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The human nasal cavity develops from birth with size anatomical changes. This study aims to evaluate the flow parameters and particle deposition parameters. Neonatal and infant nasal cavities are developed using MIMICS 21.0, and the flow is evaluated by ANSYS 2021 R2 using CFD to evaluate velocity, pressure, micro- and nanoparticle depositions under sedentary breathing conditions. Neonatal nasal valve velocity was recorded 3.5 times higher compared to the infant for 1.8 LPM and 2.7 times for 3 LPM. Neonatal vestibular depositions up to 10 µm were 6.6%, which increased to 76% for 60 µm for 1.8 LPM and increased to 21.3% for 10 µm and 79% for 60 µm for 1.8 LPM. The neonatal nasal valve showed maximum depositions of around 35% for 20 µm for both flow rates. Maximum depositions of nanoparticles are in the mid-nasal region. Infant nasal cavities deposit around 1% to 2% for nanoparticles below 20 nm for both flow rates. Neonatal overall microparticle depositions doubled with an increase in flow rate up to 10 µm. The overall deposition efficiency of nanoparticles increases 1.5 times with increasing flow rate. This study will help with the medical administration of aerosol-based medications in the patient and age-specific nasal cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The nasal cavity effectively captures the particles present in inhaled air, thereby preventing harmful and toxic pollutants from reaching the lungs. This filtering ability of the nasal cavity can be effectively utilized for targeted nasal drug delivery applications. This study aims to understand the particle deposition patterns in three age groups: neonate, infant, and adult. Materials and methods: The CT scans are built using MIMICS 21.0, followed by CATIA V6 to generate a patient-specific airway model. Fluid flow is simulated using ANSYS FLUENT 2021 R2. Spherical monodisperse microparticles ranging from 2 to 60 µm and a density of 1100 kg/m3 are simulated at steady-state and sedentary inspiration conditions. Results: The highest nasal valve depositions for the neonate are 25% for 20 µm, for infants, 10% for 50 µm, 15% for adults, and 15% for 15 µm. At mid nasal region, deposition of 15% for 20 µm is observed for infant and 8% for neonate and adult nasal cavities at a particle size of 10 and 20 µm, respectively. The highest particle deposition at the olfactory region is about 2.7% for the adult nasal cavity for 20 µm, and it is <1% for neonate and infant nasal cavities. Discussion and conclusions: The study of preferred nasal depositions during natural sedentary breathing conditions is utilized to determine the size that allows medication particles to be targeted to specific nose regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is estimated that accuracy of clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis is only between 76 percent and 92 percent. Parameters like outer diameter of appendix on ultrasonography, and biochemical parameters like raised CRP and hyperbilirubinemia helps to improve the accuracy of pre- operative diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Our objective is to compare the outer diameter of the inflamed appendix on ultrasonography, values of CRP and total serum bilirubin in complicated versus uncomplicated appendicitis. Methods: In our study 60 patients diagnosed to have acute appendicitis clinically were subjected to Ultrasonography, CRP and Total Serum Bilirubin. Chi-square test and unpaired 't' test were used to compare categorical and continuous variables respectively. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used for different cut off points of appendicular diameter, CRP and total serum bilirubin. Results: In our study, maximum number of patients were in the 21 to 40 years age group accounting for 58.34% of total cases. The mean total serum bilirubin in cases of uncomplicated appendicitis was 0.85 ± 0.39 mg/dl and in complicated appendicitis, it was 1.98 ± 0.55 mg/dl. The mean CRP in cases of uncomplicated appendicitis was 2.50 ± 1.86 mg/dl and in complicated appendicitis, it was 15.07 ± 7.28 mg/dl. The mean appendicular diameter in uncomplicated appendicitis was 8.65±1.98 mm and in complicated appendicitis it was 10.07 ± 1.42 mm. Pre-operative total serum bilirubin and CRP values have higher sensitivity (95.24%) and specificity (84.61%) than appendicular diameter on USG in diagnosing complicated appendicitis. Conclusion: Use of biochemical parameters such as total serum bilirubin and CRP, radiological such as outer diameter of appendix on USG helps in diagnosing complicated appendicitis preoperatively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Acute pancreatitis includes a wide spectrum of disease, from mild self-limiting symptoms to a fulminant process with multiple organ failure and high mortality. Alcohol and gallstones are the most common causes. Most patients can be managed conservatively. This study analyses the incidence, clinical presentation and management of acute pancreatitis. Methods In our study 50 patients with acute pancreatitis were studied and data collected. These were analysed, tabulated and compared. Results The peak incidence was in the 4th decade in males (40%) and 5th decade in females (50%). The mean age group in our study is 40.72 years. 80% were male patients and alcohol was the cause in 72% patients. Most of the patients had pain abdomen and vomiting. Amylase and lipase were elevated in most patients. CT scan was diagnostic in 90% patients and ascites was seen in 60% patients. 64% patients had mild pancreatitis and 88% patients were managed conservatively. Mean hospital stay in our study was 4.75 days. More than 90% patients improved. Conclusion Alcohol is the main cause, seen in the 4th decade in males. CT scan is diagnostic, lipase is elevated in most cases. Most cases are mild disease and managed conservatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study which described the development of a method of sequential batch leaching test which simulates leaching of the fly ash from the landfills. Experimental investigations; Characterization of leaching tests; Results of the study.

AbstractFace cups form a vital component of breathing, assisting with devices that aid in artificial breathing for neonates. This study aims to evaluate the flow parameters in the nasal cavity for two different types of face cups. The neonatal nasal cavity model was developed from CT scans using MIMICS 21.0. Two face cups, one hemispherical and the other anatomical shaped cups are developed around the nasal cavity and the airflow is simulated using ANSYS 2021 R2. Results are compared with a nasal-only model. At the nasal valve region, the highest velocity is seen for the nasal-only model which is 16.3% higher than that of the hemispherical face cup and 15.2% superior to the anatomical-shaped face cup. In addition, the decrease in pressure across the nasal-only model is 7.4 and 6.6% below that of the hemispherical cup and anatomical cup masks. The nasal resistance values across the nasal cavity are the lowest for the nasal-only model, 7.7 and 6.7% lower respectively than the hemispherical and anatomical-shaped cups. There were very minor changes in the flow parameters such as velocity, pressure and wall shear stress when comparing the hemispherical and anatomic-shaped masks for the airflow inside the nasal cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple designs of textile-based sensors were developed and integrated into blankets for the measurement of Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. Once the patient makes direct skin contact with the electrodes, the ECG signals are acquired and transmitted wirelessly by a wireless data acquisition unit to an associated computer for analysis, assessment and storage. A variety of designs and manufacturing methods were tested. An adult human subjects' study was conducted to test the feasibility of these measurements as well as to test the different design types and manufacturing methods. The heart rate and Signal to Noise ratio (SNR) are comparable to the gold standard adhesive lead measurements.