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Objective To determine whether paternal early-life socioeconomic position (defined by neighborhood income) modifies the association of maternal economic mobility and infant small for gestational age (weight for gestational age < 10th percentile, SGA) rates. Methods Stratified and multilevel binomial regression analyses were executed on the Illinois transgenerational dataset of parents (born 1956-1976) and their infants (born 1989-1991) with appended U.S. census income information. Only Chicago-born women with an early-life residence in impoverished or affluent neighborhoods were studied. Results The incidence of impoverished-born women's upward economic mobility among births (n = 3777) with early-life low socioeconomic position (SEP) fathers was less than that of those (n = 576) with early-life high SEP fathers: 56% vs 71%, respectively, p < 0.01. The incidence of affluent-born women's downward economic mobility among births (n = 2370) with early-life low SEP fathers exceeded that of those (n = 3822) with early-life high SEP fathers: 79% vs 66%, respectively, p < 0.01. The adjusted RR of infant SGA for maternal upward (compared to lifelong impoverishment) economic mobility among fathers with early-life low and high SEP equaled 0.68 (0.56, 0.82) and 0.81 (0.47, 1.42), respectively. The adjusted RR of infant SGA for maternal downward (compared to lifelong residence in affluent neighborhoods) economic mobility among fathers with early-life low and high SEP were 1.37 (0.91, 2.05) and 1.17 (0.86, 1.59), respectively. Conclusions Paternal early-life SEP is associated with maternal economic mobility (both upward and downward); however, it does not modify the relationship between maternal economic mobility and infant SGA rates., Author(s): Shayna Hibbs [sup.1] , Blair A. Simon [sup.1] , Julia Howland [sup.2] , Kristin M. Rankin [sup.2] , James W. Jr Collins [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.413808.6, 0000 0004 [...]

Objectives To examine the extent to which lifelong neighborhood income modifies the generational association of teen birth among White and AA women in Cook County, IL. Methods Stratified and multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted on the Illinois transgenerational dataset of singleton births (1989-1991) to non-Latina White and AA mothers (born 1956-1976) with appended U.S. census income information. We calculated rates and risks of teen births according to race, maternal age, and lifelong neighborhood economic environment. Results Teen birth occurred at a rate of 9.5% and 52.9% for White and AA women, respectively. White women whose mothers were teens when they were born had an over five-fold increased risk of becoming teen mothers themselves. For AA women, the risk was smaller, but statistically significant. For both races, women who experienced downward economic mobility had the highest risk of teen birth, while women with upward mobility had the lowest risk, even compared to women in lifelong high income neighborhoods. While White women exposed to lifelong low income had almost threefold increased risk of teen birth compared to those in lifelong high income neighborhoods, AA women in lifelong high and lifelong low income neighborhoods had similar risk of teen birth. Conclusions for Practice Understanding the racial differences in intergenerational patterns of teen birth is important for effective program planning and policy making, given that interventions targeted at daughters of teen mothers may differ in effectiveness for White and AA teens., Author(s): Nana Matoba [sup.1] , Alexandra Edwards [sup.2] , Kristin Rankin [sup.3] , Carla DeSisto [sup.4] , James W. Collins [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.413808.6, 0000 0004 0388 2248, Division [...]

Objective To ascertain the component of the excess preterm birth (< 37 weeks, PTB) rate among US-born (compared to foreign-born) Black women attributable to differences in acknowledged father's education attainment. Methods Stratified analyses and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition methods were performed on the 2013 National Center for Health Statistics birth certificate files of singleton infants with acknowledged fathers. Results US-born Black women (N = 196,472) had a PTB rate of 13.3%, compared to 10.8% for foreign-born Black women (N = 51,334; Risk Difference (95% confidence interval) = 2.5 (2.3, 2.8). Infants of US-born black women had a greater a percentage of fathers with a high school diploma or less and a lower percentage of fathers with bachelor's degrees or higher than their counterparts of foreign-born women. In both subgroups, PTB rates tended to decline as the level of paternal education attainment rose. In an Oaxaca model (controlling for maternal age, education, marital status, parity, adequacy of prenatal care utilization, and chronic medical conditions), differences in paternal education attainment explained 15% of the maternal nativity disparity in PTB rates. In contrast, maternal education attainment accounted for approximately 4% of the disparity in PTB rates. Conclusions for Practice Acknowledged father's low level of education attainment, or something closely related to it, explains a notable proportion of the disparity in PTB rates between US-born and foreign-born Black women., Author(s): Paris Ekeke [sup.1] , Kristin Rankin [sup.2] , Carla DeSisto [sup.2] , James W. Collins [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.413808.6, 0000 0004 0388 2248, Department of Pediatrics, Division of [...]

Background Child maltreatment is an important societal and public health problem. However, there are limited data on the epidemiology of maltreatment related hospitalizations. Objective The objective of this study was to describe maltreatment related hospitalizations among children ages 17 and younger in New York State (NYS). Methods Using 2011-2013 statewide planning and research cooperative system (SPARCS) inpatient hospital discharge data, maltreatment related hospitalizations among children ages 17 years and younger were identified using international classification of diseases, ninth revision, clinical modification codes for diagnoses and external cause of injury. Distributions of demographic and inpatient care characteristics were compared between hospitalizations for maltreatment and those for other causes, and between different types of maltreatment, using chi-square tests (for categorical variables) and t-tests (for continuous variables). Results During 2011-2013, a total of 853 maltreatment related hospitalizations among 836 children ages 17 years and younger were documented in NYS SPARCS. Infants (children < 1) had the highest rates of hospitalization. Overall, physical abuse was the most prevalent maltreatment type reported. Conclusions This is the first study in NYS to describe the epidemiology of child maltreatment hospitalizations; it establishes a statewide baseline for this public health and societal issue., Author(s): Lusine Ghazaryan [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Kuangnan Xiong [sup.4] , Charlan Kroelinger [sup.3] , Kristin Rankin [sup.5] , Olivia Sappenfield [sup.5] , Marilyn Kacica [sup.2] [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) [...]

Objective To compare two data sources from Wisconsin-Medicaid claims and Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) surveys-for measuring postpartum care utilization and to better understand the incongruence between the sources. Methods We used linked Medicaid claims and PRAMS surveys of Wisconsin residents who delivered a live birth during 2011-2015 to assess women's postpartum care utilization. Three different definitions of postpartum care from Medicaid claims were employed to better examine bundled service codes and timing of care. We used one question from the PRAMS survey that asks women if they have had a postpartum checkup. Concordance between the two data sources was examined using Cohen's Kappa value. For women who reported having a postpartum checkup on PRAMS but did not have a Medicaid claim for a traditional postpartum visit, we determined the other types of health care visits these women had after delivery documented in the Medicaid claims. Results Among the 2313 women with a Medicaid-paid delivery and who completed a PRAMS survey, 86.6% had claims for a postpartum visit during the first 12 weeks postpartum and 90.5% self-reported a postpartum checkup on PRAMS (percent agreement = 79.9%, Kappa = 0.015). The percent agreement and Kappa values varied based on the definition of postpartum care derived from the Medicaid claims data. Conclusions There was slight agreement between Medicaid claims and PRAMS data. Most women had Medicaid claims for postpartum care at some point in the first 12 weeks postpartum, although the timing of these visits was somewhat unclear due to the use of bundled service codes., Author(s): Carla L. DeSisto [sup.1] , Angela Rohan [sup.2] , Arden Handler [sup.3] , Saria S. Awadalla [sup.1] , Timothy Johnson [sup.4] , Kristin Rankin [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.185648.6, [...]

Objective To compare patterns of routine postpartum health care utilization for women in Wisconsin with continuous Medicaid eligibility versus pregnancy-only Medicaid Methods This analysis used Medicaid records and linked infant birth certificates for Medicaid paid births in Wisconsin during 2011-2015 (n = 105,718). We determined if women had continuous or pregnancy-only eligibility from the Medicaid eligibility file. We used a standard list of billing codes to identify if women received routine postpartum care. We examined maternal characteristics and receipt of postpartum care overall and by Medicaid eligibility category. Finally, we used a binomial model to calculate the relationship between Medicaid eligibility category and receipt of postpartum care, adjusted for maternal characteristics. Results Women with continuous Medicaid had profiles more consistent with low postpartum visit attendance rates (e.g., younger, more likely to use tobacco) than women with pregnancy-only Medicaid. However, after adjusting for maternal characteristics, women with continuous Medicaid eligibility had a postpartum visit rate that was 6 percentage points higher than the rate for women with pregnancy-only Medicaid (RD: 6.27, 95% CI 5.72, 6.82). Conclusions for Practice Women with pregnancy-only Medicaid were less likely to have received routine postpartum care than women with continuous Medicaid. Medicaid coverage beyond the current guaranteed 60 days postpartum could help provide more women access to postpartum care., Author(s): Carla L. DeSisto [sup.1] , Angela Rohan [sup.2] , Arden Handler [sup.3] , Saria S. Awadalla [sup.1] , Timothy Johnson [sup.4] , Kristin Rankin [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.185648.6, [...]

Background The relationship between non-Hispanic White (NHW) women's decreased neighborhood income between early-life and adulthood, individual risk-status at delivery, and small for gestational age (weight for gestation 2500 g, non-LBW) mothers. In multilevel logistic regression models, the adjusted (controlling for age, parity, prenatal care usage, and cigarette smoking) OR of SGA birth for former low birth weight (< 2500 g, LBW) and non-LBW NHW women exposed to modestly (compared to no) decreased neighborhood income equaled 0.7 (0.4, 1.4) and 1.3 (1.1-1.6), respectively. Conclusions for Practice NHW women's exposure to modestly decreased neighborhood income is associated with an increased risk of SGA birth; this phenomenon is absent among former low birth weight women., Author(s): James W. Jr. Collins [sup.1] , Jennifer Colgan [sup.1] , Carla Desisto [sup.2] , Kristin M. Rankin [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.413808.6, 0000 0004 0388 2248, Division of Neonatology-#45, [...]

Objective To determine the proportion of the excess early preterm birth (< 34 weeks, PTB) rates among non-acknowledged and acknowledged low socioeconomic position (SEP) fathers attributable to White and African-American women's selected pregnancy-related risk factors for PTB. Methods Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition methods were performed on the Illinois transgenerational birth-file of infants (1989-1991) and their parents (1956-1976) with appended U.S. census income information. The neighborhood income of father's place of residence at the time of his birth and at the time of his infant's birth were used to measure lifetime SEP. Results Among non-Latina White women, the early PTB rate for non-acknowledged (n = 3260), acknowledged low SEP (n = 1430), and acknowledged high SEP (n = 9141) fathers equaled 4.02%, 1.82%, and 1.19, respectively; p < 0.001. White women's selected pregnancy-related risk factors for PTB (inadequate prenatal usage, suboptimal weight gain, and/or cigarette smoking) were responsible for 19.3% and 41.2% of the explained disparities in early PTB rates for non-acknowledged and acknowledged low (compared to acknowledged high) SEP fathers, respectively. Among African-American women, the early PTB rate for non-acknowledged (n = 22,727), acknowledged low SEP (n = 4426), and acknowledged high SEP (n = 365) fathers equaled 6.72%, 4.34%, and 3.29%, respectively; p < 0.001. African-American women's selected pregnancy-related risk factors for PTB were responsible for 21.4% and 20.2% of the explained disparities in early PTB rates for non-acknowledged and acknowledged low SEP fathers, respectively. Conclusions Non-Latina White and African-American women's selected pregnancy-related risk factors for PTB explain a significant percentage of excess early PTB rates among non-acknowledged and acknowledged low (compared to acknowledged high) SEP fathers., Author(s): James W. Jr Collins [sup.1] , Carla Desisto [sup.2] , Aaron Weiss [sup.1] , Kristin M. Rankin [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.413808.6, 0000 0004 0388 2248, Division of Neonatology-#45, [...]

Objective To ascertain the relation of men's lifelong class status (as measured by neighborhood income) to the rates of early (< 34 weeks) and late (34-36 weeks) preterm birth (PTB). Methods Stratified and multilevel, multivariable binomial regression analyses were computed on the Illinois transgenerational birth-file of infants (born 1989-1991) and their parents (born 1956-1976) with appended U.S. census income information. The median family income of men's census tract residence at two-time periods were utilized to assess lifelong class status (defined by residence in either the lower or upper half of neighborhood income distribution). Results In Cook County Illinois, the preterm rate for births (n = 8115) to men with a lifelong lower class status was twice that of births (n = 10,330) to men with a lifelong upper class status: 13% versus 6.0%, RR = 2.2 (2.0, 2.4). This differential was greatest in early PTB rates: 3.9% versus 1.4%, RR = 3.0 (2.5, 3.7). The relation of men's lifelong class status to both PTB components persisted among non-teens, married, college-educated, and non-Latina White women, respectively. The adjusted (controlling for maternal demographic characteristics) RR of early and late PTB for men with a lifelong lower (versus upper) class status were 1.4 (1.1, 1.9) and 1.2 (1.0, 1.4), respectively. The population attributable risk of early PTB for men's lifelong lower class status equaled 16%. Conclusions Men's lifelong lower (versus upper) class status is a novel risk factor for early preterm birth regardless of maternal demographic characteristics. This intriguing finding has public health relevance., Author(s): James W. Collins [sup.1] , Kristin M. Rankin [sup.2] , Carla Desisto [sup.2] , Richard J. David [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.413808.6, 0000 0004 0388 2248, Division of Neonatology-#45, [...]

Purpose Describe how Ohio and Massachusetts explored severe maternal morbidity (SMM) data, and used these data for increasing awareness and driving practice changes to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. Description For 2008-2013, Ohio used de-identified hospital discharge records and International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes to identify delivery hospitalizations. Massachusetts used existing linked data system infrastructure to identify delivery hospitalizations from birth certificates linked to hospital discharge records. To identify delivery hospitalizations complicated by one or more of 25 SMMs, both states applied an algorithm of ICD-9-CM diagnosis and procedure codes. Ohio calculated a 2013 SMM rate of 144 per 10,000 delivery hospitalizations; Massachusetts calculated a rate of 162. Ohio observed no increase in the SMM rate from 2008 to 2013; Massachusetts observed a 33% increase. Both identified disparities in SMM rates by maternal race, age, and insurance type. Assessment Ohio and Massachusetts engaged stakeholders, including perinatal quality collaboratives and maternal mortality review committees, to share results and raise awareness about the SMM rates and identified high-risk populations. Both states are applying findings to inform strategies for improving perinatal outcomes, such as simulation training for obstetrical emergencies, licensure rules for maternity units, and a focus on health equity. Conclusion Despite data access differences, examination of SMM data informed public health practice in both states. Ohio and Massachusetts maximized available state data for SMM investigation, which other states might similarly use to understand trends, identify high risk populations, and suggest clinical or population level interventions to improve maternal morbidity and mortality., Author(s): Elizabeth J. Conrey [sup.1] [sup.2] , Susan E. Manning [sup.1] [sup.3] [sup.4] , Cynthia Shellhaas [sup.2] [sup.5] , Nicholas J. Somerville [sup.4] [sup.6] , Sarah L. Stone [sup.4] [sup.7] [...]

Objectives To explore associations between race, nativity, and low birth weight (LBW) among Latina and non-Latina women, with special attention to the Black Latina subgroup. Methods Using US natality data from 2011 to 2013, we designed a population-based study to compare LBW (< 2500 g) rates across six groups of women with self-identified race (N = 7,865,264)-White and Black Latina, foreign-born and US-born; non-Latina Black; and non-Latina White-creating 4 models for analysis: unadjusted (Model 1) and adjusted for sociodemographic factors (Model 2), sociodemographic plus medical risk factors (Model 3), and Model 3 factors plus smoking (Model 4). Results Infant LBW rate for Black Latinas (7.9%) was higher than White Latinas (5.6%) and varied by nativity: US-born (8.9%) versus foreign-born (6.1%). Among all study groups, US-born Black Latinas' LBW rate (8.9%) was second only to non-Latina Blacks (11.0%). In unadjusted Model 1, US-born Black Latinas had 81% (odds ratio [OR]: 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.74-1.88) and foreign-born Black Latinas had 22% (OR: 1.22; 95% CI 1.15-1.29) higher odds of LBW than non-Latina White women (reference group). However, in Model 2, ORs for foreign-born Black Latinas were nearly identical to non-Latina Whites (OR: 1.03; 95% CI 0.97-1.1), while US-born Black Latinas' odds were still 47% higher (OR: 1.47; 95% CI 1.42-1.53). Model 3 ORs for each group were similar to Model 2. Conclusions for Practice A significant subgroup of Latina women self-identify as Black, and their LBW rates are higher than White Latinas. Black Latinas born in the United States fare worse than their foreign-born counterparts, implicating negative effects of Black race specific to the US context., Author(s): Janardhan Mydam [sup.1] , Richard J. David [sup.1] [sup.2] , Kristin M. Rankin [sup.3] , James W. Collins [sup.4] [sup.5] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000 0004 0459 2250, grid.413120.5, Division [...]

Objectives The postpartum period is a high-risk time for unintended pregnancy, and additional opportunities to provide contraception are needed. Our objective was to evaluate the acceptability of providing postpartum contraceptive counseling at a pediatric well baby visit, and compare it to counseling at the routine postpartum visit. Methods Postpartum women (100 per group) were recruited for this cohort study at pediatric well baby visits and obstetric postpartum visits at an academic medical center. Well baby participants completed a baseline survey followed by contraceptive counseling by an obstetrician or midwife and a post-counseling survey. Postpartum participants were surveyed after their visit only. Results All well baby visit participants completed the intervention and were enrolled earlier in the postpartum period than postpartum visit participants (mean = 4.1 vs. 6.6 weeks, respectively, p < 0.01). Following counseling, 95% of well baby participants reported being very comfortable discussing contraception, compared to 83% before counseling (RR 1.14, 95% CI 1.06, 1.25) and a higher proportion reported being very likely to use a contraception prescription obtained at the well baby visit (79% after counseling vs. 65% before; RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.08, 1.39). Similar proportions of postpartum and well baby participants were very comfortable discussing contraception at their visits (91 vs. 95%, respectively). Conclusions for practice Contraceptive counseling paired with well baby visits is acceptable among postpartum women. Acceptability increased further after the counseling intervention at the well baby visit. Obstetricians and Pediatricians can partner to offer contraceptive counseling at the well baby visit to increase opportunities for contraception education at an earlier time postpartum., Author(s): Tara Kumaraswami [sup.1] , Kristin M. Rankin [sup.2] , Britt Lunde [sup.3] , Allison Cowett [sup.4] , Rachel Caskey [sup.5] , Bryna Harwood [sup.6] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000 0001 [...]

Objectives To determine whether affluent-born White mother's descending neighborhood income is associated with infant mortality rates (< 365 day, IMR). Methods Stratified and multilevel logistic regression analyses were completed on the Illinois transgenerational dataset of singleton births (1989-1991) to non-Latina White mothers (1956-1976) with an early-life residence in affluent neighborhoods (defined as the fourth quartile of income distribution). The breadth of descending neighborhood income was defined by mother's neighborhood income at the time of delivery. Results Infants of White mothers (n = 4890) who did not suffer descending neighborhood income by the time of delivery had a first-year mortality rate of 5.1/1,000. Infants of White mothers who experienced minor (n = 5112), modest (n = 2158), or extreme (n = 339) descending neighborhood income had IMR of 6.5/1,000, 14.4/1,000, and 11.8/1,000, respectively; RR [95% CI] = 1.3 [0.8, 2.1], 2.8 [1.7, 4.8], and 2.3 [0.8, 6.6], respectively. The incidence of young maternal age, inadequate prenatal care utilization, and cigarette smoking rose as descending neighborhood income increased, p < 0.01. In multilevel logistic regression models, the adjusted (controlling for selected individual-level co-variates) OR [95% CI] of infant mortality for White women with an early-life residence in affluent neighborhoods who subsequently experienced minor or modest to extreme (versus absent) descending neighborhood income equaled 1.0 [0.6, 1.8] and 2.1 [1.1, 3.8] respectively. Conclusions White mother's modest to extreme descending neighborhood income from early-life residence in affluent neighborhoods is associated with a twofold greater risk of infant mortality independent of selected biologic, medical, and behavioral characteristics., Author(s): James W. Jr. Collins [sup.1] [sup.3] , Jennifer Colgan [sup.1] , Kristin M. Rankin [sup.2] , Carla Desisto [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000 0004 0388 2248, grid.413808.6, Department of [...]

Background The relationship between African-American women's upward economic mobility and small for gestational age (weight for gestational < 10th percentile, SGA) rates is incompletely understood. Objective To ascertain the extent to which African-American women's upward economic mobility from early-life impoverishment is coupled with reduced SGA rates. Methods Stratified and multilevel logistic regression analyses were completed on the Illinois transgenerational dataset of African-American infants (1989-1991) and their Chicago-born mothers (1956-1976) with linked U.S. census income information. Results Impoverished-born (defined as lowest quartile of neighborhood income distribution) African-American women (n = 4891) who remained impoverished by the time of delivery had a SGA rate of 19.7%. Individuals who achieved low (n = 5827), modest (n = 2254), or high (n = 732) upward economic mobility by adulthood had lower SGA rates of 17.2, 14.8, and 13.7%, respectively; RR = 0.9 (0.8-0.9), 0.8 (0.7-0.8), and 0.7 (0.6-0.8), respectively. In adjusted (controlling for traditional individual-level risk factors) multilevel regression models, there was a decreasing linear trend in SGA rates with increasing levels of upward economic mobility; the adjusted RR of SGA birth for impoverished-born African-American women who experienced low, modest, of high (compared to no) upward mobility equaled 0.95 (0.91, 0.99), 0.90 (0.83, 0.98), and 0.86 (0.75, 0.98), respectively, p < 0.05. Conclusions African-American women's upward economic mobility from early-life residence in poor urban communities is associated with lower SGA rates independent of adulthood risk status., Author(s): James W. Jr. Collins [sup.1] , Allison Mariani [sup.1] , Kristin Rankin [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000 0004 0388 2248, grid.413808.6, Division of Neonatology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie [...]

Objectives To determine the extent to which non-Latina White and African-American mother's gestational age is associated with extremely early (, Author(s): Rebecca A. Dorner [sup.1] , Kristin M. Rankin [sup.2] , James W. Jr. Collins [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) Division of Neonatology, Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center, The Johns Hopkins [...]

Objectives To describe statewide SMM trends in Iowa from 2009 to 2014 and identify maternal characteristics associated with SMM, overall and by age group. Methods We used 2009-2014 linked Iowa birth certificate and hospital discharge data to calculate SMM based on a 25-condition definition and 24-condition definition. The 24-condition definition parallels the 25-condition definition, but excludes blood transfusions. We calculated SMM rates for all delivery hospitalizations (N = 196,788) using ICD-9-CM diagnosis and procedure codes. We used log-binomial regression to assess the association of SMM with maternal characteristics, overall and stratified by age groupings. Results In contrast to national rates, Iowa's 25-condition SMM rate decreased from 2009 to 2014. Based on the 25-condition definition, SMM rates were significantly higher among women 34 years compared to women 25-34 years. Blood transfusion was the most prevalent indicator, with hysterectomy and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) among the top five conditions. Based on the 24-condition definition, younger women had the lowest SMM rates and older women had the highest SMM rates. SMM rates were also significantly higher among racial/ethnic minorities compared to non-Hispanic white women. Payer was the only risk factor differentially associated with SMM across age groups. First trimester prenatal care initiation was protective for SMM in all models. Conclusions High rates of blood transfusion, hysterectomy, and DIC indicate a need to focus on reducing hemorrhage in Iowa. Both younger and older women and racial/ethnic minorities are identified as high risk groups for SMM that may benefit from special consideration and focus., Author(s): Brittni N. Frederiksen [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.7] , Catherine J. Lillehoj [sup.3] , Debra J. Kane [sup.1] [sup.4] , Dave Goodman [sup.5] , Kristin Rankin [sup.6] Author Affiliations: (1) Iowa [...]

Objectives The authors investigated the association between maternal birth weight and adverse birth outcome as measured by rates of low birth weight (, Author(s): Sarah McAndrew [sup.1] , Izumi Chihara [sup.2] , Kristin M. Rankin [sup.3] , James W. Jr. Collins [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) 0000 0001 2111 8460grid.30760.32Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital [...]