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Here it is demonstrated a novel approach in disinfection regimes where specific molecular acid resistance systems are inhibited aiming to eliminate microorganisms under acidic conditions. Despite the importance of the Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) system for survival of Listeria monocytogenes and other pathogens under acidic conditions, its potential inhibition by specific compounds that could lead to its elimination from foods or food preparation premises has not been studied. The effects of maleic acid on the acid resistance of L. monocytogenes were investigated and found that it has a higher antimicrobial activity under acidic conditions than other organic acids, while this could not be explained by its pKa or Ka values. The effects were found to be more pronounced on strains with higher GAD activity. Maleic acid affected the extracellular GABA levels while it did not affect the intracellular ones. Maleic acid had a major impact mainly on GadD2 activity as also shown in cell lysates. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that maleic acid is able to partly remove biofilms of L. monocytogenes. Maleic acid is able to inhibit the GAD of L. monocytogenes significantly enhancing its sensitivity to acidic conditions and together with its ability to remove biofilms, make a good candidate for disinfection regimes.

The Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) system is important for survival of L. monocytogenes and other microorganisms under acidic conditions. Environmental conditions influence the function of the GAD system. Until now, the only conditions known to lead to increased transcription of the GAD system are the stationary phase in rich media and anoxic conditions. Previously, we showed that transcription of the GAD system requires unidentified compounds other than glutamate present in rich media. Following a test looking at various compounds we identified for first time that peptone, tryptone and casamino acids activate the GAD system under oxic conditions suggesting that amino acid(s) other than glutamate and/or peptides are important for the above process. The defined medium, where the GAD system is inactive, once it is supplemented with the above compounds results in an active intracellular and extracellular GAD system and increased acid resistance. Through functional genomics we show that these compounds are required for GadD2 activity and although we previously showed that GadD3 is active part of the intracellular GAD system, the supplementation did not activate this gene. The above is explained by the fact that only gadD2 transcription was upregulated by these compounds while the transcription of gadD1 and gadD3 remained unaffected. Together our results show that the L. monocytogenes GadD2 decarboxylase is activated in the presence of amino acids or peptides other than glutamate, a finding that has important implications for acid tolerance and food safety.

This paper attempts to study various uses of medicinal animals and plants among the migratory Tangbetons of Nepal who were migrated to Pokhara Sub-Metro Politian City from Tangbe Village in Mustang district. Direct observation, questionnaire survey and key informant interview were conducted during the study period. Information about the medicinal plants and animals were given mainly by the Amchi and their information was taken from the elder persons. Finally, this paper recorded 17 medicinal animal species and 60 widely used medicinal plant species for the treatment of various diseases.Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 2014, 19(1): 145-149

SigB is the main stress gene regulator in Listeria monocytogenes affecting the expression of more than 150 genes and thus contributing to multiple-stress resistance. Despite its clear role in most stresses, its role in oxidative stress is uncertain, as results accompanying the loss of sigB range from hyperresistance to hypersensitivity. Previously, these differences have been attributed to strain variation. In this study, we show conclusively that unlike for all other stresses, loss of sigB results in hyperresistance to H 2 O 2 (more than 8 log CFU ml −1 compared to the wild type) in aerobically grown stationary-phase cultures of L. monocytogenes strains 10403S and EGD-e. Furthermore, growth at 30°C resulted in higher resistance to oxidative stress than that at 37°C. Oxidative stress resistance seemed to be higher with higher levels of oxygen. Under anaerobic conditions, the loss of SigB in 10403S did not affect survival against H 2 O 2 , while in EGD-e, it resulted in a sensitive phenotype. During exponential phase, minor differences occurred, and this result was expected due to the absence of sigB transcription. Catalase tests were performed under all conditions, and stronger catalase results corresponded well with a higher survival rate, underpinning the important role of catalase in this phenotype. Furthermore, we assessed the catalase activity in protein lysates, which corresponded with the catalase tests and survival. In addition, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) showed no differences in transcription between the wild type and the Δ sigB mutant in various oxidative stress genes. Further investigation of the molecular mechanism behind this phenotype and its possible consequences for the overall phenotype of L. monocytogenes are under way. IMPORTANCE SigB is the most important stress gene regulator in L. monocytogenes and other Gram-positive bacteria. Its increased expression during stationary phase results in resistance to multiple stresses. However, despite its important role in general stress resistance, its expression is detrimental for the cell in the presence of oxidative stress, as it promotes hypersensitivity against hydrogen peroxide. This peculiar phenotype is an important element of the physiology of L. monocytogenes , and it might help us explain the behavior of this organism in environments where oxidative stress is present.

Ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, despite having many advantages, are associated with the occurrence of foodborne illness cases and outbreaks raising concerns about their safety. Several RTE foods rely on acidic conditions to inhibit growth of pathogens. However, bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes , Salmonella , Escherichia coli , Clostridium botulinum , and Clostridium perfringens can survive and grow under the acid conditions in these acidic RTE foods, posing a health risk. L. monocytogenes is one of the most important foodborne pathogens and the most deadly one, causing a higher number of deaths than any other foodborne pathogen. This bacterium uses various mechanisms to survive under acidic conditions that also allow it to pass through the stomach. Glutamate decarboxylase and arginine deiminase are the most important systems, while other mechanisms also contribute to acid resistance. This chapter focuses on how L. monocytogenes is able to survive in acidic RTE foods and cause disease.