NHL patients. Plasma EBV DNA was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting Epstein–Barr Nucleic acid 1 while the plasma HBV DNA was detected using nested PCR targeting HBX gene. In a small subset of patients, follow-up plasma samples post-anticancer chemotherapy were available and retested for viral DNA. Results: Of the 110 NHL patients, ~79% were B-cell NHL and ~21% were T-cell NHL. Plasma EBV-DNA was detected in 10% NHLs with a higher EBV association in Burkitt lymphoma (33.3%) than other subtypes. Pretherapy HBV DNA was detected in 21% NHLs; most of them being diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Moreover, 42% of DLBCL patients had HBV DNA in plasma. Since all patients were HBV surface antigen seronegative at diagnosis, baseline plasma HBV-DNAemia before chemotherapy was indicative of occult hepatitis B infection. Conclusions: Our findings indicate a significant association of HBV with newly diagnosed DLBCL.
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- 2016
23. Primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the immunocompetent: Immunophenotypic subtypes and Epstein-Barr virus association
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M Shanmugham, Susarla K. Shankar, Anita Mahadevan, and Rao Cr
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Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,MUM1 ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virus ,lcsh:RC321-571 ,Immunophenotyping ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,medicine ,Epstein-Barr virus ,lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,primary central nervous system lymphoma ,business.industry ,General Neuroscience ,Primary central nervous system lymphoma ,Germinal center ,medicine.disease ,Epstein–Barr virus ,diffuse large B cell lymphoma ,immunophenotype ,Lymphoma ,Immunohistochemistry ,Original Article ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,Activation markers ,Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma - Abstract
Introduction: Primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PCNSL DLBCL) in the immunocompetent is an uncommon tumor that has an activated B-cell immunophenotype resembling germinal center exit B cells. They also differ from primary central nervous diffuse large B-cell lymphomas in the immunocompromised as they show no association with the Epstein-Barr virus. Objective: To determine if immunophenotypic subtyping of PCNS DLBCL from Asian subcontinent are also different similar to its systemic counterpart is unclear, as there are only limited studies from Asia, and none from India. Material and Methods: The immunohistochemical profile of 24 South Indian patients with primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was studied using germinal center markers – CD10 and Bcl-6, and activation markers – MUM1 and CD138, which are markers for late/post germinal centre B cells. Insitu hybridization for EBV genome and LMP1 by immunohistochemistry was carried out in all cases to determine association with EBV. Results: Centroblastic morphology and uniform activated B-cell phenotype with positivity for MUM1 was seen in 91.6% of tumors. Co-expression of Bcl-6 and MUM1 was evident in 50%, which is more frequent than in systemic diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. All cases were negative for Epstein-Barr virus using EBER in-situ hybridization and LMP1 immunohistochemistry. Conclusion: Primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the immunocompetent is a distinct clinicopathological entity with centroblastic morphology, a uniform activated B-cell immunophenotype that is not associated with the Epstein-Barr virus regardless of geographic origin.
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- 2015
24. Measures and Models of Mortality
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Balakrishnan N, Rao CR., Canudas-Romo, Vladimir, Mazzuco, Stefano, Zanotta, Lucia, Balakrishnan N, Rao CR., Canudas-Romo, Vladimir, Mazzuco, Stefano, and Zanotta, Lucia
- Abstract
Mortality analysis and modeling remains one of the core jobs of demographers, epidemiologists, actuaries, biostatisticians, and other population-studies experts. In this chapter we make a detailed overview of the latest developments in demographic measures and mortality modeling. We emphasize the work on measures of longevity which are of particular interest for aging populations, but we also highlight models that work with mortality at earlier ages. Trends over time, patterns over age and convergence/divergence between measures are all covered in the text. A particular important contribution of this chapter is including estimation tools for some of the most important mortality models.
- Published
- 2018
25. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) of breast in a patient without a breast implant
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Premalata Chennagiri, M C Suresh Babu, Vishwanath Sathyanarayanan, Rao Cr, D. Lokanatha, K C Lakshmaiah, K N Lokesh, and K Govind Babu
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Oncology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Vincristine ,CD30 ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Breast Implants ,lcsh:Medicine ,Breast Neoplasms ,law.invention ,Young Adult ,law ,Internal medicine ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,Anaplastic lymphoma kinase ,Medicine ,Humans ,Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma ,business.industry ,Large cell ,Lumpectomy ,lcsh:R ,Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Lymphoma ,Breast implant ,Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic ,Female ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the breast is an uncommon entity accounting for approximately 0.5% of malignant breast neoplasms and around 3% of extranodal lymphomas. Most cases of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) of the breast have been associated with breast implants, and a few ALCL aris.ing de novo in patients without breast implants have been reported. We report a case of a 19-year-old female who presented with a lump in the right breast of 3 months' duration. Examination revealed an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2 and a 6.5 cm2 lump in the right breast. Lumpectomy revealed large neoplastic cells positive for CD30, EMA, CD5, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), suggestive of anaplastic large cell lymphoma. The patient underwent lumpectomy followed by 6 cycles of anthracycline-based chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone 3 weekly. On follow up, this patient had an event-free survival of 23 months. We are reporting this case of ALCL (ALK positive) in a patient with no breast implant previously, and hence, it is of clinical importance.
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- 2014
26. Cell-Free Epstein–Barr Viral Loads in Childhood Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Study from South India
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Aruna Kumari Bs, L. Appaji, T. Avinash, M. Shafiulla, R. S. Jayshree, B.G. Sumati, Rao Cr, and Mahua Sinha
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Male ,Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ,Herpesvirus 4, Human ,Adolescent ,medicine.medical_treatment ,India ,medicine.disease_cause ,Viral Matrix Proteins ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,medicine ,Humans ,Prospective Studies ,Child ,Childhood Hodgkin Lymphoma ,Chemotherapy ,business.industry ,Infant ,Hematology ,Viral Load ,Hodgkin's lymphoma ,medicine.disease ,Hodgkin Disease ,Epstein–Barr virus ,Virology ,Oncology ,chemistry ,Epstein barr ,Child, Preschool ,DNA, Viral ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Immunology ,Biomarker (medicine) ,Female ,business ,Viral load ,DNA - Abstract
Cell-free Epstein-Barr viral (EBV) DNA is detectable in plasma of patients with EBV-related lymphomas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of plasma EBV DNA as a biomarker of EBV association in childhood Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Furthermore, an attempt was made to evaluate the effectiveness of viral quantitation for assessing response to chemotherapy. Thirteen cases of childhood HL were included in this study. All 13 cases were EBV associated as reflected by expression of EBV LMP1 in the tumor specimen. Eighty-five percent had detectable EBV DNA levels; viral loads ranging from 2.9 to 156.2 × 10³ copies/ml (mean 29 × 10³ copies/ml); while in 2 patients and 30 controls tested, viral DNA was undetectable. In four patients, follow-up samples were available after three cycles of chemotherapy; all had EBV DNAemia prior to chemotherapy but undetectable EBV DNA posttherapy. This corroborated with complete response in these four patients. Plasma EBV viral load quantification maybe a useful tool for detecting EBV association with lymphomas and in monitoring response to treatment in childhood HL in centers with limited resources, more so in India where majority of childhood HL is likely to be EBV associated. This is the first Indian study estimating plasma EBV viral loads in HL.
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- 2013
27. Cytogenetic study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma from South India
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Geetashree Mukherjee, Muniyappa Gayathri Devi, M. Padma, L. Appaji, Bandagadde S. Arunakumari, Prasanna Kumari, Siddhartha Biswas, P.P. Bapsy, T.S. Sundareshan, and Rao Cr
- Subjects
Cancer Research ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Burkitt lymphomas ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Cytogenetics ,Karyotype ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,Gastroenterology ,Lymphoma ,Geographic distribution ,Fine-needle aspiration ,immune system diseases ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,Internal medicine ,Immunology ,Genetics ,medicine ,Hodgkin lymphoma ,Diffuse type ,Molecular Biology - Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis of fine needle aspiration cultures was performed on 189 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma from South India. Successful karyotyping was possible in 97 patients (51.3%). Burkitt lymphoma constituted 56% of the cases studied followed by diffuse type 20%, follicular 8.8%, lymphoblastic 6.6%, and unclassified 6.6%. Characteristic chromosomal translocations were t(8;14)(q24;q32) [32.2%], t(8;22)(q24;q11) [10%], t(2;8)(p12;q24) [2.2%], t(14;18)(q34;q21) [3.3%], and t(11;14)(q23;q32) [2.2%]. Notable geographical variation of some structural abnormalities was the finding in the present study such as, lower frequency of t(14;18) in follicular lymphomas and higher frequency of t(8;14) in Burkitt lymphomas when compared with the Western studies.
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- 2003
28. Ki-67 and subtype as prognostic and predictive markers of diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma
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Govind Babu, Ankit Agarwal, K N Lokesh, Rao Cr, C. S. Premalatha, Suresh Babu, Sunny Garg, K C Lakshmaiah, A H Rudresha, L. Dasappa, L K Rajeev, and Linu Jacob Abraham
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Pathology ,biology ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,CHOP ,BCL6 ,medicine.disease ,Gastroenterology ,Lymphoma ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,International Prognostic Index ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Internal medicine ,Ki-67 ,Concomitant ,medicine ,biology.protein ,business ,Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma ,Survival analysis ,030215 immunology - Abstract
Introduction: Since patients with similar International Prognostic Index (IPI) scores have varied outcomes, molecular signatures including Ki-67 overexpression have been studied to prognosticate diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), which have shown varied outcomes. Objective: To correlate Ki-67 expression with survival in two biologic subgroups of DLBCL. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twelve adults with DLBCL between 2008 and 2012 were identified. Ki-67 overexpression was determined using immunohistochemistry. Results: A total of 112 patients of DLBCL were identified and included in the study. The median age was 54 years (18–78 years), with a male/female ratio of 1.8:1. Median survival was greater in patients with low Ki-67 (n = 32) as compared to high Ki-67 (n = 44) (32 m vs. 21.5 m, P = 0.033). In the germinal center B-cell (GCB) subtype, low Ki-67 had a better survival as compared to high Ki-67 (35 m vs. 28 m, P = 0.044), whereas in the non-GCB (NGCB) subtype, the results were same but statistically insignificant (26.5 m vs. 18 m, P = 0.7). In the high IPI arm, low Ki-67 had a better survival (26.5 m vs. 17 m, P = 0.02), whereas in low IPI arm, the results were similar but statistically insignificant (39 m vs. 38 m, P = 0.837). Survival analysis was done in each treatment arm (CHOP and R-CHOP) based on Ki-67 expression (high or low) in GCB and NGCB arms. No statistically significant difference was noted in any of the four arms; 27.5 m versus 34 m (P = 0.738) in high versus low Ki-67 in CHOP-GCB arm, 15 m versus 22 m (P = 0.443) in high versus low Ki-67 in CHOP-NGCB arm, 27 m versus 44 m (P = 0.104) in high versus low Ki-67 in R-CHOP-GCB arm, and 31 m versus 35 m (P = 0.861) in high versus low Ki-67 in R-CHOP-NGCB arm. Conclusions: Ki-67 although an indicator of poor outcome, its use to predict outcomes alone in the absence of study of expression of concomitant markers such as myc/BCL6 would cause a bias in results. Furthermore, its relevance in the rituximab era needs further validation.
- Published
- 2017
29. Pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma in a South Indian regional cancer center: its immunomorphology, tumor-associated macrophages, and association with Epstein-Barr virus
- Author
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Mohammed Abdul Lateef Zameer, Bandagadde S. Arunakumari, Rao Cr, C. S. Premalata, and Lingappa Appaji
- Subjects
Male ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ,Herpesvirus 4, Human ,Adolescent ,India ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virus ,immune system diseases ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,Biomarkers, Tumor ,Medicine ,Humans ,Reed-Sternberg Cells ,Child ,Tissue microarray ,business.industry ,CD68 ,Macrophages ,Germinal center ,Hematology ,BCL6 ,Epstein–Barr virus ,Hodgkin Disease ,Oncology ,Tissue Array Analysis ,Child, Preschool ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Immunohistochemistry ,Female ,business ,IRF4 - Abstract
Pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) comprises approximately a fifth of all patients with HL in India. Seventy-four cases of pediatric classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL) from a regional cancer center in southern India were analyzed on a tissue microarray (TMA) for the stage of B-cell differentiation of the Hodgkin/Reed Sternberg (HRS) cell by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using CD10, bcl6, MUM1/IRF4, and CD 138. Fifty-two of seventy-four (70.3%) cases were of late germinal center/early post-germinal center phenotype (CD10-/bcl6-/MUM1+/CD138-). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) association using Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNA (EBER) RISH and EBV-LMP1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed an EBV association of 93%. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in the microenvironment were also assessed on the TMA by CD68 IHC, and most cases (59.7%) showed25% TAMs, with no case showing ≤5%. These findings indicate that pediatric cHL in India is a tumor, predominantly, of late germinal center/early post-germinal center B cells, is almost invariably EBV associated, and with a high number of TAMs in the microenvironment. This latter finding suggests that criteria other than TAM scores need to be developed for risk stratification of pediatric EBV-associated HL especially in developing countries.
- Published
- 2014
30. Langerhan′s cell histiocytosis: A single institutional experience
- Author
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GV Giri, CT Satheesh, Rao Cr, H. S. Mamatha, Tejinder Singh, L. Appaji, and B.S. Aruna Kumari
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Chemotherapy ,Pediatrics ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Cancer ,Disease ,chemotherapy ,medicine.disease ,Surgery ,Natural history ,Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis ,Oncology ,Langerhans cell histiocytosis ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Diabetes insipidus ,Etiology ,Medicine ,Original Article ,Liver function ,Bone lesion ,business - Abstract
Background: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disease that primarily affects bone but can be associated with a clinical spectrum that ranges from a solitary bone lesion with a favorable natural history to a multisystem, life-threatening disease process. Aim: We analyzed our single institutional experience of managing children with LCH. Settings and Design: A total of 40 children of LCH, managed in tertiary cancer center in South India in the period from 2001 to 2005, were evaluated retrospectively. Materials and Methods: Clinicopathological features, laboratory findings, treatment modalities and long-term outcome were analyzed. Results: Children were aged between 2 months and 12 years, with a mean of 3 years. Majority of the children were below 5 years of age. Group B constituted a bulk of children. Disseminated cases were less (five patients). Liver function dysfunction was seen in four (10%) children. Pulmonary interstitial infiltrates were seen in two (5%) cases. Diabetes insipidus manifested in three patients. There was one death. Conclusion: A better understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of LCH will result in more directed and efficacious treatment regimens.
- Published
- 2010
31. Accelerated phase of chediak higashi syndrome mimicking lymphoma--a case report
- Author
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D. S. Madhumathi, Lingappa Appaji, Chennagiri S. Premalatha, Ashwini Nargund, Rao Cr, and Vishweshvaraih Lakshmidevi
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Lymphoma ,Anemia ,business.industry ,Chédiak–Higashi syndrome ,Hematology ,Jaundice ,Neutropenia ,medicine.disease ,Oculocutaneous albinism ,Dermatology ,Transplantation ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Leukemia ,Oncology ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,Child, Preschool ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,medicine ,Humans ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Chediak-Higashi Syndrome - Abstract
SUMMARY Chediak Higashi Syndrome (CHS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease, characterized by partial oculocutaneous albinism, frequent pyogenic infections, and the presence of abnormal large granules in leukocytes and other granule containing cells. The abnormal granules are readily seen in blood and marrow granulocytes. About 50% to 85% of patients eventually enter an accelerated phase, manifested by fever, lymphadenopathy, anemia, jaundice, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and widespread lymphohistiocytic organ infiltrates. The first accelerated phase of CHS may occur shortly after birth or several years later. Most patients undergo a variable period of recurrent infections before going into the accelerated phase. Therefore, primary presentation in the accelerated phase is unusual. This case was referred to our institution that is a tertiary care cancer centre, with a clinical diagnosis of lymphoma/leukemia. Hence this interesting case of CHS in accelerated phase at presentation is described. The child had 1-month history of fever, bilateral neck swellings, and loss of appetite. On the basis of the clinical presentation, hematologic, and histopathologic findings, a diagnosis of accelerated phase of CHS was made. The child was treated with antipyretics, antibiotics, and stem cell transplantation was suggested to him. When the child presents to a hospital with oculocutaneous albinism and recurrent infections, careful examination of the peripheral blood smear by an experienced morphologist cannot be overemphasized. A high degree of awareness and early recognition of the syndrome, could lead to the institution of the only possible curative treatment, bone marrow transplant, before the accelerated phase supervenes.
- Published
- 2010
32. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the thyroid: Seven cases with review of the literature from India
- Author
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TM Suresh, D. Lokanatha, Linu Jacob Abraham, M C Suresh Babu, Vishwanath Sathyanarayanan, K N Lokesh, Nagesh T Sirsath, C. S. Premalata, K Govind Babu, Rao Cr, and K C Lakshmaiah
- Subjects
Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Thyroid ,Lymph node biopsy ,Thyroidectomy ,Retrospective cohort study ,medicine.disease ,Surgery ,Radiation therapy ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,International Prognostic Index ,Medicine ,Stage (cooking) ,business ,Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma - Abstract
Background: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most frequent subtype of nonHodgkin's lymphoma globally with frequent extra nodal involvement. There is sporadic data available on thyroid DLBCL in Indian population and hence we undertook this retrospective observational study at Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, a tertiary care oncology center in India to analyze the clinico biological features of this disease. Methodology: A total of 7 consecutive cases diagnosed as DLBCL by appropriate lymph node biopsy with evidence of thyroid involvement on fine-needle aspiration cytology of thyroid or thyroid histopathology (following thyroidectomy) were confirmed by immunohistochemistry (WHO classification) between January 2008 and September 2013 were included in this study. Results: A total of 7 patients were included in the study. Median age was 65-years (range: 50-72 years), and all were females. Six out of seven were in stage IIAE and one was in stage IVAE. The distribution according to the international prognostic index was as follows: 3 were in low risk, 1 in low-intermediate, 2 in high-intermediate and 1 in high risk group. Regarding treatment, 5 received CHOP, 1 received COP and 1 received no treatment. 5 patients received radiotherapy. 2 patients underwent subtotal thyroidectomy. Of the 6 patients who received chemotherapy radiotherapy, 4 had complete response 1 was lost to follow-up at 3 months and 1 alive with no disease at 32 months), 2 had partial response. The median survival was 15 months (3-32 months). Conclusions: Extranodal thyroid DLBCL presents common in elderly age group and in females. A multimodality treatment approach is used to treat this entity and may improve survival compared with unimodality approach.
- Published
- 2015
33. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL): A single-center experience from a tertiary care institute in south India
- Author
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K C Lakshmaiah, Suresh Babu, D Loknatha, K.G. Babu, K N Lokesh, Linu Jacob Abraham, Rao Cr, Vishwanath Sathyanarayanan, Premalata Chennagiri, and TM Suresh
- Subjects
Oncology ,Cancer Research ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Anthracycline ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,medicine.disease ,Single Center ,Tertiary care ,Lymphoma ,immune system diseases ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Mantle cell lymphoma ,Rituximab ,B-cell lymphoma ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
e19547 Background: Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), an aggressive B cell lymphoma accounts for 5-10% of Non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The incidence has increased and addition of rituximab to anthracycline ba...
- Published
- 2014
34. Primary central nervous system lymphoma: An Indian Perspective
- Author
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K N Lokesh, C. S. Premalatha, K Govind Babu, Vineetha Unnikrishnan, D. Lokanatha, Vishwanath Sathyanarayanan, M.C.S. Babu, Linu Jacob Abraham, K C Lakshmaiah, Rao Cr, and TM Suresh
- Subjects
Oncology ,Vincristine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Chemotherapy ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Primary central nervous system lymphoma ,General Medicine ,CHOP ,medicine.disease ,Surgery ,Radiation therapy ,Regimen ,Prednisone ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Prednisolone ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Context: Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an unusual entity comprising around 5% of extra nodal lymphomas with a dismal prognosis in spite of a multi-modality treatment protocol involving chemotherapy and radiotherapy. There is sporadic data from this part of the world and hence we took up this study to analyze the outcome with various modalities of treatment. Materials and Methods: We undertook this study between January 2007 and January 2013 on 33 consecutive patients diagnosed with PCNSL to analyze the clinical profile and treatment outcomes of PCNSL at a tertiary care oncology center in South India. Twelve patients received the DeAngelis protocol and the remaining 21 patients received either radiotherapy or a combination of radiotherapy and anthracycline based therapy or steroids. This study also compared the outcomes with protocols of DeAngelis et al. and cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) regimen with/out radiotherapy. Results: A total of 33 patients with PCNSL were studied. Median age was 40 years (range 22-75 years). Male: Female ratio was 3.1:1. All 33 were histologically diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). HIV was positive in 1. The most common presenting symptom was focal neurological deficits in 19 (58%). Cerebrospinal fluid was positive in 2 (6%). The area of involvement was mainly cerebral hemispheres 20 (61%). The treatment protocols followed were DeAngelis in 12, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone with radiotherapy (CHOP + radiation therapy [RT]) in 12, RT alone in 6, CHOP in 2 and 1 received no therapy. On a median follow-up of 17 months, the median overall survival was 15 months (range 1-60 months) with DeAngelis protocol and 12 months (range 8-24 months) with CHOP + RT. Conclusions: DeAngelis protocol has improved the prognosis in patients with PCNSL compared with other protocols as shown in our study. Newer chemotherapy regimens or targeted therapies need to be evaluated to further improve the survival.
- Published
- 2014
35. Extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Experience from a tertiary care oncology center in South India
- Author
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Linu Abraham Jacob, Suresh Babu, K Govind Babu, C. S. Premalatha, Vishwanath Sathyanarayanan, TM Suresh, D. Lokanatha, K N Lokesh, K C Lakshmaiah, and Rao Cr
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Univariate analysis ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Standard treatment ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Surgery ,Lymphoma ,International Prognostic Index ,immune system diseases ,Chemoimmunotherapy ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,Biopsy ,medicine ,Radiology ,Stage (cooking) ,business ,Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma - Abstract
Aims: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) with frequent extra nodal (EN) presentation. The overall occurrence of lymphomas has been increasing; however, those of EN-NHL have been increasing much more rapidly. There is limited data found on EN-DLBCL in the Indian population and hence we carried out this retrospective observational study of primary EN-DLBCL at our center in Southern India. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 consecutive cases diagnosed as EN-DLBCL (according to the standard criteria) by tissue biopsy confirmed by immunohistochemistry between 2007 and 2011 were included. Staging workup including computed tomography of neck, thorax and abdomen and pelvis, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy was done and International Prognostic Index (IPI) calculated. Staging was according to Cotswold's modification of Ann Arbor. The actuarial survival analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meier. Data were analyzed using the SPSS (version 16) statistical software. Results: The median age in this study was 49 years (18-88) with results showing EN-DLBCL to be 1.36 times more common in males. Advanced stages were seen in 15 subjects (16.6%) and bulky disease in 13 subjects (14.4%). CD20 was positive in 89 (98.8%) while 32 had high serum lactate dehydrogenase. According to the IPI most were low-risk-56 (66.6%). Overall response rate for the various combination chemotherapies was 85.7% with complete response in 62.3%. The overall survival range spanned from 2 to 123 months. Univariate analysis showed only bulky disease was associated with inferior survival. Conclusions: EN-DLBCL was present at an early age compared to nodal DLBCL, present more often in early stage and low IPI score. Chemoimmunotherapy with radiotherapy to the EN or bulky site is the standard treatment at present.
- Published
- 2014
36. Consistency and Accuracy of the Sequential Bootstrap
- Author
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G. Jogesh Babu, Pramod K. Pathak, and Rao Cr
- Subjects
Consistency (statistics) ,Statistics ,Mathematics - Published
- 2000
37. Second Order Corrections of the Sequential Bootstrap
- Author
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Rao Cr, Pramod K. Pathak, and Gutti J. Babu
- Subjects
Discrete mathematics ,Statistics::Theory ,Correctness ,Sample (statistics) ,Poisson distribution ,Combinatorics ,symbols.namesake ,Distribution function ,Resampling ,symbols ,Statistics::Methodology ,Order (group theory) ,Random variable ,Mathematics - Abstract
Rao, Pathak and Koltchinskii (1997) have recently studied a sequential approach to resampling in which resampling is carried out sequentially one-by-one (with replacement each time) until the bootstrap sample contains m approximately equal to (1 - e(exp -1)n approximately equal to .632n distinct observations from the original sample. They have established that the main empirical characteristics of the sequential bootstrap go through, in the sense of being within a distance of order O(n(exp -3/4)) from those of the usual bootstrap. However, the theoretical justification of the second order correctness of the sequential bootstrap is somewhat involved. It is the main topic of this investigation. Among other things, we accomplish it by approximating our sequential scheme by a resampling scheme based on the Poisson distribution with mean mu = 1 and censored at X = 0.
- Published
- 1998
38. Microcystic adnexal carcinoma
- Author
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Rekha V. Kumar, Rao Cr, Diganta Hazarika, and Abha K. Sabhikhi
- Subjects
Male ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Skin Neoplasms ,Hyperkeratosis ,Acanthosis ,Dermatology ,Disease-Free Survival ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Carcinoembryonic antigen ,Dermis ,Biopsy ,Eosinophilic ,medicine ,Carcinoma ,Humans ,Foot Ulcer ,Microcystic adnexal carcinoma ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,biology ,business.industry ,Carcinoma, Skin Appendage ,Anatomy ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,biology.protein ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,business - Abstract
A 55-year-old man presented with an ulcer on the right sole present for 8 years. The ulcer measured 6.5 × 3 cm and affected the entire distal sole of the right foot; the margins were everted and an intermittent serosanguineous discharge was present. The general condition of the patient was good, with findings limited to the ulcerated lesion. There was no history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or venous stasis. A biopsy taken from the ulcer edge was interpreted as squamous cell carcinoma, Grade I. A transmetatarsal amputation was carried out and the specimen sent for histopathologic examination. Histologically, the epidermis showed ulcerated areas; adjacent areas showed hyperkeratosis and irregular acanthosis. Keratin cysts containing well-developed lamellar keratin were present in the upper dermis (Fig. 1). Nests and strands of squamous and basaloid cells, having scanty eosinophilic cytoplasm, alternated with the cysts. Areas of ductular differentiation were also noted. The epithelial strands were separated by concentric bands of moderately cellular fibrous tissue in the upper and mid-dermis. In the deeper areas of the tumor the epithelial nests became progressively smaller in size, diminishing to small clusters of two or three cells, and were surrounded by a sclerotic stroma. Cytologic atypia was minimal and no significant mitotic figures were identified. The neoplasm showed extensive infiltration of subcutaneous fat and striated muscle with frequent perineural involvement in the deeper parts. There was no extension to bone or perichondrium. Immunoperoxidase staining carried out for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) showed positivity in the lumina and lining cells of the ducts (Fig. 2). Based upon the classical microscopic appearance, a diagnosis of microcystic adnexal carcinoma was made. The patient has been followed for a period of 3 years with no evidence of tumor recurrence.
- Published
- 1997
39. Leukemic relapse masquerading as a breast lump: An unusual manifestation
- Author
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Premalata, CS, primary, Madhumathi, DS, additional, Lokanatha, D, additional, Rao, CR, additional, and Lakshmidevi, L, additional
- Published
- 2011
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40. Adult paratesticular sarcomas: a report of eight cases
- Author
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Rao Cr, Kikkeri N. Naresh, Srinivasulu M, Doval Dc, and Hazarika D
- Subjects
Leiomyosarcoma ,Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Liposarcoma ,Spermatic cord ,Metastasis ,Testis ,Adjuvant therapy ,medicine ,Humans ,Orchiectomy ,Rhabdomyosarcoma ,Retrospective Studies ,business.industry ,Sarcoma ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Surgery ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Treatment Outcome ,Oncology ,Genital Neoplasms, Male ,business - Abstract
Eight adult paratesticular sarcomas seen at a Regional Cancer Centre over a 7-year period are described. There were three cases of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), three cases of leiomyosarcoma (LMS), and two cases of liposarcoma (LS). The RMS occurred in a younger age group (3rd decade) than the LMS and LS (6th and 7th decades). Most of our patients presented with advanced disease after orchiectomy at other hospitals, three with recurrent or residual disease and four with metastasis. The single patient with RMS who received intensive adjuvant therapy is free of disease at 84 months in spite of the advanced stage at presentation. All three patients with LMS had an unfavourable clinical course. Both the patients with LS had well differentiated (WD) tumours and presented with recurrences, one over several years, following initial local excisions. The necessity for early adequate surgical and adjuvant therapy and the need for a uniform treatment policy are discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
- Published
- 1994
41. Leukemic relapse masquerading as a breast lump: An unusual manifestation
- Author
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D. Lokanatha, Rao Cr, D S Madhumathi, C. S. Premalata, and L Lakshmidevi
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Oncology ,business.industry ,medicine ,MEDLINE ,Follow up studies ,Young adult ,business ,Dermatology ,Surgery - Published
- 2011
42. Clinico-pathologic pattern of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) in southern India: A single-institution experience
- Author
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Rao Cr, K.G. Babu, K. S. Saini, Rekha V. Kumar, M. Lamba, S. V. Attili, U. Batra, C. Ramachandra, P.P. Bapsy, and Geetashree Mukherjee
- Subjects
Oncology ,Cancer Research ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pathology ,Stromal cell ,GiST ,business.industry ,Internal medicine ,Intervention (counseling) ,medicine ,Single institution ,business - Abstract
20531 Background: There have been major advances in understanding the behavioral pattern, pharmacological intervention, and clinical response of GIST; yet Indian data in this regard is sparse. This study analyses the clinico-pathologic features in 36 patients (21 male, 15 female) of GIST seen at our institution. Methods: GIST was defined as a mesenchymal spindle or epithelioid cell lesion arising in the GI tract with CD117 immuno-reactivity. Retrospective data from January 03 to March 06 was analyzed for age, tumor site, morphology, immuno- reactivity, prognostic factors, response to treatment (by RECIST), and recurrence or metastasis. All patients had surgery; those with residual, recurrent, or metastatic disease got imatinib till tumor progression. Results: GIST presented at a mean age of 48.2 yrs (SD 6.4, range 34–65). The mean tumor size was 13.9 cm (range 2–42). The most common site was the small intestine (ileum 8, jejunum 7, duodenum 4). 24 patients (66.7%) had localized disease at baseline. Of these, 14 had local recurrence after surgery, and were given imatinib. 5 of them are in complete remission, 4 had partial response (PR), 3 patients died, and 2 had stable disease. Most patients with recurrent GIST had a mitotic rate of >10/50hpf. 8 patients developed metastasis, and received imatinib. Of these, 2 got a PR, 3 had progressive disease and died, and 3 had stable disease. 12 patients (33.3%) had metastasis at baseline (to liver and abdominal cavity), and underwent debulking. Of these, 6 patients with stable disease are on treatment with imatinib, 3 died and 3 were lost to follow-up. Conclusions: Average age of presentation was less than in Western reports. The commonest site was the small intestine as opposed to stomach in western literature. Mitotic rate was a better prognostic factor than gross tumor size. GIST with a mixed cell morphology showed aggressive behavior. Imatinib mesylate is useful in the post-operative management of GIST. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.
- Published
- 2007
43. Pediatric Solitary Plasmacytoma
- Author
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Naranappa Anantha, P P Bapsy, Dinesh Chandra Doval, Keechilat Pavithran, and Rao Cr
- Subjects
Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Open biopsy ,Adolescent ,Bone Neoplasms ,Plasma cell ,Pallor ,Biopsy ,medicine ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Multiple myeloma ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Hematology ,General Medicine ,Plasma cell neoplasm ,medicine.disease ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Oncology ,Plasmacytoma ,Female ,Bone marrow ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Solitary plasmacytoma of bone (SPB) is a localized plasma cell neoplasm. SPB accounts for 5 10% of all plasma cell dyscrasias ( 1 -3). The relationship of SPB to multiple myeloma continues to be controversial. Many authors believe that SPB is an early stage of multiple myeloma ( I . 3-5). whereas others consider i t as a distinct clinical entity (6, 7). The occurrence of SPB in younger age groups and involvement of long bones is very rare. The youngest patient reported in the literature is 16 years old. Here we report a 15-year-old girl with SPB of the humerus with 10 yrars follow-up. She still remains in remission. Case report. A 15-year-old girl presented in March 1986 with a history of left shoulder joint pain of 6 months' duration. Pain appeared mainly on lifting the limb above the head. There was no history of any Trauma or swelling of the joint. On examination she was moderately built and nourished. There was no pallor or lymphadenopathy and no tenderness or swelling of the joint. Movements of the joint were full. A healed scar was seen over the anterior part of the left shoulder. Systemic examination did not reveal any abnormality. Suspecting a bone tumor open biopsy with curettage and bone grafting was performed in a peripheral hospital. She was later referred to us for further management. Investigations revealed Hb of 135 g/l. TLC of 7.5 x 109/1, platelets 300 x 109/l. and ESR 40 mm/lst hour. Urine analysis was normal. An x-ray of the shoulder joint showed osteolytic areas with ill-defined borders in the medial part of the head of the humerus (Figure). The biopsy showed mainly plasma cells in an amorphous background of which some were binucleate but the majority were mature. A few immature plasma cells were noted. In view of the plasma cell neoplasm she was investigated further for evidence of any systemic disease. However, skeletal survey, serum electrophoresis, immunoglobulin quantitation. bone marrow aspiration and biopsy were all normal. Bone scan showed a solitary lesion in the left humerus. In view of the isolated plasma cell tumor the diagnosis of solitary plasmacytoma of the bone was considered. She was treated with local radiotherapy-42 Gy in 14 fractions. The treatment was well tolerated. She has been followed up for the last 10 years and is still in remission. Discussion. Plasma cell neoplasma may be either localized (solitary plasmacytoma) or generalized (multiple myeloma). Solitary plasmacytoma may arise either in bone (solitary plasmacytoma of bone-SPB) or in extramedullary tissues. SPB accounts for 510% of patients with plasma cell neoplasm ( 1-3).
- Published
- 1997
44. Letters to the editor
- Author
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Rao Cr, Lakshmi A. Devi, S. Misra, Divya Doval, M Chandrashekar, V Srinivas, and P P Bapsy
- Subjects
Leukemia ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Oncology ,business.industry ,MEDLINE ,Medicine ,Hematology ,Sarcoma ,business ,medicine.disease - Published
- 1996
45. Plasma Epstein Barr viral load in adult-onset Hodgkin lymphoma in South India
- Author
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Linu Abraham Jacob, M. Shafiulla, R. S. Jayshree, Bharatnur Shankaranand, Govind Babu, BK Viveka, Rao Cr, Mahua Sinha, and Kuntegowdanahalli C Lakshmaiah
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Adult ,Male ,Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ,Herpesvirus 4, Human ,medicine.medical_treatment ,India ,medicine.disease_cause ,lcsh:RC254-282 ,law.invention ,Viral Matrix Proteins ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,law ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,medicine ,Humans ,Viral load ,Prospective Studies ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Aged ,Chemotherapy ,lcsh:RC633-647.5 ,business.industry ,lcsh:Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs ,General Medicine ,Hematology ,Middle Aged ,lcsh:Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,Epstein–Barr virus ,Hodgkin Disease ,030104 developmental biology ,Real-time polymerase chain reaction ,Oncology ,Epstein barr ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Immunology ,DNA, Viral ,Hodgkin lymphoma ,Immunohistochemistry ,Female ,business ,Epstein–Barr Virus ,LMP1 immunohistochemistry ,Real-time PCR - Abstract
Objective/background: Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) DNA load is increasingly being used as a noninvasive biomarker for detecting EBV association in lymphomas. Since there is a need of data from India, we undertook to prospectively evaluate plasma EBV DNA load as a marker of EBV association in newly diagnosed adult-onset Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Methods: EBV DNA was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. In a subset of patients, an assay was validated qualitatively with EBV latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) immunohistochemistry (IHC). Wherever possible, follow-up plasma samples post three cycles of chemotherapy were obtained. Results: Over a period of 10 months, 33 newly diagnosed adult-onset HL were enrolled in the study. Pretherapy plasma EBV DNA was detectable in ∼49% (16/33) patients (viral loads range, 1.0–51.2 × 103 copies/mL) and undetectable in 30 voluntary blood donors. LMP1 IHC was positive in 56% of cases tested (14/25). Sensitivity and specificity of plasma EBV DNA with respect to LMP1 IHC were 86% and 100%, respectively. Of the eight patients in whom follow-up plasma was available, in five EBV baseline-positive patients EBV load reverted to negative postchemotherapy and corroborated with clinical remission. Conclusion: Plasma EBV DNA load estimation may be useful in detecting EBV-association and possibly monitoring the response to therapy in EBV-related HL especially in our country where EBV association of HL is higher than in developed nations. Keywords: Epstein–Barr Virus, Hodgkin lymphoma, LMP1 immunohistochemistry, Real-time PCR, Viral load
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46. Comments on the paper by CR Nagaraja Rao, T Takashima and RB Toolin 'Measurements and Interpretation of the polarization of radiation emerging from the Atmosphere at an altitude of 28 km over southwestern New Mexico (USA)
- Author
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TAKASHIMA, T, primary and NAGARAJA RAO, CR, additional
- Published
- 1976
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47. Solar radiation anomalies caused by El chichon volcanic cloud:Measurements and model comparisons
- Author
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NAGARAJA RAO, CR, primary and TAKASHIMA, T, additional
- Published
- 1986
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48. Measurements and interpretation of the polarization of radiation emerging from the atmosphere at an altitude of 28km over south-westernNew Mexico (USA)
- Author
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NAGARAJA RAO, CR, primary, TAKASHIMA, T, additional, and TOOLIN, RB, additional
- Published
- 1973
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49. Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020
- Author
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Dana Bryazka, Marissa B Reitsma, Max G Griswold, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Amir Abdoli, Mohammad Abdollahi, Abu Yousuf Md Abdullah, E S Abhilash, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Juan Manuel Acuna, Giovanni Addolorato, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Victor Adekanmbi, Kishor Adhikari, Sangeet Adhikari, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saira Afzal, Wubetu Yimam Agegnehu, Manik Aggarwal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Md Zakiul Alam, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Yousef Alimohamadi, Atiyeh Alizadeh, Kasim Allel, Jordi Alonso, Saba Alvand, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Sohrab Amiri, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Jalal Arabloo, Muhammad Arshad, Anton A Artamonov, Zahra Aryan, Malke Asaad, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Thomas Astell-Burt, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Prince Atorkey, Alok Atreya, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre ayanore Ayanore, Olatunde O Ayinde, Jose L Ayuso-Mateos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ahmed Y Azzam, Ashish D Badiye, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Mohan Bairwa, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Awraris Hailu Balchut/Bilchut, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Pritish Baskaran, Luis Belo, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Benseñor, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Ashish Bhalla, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Elena A Elena Blokhina, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Andre R Brunoni, Zahid A Butt, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Rosario Cárdenas, Andre F Carvalho, Márcia Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Giulio Castelpietra, Luis F S Castro-de-Araujo, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Nicolas Cherbuin, Dinh-Toi Chu, Nandita Chudal, Sheng-Chia Chung, Chuchu Churko, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Rafael M Claro, Simona Costanzo, Richard G Cowden, Michael H Criqui, Natália Cruz-Martins, Garland T Culbreth, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Giovanni Damiani, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Beniam Darge Daniel, Anna Danielewicz, Jiregna Darega Gela, Kairat Davletov, Jacyra Azevedo Paiva de Araujo, Antonio Reis de Sá-Junior, Sisay Abebe Debela, Azizallah Dehghan, Andreas K Demetriades, Meseret Derbew Molla, Rupak Desai, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Diana Dias da Silva, Daniel Diaz, Lankamo Ena Digesa, Mengistie Diress, Milad Dodangeh, Deepa Dongarwar, Fariba Dorostkar, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Bereket Duko, Bruce B Duncan, Kristina Edvardsson, Michael Ekholuenetale, Frank J Elgar, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Azin Etemadimanesh, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Fatemeh Farahmand, Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha, Andre Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Valery L Feigin, Rachel Feldman, Xiaoqi Feng, Zinabu Fentaw, Simone Ferrero, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Joel Msafiri Francis, Richard Charles Franklin, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Silvano Gallus, Fabio Galvano, Balasankar Ganesan, Tushar Garg, Mesfin Gebrehiwot Damtew Gebrehiwot, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael, Tadele Regasa Gemechu, Lemma Getacher, Motuma Erena Getachew, Abera Getachew Obsa, Asmare Getie, Amir Ghaderi, Mansour Ghafourifard, Alireza Ghajar, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Lilian A Ghandour, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Sherief Ghozy, Franklin N Glozah, Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova, Justyna Godos, Amit Goel, Salime Goharinezhad, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Mohamad Golitaleb, Felix Greaves, Michal Grivna, Giuseppe Grosso, Temesgen Worku Gudayu, Bhawna Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Brian J Hall, Rabih Halwani, Tiilahun Beyene Handiso, Graeme J Hankey, Sanam Hariri, Josep Maria Haro, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Ramesh Holla, Md Mahbub Hossain, Sahadat Hossain, Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini, Mehdi hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Guoqing Hu, Junjie Huang, Salman Hussain, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Lalu Muhammad Irham, M Mofizul Islam, Rakibul M Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Hiroyasu Iso, Ramaiah Itumalla, Masao Iwagami, Roxana Jabbarinejad, Louis Jacob, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Zahra Jamalpoor, Elham Jamshidi, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Umesh Umesh Jayarajah, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Seyed Ali Jeddi, Alelign Tasew Jema, Ravi Prakash Jha, Har Ashish Jindal, Jost B Jonas, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Robel Hussen Kabthymer, Bhushan Dattatray Kamble, Himal Kandel, Girum Gebremeskel Kanno, Neeti Kapoor, Ibraheem M Karaye, Salah Eddin Karimi, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Rimple Jeet Kaur, Gbenga A Kayode, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Rovshan Khalilov, Imteyaz A Khan, Moien AB Khan, Hanna Kim, Jihee Kim, Min Seo Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Mika Kivimäki, Vitalii Klymchuk, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, G Anil Kumar, Narinder Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Ben Lacey, Tea Lallukka, Savita Lasrado, Jerrald Lau, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S Lim, Stany W Lobo, Platon D Lopukhov, Stefan Lorkowski, Rafael Lozano, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Farzan Madadizadeh, Áurea M Madureira-Carvalho, Soleiman Mahjoub, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Rashidul Alam Mahumud, Alaa Makki, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Narayana Manjunatha, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Jose Martinez-Raga, Francisco A Martinez-Villa, Richard Matzopoulos, Pallab K Maulik, Mahsa Mayeli, John J McGrath, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ritesh G Menezes, Gert B M Mensink, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Atte Meretoja, Bedasa Taye Merga, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Bartosz Miazgowski, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ted R Miller, GK Mini, Andreea Mirica, Antonio Mirijello, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Sanjeev Misra, Babak Moazen, Maryam Mobarakabadi, Marcello Moccia, Yousef Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Sara Momtazmanesh, Yousef Moradi, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Sumaira Mubarik, Erin C Mullany, Beemnet Tekabe Mulugeta, Efrén Murillo-Zamora, Christopher J L Murray, Julius C Mwita, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Vinay Nangia, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Samata Nepal, Sudan Prasad Prasad Neupane, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Yeshambel T Nigatu, Ali Nowroozi, Khan M Nuruzzaman, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Kehinde O Obamiro, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Adrian Otoiu, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Mahesh P A, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Raffaele Palladino, Adrian Pana, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pandey, Shahina Pardhan, Tarang Parekh, Eun-Kee Park, Charles D H Parry, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Jay Patel, Siddhartha Pati, George C Patton, Uttam Paudel, Shrikant Pawar, Amy E Peden, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Michael R Phillips, Marina Pinheiro, Evgenii Plotnikov, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Akila Prashant, Jianchao Quan, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Azizur Rahman, Md Mosfequr Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Chythra R Rao, Drona Prakash Rasali, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Andre M N Renzaho, Negar Rezaei, Saeid Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Esperanza Romero-Rodríguez, Gregory A Roth, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Basema Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Reihaneh Sadeghian, Umar Saeed, Farhad Saeedi, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, KM Saif-Ur-Rahman, Sarvenaz Salahi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M Samy, Francesco Sanmarchi, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Yaser Sarikhani, Brijesh Sathian, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Mehdi Sayyah, Maria Inês Schmidt, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, Michaël Schwarzinger, David C Schwebel, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Allen Seylani, Feng Sha, Sarvenaz Shahin, Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi, Shayan Shahrokhi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Elaheh Shaker, Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Adithi Shetty, Jeevan K Shetty, Damtew Solomon Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, K M Shivakumar, Velizar Shivarov, Parnian Shobeiri, Roman Shrestha, Negussie Boti Sidemo, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Natacha Torres da Silva, Jasvinder A Singh, Surjit Singh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, David A Sleet, Marco Solmi, YONATAN SOLOMON, Suhang Song, Yimeng Song, Reed J D Sorensen, Sergey Soshnikov, Ireneous N Soyiri, Dan J Stein, Sonu Hangma Subba, Miklós Szócska, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Majid Taheri, Ker-Kan Tan, Minale Tareke, Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang, Gebremaryam Temesgen, Worku Animaw Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Rekha Thapar, Nikhil Kenny Thomas, Chalachew Tiruneh, Jovana Todorovic, Marco Torrado, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Sergi Trias-Llimós, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Alireza Vakilian, Rohollah Valizadeh, Mehdi Varmaghani, Shoban Babu Varthya, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Theo Vos, Birhanu Wagaye, Yasir Waheed, Mandaras Tariku Walde, Cong Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Ronny Westerman, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Abate Dargie Wubetu, Suowen Xu, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Lin Yang, Gesila Endashaw E Yesera, Arzu Yigit, Vahit Yiğit, Ayenew Engida Ayenew Engida Yimaw, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Siddhesh Zadey, Mazyar Zahir, Iman Zare, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Chenwen Zhong, Mohammad Zmaili, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Emmanuela Gakidou, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute (-2014), Helsinki Inequality Initiative (INEQ), Clinicum, Helsinki University Hospital Area, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, King Edward Medical University (Pakistán), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, University of Oxford (Reino Unido), Medical Research Council (Reino Unido), NIH - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (Estados Unidos), Canada Research Chairs, National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), National Heart Foundation of Australia, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Wellcome Trust, NIH - National Institute on Aging (NIA) (Estados Unidos), Finlands Akademi (Finlandia), Panjab University (India), Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Danish National Research Foundation, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (Australia), South African Medical Research Council, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Charles Sturt University (Australia), Ain Shams University (Egipto), Mizoram University (India), Kasturba Medical College (India), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Collaborators, GBD 2020 Alcohol, Bryazka, Dana, Reitsma, Marissa B, Griswold, Max G, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab, Abdoli, Amir, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdullah, Abu Yousuf Md, Abhilash, E S, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Acuna, Juan Manuel, Addolorato, Giovanni, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adhikari, Kishor, Adhikari, Sangeet, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Afzal, Saira, Agegnehu, Wubetu Yimam, Aggarwal, Manik, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Araz Ramazan, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alam, Md Zakiul, Alem, Dejene Tsegaye, Alene, Kefyalew Addi, Alimohamadi, Yousef, Alizadeh, Atiyeh, Allel, Kasim, Alonso, Jordi, Alvand, Saba, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Firehiwot, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amiri, Sohrab, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderson, Jason A, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Arabloo, Jalal, Arshad, Muhammad, Artamonov, Anton A, Aryan, Zahra, Asaad, Malke, Asemahagn, Mulusew A, Astell-Burt, Thoma, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atorkey, Prince, Atreya, Alok, Ausloos, Floriane, Ausloos, Marcel, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre ayanore, Ayinde, Olatunde O, Ayuso-Mateos, Jose L, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Azanaw, Melkalem Mamuye, Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza, Azari Jafari, Amirhossein, Azzam, Ahmed Y, Badiye, Ashish D, Bagheri, Nasser, Bagherieh, Sara, Bairwa, Mohan, Bakkannavar, Shankar M, Bakshi, Ravleen Kaur, Balchut/bilchut, Awraris Hailu, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barra, Fabio, Barrow, Amadou, Baskaran, Pritish, Belo, Lui, Bennett, Derrick A, Benseñor, Isabela M, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhojaraja, Vijayalakshmi S, Bintoro, Bagas Suryo, Blokhina, Elena A Elena, Bodicha, Belay Boda Abule, Boloor, Archith, Bosetti, Cristina, Braithwaite, Dejana, Brenner, Hermann, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Brunoni, Andre R, Butt, Zahid A, Cao, Chao, Cao, Yin, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carvalho, Andre F, Carvalho, Márcia, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castelpietra, Giulio, Castro-de-Araujo, Luis F S, Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia, Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo, Charan, Jaykaran, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaurasia, Akhilanand, Cherbuin, Nicola, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chudal, Nandita, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Churko, Chuchu, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Claro, Rafael M, Costanzo, Simona, Cowden, Richard G, Criqui, Michael H, Cruz-Martins, Natália, Culbreth, Garland T, Dachew, Berihun Assefa, Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daniel, Beniam Darge, Danielewicz, Anna, Darega Gela, Jiregna, Davletov, Kairat, de Araujo, Jacyra Azevedo Paiva, de Sá-Junior, Antonio Rei, Debela, Sisay Abebe, Dehghan, Azizallah, Demetriades, Andreas K, Derbew Molla, Meseret, Desai, Rupak, Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Digesa, Lankamo Ena, Diress, Mengistie, Dodangeh, Milad, Dongarwar, Deepa, Dorostkar, Fariba, Dsouza, Haneil Larson, Duko, Bereket, Duncan, Bruce B, Edvardsson, Kristina, Ekholuenetale, Michael, Elgar, Frank J, Elhadi, Muhammed, Elmonem, Mohamed A, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Etemadimanesh, Azin, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Franci, Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich, Farahmand, Fatemeh, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fatehizadeh, Ali, Fauk, Nelsensius Klau, Feigin, Valery L, Feldman, Rachel, Feng, Xiaoqi, Fentaw, Zinabu, Ferrero, Simone, Ferro Desideri, Lorenzo, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Francis, Joel Msafiri, Franklin, Richard Charle, Gaal, Peter Andra, Gad, Mohamed M, Gallus, Silvano, Galvano, Fabio, Ganesan, Balasankar, Garg, Tushar, Gebrehiwot, Mesfin Gebrehiwot Damtew, Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru, Gebremichael, Mathewos Alemu, Gemechu, Tadele Regasa, Getacher, Lemma, Getachew, Motuma Erena, Getachew Obsa, Abera, Getie, Asmare, Ghaderi, Amir, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi, Ghandour, Lilian A, Ghasemi Nour, Mohammad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghozy, Sherief, Glozah, Franklin N, Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna, Godos, Justyna, Goel, Amit, Goharinezhad, Salime, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goleij, Pouya, Golitaleb, Mohamad, Greaves, Felix, Grivna, Michal, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gudayu, Temesgen Worku, Gupta, Bhawna, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Sapna, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Hall, Brian J, Halwani, Rabih, Handiso, Tiilahun Beyene, Hankey, Graeme J, Hariri, Sanam, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hassanian-Moghaddam, Hossein, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari, Mohammad, Hendrie, Delia, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba, Hezam, Kamal, Hlongwa, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni, Holla, Ramesh, Hossain, Md Mahbub, Hossain, Sahadat, Hosseini, Seyed Kianoosh, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Junjie, Hussain, Salman, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Immurana, Mustapha, Irham, Lalu Muhammad, Islam, M Mofizul, Islam, Rakibul M, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Iso, Hiroyasu, Itumalla, Ramaiah, Iwagami, Masao, Jabbarinejad, Roxana, Jacob, Loui, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jamalpoor, Zahra, Jamshidi, Elham, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayarajah, Umesh Umesh, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jebai, Rime, Jeddi, Seyed Ali, Jema, Alelign Tasew, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jindal, Har Ashish, Jonas, Jost B, Joo, Tama, Joseph, Nitin, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabthymer, Robel Hussen, Kamble, Bhushan Dattatray, Kandel, Himal, Kanno, Girum Gebremeskel, Kapoor, Neeti, Karaye, Ibraheem M, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Kassa, Bekalu Getnet, Kaur, Rimple Jeet, Kayode, Gbenga A, Keykhaei, Mohammad, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Imteyaz A, Khan, Moien AB, Kim, Hanna, Kim, Jihee, Kim, Min Seo, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kivimäki, Mika, Klymchuk, Vitalii, Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo, Kolahi, Ali-Asghar, Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Narinder, Kumar, Nithin, Lacey, Ben, Lallukka, Tea, Lasrado, Savita, Lau, Jerrald, Lee, Sang-woong, Lee, Wei-Chen, Lee, Yo Han, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen S, Lobo, Stany W, Lopukhov, Platon D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lozano, Rafael, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Madadizadeh, Farzan, Madureira-Carvalho, Áurea M, Mahjoub, Soleiman, Mahmoodpoor, Ata, Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Makki, Alaa, Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza, Manjunatha, Narayana, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martinez-Villa, Francisco A, Matzopoulos, Richard, Maulik, Pallab K, Mayeli, Mahsa, Mcgrath, John J, Meena, Jitendra Kumar, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mensink, Gert B M, Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A, Meretoja, Atte, Merga, Bedasa Taye, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miao Jonasson, Junmei, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ana Carolina, Miller, Ted R, Mini, Gk, Mirica, Andreea, Mirijello, Antonio, Mirmoeeni, Seyyedmohammadsadeq, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misra, Sanjeev, Moazen, Babak, Mobarakabadi, Maryam, Moccia, Marcello, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadi, Esmaeil, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Teroj Abdulrahman, Moka, Nagabhishek, Mokdad, Ali H, Momtazmanesh, Sara, Moradi, Yousef, Mostafavi, Ebrahim, Mubarik, Sumaira, Mullany, Erin C, Mulugeta, Beemnet Tekabe, Murillo-Zamora, Efrén, Murray, Christopher J L, Mwita, Julius C, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nangia, Vinay, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Nepal, Samata, Neupane, Sudan Prasad Prasad, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nigatu, Yeshambel T, Nowroozi, Ali, Nuruzzaman, Khan M, Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe, Obamiro, Kehinde O, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru, Okati-Aliabad, Hassan, Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun, Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Morae, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer, Emad, Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V, Otoiu, Adrian, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Oumer, Bilcha, P A, Mahesh, Padron-Monedero, Alicia, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Anamika, Pandey, Ashok, Pardhan, Shahina, Parekh, Tarang, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D H, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Patel, Jay, Pati, Siddhartha, Patton, George C, Paudel, Uttam, Pawar, Shrikant, Peden, Amy E, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Phillips, Michael R, Pinheiro, Marina, Plotnikov, Evgenii, Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh, Prashant, Akila, Quan, Jianchao, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Raghav, Pankaja Raghav, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, 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Nk, Feigin, Vl, Feldman, R, Feng, Xq, Fentaw, Z, Ferrero, S, Desideri, Lf, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Francis, Jm, Franklin, Rc, Gaal, Pa, Gad, Mm, Gallus, S, Galvano, F, Ganesan, B, Garg, T, Gebrehiwot, Mgd, Gebremeskel, Tg, Gebremichael, Ma, Gemechu, Tr, Getacher, L, Getachew, Me, Obsa, Ag, Getie, A, Ghaderi, A, Ghafourifard, M, Ghajar, A, Ghamari, Sh, Ghandour, La, Nour, Mg, Ghashghaee, A, Ghozy, S, Glozah, Fn, Glushkova, Ev, Godos, J, Goel, A, Goharinezhad, S, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Golitaleb, M, Greaves, F, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Gudayu, Tw, Gupta, B, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, Vb, Gupta, Vk, Nejad, Nh, Mirzaian, Ah, Hall, Bj, Halwani, R, Handiso, Tb, Hankey, Gj, Hariri, S, Haro, Jm, Hasaballah, Ai, Moghaddam, Hh, Hay, Si, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Hendrie, D, Herteliu, C, Heyi, Dz, Hezam, K, Hlongwa, Mm, Holla, R, Hossain, Mm, Hossain, S, Hosseini, Sk, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, Gq, Huang, Jj, Hussain, S, Ibitoye, Se, Ilic, Im, Ilic, Md, Immurana, M, Irham, 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Mcgrath, Jj, Meena, Jk, Nasab, Em, Menezes, Rg, Mensink, Gbm, Mentis, Afa, Meretoja, A, Merga, Bt, Mestrovic, T, Jonasson, Jm, Miazgowski, B, de Sa, Acmgn, Miller, Tr, Mini, G, Mirica, A, Mirijello, A, Mirmoeeni, S, Mirrakhimov, Em, Misra, S, Moazen, B, Mobarakabadi, M, Moccia, M, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, E, Hafshejani, Am, Mohammed, Ta, Moka, N, Mokdad, Ah, Momtazmanesh, S, Moradi, Y, Mostafavi, E, Mubarik, S, Mullany, Ec, Mulugeta, Bt, Zamora, Em, Murray, Cjl, Mwita, Jc, Naghavi, M, Naimzada, Md, Nangia, V, Nayak, Bp, Negoi, I, Negoi, Ri, Nejadghaderi, Sa, Nepal, S, Neupane, Spp, Kandel, Sn, Nigatu, Yt, Nowroozi, A, Nuruzzaman, Km, Nzoputam, Ci, Obamiro, Ko, Ogbo, Fa, Oguntade, A, Aliabad, Ho, Olakunde, Bo, Oliveira, Gmm, Bali, Ao, Omer, E, Altamirano, Dvo, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, S, Oumer, B, Mahesh, Pa, Monedero, Ap, Palladino, R, Pana, A, Jonas, Sp, Pandey, A, Pardhan, S, Parekh, T, Park, Ek, Parry, Cdh, Kan, Fp, Patel, J, Pati, S, Patton, Gc, Paudel, U, Pawar, S, Peden, Ae, Petcu, Ir, Phillips, Mr, Pinheiro, M, Plotnikov, E, Pradhan, Pm, Prashant, A, Quan, Jc, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Raghav, Pr, Movaghar, Vr, Rahman, A, Rahman, Mm, Rahman, M, Rahmani, Am, Rahmani, S, Ranabhat, Cl, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, Cr, Rasali, Dp, Rashidi, Mm, Ratan, Za, Rawaf, Dl, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Renzaho, Amn, Rezaei, N, Rezaei, S, Rezaeian, M, Riahi, Sm, Rodriguez, Er, Roth, Ga, Rwegerera, Gm, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghian, R, Saeed, U, Saeedi, F, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, H, Sahraian, Ma, Rahman, Ksu, Salahi, S, Salimzadeh, H, Samy, Am, Sanmarchi, F, Milicevic, Mm, Sarikhani, Y, Sathian, B, Saya, Gk, Sayyah, M, Schmidt, Mi, Schutte, Ae, Schwarzinger, M, Schwebel, Dc, Seidu, Aa, Seyedalinaghi, S, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Shahin, S, Sanavi, F, Shahrokhi, S, Shaikh, Ma, Shaker, E, Shakhmardanov, Mz, Beyranvand, M, Sheikhbahaei, S, Sheikhi, Ra, Shetty, A, Shetty, Jk, Shiferaw, D, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shivakumar, Km, Shivarov, V, Shobeiri, P, Shrestha, R, Sidemo, Nb, Sigfusdottir, Id, Silva, Da, da Silva, Nt, Singh, Ja, Singh, S, Skryabin, Vy, Skryabina, Aa, Sleet, Da, Solmi, M, Solomon, Y, Song, S, Song, Ym, Sorensen, Rjd, Soshnikov, S, Soyiri, In, Stein, Dj, Subba, Sh, Szocska, M, Seisdedos, Rt, Tabuchi, T, Taheri, M, Tan, Kk, Tareke, M, Tarkang, Ee, Temesgen, G, Temesgen, Wa, Temsah, Mh, Thankappan, Kr, Thapar, R, Thomas, Nk, Tiruneh, C, Todorovic, J, Torrado, M, Touvier, M, Palone, Mrt, Tran, Mtn, Llimos, St, Tripathy, Jp, Vakilian, A, Valizadeh, R, Varmaghani, M, Varthya, Sb, Vasankari, Tj, Vos, T, Wagaye, B, Waheed, Y, Walde, Mt, Wang, C, Wang, Yz, Wang, Yp, Westerman, R, Wickramasinghe, Nd, Wubetu, Ad, Xu, S, Yamagishi, K, Yang, L, Yesera, Gee, Yigit, A, Yimaw, Ae, Yon, Dk, Yonemoto, N, Yu, Ch, Zadey, S, Zahir, M, Zare, I, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Zj, Zhong, Cw, Zmaili, M, Zuniga, Ymh, Gakidou, E, Madureira-Carvalho, Am, Ciobanu, LG, Gakidou, Emma, and GBD 2020 Alcohol Collaborators
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Adult ,Male ,Alcohol Drinking ,CONTROL POLICIES ,adult ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,Geography ,Global Burden of Disease ,Global Health ,Humans ,Middle Aged ,Quality-Adjusted Life Years ,Risk Factors ,NDAS ,ALL-CAUSE ,GUIDELINES ,GBD 2020 Alcohol Collaborators ,COST-EFFECTIVENESS ,Medicine, General & Internal ,DRINKING ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,RA0421 ,General & Internal Medicine ,Quality-Adjusted Life Year ,RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine ,DRINKERS ,Child ,Preschool ,11 Medical and Health Sciences ,METAANALYSIS ,MCC ,Science & Technology ,global burden of disease ,Risk Factor ,General Medicine ,CANCER ,alcohol drinking ,AC ,3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine ,REDUCED MORTALITY ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Human - Abstract
Background: The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods: For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose-response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15-95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings: The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15-39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0-0) and 0·603 (0·400-1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0-0) and 1·75 (0·698-4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0-0·403) to 1·87 (0·500-3·30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0·193 (0-0·900) and 6·94 (3·40-8·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59·1% (54·3-65·4) were aged 15-39 years and 76·9% (73·0-81·3) were male. Interpretation: There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. S Afzal acknowledges the support for intellectual contributions to this manuscript by the Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology at King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan. T Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. L Belo acknowledges support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. D Bennett is supported by the UK Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford (Oxford, UK). M Carvalho acknowledges support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. L Castro-de-Araujo was funded by the Medical Research Council (UK), Grant no. MR/T03355X/1 and by the National Institute of Mental Health Grant no. R01MH128911. FJ Elgar is supported by the Canada Research Chairs program. F Greaves acknowledges support from the NIHR Applied Research Collaboration for NW London. V K Gupta acknowledges funding support from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. VB Gupta acknowledges funding support from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant from the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID, project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021. S Hussain was supported by the Operational Programme Research, Development and Education –Project, Postdoc2MUNI “(No. CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/18_053/0016952). S M S Islam is funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council and received funding from the National Heart Foundation of Australia. The Serbian part of this GBD-related contribution has been co-financed through Grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. M Kivimaki was supported by the Wellcome Trust (221854/Z/20/Z), the UK Medical Research Council (MR/S011676/1), the US National Institute on Aging (R01AG056477), and the Academy of Finland (350426). K Krishan is supported by the UGC Centre of Advanced Study (Phase II), awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. B Lacey acknowledges support from the UK Biobank, funded largely by the UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome. S Lorkowski acknowledges institutional support from the Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig (Germany; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; grant agreement number 01EA1808A). G Lucchetti received a productivity scholarship from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development — CNPq (Level 1D). J McGrath was supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professor). J McGrath is employed by the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (Australia), which receives support from the Queensland Health Department. C Parry acknowleges the South African Medical Research Council. A Peden is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Emerging Leadership Fellowship (Grant ID: APP2009306). M R Phillips was supported in part by the Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases - National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC. No. 81761128031). M Pinheiro acknowledges FCT for funding through program DL 57/2016 – Norma transitória. A Rahman acknowledges the support from the Data Science Research Unit in Charles Sturt University (Bathurst, NSW, Australia). U Saeed would like to acknowledge the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan. A M Samy acknowledges support from Ain Shams University (Cairo, Egypt) and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. N Senthil Kumar acknowledges the DBT, New Delhi sponsored Advanced State Level Biotech Hub (BT/NER/143/SP44475/2021), Mizoram University (Aizawl, Mizoram, India) for facilitating this work. F Sha is supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (Grant No. KQTD20190929172835662). A Shetty acknowledges Kasturba Medical College (Mangalore, India) and Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Manipal, India) for all the academic support. R Shrestha acknowledges a career development award from the National Institutes of Health (K01DA051346). D Silva was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brazil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001 and is supported in part by CNPq - Brazil (309589/2021-5). D Sleet acknowledges partial support from Veritas Management Group, Inc and The Bizzell Group, LLC. S Trias-Llimós acknowledges research funding from the Juan de la Cierva-Formación program of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (FJC-2019-039314-I). Sí
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- 2022
50. The burden of injury in Central, Eastern, and Western European sub-region: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study
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Juanita A. Haagsma, Periklis Charalampous, Filippo Ariani, Anne Gallay, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Evangelia Nena, Che Henry Ngwa, Alexander Rommel, Ausra Zelviene, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hanadi Al Hamad, Luciana Albano, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Olatunde Aremu, Ashokan Arumugam, Alok Atreya, Avinash Aujayeb, Jose Luis Ayuso-Mateos, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Maciej Banach, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Massimiliano Beghi, Derrick A. Bennett, Akshaya S. Bhagavathula, Félix Carvalho, Giulio Castelpietra, Ledda Caterina, Joht Singh Chandan, Rosa A. S. Couto, Natália Cruz-Martins, Giovanni Damiani, Anna Dastiridou, Andreas K. Demetriades, Diana Dias-da-Silva, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Pietro Ferrara, Florian Fischer, Urbano Fra.Paleo, Silvia Ghirini, James C. Glasbey, Ionela-Roxana Glavan, Nelson G. M. Gomes, Michal Grivna, Netanja I. Harlianto, Josep Maria Haro, M. Tasdik Hasan, Sorin Hostiuc, Ivo Iavicoli, Milena D. Ilic, Irena M. Ilic, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Jost B. Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Joonas H. Kauppila, Gbenga A. Kayode, Moien A. B. Khan, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Ai Koyanagi, Manasi Kumar, Om P. Kurmi, Carlo La-Vecchia, Demetris Lamnisos, Savita Lasrado, Paolo Lauriola, Shai Linn, Joana A. Loureiro, Raimundas Lunevicius, Aurea Madureira-Carvalho, Enkeleint A. Mechili, Azeem Majeed, Ritesh G. Menezes, Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis, Atte Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Tomasz Miazgowski, Bartosz Miazgowski, Andreea Mirica, Mariam Molokhia, Shafiu Mohammed, Lorenzo Monasta, Francesk Mulita, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Ionut Negoi, Subas Neupane, Bogdan Oancea, Hans Orru, Adrian Otoiu, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Shahina Pardhan, Jay Patel, Paolo Pedersini, Marina Pinheiro, Ivo Rakovac, Chythra R. Rao, Salman Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Violet Rodrigues, Luca Ronfani, Dominic Sagoe, Francesco Sanmarchi, Milena M. Santric-Milicevic, Brijesh Sathian, Aziz Sheikh, Rahman Shiri, Siddharudha Shivalli, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Catalin-Gabriel Smarandache, Bogdan Socea, Raúl A. R. C. Sousa, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Fimka Tozija, Sarah Van de Velde, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Massimiliano Veroux, Francesco S. Violante, Vasiliy Vlassov, Yanzhong Wang, Ali Yadollahpour, Sanni Yaya, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Suzanne Polinder, Marek Majdan, Haagsma, J, Charalampous, P, Ariani, F, Gallay, A, Moesgaard Iburg, K, Nena, E, Ngwa, C, Rommel, A, Zelviene, A, Abegaz, K, Al Hamad, H, Albano, L, Liliana Andrei, C, Andrei, T, Antonazzo, I, Aremu, O, Arumugam, A, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ayuso-Mateos, J, Engelbert Bain, L, Banach, M, Winfried Bärnighausen, T, Barone-Adesi, F, Beghi, M, Bennett, D, Bhagavathula, A, Carvalho, F, Castelpietra, G, Caterina, L, Chandan, J, Couto, R, Cruz-Martins, N, Damiani, G, Dastiridou, A, Demetriades, A, Dias-da-Silva, D, Francis Fagbamigbe, A, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Fischer, F, Fra. Paleo, U, Ghirini, S, Glasbey, J, Glavan, I, Gomes, N, Grivna, M, Harlianto, N, Haro, J, Hasan, M, Hostiuc, S, Iavicoli, I, Ilic, M, Ilic, I, Jakovljevic, M, Jonas, J, Jerzy Jozwiak, J, Jürisson, M, Kauppila, J, Kayode, G, Khan, M, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Koyanagi, A, Kumar, M, Kurmi, O, La-Vecchia, C, Lamnisos, D, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Linn, S, Loureiro, J, Lunevicius, R, Madureira-Carvalho, A, Mechili, E, Majeed, A, Menezes, R, Mentis, A, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, T, Miazgowski, B, Mirica, A, Molokhia, M, Mohammed, S, Monasta, L, Mulita, F, David Naimzada, M, Negoi, I, Neupane, S, Oancea, B, Orru, H, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Padron-Monedero, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pardhan, S, Patel, J, Pedersini, P, Pinheiro, M, Rakovac, I, Rao, C, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rodrigues, V, Ronfani, L, Sagoe, D, Sanmarchi, F, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sathian, B, Sheikh, A, Shiri, R, Shivalli, S, Dora Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Yurievich Skryabin, V, Aleksandrovna Skryabina, A, Smarandache, C, Socea, B, Sousa, R, Steiropoulos, P, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Roberto Tovani-Palone, M, Tozija, F, Van de Velde, S, Juhani Vasankari, T, Veroux, M, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Wang, Y, Yadollahpour, A, Yaya, S, Sergeevich Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Polinder, S, Majdan, M, Haagsma, J. A., Charalampous, P., Ariani, F., Gallay, A., Moesgaard Iburg, K., Nena, E., Ngwa, C. H., Rommel, A., Zelviene, A., Abegaz, K. H., Al Hamad, H., Albano, L., Liliana Andrei, C., Andrei, T., Antonazzo, I. C., Aremu, O., Arumugam, A., Atreya, A., Aujayeb, A., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Engelbert Bain, L., Banach, M., Winfried Barnighausen, T., Barone-Adesi, F., Beghi, M., Bennett, D. A., Bhagavathula, A. S., Carvalho, F., Castelpietra, G., Caterina, L., Chandan, J. S., Couto, R. A. S., Cruz-Martins, N., Damiani, G., Dastiridou, A., Demetriades, A. K., Dias-da-Silva, D., Fagbamigbe, A. F., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M., Fernandes, E., Ferrara, P., Fischer, F., Fr, a. Paleo U., Ghirini, S., Glasbey, J. C., Glavan, I. -R., Gomes, N. G. M., Grivna, M., Harlianto, N. I., Haro, J. M., Hasan, M. T., Hostiuc, S., Iavicoli, I., Ilic, M. D., Ilic, I. M., Jakovljevic, M., Jonas, J. B., Jerzy Jozwiak, J., Jurisson, M., Kauppila, J. H., Kayode, G. A., Khan, M. A. B., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Koyanagi, A., Kumar, M., Kurmi, O. P., La-Vecchia, C., Lamnisos, D., Lasrado, S., Lauriola, P., Linn, S., Loureiro, J. A., Lunevicius, R., Madureira-Carvalho, A., Mechili, E. A., Majeed, A., Menezes, R. G., Mentis, A. -F. A., Meretoja, A., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, T., Miazgowski, B., Mirica, A., Molokhia, M., Mohammed, S., Monasta, L., Mulita, F., David Naimzada, M., Negoi, I., Neupane, S., Oancea, B., Orru, H., Otoiu, A., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S. S., Padron-Monedero, A., Panda-Jonas, S., Pardhan, S., Patel, J., Pedersini, P., Pinheiro, M., Rakovac, I., Rao, C. R., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D. L., Rodrigues, V., Ronfani, L., Sagoe, D., Sanmarchi, F., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Sathian, B., Sheikh, A., Shiri, R., Shivalli, S., Dora Sigfusdottir, I., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Yurievich Skryabin, V., Aleksandrovna Skryabina, A., Smarandache, C. -G., Socea, B., Sousa, R. A. R. C., Steiropoulos, P., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Roberto Tovani-Palone, M., Tozija, F., Van de Velde, S., Juhani Vasankari, T., Veroux, M., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Wang, Y., Yadollahpour, A., Yaya, S., Sergeevich Zastrozhin, M., Zastrozhina, A., Polinder, S., Majdan, M., Haagsma, Ja, Iburg, Km, Ngwa, Ch, Abegaz, Kh, Andrei, Cl, Antonazzo, Ic, Ayuso-Mateos, Jl, Bain, Le, Barnighausen, Tw, Bennett, Da, Couto, Ra, Demetriades, Ak, Fagbamigbe, Af, Fereshtehnejad, Sm, Fra Paleo, U, Glasbey, Jc, Glavan, Ir, Gomes, Ngm, Harlianto, Ni, Haro, Jm, Hasan, Mt, Ilic, Md, Ilic, Im, Jonas, Jb, Jozwiak, Jj, Jurisson, M, Kauppila, Jh, Kayode, Ga, Khan, Mab, Kurmi, Op, Loureiro, Ja, Mechili, Ea, Menezes, Rg, Mentis, Afa, Naimzada, Md, Rao, Cr, Rawaf, Dl, Santric-Milicevic, Mm, Sigfusdottir, Id, Skryabin, Vy, Skryabina, Aa, Smarandache, Cg, Sousa, Rarc, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tovani-Palone, Mr, Vasankari, Tj, Wang, Yz, Zastrozhin, M, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, HUS Neurocenter, Neurologian yksikkö, Public Health, Tampere University, Health Sciences, and Clinical Medicine
- Subjects
Science & Technology ,Injuries ,DEATHS ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Burden of disease ,Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology ,3121 Internal medicine ,Disability adjusted life years ,Mortality ,Europe ,3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health ,1117 Public Health and Health Services ,Injurie ,Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,INEQUALITIES ,Public Health ,Human medicine ,Disability adjusted life year ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Public, Environmental & Occupational Health - Abstract
Background Injury remains a major concern to public health in the European region. Previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study showed wide variation in injury death and disability adjusted life year (DALY) rates across Europe, indicating injury inequality gaps between sub-regions and countries. The objectives of this study were to: 1) compare GBD 2019 estimates on injury mortality and DALYs across European sub-regions and countries by cause-of-injury category and sex; 2) examine changes in injury DALY rates over a 20 year-period by cause-of-injury category, sub-region and country; and 3) assess inequalities in injury mortality and DALY rates across the countries. Methods We performed a secondary database descriptive study using the GBD 2019 results on injuries in 44 European countries from 2000 to 2019. Inequality in DALY rates between these countries was assessed by calculating the DALY rate ratio between the highest-ranking country and lowest-ranking country in each year. Results In 2019, in Eastern Europe 80 [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 71 to 89] people per 100,000 died from injuries; twice as high compared to Central Europe (38 injury deaths per 100,000; 95% UI 34 to 42) and three times as high compared to Western Europe (27 injury deaths per 100,000; 95%UI 25 to 28). The injury DALY rates showed less pronounced differences between Eastern (5129 DALYs per 100,000; 95% UI: 4547 to 5864), Central (2940 DALYs per 100,000; 95% UI: 2452 to 3546) and Western Europe (1782 DALYs per 100,000; 95% UI: 1523 to 2115). Injury DALY rate was lowest in Italy (1489 DALYs per 100,000) and highest in Ukraine (5553 DALYs per 100,000). The difference in injury DALY rates by country was larger for males compared to females. The DALY rate ratio was highest in 2005, with DALY rate in the lowest-ranking country (Russian Federation) 6.0 times higher compared to the highest-ranking country (Malta). After 2005, the DALY rate ratio between the lowest- and the highest-ranking country gradually decreased to 3.7 in 2019. Conclusions Injury mortality and DALY rates were highest in Eastern Europe and lowest in Western Europe, although differences in injury DALY rates declined rapidly, particularly in the past decade. The injury DALY rate ratio of highest- and lowest-ranking country declined from 2005 onwards, indicating declining inequalities in injuries between European countries.
- Published
- 2022
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