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In this paper, the provisions of the private international law of Montenegro and the Republic of Serbia in the field of inheritance are comparatively analysed. Firstly, the legal norms on the international jurisdiction in both states, from the aspect of prevention of positive conflicts of jurisdiction are examined, followed by the analysis of the rules for determining the applicable law for inheritance. Then, Private International law issues (jurisdiction, applicable law and mutual recognition of decisions) are discussed through six hypothetical factual situations, in order to illustrate the problems of coordination that courts, i.e., notaries in these two countries may face in deciding the cases regarding inheritance with a foreign element. The aim of the paper is to examine whether the differences in the legal norms on international jurisdiction and applicable law have a negative impact on the resolution of inheritance law cases related to two states and to consider possible solutions in order to eliminate this negative impact.

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The paper prepared in the form of a book review is a review of the book written by Anna Zeide, assistant professor of Professional Practice at Oklahoma State University, entitled: Canned: The Rise and Fall of Consumer Confidence in the American Food Industry, published in 2018. The book is a part of the California Studies in Food and Culture Series of the publisher University of California Press, and is the winner of the James Beard Award for Reference, History & Scholarship for the year 2019, which is delivered by the James Beard Foundation, which has been promoting the food industry in the United States of America for already 30 years now, through scientific-research work, the development of the industry itself, the development of female leadership and leadership in general, as well as through other programs (James Beard Foundation, 2019).

The ‘modified equivalent equation’ approach has been used to derive a highly accurate implicit finite difference method (FDM) for solving the classical wave equation in one space dimension, using a computational stencil extending over five spatial grid points. This approach involves minimising the error terms of the modified equivalent partial differential equation which corresponds to the finite difference equation (FDE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly accurate finite difference method is developed for the classical wave equation in one spatial dimension. The derivation uses the ‘modified equation’ approach, whereby the partial differential equation actually solved by the finite difference equation is determined. But investigating the largest error terms, the new method is compared with the standard explicit method and a method developed by Twizell. Theoretical conclusions have been verified by using the methods to solve a simple problem for which an exact solution is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is dealing with treats of inflation in times of world financial turmoil. It examines how inflation is impacting macroeconomic factors. Is there relationship and how strong it is between inflation and economic growth, unemployment rate and other selected economic indicators? Motivated by these questions, this paper examines the relationship between inflation and selected macroeconomic indicators: real GDP annual growth rate, privatization revenues, as part of the GDP, level of investments, unemployment rate and share of assets of foreign banks in domestic bank system by using data for 13 transition economies over the period 1993-2008. The evidence strongly supports the view that the relationship between inflation and selected macroeconomic indicators is significantly and strongly negative, observed for the region. However, for small number countries in transition there is no direct significant relationship between inflation, but indirect relationship has been showed.

The periodontal ligament (PDL) is crucial for maintaining the integrity and functionality of tooth-supporting structures. Mechanical forces applied to the tooth during orthodontic tooth movement generate pore pressure gradients, leading to interstitial fluid movement within the PDL. The generated fluid shear stress (FSS) stimulates the remodeling of PDL and alveolar bone. Herein, we present the construction of a parallel fluid-flow apparatus to determine the effect of FSS on PDL cells. The chamber was designed and optimized using computer-aided and computational fluid dynamics software. The chamber was formed by PDMS using a negative molding technique. hPDLCs from two donors were seeded on microscopic slides and exposed to FSS of 6 dyn/cm 2 for 1 h. The effect of FSS on gene and protein expression was determined using RT-qPCR and Western blot. FSS upregulated genes responsible for mechanosensing (FOS), tissue formation ( RUNX2 , VEGFA ), and inflammation ( PTGS2/COX2 , CXCL8/IL8 , IL6) in both donors, with donor 2 showing higher gene upregulation. Protein expression of PTGS2/COX2 was higher in donor 2 but not in donor 1. RUNX2 protein was not expressed in either donor after FSS. In summary, FSS is crucial in regulating gene expression linked to PDL remodeling and inflammation, with donor variability potentially affecting outcomes.

Background: To investigate the torque expression of conventional stainless steel (SS) brackets in combination with rectangular SS archwires and nickel-titanium (NiTi) V-slot brackets in combination with V-shaped NiTi archwires using finite element analysis (FEA)., Methods: CAD models were created for a conventional bracket and rectangular archwires with dimensions of 0.018″x0.025″ and 0.019″x0.025″, and for a V-slot bracket and V-shaped archwires with heights of 0.55 mm, 0.60 mm and 0.70 mm. FEA was performed using Ansys 2022R2 software to assess the forces and moments during simulated torsion of the archwires in the brackets between 0° and 25° with varying interbracket distances and free path lengths., Results: The V-slot bracket-archwire combination exhibited force transmission and moment generation within 1° of torsion. The transmissible force increased with the torsion angle, but showed an upper limit of about 13-14 Nmm. The SS bracket-archwire combination showed negligible forces and moments for simulated torsion between 0° and 15°. At torsions of 25°, moments of 12 Nmm and 14 Nmm occurred for the 0.018″x0.025″ and 0.019″x0.025″ archwire dimensions, respectively., Conclusions: The V-slot bracket-archwire combination is effective in expressing torque and preventing both over- and under-activation. Conventional bracket-archwire combinations showed torsional losses due to play between 10 and 15°, depending on the dimensions of the respective archwire, and no upper torsional moment limit., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: The author Prof. Dr. Andrea Wichelhaus codeveloped the RED bracket. The RED bracket is manufactured by Redsystem and she is a shareholder of said company. All other authors declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to investigate the load deflection characteristics of Gummetal ® wires in comparison to nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires. Four different NiTi wires and one Gummetal ® archwire were analyzed in two dimensions (0.014″ (0.36 mm) and 0.016″ × 0.022″ (0.41 mm × 0.56 mm)) and in two different orientations (edgewise and ribbonwise) using three-point bending tests at T = 37 °C. Force-displacement curves were recorded and analyzed. The Gummetal ® 0.014″ wires exhibited higher forces compared to the NiTi wires at 2.0 mm deflection. At 1.0 mm deflection, the opposite pattern was observed. For the 0.016″ × 0.022″ Gummetal ® wires, the forces were within the force interval of the NiTi wires at 2.0 mm deflection. At a deflection of 1.0 mm, no residual force was measurable for the Gummetal ® wires. All the NiTi wires investigated showed hysteresis and a superelastic plateau. However, the Gummetal ® did not form a plateau, but hysteresis was present. An easier plastic deformability compared to the NiTi wires was observed for all the tested geometries.

The Robot Orthodontic Measurement and Simulation System (ROSS) is a novel biomechanical, dynamic, self-regulating setup for the simulation of tooth movement. The intrusion of the front teeth with forces greater than 0.5 N poses a risk for orthodontic-induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR). The aim was to investigate forces and moments during simulated tooth intrusion using ROSS. Five specimens of sixteen unmodified NiTi archwires and seven NiTi archwires with intrusion steps from different manufacturers (Forestadent, Ormco, Dentsply Sirona) with a 0.012″/0.014″/0.016″ wire dimension were tested. Overall, a higher wire dimension correlated with greater intrusive forces F z (0.012″: 0.561-0.690 N; 0.014″: 0.996-1.321 N; 0.016″: 1.44-2.254 N) and protruding moments M x (0.012″: -2.65 to -3.922 Nmm; 0.014″: -4.753 to -7.384 Nmm; 0.016″: -5.556 to -11.466 Nmm) during the simulated intrusion of a 1.6 mm-extruded upper incisor. However, the 'intrusion efficiency' parameter was greater for smaller wire dimensions. Modification with intrusion steps led to an overcompensation of the intrusion distance; however, it led to a severe increase in F z and M x , e.g., the Sentalloy 0.016″ medium (Dentsply Sirona) exerted 2.891 N and -19.437 Nmm. To reduce the risk for OIIRR, 0.014″ NiTi archwires can be applied for initial aligning (without vertical challenges), and intrusion steps for the vertical levelling of extruded teeth should be bent in the initial archwire, i.e., 0.012″ NiTi.

Introduction: This study aimed to identify and analyze in vitro studies investigating the biological effect of fluid-flow shear stress (FSS) on cells found in the periodontal ligament and bone tissue. Method: We followed the PRISMA guideline for systematic reviews. A PubMed search strategy was developed, studies were selected according to predefined eligibility criteria, and the risk of bias was assessed. Relevant data related to cell source, applied FSS, and locus-specific expression were extracted. Based on this evidence synthesis and, as an original part of this work, analysis of differential gene expression using over-representation and network-analysis was performed. Five relevant publicly available gene expression datasets were analyzed using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Result: A total of 6,974 articles were identified. Titles and abstracts were screened, and 218 articles were selected for full-text assessment. Finally, 120 articles were included in this study. Sample size determination and statistical analysis related to methodological quality and the ethical statement item in reporting quality were most frequently identified as high risk of bias. The analyzed studies mostly used custom-made fluid-flow apparatuses (61.7%). FSS was most frequently applied for 0.5 h, 1 h, or 2 h, whereas FSS magnitudes ranged from 6 to 20 dyn/cm 2 depending on cell type and flow profile. Fluid-flow frequencies of 1 Hz in human cells and 1 and 5 Hz in mouse cells were mostly applied. FSS upregulated genes/metabolites responsible for tissue formation (AKT1, alkaline phosphatase, BGLAP, BMP2, Ca 2+ , COL1A1, CTNNB1, GJA1, MAPK1/MAPK3, PDPN, RUNX2, SPP1, TNFRSF11B, VEGFA, WNT3A) and inflammation (nitric oxide, PGE-2, PGI-2, PTGS1, PTGS2). Protein-protein interaction networks were constructed and analyzed using over-representation analysis and GSEA to identify shared signaling pathways. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first review giving a comprehensive overview and discussion of methodological technical details regarding fluid flow application in 2D cell culture in vitro experimental conditions. Therefore, it is not only providing valuable information about cellular molecular events and their quantitative and qualitative analysis, but also confirming the reproducibility of previously published results., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Nile, Folwaczny, Wichelhaus, Baumert and Janjic Rankovic.)

Objectives: Aim of this study was to determine the forces and moments during simulated initial orthodontic tooth movements using a novel biomechanical test setup., Methods: The test setup consisted of an industrial precision robot with a force-torque sensor, a maxillary model and a control computer and software. Forces and moments acting on the corresponding experimental tooth during the motion simulations were dynamically measured for two 0.016" NiTi round archwires (Sentalloy Light/Sentalloy Medium). Intrusive (#1), rotational (#2) and angular (#3) tooth movements were simulated by a control program based on the principle of force control and executed by the robot. The results were statistically analysed using K-S-test and Mann-Whitney U test with a significance level of α = 5%., Results: Sentalloy Medium archwires generated higher forces and moments than the Sentalloy Light archwires in all simulations. In simulation #1 the mean initial forces/moments reached 1.442 N/6.781 Nmm for the Light archwires and 1.637 N/9.609 Nmm for the Medium archwires. In movement #2 Light archwires generated mean initial forces/moments of 0.302 N/-8.271 Nmm whereas Medium archwires generated 0.432 N/-9.653 Nmm. Simulation #3 showed mean initial forces/moments of -0.122 N/8.477 Nmm from the Light archwires compared to -0.300 N/11.486 Nmm for the Medium archwires., Significance: The measured forces and moments were suitable for initial orthodontic tooth movement in simulations #2 and #3, however inadequate in simulation #1. Reduced archwire dimensions (<0.016″) should be selected for initial leveling of vertical malocclusions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction which is typically presented with muscle weakness and excessive fatigability. Majority of MG patients require long-term immune suppression. Our aim was to analyze the frequency and severity of COVID-19 infection in MG patients, as well as the frequency of vaccinated MG patients against SARS-CoV-2., Methods: We included 125 MG patients from the central Belgrade municipalities-60% females, age at MG onset 50.1 ± 19.7 years, age at testing 61.7 ± 16.8 years, anti-acetylcholine receptor (anti-AChR) positive 78% and muscle specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) positive 8.6%., Results: One-third of our MG patients had a COVID-19 infection and they were younger compared to those without verified COVID-19. Severe COVID-19 infection was registered in 28% of MG patients, mostly in elder subjects with comorbidities such as cardiac diseases and malignancies. MG worsening was noted in 21% of patients during/after COVID-19 and 42% had COVID-19 sequelae. Majority of MG patients were vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 (almost 70%). Vaccination was more common among MG patients with diabetes and in those with a milder form of MG. The most common types of vaccines were Sinopharm (42%) and Pfizer-BioNTech (25.6%). Adverse events were observed in 36% of vaccinated patients, with flu-like symptoms (77%) and local reactions (13%) being the most common ones. MG worsening was noticed in 5 (5.8%) patients after vaccination., Conclusion: COVID-19 has placed a significant new burden for MG patients. Elder MG patients and patients with comorbidities are in higher risk of having adverse outcome following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Percentage of vaccinated MG patients was higher than in general Serbian population., (© 2022. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Belgian Neurological Society.)

Proteins that contain repeat phenylalanine-glycine (FG) residues phase separate into oncogenic transcription factor condensates in malignant leukaemias, form the permeability barrier of the nuclear pore complex and mislocalize in neurodegenerative diseases. Insights into the molecular interactions of FG-repeat nucleoporins have, however, remained largely elusive. Using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and cryoelectron microscopy, we have identified uniformly spaced segments of transient β-structure and a stable preformed α-helix recognized by messenger RNA export factors in the FG-repeat domain of human nucleoporin 98 (Nup98). In addition, we have determined at high resolution the molecular organization of reversible FG-FG interactions in amyloid fibrils formed by a highly aggregation-prone segment in Nup98. We have further demonstrated that amyloid-like aggregates of the FG-repeat domain of Nup98 have low stability and are reversible. Our results provide critical insights into the molecular interactions underlying the self-association and phase separation of FG-repeat nucleoporins in physiological and pathological cell activities., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and the action of molecular chaperones are tightly connected. An important class of molecular chaperones are peptidyl prolyl isomerases, which enhance the cis/trans-isomerization of proline. However, little is known about the impact of peptidyl prolyl isomerases on the LLPS of IDPs, which often contain many prolines. Here, we demonstrate that the most ubiquitous peptidyl prolyl isomerase, peptidyl prolyl isomerase A (PPIA), concentrates inside liquid-like droplets formed by the Alzheimer's disease-associated protein tau, as well as inside RNA-induced coacervates of a proline-arginine dipeptide repeat protein. We further show that the recruitment of PPIA into the IDP droplets triggers their dissolution and return to a single mixed phase. NMR-based binding and proline isomerization studies provide insights into the mechanism of LLPS modulation. Together, the results establish a regulatory role of proline isomerases on the liquid-liquid phase separation of proline-rich IDPs.