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1. Prognostic utility of B-type natriuretic peptide and 6-min walk test in patients with acute decompensated heart failure

Author: Deepak Verma, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Neeraj Pandit, Parag Rahatekar, Deepankar Vatsa, and Mohit Bhutani
Subjects: Heart failure, Mortality, Prognosis, Surgery, RD1-811, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Background: We aimed to assess the utility of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and 6-min walk test (6 MWT) together as predictors of re-hospitalization and mortality in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) patients. Methods: This prospective, observational, comparative study was conducted at a tertiary care center in India between October 2016 and March 2018. Patients (aged≥18 years) with ADHF and left ventricular systolic dysfunction were included in this study. The study group (N = 100 patients) consisted of patients undergoing a second BNP test along with the 6 MWT at the time of discharge and at 3-months of discharge. The control group (N = 100 patients) consisted of patients who did not undergo these tests at discharge and/or at 3-months of discharge. Study endpoints were re-hospitalization within 6-months, and in-patient and 6-month mortality. Results: Total 200 patients diagnosed with ADHF were enrolled. Mean age was 53.46 ± 10.12 years in the study group and 52.98 ± 9.88 years in the control group. ROC analysis of BNP level to predict re-hospitalization revealed AUC of 0.935 (p
Published: 2024
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2. No reflow phenomenon in CAD patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: A prospective hospital based observational study

Author: Shivani Rao, Rajeev Bhardwaj, P.C. Negi, and Ranjit Kumar Nath
Subjects: No-reflow phenomenon, Percutaneous coronary intervention, Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI), Surgery, RD1-811, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: The present study assessed incidence, risk factors, in-hospital and short-term outcomes associated with no-reflow in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in STEMI, NSTEMI, unstable angina and stable angina. Out of 449 patients, 42 (9.3%) developed no-reflow. Hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity and smoking were significant risk factors. There was significant association of no-reflow with left main disease, multiple stents, target lesion length≥ 20 mm and higher thrombus grade. Interestingly, 93 patients (23.4%) of normal flow had myocardial perfusion grade (MPG) of 0/1 with mortality in 9 (10%) patients. No-reflow is associated with poor in-hospital and short-term outcomes with higher incidence of death, cardiogenic shock, heart failure and MACE. Knowledge of risk factors of no-reflow portends a more meticulous approach to improve final outcomes. MPG could be better predictor of outcomes in these patients.
Published: 2023
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3. Ultra-low CONtraSt PCI vs conVEntional PCI in patients of ACS with increased risk of CI-AKI (CONSaVE-AKI)

Author: Abhinav Shrivastava, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Himansu Sekhar Mahapatra, Bhagya Narayan Pandit, Ajay Raj, Ajay Kumar Sharma, Tarun Kumar, Dheerendra Kuber, and Puneet Aggarwal
Subjects: Percutaneous coronary intervention, Ultra-low contrast PCI, IVUS, Contrast induced acute kidney injury, Contrast induced nephropathy, Acute coronary syndrome, Surgery, RD1-811, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Objectives: This prospective, randomized study assessed short-term outcomes and safety of ultra-low contrast percutaneous coronary intervention(ULC-PCI) vs conventional PCI in high risk for contrast induced acute kidney injury(CI-AKI) patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome(ACS). Background: Patients at an increased risk of developing CI-AKI can be identified prior to PCI based on their pre-procedural risk scores. ULC-PCI is a novel contrast conservation strategy in such high risk patients for prevention of CI-AKI. Methods: 82 patients undergoing PCI for ACS were enrolled having estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)
Published: 2022
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4. Coronary Perforation A Nightmare in Cath Lab

Author: Ashok Kumar Thakur, Puneet Aggarwal, Rajeev Bharadwaj, Bhagya Narayan Pandit, and Ranjit Kumar Nath
Subjects: ellis classification, guidewire, percutaneous coronary intervention, Medicine
Abstract: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is now the standard of care in patients with coronary artery disease. With advances in modern technology, the success of PCI has relatively increased, and so is its complication, specifically in complex coronary intervention. Coronary perforation is one of the most dreadful and life-threatening complications of PCI. The most vital step in the management of coronary perforation is its identification and quick action. Multiple methods for management are now recommended in the literature, but the mainstay of treatment is still prevention. This review discusses the incidence, risk factors, prevention, identification, and management of Coronary Artery Perforation (CAP).
Published: 2021
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5. Changing pattern of admissions for acute myocardial infarction in India during the COVID-19 pandemic

Author: Geevar Zachariah, Sivasubramanian Ramakrishnan, Mrinal Kanti Das, Abdullakutty Jabir, Pathiyil Balagopalan Jayagopal, Krishnannair Venugopal, Kalaivani Mani, Amal Kumar Khan, Amit Malviya, Anshul Gupta, Ashok Goyal, B.P. Singh, Bishav Mohan, Bishwa Bhushan Bharti, Biswajit Majumder, Bivin Wilson, Chakkalakkal Prabhakaran Karunadas, Chandra Bhan Meena, Cholenahally Nanjappa Manjunath, Mathew Cibu, Debabrata Roy, Dinesh Choudhary, Dipak Ranjan Das, Dipak Sarma, Meennahalli Palleda Girish, Gurpreet Singh Wander, Harsh Wardhan, Janakiraman Ezhilan, Karthik Tummala, Virender Kumar Katyal, Kewal Goswami, Kodangala Subramanyam, Krishna Kishore Goyal, Kenchappa Kumar, Lekha Adik Pathak, Manish Bansal, Manoranjan Mandal, Mohit Dayal Gupta, Narendra Nath Khanna, Natesh Bangalore Hanumanthappa, Neil Bardoloi, Nitin Modi, Nitish Naik, Pradeep K. Hasija, Prafulla Kerkar, Pranab Jyoti Bhattacharyya, Pushkraj Gadkari, Rabindra Nath Chakraborthy, Rahul Raosaheb Patil, Rakesh Gupta, Rakesh Yadav, Rambhatla Suryanarayana Murty, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Rathinavel Sivakumar, Rishi Sethi, Rituparna Baruah, Sanjay Tyagi, Santanu Guha, Santhosh Krishnappa, Satish Kumar, Satya Narayan Routray, Satyendra Tewari, Saumitra Ray, Seemala Saikrishna Reddy, Sharad Chandra, Shashi Bhushan Gupta, Shashi Shekhar Chatterjee, K.K.H. Siddiqui, Maduramuthu Sivabalan, Sreekanth Yerram, Sudeep Kumar, Swaminathan Nagarajan, Tom Devasia, Uday Jadhav, Varun Shankar Narain, Vijay Kumar Garg, Vitull K. Gupta, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Pradip Kumar Deb, and Padinhare Purayil Mohanan
Subjects: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), LMIC, Low-and middle-income country, COVID-19 pandemic, Acute coronary syndrome, ST elevation Myocardial infarction (STEMI), Surgery, RD1-811, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Aim: Studies on the changes in the presentation and management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during the COVID-19 pandemic from low- and middle-income countries are limited. We sought to determine the changes in the number of admissions, management practices, and outcomes of AMI during the pandemic period in India. Methods & Results: In this two-timepoint cross-sectional study involving 187 hospitals across India, patients admitted with AMI between 15th March to 15th June in 2020 were compared with those admitted during the corresponding period of 2019.We included 41,832 consecutive adults with AMI. Admissions during the pandemic period (n = 16414) decreased by 35·4% as compared to the corresponding period in 2019 (n = 25418). We observed significant heterogeneity in this decline across India. The weekly average decrease in AMI admissions in 2020 correlated negatively with the number of COVID cases (r = −0·48; r2 = 0·2), but strongly correlated with the stringency of lockdown index (r = 0·95; r2 = 0·90). On a multi-level logistic regression, admissions were lower in 2020 with older age categories, tier 1 cities, and centers with high patient volume. Adjusted utilization rate of coronary angiography, and percutaneous coronary intervention decreased by 11·3%, and 5·9% respectively. Conclusions: The magnitude of reduction in AMI admissions across India was not uniform. The nature, time course, and the patient demographics were different compared to reports from other countries, suggesting a significant impact due to the lockdown. These findings have important implications in managing AMI during the pandemic.
Published: 2021
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6. Marshall to the rescue in cardiac resynchronization therapy: Left ventricular lead placement in coronary sinus ostial atresia

Author: Ranjit Kumar Nath, Ajay Pratap Singh, Dheerendra Kuber, and Vatsal Kayal
Subjects: Congenital anomaly, Coronary sinus, Cardiac resynchronization therapy, Left ventricular lead placement, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: This case highlights the importance of proper identification of congenital anomalies of the coronary sinus for the successful placement of left ventricular lead during cardiac resynchronization therapy device implantation. We discuss an alternate route for left ventricular lead placement via the vein of Marshall when the coronary sinus ostium in the right atrium was atretic and was facing difficulty initially in detecting the anomaly.
Published: 2022
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7. Six months clinical outcome comparison between quadripolar and bipolar left ventricular leads in cardiac resynchronization therapy: A prospective, non-randomized, single-centre observational study

Author: Ajay Raj, Ajay Pratap Singh, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Neeraj Pandit, Puneet Aggarwal, Ashok Kumar Thakur, Rajeev Bharadwaj, and Vinod Kumar
Subjects: Cardiac resynchronization therapy, Bipolar lead, Heart failure, Quadripolar lead, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Background and objectives: Quadripolar left ventricular (LV) leads in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) offer multi-vector pacing with different pacing configurations and hence enabling LV pacing at most suitable site with better lead stability. We aim to compare the outcomes between quadripolar and bipolar LV lead in patients receiving CRT. Methods: In this prospective, non-randomized, single-center observational study, we enrolled 93 patients receiving CRT with bipolar (BiP) (n = 31) and quadripolar (Quad) (n = 62) LV lead between August 2016 to August 2019. Patients were followed for six months, and outcomes were compared with respect to CRT response (defined as ≥5% absolute increase in left ventricle ejection fraction), electrocardiographic, echocardiographic parameters, NYHA functional class improvement, and incidence of LV lead-related complication. Results: At the end of six months follow up, CRT with quadripolar lead was associated with better response rate as compared to bipolar pacing (85.48% vs 64.51%; p = 0.03), lesser heart failure (HF) hospitalization events (1.5 vs 2; p = 0.04) and better improvement in HF symptoms (patients with ≥1 NYHA improvement 87.09% vs 67.74%; p = 0.04). There were fewer deaths per 100 patient-year (6.45 vs 9.37; p = 0.04) and more narrowing of QRS duration (Δ12.56 ± 3.11 ms vs Δ7.29 ± 1.87 ms; p = 0.04) with quadripolar lead use. Lead related complications were significantly more with the use of bipolar lead (74.19% vs 41.94%; p = 0.02). Conclusions: Our prospective, non-randomized, single-center observational study reveals that patients receiving CRT with quadripolar leads have a better response to therapy, lesser heart failure hospitalizations, lower all-cause mortality, and fewer lead-related complications, proving its superiority over the bipolar lead.
Published: 2021
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8. Epidemiological, demographic, laboratory, clinical management, and outcome data of symptomatic bradyarrhythmia in COVID-19 patients

Author: Abhinav Shrivastava, Bhagya Narayan Pandit, Ashok Kumar Thakur, Ranjit Kumar Nath, and Puneet Aggarwal
Subjects: COVID-19, Bradiarritmias, Marcapasos, Medicine, Surgery, RD1-811
Abstract: Background: Cardiovascular manifestations are an important cause of mortality and morbidity in COVID-19 infections. Conduction system abnormality in the form of symptomatic bradyarrhythmia is underreported in the literature. Aim: To evaluate epidemiological, demographic, laboratory, clinical management, and outcome data of symptomatic bradyarrhythmia in COVID-19 patients. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational study including all the adult patients (>18 years) who were diagnosed with COVID-19 infection and had complete heart block (CHB) or symptomatic high-grade Atrio-Ventricular (AV) block requiring a temporary pacemaker insertion (TPI). Epidemiological, demographic, laboratory, clinical management, and outcome data were extracted from all the enrolled patients and studied for the primary clinical composite endpoint of all-cause death. Results: The study population included 15 patients, including 14 patients with CHB and 1 patient with 2:1 AV block. Syncope was the most common presentation. The clinical endpoint in the form of death was seen in 5 patients (33.3%), 3 patients reverted to sinus rhythm, and 7 patients required permanent pacemaker implantation. The markers of inflammation were raised in all patients; however trend toward more inflammation was seen in patients reaching the primary clinical endpoint. 3 out of 7 patients with narrow QRS rhythm reverted to normal sinus rhythm, while all 8 patients with broad complex QRS either died or required a permanent pacemaker insertion. Conclusion: Symptomatic bradyarrhythmia is associated with a high inflammatory state, and high mortality in COVID-19 infection and a transient conduction block in patients with narrow QRS rhythm may suggest local subclinical myocardial inflammation. Resumen: Antecedentes: Las manifestaciones cardiovasculares son una causa importante de mortalidad y morbilidad en las infecciones por COVID-19. La anomalía del sistema de conducción en forma de bradiarritmia sintomática no se informa en la literatura. Objetivo: Evaluar datos epidemiológicos, demográficos, de laboratorio, de manejo clínico y de resultado de la bradiarritmia sintomática en pacientes con COVID-19. Métodos: Este fue un estudio observacional retrospectivo que incluyó a todos los pacientes adultos (> 18 años) que fueron diagnosticados con infección por COVID-19 y tenían bloqueo cardíaco completo (HBC) o bloqueo auriculoventricular (AV) de alto grado sintomático que requería una inserción de marcapasos (TPI). Los datos epidemiológicos, demográficos, de laboratorio, de manejo clínico y de resultado se extrajeron de todos los pacientes inscritos y se estudiaron para el criterio de valoración clínico primario compuesto de muerte por cualquier causa. Resultados: La población del estudio incluyó a 15 pacientes, 14 de los cuales tenían HBC y uno tenía bloqueo AV 2:1. El síncope fue la presentación más común. El criterio de valoración clínico en forma de muerte se observó en 5 pacientes (33,3%), 3 pacientes revirtieron al ritmo sinusal y 7 pacientes requirieron implantación de marcapasos permanente. Los marcadores de inflamación se elevaron en todos los pacientes; sin embargo, se observó una tendencia hacia una mayor inflamación en los pacientes que alcanzaron el criterio de valoración clínico primario. Tres de cada 7 pacientes con QRS estrecho revirtieron al ritmo sinusal normal, mientras que los 8 pacientes con QRS de complejo ancho murieron o requirieron la inserción de un marcapasos permanente. Conclusión: La bradiarritmia sintomática se asocia con un estado inflamatorio alto y una alta mortalidad en la infección por COVID-19, y un bloqueo transitorio de la conducción en pacientes con ritmo QRS estrecho puede sugerir una inflamación miocárdica subclínica local.
Published: 2021
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9. Comparison of original and modified Q risk 2 risk score with Framingham risk score - An Indian perspective

Author: Puneet Aggarwal, Santosh Kumar Sinha, Dibbendhu Khanra, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Jaskaran Gujral, Kranthi Kumar Reddy, and Anindya Mukherjee
Subjects: Q risk 2, Framingham risk score, Smokeless tobacco, Cardiovascular disease, Primary prevention, Surgery, RD1-811, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Objective: No study among Indian population has proposed modification of existing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk scores or novel risk scores as risk estimation using conventional risk calculators can’t be generalized because of epidemiological differences. Material and methods: A single center observational study was performed at a tertiary care center among participants having no evidence of CVD. Prevalence of various cardiac risk factors were analysed and 10-year risk was estimated using Framingham risk score (FRS), Q risk 2 score calculator (QRISK2) and Modified Q risk 2 (mQRISK2) which included smokeless tobacco consumption. QRISK2 and mQRISK2 were compared with FRS and participant’s eligibility for statin therapy as primary preventive measure was assessed. Results: Total of 4045 participants were enrolled from August 2016 to July 2019. 3520(87%) had no history of smoking in their lifetime while smokeless tobacco consumption was seen in 1153(28.5%), diabetes in 422(10.4%), hypertension in 1096(27.1%), obesity in 2035(50.3%), and family history of CVD in 353(8.7%) participants. High risk participants were found to be 826(20.4%), 627(15.5%), and 509(12.6%) by using FRS, mQRISK2 and QRISK2, whereas those eligible for statin therapy were maximum by mQRISK2 among 1323(32.7%) participants compared to QRISK2 (n = 1191; 29.4%) and FRS (n = 826; 20.4%) model. Krippendorff’s alpha for mQRISK2 was in better agreement with body mass index (BMI) and lipid FRS CVD scoring system as compared to QRISK2 risk model. Conclusion: CVD risk stratification based on smokeless tobacco use is first of its kind from this part of world and should be part of CV risk assessment.
Published: 2021
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10. Cardiovascular outcomes of antidiabetic drugs

Author: Ranjit Kumar Nath, Neeraj Pandit, Ajay Raj, B.N Pandit, Vinod Kumar, Rajeev Bhardwaj, Ajay Pratap Singh, and Ashok Thakur
Subjects: antidiabetic drugs, cardiovascular outcomes, dpp 4 inhibitors, sglt2 inhibitors, glp-1 receptor agonist, Medicine
Abstract: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Intensive blood glucose reduction with antidiabetic drugs significantly reduce microvascular complications but there is no strong evidence of reduction in cardiovascular (CV) events. In 2008, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued guidance to demonstrate cardiovascular safety of newer antidiabetic drugs in addition to reduction in blood glucose level. After which a number of CVOTs were conducted involving newer antidiabetic drugs. The newer drugs (e.g. GLP-1 RAs, SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP 4 inhibitors) might have potential effects on body weight, lipid parameters and blood pressure, as well as endothelial dysfunctions, inflammatory markers and oxidative stress. The current review summarizes the results of the main trials focused on the cardiovascular outcomes of traditional as well as newer antidiabetic drugs.
Published: 2021
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11. Percutaneous management of Stuck Rotational Atherectomy Burr: Experience at a tertiary care centre

Author: Ajay Raj, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Ashok Kumar Thakur, Ajay Pratap Singh, Neeraj Pandit, and Sripad Vasant Khairnar
Subjects: rotational atherectomy, stuck burr, entrapment, rotablator, Medicine
Abstract: Background: The incidence of stuck rotational atherectomy (RA) burr is extremely low, and its description has been sporadic in the literature about the systemic management of this complication. Aims and Objective: The current study was designed to present the experience of our center and propose an algorithm for the retrieval of stuck RA burr. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated cases of RA between August 2018 to August 2020 at our center. An entrapped RA burr was defined as an inability to move the burr backward without any additional maneuvers during or after the rotablation of a coronary lesion. Angiographic and procedural details were reviewed in the identified cases of entrapped rotablator burr, details of maneuvers used to retract the burr was documented. We further analyzed the literature using PubMed search using the keywords “entrapment of rotablator burr”, “stuck rotablator” and “rotablation complications”. All the articles with entrapped rotablation burr were identified and scrutinized for the techniques used for percutaneous retrieval. Results: Out of the total 5780 Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures, RA was performed in 75 patients and RA burr entrapment was confirmed in two cases. Both the cases were seen in patients with angulated and heavily calcified lesions. The cases were managed percutaneously by endovascular maneuvers. A total of 8 techniques were identified by analysis of available literature for burr retrieval with surgery being the favored one. Using the experience of our center and available literature we propose a simplified working algorithm towards systematic management of this complication. Conclusion: RA burr entrapment is rare, but a life-threatening complication, and the operator should be prepared with strategies for successful retrieval of stuck burr. Percutaneous retraction maneuvers should be used as the first-line management for retrieval of stuck burr followed by surgical referral. Using the proposed algorithm this rare complication can be managed systematically and effectively.
Published: 2021
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12. Prevalence of abnormal upper limb arterial anatomy and its correlation with access failure during transradial coronary angiography

Author: Sripad V. Khairnar, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Balram Yadav, Kakasaheb Bhosale, and Sulabh Chandraker
Subjects: Abnormal upper limb arterial anatomy, Access failure, Coronary angiography, Transradial, Surgery, RD1-811, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Objective: The study aimed at to find out prevalence of abnormal upper limb arterial anatomy and its correlation with access failure during transradial coronary angiography. Method: This was a prospective observational study of 1512 patients who had undergone transradial coronary angiography (CAG). Angiographic assessment of upper limb arterial tree was performed when the angiographic guidewire or the diagnostic catheter followed an abnormal path or got stuck in its course. Results: About 5.29% patients (80/1512) were noted to have abnormal upper limb arterial anatomy. The most common abnormality detected were radio-ulnar loop in 22 (1.46%) patients, tortuous upper limb arteries 19 (1.25%) and abnormal high origin of radial artery 10 (0.66%) patients. Access failure was encountered in 4.4% (67/1512) of total patients and 64.17% (43/67) access failure was due to abnormal upper limb arterial anatomy. Conclusion: Abnormal upper limb arterial anatomy was the most common cause of access failure in transradial coronary angiography in this study.
Published: 2021
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13. Optical Coherence Tomography: An Eye Into the Coronary Artery

Author: Ankush Gupta, Abhinav Shrivastava, Rajesh Vijayvergiya, Sanya Chhikara, Rajat Datta, Atiya Aziz, Daulat Singh Meena, Ranjit Kumar Nath, and J. Ratheesh Kumar
Subjects: OCT, IVUS, plaque morphology, saline OCT, calcified lesion modification, OCT in ACS, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is slowly but surely gaining a foothold in the hands of interventional cardiologists. Intraluminal and transmural contents of the coronary arteries are no longer elusive to the cardiologist's probing eye. Although the graduation of an interventionalist in imaging techniques right from naked eye angiographies to ultrasound-based coronary sonographies to the modern light-based OCT has been slow, with the increasing regularity of complex coronary cases in practice, such a transition is inevitable. Although intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) due to its robust clinical data has been the preferred imaging modality in recent years, OCT provides a distinct upgrade over it in many imaging and procedural aspects. Better image resolution, accurate estimation of the calcified lesion, and better evaluation of acute and chronic stent failure are the distinct advantages of OCT over IVUS. Despite the obvious imaging advantages of OCT, its clinical impact remains subdued. However, upcoming newer trials and data have been encouraging for expanding the use of OCT to wider indications in clinical utility. During percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), OCT provides the detailed information (dissection, tissue prolapse, thrombi, and incomplete stent apposition) required for optimal stent deployment, which is the key to successfully reducing the major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) and stent-related morbidities. The increasing use of OCT in complex bifurcation stenting involving the left main (LM) is being studied. Also, the traditional pitfalls of OCT, such as additional contrast load for image acquisition and stenting involving the ostial and proximal LM, have also been overcome recently. In this review, we discuss the interpretation of OCT images and its clinical impact on the outcome of procedures along with current barriers to its use and newer paradigms in which OCT is starting to become a promising tool for the interventionalist and what can be expected for the immediate future in the imaging world.
Published: 2022
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14. Large intracoronary thrombus and its management during primary PCI

Author: Vinod Kumar, Ajay Kumar Sharma, Tarun Kumar, and Ranjit Kumar Nath
Subjects: Embolic protection device, Large thrombus burden, Primary PCI, Thrombectomy, Thrombus aspiration, Surgery, RD1-811, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Large intracoronary thrombus has been reported in significant number of patients with STEMI. Primary PCI is the current standard of care in patients of STEMI. Despite the availability of dual antiplatelets, GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor and effective anticoagulation regimens, large intracoronary thrombus remains one of the biggest challenge to interventional cardiologists during primary PCI. Large intracoronary thrombus may lead to distal embolization, no/slow reflow or embolization into a non-culprit vessel and is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcome. There is no ideal management strategy. We hereby discuss the current available methods/strategies to deal with large thrombus burden encountered during primary PCI, in the current manuscript.
Published: 2020
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15. Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown on catheterization laboratory: An Indian perspective

Author: Ajay Pratap Singh, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Ajay Raj, Neeraj Pandit, Puneet Aggarwal, Ashok Kumar Thakur, Rajeev Bharadwaj, Vinod Kumar, and Kriti Singh
Subjects: catheterization laboratory, covid-19, lockdown, pandemic, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Aims: This study aims to study the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown on catheterization laboratory (Cath Lab) utilization for cardiac patients. Subjects and Methods: In this retrospective observational study, a total number of procedures in Cath Lab during COVID-19 lockdown were compared with pre-COVID-19 lockdown time to see the impact of the pandemic on cardiac patients undergoing interventions. Results: A total of 1982 procedures (1788 in prelockdown vs. 194 in lockdown; P < 0.001) were performed in the catheterization laboratory during the 6 months' time frame of this study. There was an alarming drop in procedures by 89.1% in the lockdown period with the maximum reduction seen in diagnostic coronary angiography (96.6%), elective angioplasty decreased by 96.4%, and primary angioplasty by 82.08%. There was an increase in rescue angioplasty by 80% (P < 0.001) during the lockdown phase. There was a fall of 83.9% in admissions of acute coronary syndrome and 62.76% reduction in heart failure admissions during the lockdown period. During the study period, there were a total of 2111 admissions in the cardiac care unit (1882 in pre vs. 229 in lockdown; P < 0.001), which showed an 87.14% reduction when compared to the prelockdown group. Conclusions: We report an alarming reduction in total admissions and catheterization laboratory procedures as an impact of COVID-19-related lockdown. This represents a serious problem regarding the handling of this pandemic by the health-care system and can be used to devise proper strategies for the recovery phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Published: 2020
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16. Mitral valve assessment and scoring before balloon mitral valvuloplasty

Author: Satyam Rajvanshi, Ranjit Kumar Nath, and Rajeev Bharadwaj
Subjects: balloon mitral valvuloplasty, mitral stenosis, rheumatic valve disease, severity scoring for rheumatic mitral stenosis, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Management of symptomatic rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS) by nonsurgical techniques has been the therapeutic modality of choice in low- and middle-income countries such as India. In comparison to surgical interventions, catheter-based balloon dilatation has been preferred in cases of rheumatic MS. Various scoring systems, including three-dimensional (3D), 2D transthoracic, and transesophageal echo and fluoroscopy, have been summarized in this review for the evaluation of the morphology of the valve apparatus, including calcification, and subvalvular involvement for predicting favorable outcomes.
Published: 2020
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17. Rheumatic valve disease in a 2-year-old child: A rare case report

Author: Ranjit Kumar Nath and Rajeev Bharadwaj
Subjects: juvenile, mitral stenosis, pediatric, rheumatic, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are major health hazards in developing countries. Affection with RF-RHD in preschool years is uncommon, but prognostically worse as management is technically difficult. We report a rare early presentation of rheumatic valve disease in a 2-year-old child. This is probably the youngest case of rheumatic mitral obstruction documented in literature till date. It highlights that RF-RHD is still a very prevalent disease in India yet is underdiagnosed and underreported.
Published: 2020
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18. Acute effect of primary PCI on diastolic dysfunction recovery in anterior wall STEMI – A non-invasive evaluation by echocardiography

Author: Siva Subramaniyan, Neeraj Pandit, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Ajay Raj, Athar Kamal, and Deepankar Vatsa
Subjects: Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Background: It is well established fact that acute coronary occlusion leads to diastolic dysfunction, followed by systolic dysfunction when myonecrosis occur. It is also proven that primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is an excellent therapy for ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) to improve outcomes. However there is a paucity of information on efficacy of PPCI in improving diastolic function. Evaluation of the role of PPCI in improving diastolic dysfunction is required. Methods: 61 patients with first anterior wall STEMI who underwent PPCI to left anterior descending artery were included. Echocardiographic evaluation was performed within 24 h of PPCI and then on day 15, 3 months and 6 months after PPCI. We evaluated the prevalence of diastolic dysfunction after PPCI and its recovery during 6 months along with effect of duration of chest pain on diastolic function. Results: 54.1% of patients had diastolic dysfunction after PPCI whereas it was only 21.3% after 6 months (p value
Published: 2018
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19. Correlation between Cardiac Biomarkers and Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Acute Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction with and without Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction

Author: Rajeev Bharadwaj, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Ashok Thakur, Bhagya Narayan Pandit, and Dheerendra Kuber
Subjects: brain natriuretic peptide, doppler echocardiography, right ventricular involvement, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, troponin i, Medicine
Abstract: Introduction: Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction (RVMI) along with inferior wall left ventricular (LV) dysfunction or Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction (IWMI) is found in 30-50% of the cases. Isolated Right Ventricular (RV) dysfunction or infarction is rare except in iatrogenic (interventional) procedures. RVMI is being more commonly diagnosed retrospectively in the era of primary angioplasty, when these patients post-procedure fail to improve satisfactorily as compared to isolated IWMI patients. Clues to identify early RV involvement in acute IWMI patients will help in better management and less morbidity in this group of patients. Aim: The study was undertaken to search for any correlation between cardiac biomarkers {Troponin I (Trop I), Creatinine Kinase-MB (CK-MB), Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)} and RV involvement using echocardiographic parameters in inferior Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), with and without associated RVMI, in patients who underwent primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI). Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted from September, 2018 to August, 2019, in the Cardiology Department of ABVIMS and Dr. Ram Manohar Hospital. A total of 294 patients, presenting with acute IWMI, were included in the study. Samples for Trop-I, CK-MB and BNP were taken immediately after admission. One hundred and thirty two patients had an associated RVMI. Two-dimensional Echocardiography was done within the first 12 hours of admission. Electrocardiography (ECG) and Echocardiography (EEG) assessments were used to determine RV involvement. Comparison was done first between patients with and without RV involvement, followed by comparison among groups for quantitative parameters, especially biomarkers, for finding correlation between biomarker levels and echocardiographic parameters (both RV and LV functions). Results: Patients presenting with IWMI with an associated RVMI had increased LV E/E’ ratio. Also, as predicted, they had a low Tricuspid Annulus Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE) and a low RV fractional area change, as well, due to stunning of right ventricle in the acute phase. In the group with higher BNP levels (≥400 pg/mL), the ratio of transmitral Doppler early filling velocity to tissue Doppler early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E/E’) was increased; on the other hand LV ejection fraction and TAPSE were decreased. There was negative correlation between RSm (RV systolic wave), TAPSE and BNP levels. BNP, Trop I and CKMB levels showed a positive correlation with E/E’ at higher levels. Hypotension was more in patients presenting with RVMI, but it did not reach statistical significance. The mortality was 4.5% in the inferior Myocardial Infarction (MI) with RV involvement group versus 1.8% in isolated inferior MI group (during hospital stay). Conclusion: In acute Inferior wall MI, higher levels of BNP, CKMB, Trop I, alone or in combination, might be used for prediction of RV involvement. BNP levels ≥400 pg/mL, Trop I levels ≥1.1 ng/ mL, and CK-MB levels ≥4.5 ng/mL, along with hypotension and higher E/E’ ratio were observed in such cases and were associated with RV dysfunction and increased mortality.
Published: 2020
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20. Lead one ratio: A new electrocardiogram marker for cardiac resynchronization therapy response

Author: Ajay Raj, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Bhagya Narayan Pandit, Ajay Pratap Singh, Neeraj Pandit, and Puneet Aggarwal
Subjects: electrocardiography, left bundle branch block, cardiac resynchronization therapy, heart failure, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Wider QRS duration and presence of left bundle branch block (LBBB) predict better cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) response. Despite strict patient selection, one-third of patients have a sub-optimal response. We aim to evaluate the impact of lead one ratio (LOR) on CRT response.METHODS: We enrolled 93 patients receiving CRT from August 2016 to August 2019. Pre-implant 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded, and LOR was derived by dividing the maximum positive deflection of QRS complex in ECG lead I by the maximum negative deflection in lead I; cut-off value of 12 was used to divide the cohort into two groups. Patients were followed for 6 months, and outcomes were compared for CRT response, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class improvement, all-cause mortality, and heart failure (HF) hospitalization events.RESULTS: At the end of 6-month follow-up, LOR ≥ 12 was associated with significantly better CRT response (75.76% vs. 51.85% in LOR < 12, P = 0.02), lower mortality per 100 patient-years (9.09 vs. 14.81 in LOR < 12, P = 0.012), and more improvement in HF symptoms (NYHA improvement) (78.79% vs. 55.56% in LOR < 12, P = 0.02). Patients with LOR < 12 had more HF hospitalization events (2.04 vs. 1.81 episodes in LOR ≥ 12, P = 0.029) and less QRS narrowing (∆5.74 ± 2.09 vs. ∆7.10 ± 3.97 ms in LOR ≥ 12, P = 0.01). QRS duration and LBBB morphology were predictors of response in both groups of patients.CONCLUSION: LOR ≥ 12 was associated with better response to CRT, less HF hospitalization, and more relief in HF symptoms. This ratio helps to identify possible sub-optimal response among patients with an indication for CRT.
Published: 2021
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21. A case of sinus venosus atrial septal defect misdiagnosed as primary pulmonary hypertension

Author: Awadhesh Kr Sharma, Ranjit Kumar Nath, and Neeraj Pandit
Subjects: Sinus venosus atrial septal defect, Pulmonary heart disease, Transoesophageal echocardiography, Tricuspid valve regurgitation, Electrocardiogram, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: We present a case of sinus venosus atrial septal defect in a patient who was previously diagnosed as having primary pulmonary hypertension in a tertiary care center. Our findings are based on 2-dimensional trans-thoracic echocardiography, chest X–ray and surface electrocardiogram. A 26-year-old man, previously diagnosed as a case of primary pulmonary hypertension, presented to the emergency department (ED) with chest pain and breathlessness on exertion. Cardiac biomarkers were within their normal ranges. Surface electrocardiogram showed right atrial and ventricular overload with right axis deviation. Chest imaging noted enlarged central pulmonary vascularity with bilateral plethoric lung fields. Trans-thoracic echocardiography showed a dilated right atria and ventricle with severe tricuspid regurgitation and severe pulmonary artery hypertension with an intact atrial septum. Surprisingly, the transoesophageal echocardiogram revealed the presence of a sinus venous superior vena cava-type atrial septal defect with the right pulmonary vein draining into the right atria. In this full-text version, we present a more detailed discussion of sinus-venous atrial septal defect associated with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return that was wrongly diagnosed as a case of primary pulmonary hypertension in a tertiary care center.
Published: 2016
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22. Asymptomatic late embolization of Amplatzer septal occluder device

Author: Ranjit Kumar Nath and Neeraj Pandit
Subjects: Ostium secundum atrial septal defect, Amplatzer septal occluder, Late embolization, Surgery, RD1-811, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Atrial septal defects of Ostium Secundum type with suitable anatomy and margins are commonly closed with septal occluder devices. With the increasing number of catheterization laboratories and increasing availability of different devices, the device closure procedure is very commonly performed in different institutes. Embolization of the septal occluder is one of the most dreaded complications of this procedure, which usually occurs in the early hours or days after the procedure. We report a case of silent embolization of the Amplatzer septal occluder, detected seven months after its use to close an Ostium Secundum atrial septal defect, which was detected during pre-anaesthetic evaluation and echocardiography for non-cardiac surgery. The patient denied having any symptom in-between. The device was retrieved and the defect was closed surgically.
Published: 2017
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23. Veno-venous loop through coronary sinus for LV lead placement during cardiac resynchronization therapy

Author: Ranjit Kumar Nath, Ajay Raj, C. Parvatagouda, and Neeraj Pandit
Subjects: Coronary sinus, Veno-venous loop, LV lead, Snare, Surgery, RD1-811, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Left ventricular lead placement in the appropriate branch of coronary sinus is the key to successful cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and this step is technically challenging. We describe a case of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy with heart failure, taken up for cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D) implantation. The quadripolar left ventricular lead was impossible to advance into the target lateral branch of the coronary sinus. We made a veno-venous loop, advancing the coronary guidewire through the middle cardiac vein to coronary sinus and then to superior vena cava. The guidewire then snared through the same left subclavian vein and exteriorized. Over this loop, the left ventricular lead of the CRT-D device was implanted successfully. This novel approach can be used to successfully implant the LV lead in difficult to implant situations, obviating the need for thoracotomy or other methods of LV lead implantation.
Published: 2016
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24. Idiopathic isolated annular dilatation causing congenital mitral regurgitation

Author: Lalitaditya Malik, Anubhav Gupta, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Vijay Grover, and Vijay Kumar Gupta
Subjects: Annular dilatation, congenital mitral regurgitation, isolated annular dilatation, Medicine, Pediatrics, RJ1-570, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Isolated annular dilatation is an extremely uncommon cause of congenital mitral regurgitation. We report a case of a 5-year-old child with idiopathic isolated annular dilatation causing severe congenital mitral regurgitation.
Published: 2012
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25. Correlation between the Values of Immature Platelet Fraction and Mean Platelet Volume with the Extent of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Author: Shadab, Rauf, primary, Tarun, Kumar, additional, Vijay, Kumar, additional, and Ranjit Kumar, Nath, additional
Published: 2023
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26. Survival After Invasive or Conservative Management of Stable Coronary Disease

Author: Judith S. Hochman, Rebecca Anthopolos, Harmony R. Reynolds, Sripal Bangalore, Yifan Xu, Sean M. O’Brien, Stavroula Mavromichalis, Michelle Chang, Aira Contreras, Yves Rosenberg, Ruth Kirby, Balram Bhargava, Roxy Senior, Ann Banfield, Shaun G. Goodman, Renato D. Lopes, Radosław Pracoń, José López-Sendón, Aldo Pietro Maggioni, Jonathan D. Newman, Jeffrey S. Berger, Mandeep S. Sidhu, Harvey D. White, Andrea B. Troxel, Robert A. Harrington, William E. Boden, Gregg W. Stone, Daniel B. Mark, John A. Spertus, David J. Maron, Shari Esquenazi-Karonika, Margaret Gilsenan, Ewelina Gwiszcz, Patenne Mathews, Samaa Mohamed, Anna Naumova, Arline Roberts, Kerrie VanLoo, Ying Lu, Zhen Huang, Samuel Broderick, Luis Guzmán, Joseph Selvanayagam, Gabriel Steg, Jean-Michel Juliard, Rolf Doerr, Matyas Keltai, Boban Thomas, Tali Sharir, Eugenia Nikolsky, Aldo P. Maggioni, Shun Kohsaka, Jorge Escobedo, Olga Bockeria, Claes Held, Leslee J. Shaw, Lawrence Phillips, Daniel Berman, Raymond Y. Kwong, Michael H. Picard, Bernard R. Chaitman, Ziad Ali, James Min, G.B. John Mancini, Jonathon Leipsic, Graham Hillis, Suku Thambar, Majo Joseph, John Beltrame, Irene Lang, Herwig Schuchlenz, Kurt Huber, Kaatje Goetschalckx, Whady Hueb, Paulo Ricardo Caramori, Alexandre de Quadros, Paola Smanio, Claudio Mesquita, João Vitola, José Marin-Neto, Expedito Ribeiro da Silva, Rogério Tumelero, Marianna Andrade, Alvaro Rabelo Alves, Frederico Dall’Orto, Carisi Polanczyk, Estevão Figueiredo, Andrew Howarth, Gilbert Gosselin, Asim Cheema, Kevin Bainey, Denis Phaneuf, Ariel Diaz, Pallav Garg, Shamir Mehta, Graham Wong, Andy Lam, James Cha, Paul Galiwango, Amar Uxa, Benjamin (Ben) Chow, Adnan Hameed, Jacob Udell, Magdy Hamid, Marie Hauguel-Moreau, Alain Furber, Pascal Goube, Philippe-Gabriel Steg, Gilles Barone-Rochette, Christophe Thuaire, Michel Slama, Georg Nickenig, Raffi Bekeredjian, P. Christian Schulze, Bela Merkely, Geza Fontos, András Vértes, Albert Varga, Ajit Kumar, Rajesh G. Nair, Purvez Grant, Cholenahally Manjunath, Nagaraja Moorthy, Santhosh Satheesh, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Gurpreet Wander, Johann Christopher, Sudhanshu Dwivedi, Abraham Oomman, Atul Mathur, Milind Gadkari, Sudhir Naik, Eapen Punnoose, Ranjan Kachru, Upendra Kaul, Arthur Kerner, Giuseppe Tarantini, Gian Piero Perna, Emanuela Racca, Andrea Mortara, Lorenzo Monti, Carlo Briguori, Gianpiero Leone, Roberto Amati, Mauro Salvatori, Antonio Di Chiara, Paolo Calabro, Marcello Galvani, Stefano Provasoli, Keiichi Fukuda, Shintaro Nakano, Aleksandras Laucevicius, Sasko Kedev, Ahmad Khairuddin, Robert Riezebos, Jorik Timmer, Spencer Heald, Ralph Stewart, Walter Mogrovejo Ramos, Marcin Demkow, Tomasz Mazurek, Jarozlaw Drozdz, Hanna Szwed, Adam Witkowski, Nuno Ferreira, Fausto Pinto, Ruben Ramos, Bogdan Popescu, Calin Pop, Leo Bockeria, Elena Demchenko, Alexander Romanov, Leonid Bershtein, Ahmed Jizeeri, Goran Stankovic, Svetlana Apostolovic, Nada Cemerlic Adjic, Marija Zdravkovic, Branko Beleslin, Milica Dekleva, Goran Davidovic, Terrance Chua, David Foo, Kian Keong Poh, Mpiko Ntsekhe, Alessandro Sionis, Francisco Marin, Vicente Miró, Montserrat Gracida Blancas, José González-Juanatey, Francisco Fernández-Avilés, Jesús Peteiro, Jose Enrique Castillo Luena, Johannes Aspberg, Mariagrazia Rossi, Srun Kuanprasert, Sukit Yamwong, Nicola Johnston, Patrick Donnelly, Andrew Moriarty, Ahmed Elghamaz, Sothinathan Gurunathan, Nikolaos Karogiannis, Benoy N. Shah, Richard H.J. Trimlett, Michael B. Rubens, Edward D. Nicol, Tarun K. Mittal, Reinette Hampson, Reto Gamma, Mark De Belder, Thuraia Nageh, Steven Lindsay, Kreton Mavromatis, Todd Miller, Subhash Banerjee, Harmony Reynolds, Khaled Nour, and Peter Stone
Subjects: Physiology (medical), Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Abstract: Background: The ISCHEMIA trial (International Study of Comparative Health Effectiveness With Medical and Invasive Approaches) compared an initial invasive versus an initial conservative management strategy for patients with chronic coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, with no major difference in most outcomes during a median of 3.2 years. Extended follow-up for mortality is ongoing. Methods: ISCHEMIA participants were randomized to an initial invasive strategy added to guideline-directed medical therapy or a conservative strategy. Patients with moderate or severe ischemia, ejection fraction ≥35%, and no recent acute coronary syndromes were included. Those with an unacceptable level of angina were excluded. Extended follow-up for vital status is being conducted by sites or through central death index search. Data obtained through December 2021 are included in this interim report. We analyzed all-cause, cardiovascular, and noncardiovascular mortality by randomized strategy, using nonparametric cumulative incidence estimators, Cox regression models, and Bayesian methods. Undetermined deaths were classified as cardiovascular as prespecified in the trial protocol. Results: Baseline characteristics for 5179 original ISCHEMIA trial participants included median age 65 years, 23% women, 16% Hispanic, 4% Black, 42% with diabetes, and median ejection fraction 0.60. A total of 557 deaths accrued during a median follow-up of 5.7 years, with 268 of these added in the extended follow-up phase. This included a total of 343 cardiovascular deaths, 192 noncardiovascular deaths, and 22 unclassified deaths. All-cause mortality was not different between randomized treatment groups (7-year rate, 12.7% in invasive strategy, 13.4% in conservative strategy; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.85–1.18]). There was a lower 7-year rate cardiovascular mortality (6.4% versus 8.6%; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.63–0.96]) with an initial invasive strategy but a higher 7-year rate of noncardiovascular mortality (5.6% versus 4.4%; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.08–1.91]) compared with the conservative strategy. No heterogeneity of treatment effect was evident in prespecified subgroups, including multivessel coronary disease. Conclusions: There was no difference in all-cause mortality with an initial invasive strategy compared with an initial conservative strategy, but there was lower risk of cardiovascular mortality and higher risk of noncardiovascular mortality with an initial invasive strategy during a median follow-up of 5.7 years. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT04894877.
Published: 2023

27. Iatrogenic Left Main Coronary Artery Dissection During Non-Left Main Intervention: A Case Series

Author: Ajay Raj, Ajay Pratap Singh, and Ranjit Kumar Nath
Subjects: Fuel Technology, Energy Engineering and Power Technology
Abstract: Iatrogenic left main coronary artery (LMCA) dissection is a rare complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), it is mainly attributed to the catheter-based manipulation during engagement of Ostia or during the intervention. LMCA dissections are very dynamic ranging from a small, stable, and localized tear to extensive dissection obstructing coronary branches and cardiac arrest. Without prompt intervention, it often is a fatal complication. In this case series, we report three cases of LMCA dissection and their management with intravascular ultrasound-guided PCI.
Published: 2022

28. Outcome of submitral aneurysm

Author: Puneet Aggarwal, Abhinav Shrivastava, Dheerendra Kuber, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Santosh Kumar Sinha, Tarun Kumar, Ajay Raj, and Bhagya Narayan Pandit
Subjects: Adult, Heart Failure, Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Young Adult, Heart Ventricles, Aftercare, Humans, Mitral Valve Insufficiency, Surgery, Heart Aneurysm, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Patient Discharge, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: Submitral aneurysm is a rare cardiac entity with outpouching in relation to the posterior annulus of the mitral valve. Multiple etiology have been described with the role of infection and inflammation with varied clinical presentation in different case reports. However, the literature on clinical outcome and follow-up is lacking.This retrospective, observational study included all the adult patients (18 years) who were diagnosed with a submitral aneurysm. Epidemiological, demographic, laboratory, clinical management, and outcome data were extracted and followed for the endpoints of cardiac death, noncardiac death, recurrent hospitalization (due to heart failure, rupture, arrhythmic events, embolic events), surgical repair, and echocardiography parameters for mitral regurgitation or change in the size of the left ventricle for 1-year postdischarge from the index hospitalization.A total of 10 patients were enrolled in the study with a mean age of 31.2 ± 11.1 years. Possible etiology could be established in only five (50%) patients (two patients had tuberculosis and three patients had acute coronary syndrome). At index hospitalization, nine (90%) patients had heart failure, two (20%) patients had rupture of a submitral aneurysm, four patients underwent surgery, and one patient expired. On follow-up of 1 year, one more patient underwent surgical repair while three patients expired.A submitral aneurysm is a rare cardiac entity with poor outcomes. Surgical repair with or without mitral valve replacement plays a definitive role in management.
Published: 2022

29. Initial Invasive or Conservative Strategy for Stable Coronary Disease

Author: Maron D. J., Hochman J. S., Reynolds H. R., Bangalore S., O'Brien S. M., Boden W. E., Chaitman B. R., Senior R., Lopez-Sendon J., Alexander K. P., Lopes R. D., Shaw L. J., Berger J. S., Newman J. D., Sidhu M. S., Goodman S. G., Ruzyllo W., Gosselin G., Maggioni A. P., White H. D., Bhargava B., Min J. K., John Mancini G. B., Berman D. S., Picard M. H., Kwong R. Y., Ali Z. A., Mark D. B., Spertus J. A., Krishnan M. N., Elghamaz A., Moorthy N., Hueb W. A., Demkow M., Mavromatis K., Bockeria O., Peteiro J., Miller T. D., Szwed H., Doerr R., Keltai M., Selvanayagam J. B., Gabriel Steg P., Held C., Kohsaka S., Mavromichalis S., Kirby R., Jeffries N. O., Harrell F. E., Rockhold F. W., Broderick S., Bruce Ferguson T., Williams D. O., Harrington R. A., Stone G. W., Rosenberg Y, ISCHEMIA Research Group: Joseph Ricci, A Tello Montoliu, A I Robero Aniorte, Abbey Mulder, Abhay A Laddu, Abhinav Goyal, Abhishek Dubey, Abhishek Goyal, Abigail Knighton, Abraham Oomman, Adam J Jaskowiak, Adam Kolodziej, Adam Witkowski, Adnan Hameed, Adriana Anesini, Afshan Hussain, Agne Juceviciene, Agne Urboniene, Agnes Jakal, Agnieszka Szramowska, Ahmad Khairuddin, Ahmed Abdel-Latif, Ahmed Adel, Ahmed Aljzeeri, Ahmed Kamal, Ahmed Talaat, Aimee Mann, Aira Contreras, Ajit Kumar, V K Kumar, Akemi Furukawa, Akshay Bagai, Akvile Smigelskaite, Alain Furber, Alain Rheault, Alaine Melanie Loehr, Alan Rosen, Albert Varga, Albertina Qelaj, Alberto Barioli, Aldo Russo, Alec Moorman, Alejandro Gisbert, Aleksandra Fratczak, Aleksandras Laucevicius, Alena Kuleshova, Alessandro Sionis, Alexander A Sirker, Alexander M Chernyavskiy, Alexandra Craft, Alexandra Vazquez, Alexandre Ciappina Hueb, Alexandre S Colafranseschi, Alexandre Schaan de Quadros, Alexandre Tognon, Ali Alghamdi, Alice Manica Muller, Aline Nogueira Rabaça, Aline Peixoto Deiro, Alison Hallam, Allegra Stone, Allison Schley, Almudena Castro, Alvaro Rabelo Ales, Amanda Germann, Amanda O'Malley, Amar Uxa, Amarachi Ojajuni, Amarino C Oliveira Jr, Amber B Hull, Ambuj Roy, Amer Zarka, Amir Janmohamed, Ammani Brown, Ammy Malinay, Amparo Martinez Monzonis, Amy J Richards, Amy Iskandrian, Amy Ollinger, Ana D Djordjevic-Dikic, Ana Fernández Martínez, Ana Gomes Almeida, Ana Paula Batista, Ana Rita Francisco, Ana S Mladenovic, Ana Santana, Anam Siddiqui, Anastasia M Kuzmina-Krutetskaya, Andras Vertes, Andre S Sousa, Andre Gabriel, André Schmidt, Andrea M Lundeen, Andrea Bartykowszki, Andrea Lorimer, Andrea Mortara, Andrea Pascual, Andreia Coelho, Andreia Rocha, Andrés García-Rincón, Andrew G Howarth, Andrew J Moriarty, Andrew Docherty, Andrew Starovoytov, Andrew Zurick, Andrzej Łabyk, Andrzej Swiatkowski, Andy Lam, Anelise Kawakami, Angela Hoye, Angela Kim, Angelique Smit, Angelo Nobre, Anil V Shah, Anja Ljubez, Anjali Anand, Ankush Sachdeva, Ann Greenberg, Ann Luyten, Ann Ostrander, Anna Di Donato, Anna Cichocka-Radwan, Anna Fojt, Anna Plachcinska, Anna Proietti, Anna Teresinska, Anne Marie Webb, Anne Cartwright, Anne Heath, Anne Mackin, Anong Amaritakomol, Anong Chaiyasri, Anoop Chauhan, Anoop Mathew, Anthony Gemignani, Anto Luigi Andres, Antonia Vega, Antonietta Hansen, Antonino Ginel Iglesias, Antonio Carlos Carvalho, Antonio Di Chiara, Antonio Serra Peñaranda, Antonio Carvalho, Antonio Colombo, Antonio Fiarresga, Anupama Rao, Aquiles Valdespino-Estrada, Araceli Boan, Areef Ishani, Ariel Diaz, Arijit Ghosh, Arintaya Prommintikul, Arline Roberts, Arnold H Seto, Arnold P Good, Arshed Quyyumi, Arthur J Labovitz, Arthur Kerner, Arturo S Campos-Santaolalla, Arunima Misra, Ashok Mukherjee, Ashok Seth, Ashraf Seedhom, Asim N Cheema, Asker Ahmed, Atul Mathur, Atul Verma, Audrey W Leong, Axel Åkerblom, Axelle Fuentes, Aynun Naher, Badhma Valaiyapathi, Baljeet Kaur, Bandula Guruge, Barbara Brzezińska, Barbara Nardi, Bartosz Czarniak, Bebek Singh, Begoña Igual, Bela Merkely, Belen Cid Alvarez, Benjamin J Spooner, Benjamin J W Chow, Benjamin Cheong, Benoy N Shah, Bernard de Bruyne, Bernardas Valecka, Bernhard Jäger, Beth A Archer, Beth Abramson, Beth Jorgenson, Bethany Harvey, Betsy O'Neal, Bev Atkinson, Bev Bozek, Bevin Lang, Bijulal Sasidharan, Bin Yang, Bin Zhang, Binoy Mannekkattukudy Kurian, Bjoern Goebel, Bob Hu, Bogdan A Popescu, Bogdan Crnokrak, Bolin Zhu, Bonnie J Kirby, Brandi D Zimbelman, Brandy Starks, Branko D Beleslin, Brenda Hart, Brian P Shapiro, Brian McCandless, Brianna Wisniewski, Brigham R Smith, Brooks Mirrer, Bruce McManus, Bruce Rutkin, Bruna Edilena Paulino, Bruna Maria Ascoli, Bryn Smith, Byron J Allen, C Michael Gibson, C Noel Bairey Merz, Calin Pop, Cameron Hague, Camila Thais de Ormundo, Candace Gopaul, Candice P Edillo, Carísi A Polanczyk, Carita Krannila, Carla Vicente, Carl-Éric Gagné, Carlo Briguori, Carlos Peña Gil, Carlos Alvarez, Carly Ohmart, Carmen C Beladan, Carmen Ginghina, Carol M Kartje, Caroline Alsweiler, Caroline Brown, Caroline Callison, Caroline Pinheiro, Caroline Rodgers, Caroline Spindler, Carolyn Corbett, Carrie Drum, Casey Riedberger, Catherine Bone, Catherine Fleming, Catherine Gordon, Catherine Jahrsdorfer, Catherine Lemay, Catherine Weick, Cathrine Patten, Cecilia Goletto, Cezary Kepka, Chandini Suvarna, Chang Xu, Chantale Mercure, Charle A Viljoen, Charlene Wiyarand, Charles Jia-Yin Hou, Charles Y Lui, Charles Cannan, Charles Cornet, Charlotte Pirro, Chataroon Rimsukcharoenchai, Chen Wang, Cheng-Ting Tsai, Chen-Yen Chien, Cheryl A Allardyce, Chester M Hedgepeth, Chetan Patel, Chiara Attanasio, Chih-Hsuan Yen, Chi-Ming Chow, Ching Min Er, Ching-Ching Ong, Cholenahally Nanjappa Manjunath, Chris Beck, Chris Buller, Christel Vassaliere, Christian Hamm, Christiano Caldeira, Christie Ballantyne, Christina Björklund, Christine R Hinton, Christine Bergeron, Christine Masson, Christine Roraff, Christine Shelley, Christophe Laure, Christophe Thuaire, Christopher Kinsey, Christopher McFarren, Christopher Spizzieri, Christopher Travill, Chun-Chieh Liu, Chung-Lieh Hung, Chunguang Li, Chun-Ho Yun, Chunli Xia, Ciarra Heard, Cidney Schultz, Clare Venn-Edmonds, Claudia P Hochberg, Claudia Wegmayr, Claudia Cortés, Claudia Escobar, Cláudia Freixo, Claudio T Mesquita, Clemens T Kadalie, Colin Berry, Constance Philander, Corine Thobois, Costantino Costantini, Courtney Page, Craig Atkinson, Craig Barr, Craig Paterson, Cristina Bare, Cynthia Baumann, Cynthia Burman, Dalisa Espinosa, Damien Collison, Dan Deleanu, Dan Elian, Dan Gao, Dana Oliver, Daniel P Vezina, Daniel O'Rourke, Daniele Komar, Danielle Schade, Darrel P Francis, Dastan Malaev, David A Bull, David E Winchester, David P Faxon, David Booth, David Cohen, David DeMets, David Foo, David Schlichting, David Taggart, David Waters, David Wohns, Davis Vo, Dawid Teodorczyk, Dawn Shelstad, Dawn Turnbull, Dayuan Li, Dean Kereiakes, Deborah O'Neill, Deborah Yip, Debra K Johnson, Debra Dees, Deepak L Bhatt, Deepika Gopal, Deepti Kumar, Deirdre Mattina, Deirdre Murphy, Delano R Small, Delsa K Rose, Dengke Jiang, Denis Carl Phaneuf, Denise Braganza, Denise Fine, Derek Cyr, Desiree Tobin, Diana Cukali, Diana Parra, Diane Camara, Diane Minshall Liu, Diego Adrián Vences, Diego Franca de Cunha, Dimitrios Stournaras, Dipti Patel, Dongze Li, Donna Exley, Dorit Grahl, Dragana Stanojevic, Duarte Cacela, Dwayne S G Conway, E Pinar Bermudez, Eapen Punnoose, Edgar L Tay, Edgar Karanjah, Edoardo Verna, Eduardo Hernandez-Rangel, Edward D Nicol, Edward O McFalls, Edward T Martin, Edyta Kaczmarska, Ekaterina I Lubinskaya, Elena A Demchenko, Elena Refoyo Salicio, Eli Feen, Elihú Durán-Cortés, Elisabeth M Janzen, Elise L Hannemann, Elise van Dongen, Elissa Restelli Piloto, Eliza Kaplan, Elizabeta Srbinovska Kostovska, Elizabeth Capasso-Gulve, Elizabeth Congdon, Elizabeth Ferguson, Elizaveta V Zbyshevskaya, Ellen Magedanz, Ellie Fridell, Ellis W Lader, Elvin Kedhi, Emanuela Racca, Emilie Tachot, Emily DeRosa, Encarnación Alonso-Álvarez, Eric Nicollet, Eric Peterson, Erick Alexánderson Rosas, Erick Donato Morales, Erin Orvis, Ermina Moga, Estelle Montpetit, Estevao Figueiredo, Eugene Passamani, Eugenia Nikolsky, Eunice Yeoh, Evgeniy I Kretov, Ewa Szczerba, Ewelina Wojtala, Expedito Eustáquio Ribeiro Silva, F Marin Ortuño, Fabio R Farias, Fabio Fimiani, Fabrizio Rolfo, Fa-Chang Yu, Fadi Hage, Fadi Matar, Fahim Haider Jafary, Fang Feng, Fang Liu, Fatima Ranjbaran, Fatima Rodriguez, Fausto J Pinto, Fauzia Rashid, Federica Ramani, Fei Wang, Fernanda Igansi, Filipa Silva, Filippo Ottani, Fiona Haines, Firas Al Solaiman, Flávia Egydio, Flavio Lyra, Florian Egger, Fran Farquharson, Frances Laube, Francesc Carreras Costa, Francesca de Micco, Francesca Bianchini, Francesca Pezzetta, Francesca Pietrucci, Francesco Orso, Francesco Pisano, Francis Burt, Francisca Patuleia Figueiras, Francisco Fernandez-Aviles, Francois Pierre 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S.G., Ruzyllo W., Gosselin G., Maggioni A.P., White H.D., Bhargava B., Min J.K., John Mancini G.B., Berman D.S., Picard M.H., Kwong R.Y., Ali Z.A., Mark D.B., Spertus J.A., Krishnan M.N., Elghamaz A., Moorthy N., Hueb W.A., Demkow M., Mavromatis K., Bockeria O., Peteiro J., Miller T.D., Szwed H., Doerr R., Keltai M., Selvanayagam J.B., Gabriel Steg P., Held C., Kohsaka S., Mavromichalis S., Kirby R., Jeffries N.O., Harrell F.E., Rockhold F.W., Broderick S., Bruce Ferguson T., Williams D.O., Harrington R.A., Stone G.W., Rosenberg Y, and ISCHEMIA Research Group: Joseph Ricci, A Tello Montoliu, A I Robero Aniorte, Abbey Mulder, Abhay A Laddu, Abhinav Goyal, Abhishek Dubey, Abhishek Goyal, Abigail Knighton, Abraham Oomman, Adam J Jaskowiak, Adam Kolodziej, Adam Witkowski, Adnan Hameed, Adriana Anesini, Afshan Hussain, Agne Juceviciene, Agne Urboniene, Agnes Jakal, Agnieszka Szramowska, Ahmad Khairuddin, Ahmed Abdel-Latif, Ahmed Adel, Ahmed Aljzeeri, Ahmed Kamal, Ahmed Talaat, Aimee Mann, 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Bermudez, Eapen Punnoose, Edgar L Tay, Edgar Karanjah, Edoardo Verna, Eduardo Hernandez-Rangel, Edward D Nicol, Edward O McFalls, Edward T Martin, Edyta Kaczmarska, Ekaterina I Lubinskaya, Elena A Demchenko, Elena Refoyo Salicio, Eli Feen, Elihú Durán-Cortés, Elisabeth M Janzen, Elise L Hannemann, Elise van Dongen, Elissa Restelli Piloto, Eliza Kaplan, Elizabeta Srbinovska Kostovska, Elizabeth Capasso-Gulve, Elizabeth Congdon, Elizabeth Ferguson, Elizaveta V Zbyshevskaya, Ellen Magedanz, Ellie Fridell, Ellis W Lader, Elvin Kedhi, Emanuela Racca, Emilie Tachot, Emily DeRosa, Encarnación Alonso-Álvarez, Eric Nicollet, Eric Peterson, Erick Alexánderson Rosas, Erick Donato Morales, Erin Orvis, Ermina Moga, Estelle Montpetit, Estevao Figueiredo, Eugene Passamani, Eugenia Nikolsky, Eunice Yeoh, Evgeniy I Kretov, Ewa Szczerba, Ewelina Wojtala, Expedito Eustáquio Ribeiro Silva, F Marin Ortuño, Fabio R Farias, Fabio Fimiani, Fabrizio Rolfo, Fa-Chang Yu, Fadi Hage, Fadi Matar, Fahim Haider 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Niedzwiecka, J David Knight, Jacek Kusmierek, Jackie M White, Jackie Chow, Jacob Udell, Jacqueline E Tamis-Holland, Jacqueline Fannon, Jacquelyn A Quin, Jacquelyn Do, Jaekyeong Heo, Jakub Maksym, James E Davies, James H O'Keefe Jr, James J Jang, James Cha, James Harrison, James Hirsch, James Stafford, James Tatoulis, Jamie Rankin, Jan Henzel, Jan Orga, Jana Tancredi, Janaina Oliveira, Jane Burton, Jane Eckstein, Jane Marucci, Janet P Knight, Janet Blount, Janet Halliday, Janetta Kourzenkova, Janitha Raj, Jan-Malte Sinning, Jaqueline Pozzibon, Jaroslaw Drozdz, Jaroslaw Karwowski, Jason D Glover, Jason Loh Kwok, Jason T Call, Jason Linefsky, Jassira Gomes, Jati Anumpa, Javier J Garcia, Javier Courtis, Jay Meisner, K Jayakumar, Jayne Scales, Jean E Denaro, Jean Michel Juliard, Jean Ho, Jeanette K Stansborough, Jean-Michel Juliard, Jeanne Russo, Jeannette J M Schoep, Jeet Thambyrajah, Jeff Leimberger, Jeffery A Breall, Jeffrey A Kohn, Jeffrey C Milliken, Jeffrey Anderson, Jeffrey Blume, 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Wlodarczyk, Michel G Khouri, Michel S Slama, Michele Rawlins, Michelle M Bonner, Michelle M Seib, Michelle Chang, Michelle Crowder, Michelle Dixon, Michelle Mayon, Michelle McEvoy, Michelle Yee, Miguel M Fernandes, Miguel Nobre Menezes, Miguel Souto Bayarri, Miguel Barrero, Mikhail T Torosoff, Milan R Dobric, Milan Dobric, Milica Nikola Dekleva, Milind Avdhoot Gadkari, Millie Gomez, Min Tun Kyaw, Miriam Brooks, Miroslav Stevo Martinovic, Mitchel B Lustre, Mohammad Tariq Vakani, Mohammad El-Hajjar, Mohammed Al-Amoodi, Mohammed Hussain, Mohammed Saleem, Moisés Blanco-Calvo, Moisés Jiménez-Santos, Mona Bhatia, Monica Rosca, Monika Laukyte, Montserrat Gracida Blanca, Montserrat Vila Perales, Mouaz H Al-Mallah, Moysés de Oliveira Filho, Mpiko Ntsekhe, Muhamed Saric, Mulei Chen, Myriam Brousseau, Myrthes Emy Takiuti, Nada Cemerlic-Adjic, Nadia Asif, Nadia Gakou, Nafisa Hussain, Nana O Katamadze, Nancy L Clapp, Nancy Aedy, Nandita Nataraj, Nanette K Wenger, Naomi Uchida, Nasrul Ismail, Natalia S Oliveira, Natalia de Carvalho Maffei, Natalie Spitzer, Natasha C Putnam, Naved Aslam, Neamat Mowafy, Neeraj Pandit, Neeraj Parakh, Nevena Garcevic, Ngaire Meadows, Nhi N Tran, Nicholas Danchin, Nicki Lakeman, Nicola Johnston, Nicolas W Shammas, Nicole Saint Vrestil, Nicole Deming, Nier Zhong, Niket Patel, Nikola N Boskovic, Nikolaos Karogiannis, Nikos Werner, Nina Johnston, Ning Zhang, Ning Zhou, Niree Hindoyan, Nirmal Kumar, Nitika Chadha, Nitish Naik, Nodira Aripova, Noloyiso Mtana, Nona A Eskelson, Noor Syamira Mokhtar, Noppon Taksaudom, Nor Asiah Basri, Nora Marchelletta, Norma Hogg, Nungshi Jungla, Nuno Ferreira, Oksana A Lubyanaya, Olga B Nikolaeva, Olga Cañavate, Olga Sobrino, Olga Walesiak, Olga Walter, Olga Zdończyk, Olivia J Lim, Olivia Anaya, Olivia Mancilla, Olivier Dubourg, Olugbenga Bello, Omar Almousalli, Omar Thompson, Oni Olurinde, Or Harel, Osama Raheem, Oscar Méndiz, Óscar Prada-Delgado, Oz Shapira, P Christian Schulze, Pachara Panpunuan, Pal Maurovich-Horvat, Pallav Garg, Paloma Moraga, Pam Singh, Pamela Julian, Pamela Ouyang, Pamela Sigel, Pamela Woodard, Panpan Zhou, Paola Emanuela Poggio, Paola Smanio, Paolo Calabro, Paramjit Jeetley, Pascal Goube, Patricia K Nguyen, Patricia Alarie, Patricia Arakelian, Patricia Arsenault, Patricia Blaise, Patricia Brito, Patricia Cowper, Patricia Endsley, Patricia Mieses, Patrick B Alexander, Patrick Donnelly, Patrick Wilmot, Patrycja Lebioda, Paul C Gordon, Paul Der Mesropian, Paul Galiwango, Paul Hauptman, Paul Kennedy, Paula Beardsley, Paula García-González, Paulo Cury Rezende, Paulo Ricardo Caramori, Pavel S Kozlov, Pedro Canas Silva, Pedro Gabriel Melo Barros E Silva, Pedro Píccaro de Oliveira, Pedro Carvalho, Pedro Modas, Pedro Rio, Peeyush Jain, Peiyu He, Peter A McCullough, Peter H Stone, Peter M Pollak, Peter Douglass, Peter Henriksen, Peter OKane, Peter Ong, Philip Jones, Philip Rogal, Philippe Généreux, Philippe Menasche, Philippe Rheault, Phoebe Goold, Pierre Gervais, Pierre Michaud, Pilar Calvillo, Ping Chai, Piotr Jakubowski, Piotr Pruszczyk, Piotr Slomka, Piyamitr Sritara, Poay-Huan Loh, Poonam Sonawane, Pouneh Samadi, Pragnesh P Parikh, Prakash Deedwania, Pranav M Patel, Praneeth Polamuri, Pratiksha Sharma, Precilia Vasquez, Preeti Kamath, Prince Thomas, Priyadarshani Arambam, Puja K Mehta, Purvez Grant, Pushpa Naik, Qi Zhong, Qian Zhao, Qiang Zhou, Qianqian Yuan, Qin Yu, Qingxian Li, Qiulan Xie, Qiutang Zeng, R J Vindhya, R James Gerlach, Rachel King, Rada Vučić, Radmila Lyubarova, Radoslaw Pracon, Raewyn Fisher, Rafael Beyar, Rafael Diaz, Rafael Selgas, Raffaele Bugiardini, Raffaele Fanelli, Raisa Kavalakkat, V S Rajalekshmi, Rajat S Barua, Rajeev Menon, Rajesh Gopalan Nair, Rajesh Francis, Rajiv Narang, Rakesh Yadav, Ralph Alan Huston, T Ramakrishnan, Ramesh de Silva, Rami El Mahmoud, Ramiro Carvalho, Ramon de Jesús-Pérez, Ramona Stevens, Ran Leng, Ranjan Kachru, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Raquel Sanchez, Raven R Dwyer, Raven Lee, Ray Wyman, Raymond C Wong, Raymond W Little, Raymundo Ocaranza Sanchez, Rebecca J Wimmer, Rebecca Bariciano, Rebecca Otis, Rebekah R Herrmann, Reem Yunis, Reinette Hampson, Renato Abdala Karam, Renee C Hessian, Renee Kaneshiro, Reshma Ravindran, Reto Andreas Gamma, Reyna Bhandari, Reza Arsanjani, Ricardo L Lopes, Ricardo Mendes Oliveira, Ricardo Costa, Richa Bhatt, Richard F Davies, Richard H J Trimlett, Richard Goldweit, Rik Hermanides, Rine Nakanishi, Rinu R Sidh, Risha Patel, Rita Coram, Rizwan A Siddiqui, Rob S Beanlands, Robert J Hamburger, Robert K Riezebos, Robert M Donnino, Robert Bojar, Robert Chilton, Robert Guyton, Robert Henderson, Robert Kornberg, Robert Leber, Robert Mao, Robert Stenberg, Roberta P Santos, Roberto René Favaloro, Roberto Amati, Rodolfo G S D Lima, Rodrigo J Cerci, Rogerio Tumelero, Rohit Tandon, Roma Tewari, Romalisa Miranda-Peats, Ron Wald, Ronald A Mastouri, Ronald G Morford, Ronald G Schwartz, Ronald P Pedalino, Rongrong Hu, Ronnell A Hansen, Ronny A Cohen, Rory Hachamovitch, Rosa Homem, Rosa Sandonato, Rosane Laimer, Rosann Gans, Roxanne Yost, Roy Mathew, Rubén Baleón-Espinosa, Ruben Ramos, Rubine Gevorgyan, Rui Ferreira, Rui Jing, Ruth Pérez-Fernández, S K Dwivedi, S Ramakrishnan, Saadat Khan, Sabahat Bokhari, Sabu Thomas, Sadath Lubna, Sajeeda Parveen Khan, Sajeev Chakanalil Govindan, Saket Girotra, Saleem Kassam, Sallie Canada, Salvador Cruz-Flores, Samaa Mohamed, Samantha Ly, Sameh El Kaffas, Samia Massalha, Sampoornima Setty, Samuel Nwosu, Sandeep Seth, Sandeep Singh, Sander R Niehe, Sandra M Rivest, Sandra S Zier, Sandra Ahoud, Sandy Carr, Sanjay Ganapathi, Sanjay Shetty, Sanjeev Sharma, Santa Jimenez, Santhosh Satheesh, Santiago A Garcia, Sara Fernandez, Sara Karlsson, Sara Salkind, Sara Temiyasathit, Sarah Medina Rodriguez, Sarah Beaudry, Sarah Hadjih, Sarah Williams, Sarah Zahrani, Sarju Ralhan, Sasa Hinic, Sasko Kedev, Satinder Singh, Satoshi Yasuda, Satvic Cholenahally Manjunath, Sau Lee, Scott M Kaczkowski, Scott Kinlay, Sean W Hayes, Sebastian Sobczak, Senait Asier, Sergey A Sayganov, Seth I Sokol, Shaheen Pandie, Shaiful Azmi Yahaya, Shamir Mehta, Shao-Ping Nie, Sharad Chandra, Sharder Islam, Sharon Tai, Sheetal Rupesh Karwa, Sheri Ussery, Sheromani Bajaj, Sherron C Crook, Shigeyuki Nishimura, Shintaro Nakano, Shirin Heydari, Shiv Kumar Choudhary, Shivali Patel, Shobana Ganesan, Shruti Pandey, Shuyang Zhang, Shweta Hande, Siddharth Gadage, Sik-Yin V Tan, Silvia Zottis Poletti, Silvia Riera, Silvia Valbuena, Simon Walsh, Simona Maspoli, Simone Savaris, Si-Ting Feng, So Yang Cho, Solomon Yakubov, Songlin Zhu, Songtao Wang, Sonia Guerrero, Sonika Gupta, Sonja Salinger Martinovic, Sonya Brons, Sorin Brener, Sothinathan Gurunathan, Souheil Saba, Soundarya Nayak, Sowjanya Reddy, Srinivasa Potluri, Sriram Sudarshan, Srun Kuanprasert, Stacie Van Oosterhout, Stamatios Lerakis, Stanley E Cobos, Stefan C Bertog, Stefan M Simović, Stefan Weikl, Stefano Di Marco, Stefano Provasoli, Stephanie A Tirado, Stephanie C Boer, Stephanie M Lane, Stephanie Ferket, Stephanie Kelly, Stephanie Wasmiller, Stephen H McKellar, Stephen P Hoole, Stephen Fremes, Stephen Preston, Steve Leung, Steven A Fein, Steven J Lindsay, Steven P Sedlis, Steven Giovannone, Steven Michael, Steven Weitz, Stijn van Vugt, Subhash Banerjee, Sudhir Naik, Suellen Hosino, Sukie Desire, Sukit Yamwong, Suku T Thambar, Sulagna Mookherjee, Suman Singh, Sundeep Mishra, Sunil Kumar Verma, Supap Kulthawong, Supatchara Khwakhong, Surendra Naik, Suresh Babu, Surin Woragidpoonpol, Suryaprakash Narayanappa, Susan Derbyshire, Susan Gent, Susan Mathus, Susan Milbrandt, Susan Moore, Susan Regan, Susan Stinson, Susan Webber, Susana Silva, Susanna Stevens, Susanne Gruensfelder, Suthara Aramcharoen, Suvarna Kolhe, Suzana Tavares, Suzanne Arnold, Suzanne Welsh, Svetlana Apostolovic, Swapna Kunhunny, Ta-Chuan Hung, Taissa Zappernick, Tali Sharir, Talita Silva, Tamara Colaiácovo Soares, Tapan Umesh Pillay, Tarun K Mittal, Tatiana Trifonova, Tauane Bello Duarte, Tauqir Huk, Téodora Dutoiu, Terrance Chua, Terry Weyand, Thabitha Charles, Theodoros Kofidis, Theresa McCreary, Thierry Lefevre, Thippeekaa Arumairajah, Thitipong Tepsuwan, Thomas J Mulhearn, Thomas M Meyer, Thomas P Rocco, Thomas R Downes, Thomas Crain, Thomas Haldis, Thomas Mathew, Thomas Redick, Thounaojam Indira Devi, Thuraia Nageh, Tia Cauthren, Tiago Silva, Tiffany Little, Tijana Andric, Tina Harding, Titus Lau, Tiziana Formisano, Tiziano Moccetti, Tomasz Ciurus, Tomasz Mazurek, Tomasz Tarchalski, Toshiyuki Nagai, Tri Tran, Tricia Youn, Trish Tucker, Trudie Milner, Tuhina Bose, Tushar Kotecha, Udo Sechtem, Uma S Valeti, Umberto Cucchini, Umesh Badami, Upendra Kaul, V K Bahl, V S Narain, Valentina Casali, Valeria Godoy, Valerie Robesyn, Vamshi P Priya, Vandana Yadav, Vera McKinney, Veronica De Lenges, Veronica Tinnirello, Vicente Miro, Victor Navarro, Victoria Gumerova, Victoria Hernandez, Vidya Seeratan, Vijay Kumar, Vikentiy Y Kozulin, Viktoria Bulkley, Vilmar Veiga Jr, Vincent Setang, C P Vineeth, Virginai Pubull Nuñez, Virginia Fernández-Figares, Vitor Gomes, Viviana Gabriel, Viviane Dos Santos, Viviane Almeida, Vlad A Iliescu, Vladan Mudrenovic, Vladimir Dzavik, Vojislav L Giga, Walter Enrique Mogrovejo, Wan Xian Chan, Wanda C Marfori, Wanda Parker, Warangkana Mekara, Wassim Nona, Wayne Old, Wayne Pennachi, Weerachai Nawarawong, Wei Chen, Wei Su, Weibing Xing, Wei-Ren Lan, Wenda Crawford, Wendy L Stewart, Wendy Drewes, Wenhua Lin, William B Abernethy, William D Salerno, William F Fearon, William Vergoni, William Weintraub, Winnie C Sia, Wlodzimierz J Musial, Xacobe Flores-Ríos, Xavier Garcia-Moll Marimon, Xi Su, Xiang Ma, Xiangqiong Gu, Xiao Wang, Xiaomei Li, Xiaowei Yao, Xin Fu, Xin Su, Xin Zeng, Xinchun Yang, Xiuhong Li, Xuehua Fang, Xutong Wang, Yaming Geng, Yan Yan, Yanek Pépin-Dubois, Yanfu Wang, Yang Wang, Yanmeng Tian, Yaping Huang, Yechen Han, Yesenia Zambrano, Yi-Hsuan Yang, Ying Tung Sia, Yining Yang, Yitong Ma, Yolayfi Peralta, Yongjian Wu, Yu Kunwu, Yu Zhao, Yudong Peng, Yueh-Hung Lin, Yulan Zhao, Yumei Dong, Yunhai Zhao, Yutthaphan Wannasopha, Yvonne Taul, Zakir Sahul, Zalina Kudzoeva, Zbigniew Kalarus, Zeljko Z Markovic, Zhen Huang, Zheng Ji, Zhenyu Liu, Zhou Yue, Zhulin Zhang, Zhuxi Li, Zile Singh Meharwal, Ziliang Bai, Zixiang Yu, Zohra Huda, Zoltan Davidovits
Subjects: Male, Cardiac Catheterization, Computed Tomography Angiography, medicine.medical_treatment, Myocardial Ischemia, Coronary Disease, Coronary Artery Disease, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Coronary Angiography, ISCHEMIA Research Group, law.invention, Angina, Coronary artery disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, Cardiovascular Disease, Myocardial Revascularization, 030212 general & internal medicine, Coronary Artery Bypass, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Cardiac catheterization, General Medicine, Middle Aged, humanities, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiology, Female, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, Ischemia, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Geriatric cardiology, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, General & Internal Medicine, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Angina, Unstable, Aged, business.industry, Coronary Artery Bypa, Percutaneous coronary intervention, Bayes Theorem, medicine.disease, Heart failure, Quality of Life, business
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, whether clinical outcomes are better in those who receive an invasive intervention plus medical therapy than in those who receive medical therapy alone is uncertain. METHODS: We randomly assigned 5179 patients with moderate or severe ischemia to an initial invasive strategy (angiography and revascularization when feasible) and medical therapy or to an initial conservative strategy of medical therapy alone and angiography if medical therapy failed. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. A key secondary outcome was death from cardiovascular causes or myocardial infarction. RESULTS: Over a median of 3.2 years, 318 primary outcome events occurred in the invasive-strategy group and 352 occurred in the conservative-strategy group. At 6 months, the cumulative event rate was 5.3% in the invasive-strategy group and 3.4% in the conservative-strategy group (difference, 1.9 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8 to 3.0); at 5 years, the cumulative event rate was 16.4% and 18.2%, respectively (difference, -1.8 percentage points; 95% CI, -4.7 to 1.0). Results were similar with respect to the key secondary outcome. The incidence of the primary outcome was sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction; a secondary analysis yielded more procedural myocardial infarctions of uncertain clinical importance. There were 145 deaths in the invasive-strategy group and 144 deaths in the conservative-strategy group (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.32). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, we did not find evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of ischemic cardiovascular events or death from any cause over a median of 3.2 years. The trial findings were sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction that was used. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and others; ISCHEMIA ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01471522.).
Published: 2020

30. An unusual intracoronary honeycomb pattern in a patient with coronary artery disease with dextrocardia

Author: Ajay Pratap Singh, Ajay Raj, Kaushal Chaudhary, and Ranjit Kumar Nath
Subjects: Honeycomb, Dextrocardia, medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Honeycomb (geometry), Case Report, Diagnostic dilemma, medicine.disease, eye diseases, Coronary artery disease, OCT, Optical coherence tomography, Honeycomb Pattern, medicine, sense organs, Radiology, Thrombus, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Artery dissection, business
Abstract: This case highlights the diagnostic dilemma and emphasis the role of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) to differentiate between spontaneous coronary artery dissection and recanalized thrombus with multiple channels in a patient with dextrocardia.
Published: 2021

31. Largest giant left atrium in rheumatic heart disease

Author: Jaskaran Singh Gujral, Siva Subramaniyan, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Bhagya Narayan Pandit, and Puneet Aggarwal
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.diagnostic_test, Heart disease, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Left atrium, Case Report, Magnetic resonance imaging, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, medicine.disease, Giant left atrium, Dysphagia, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cardiothoracic ratio, Internal medicine, Mitral valve, cardiovascular system, medicine, Cardiology, 030212 general & internal medicine, medicine.symptom, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: In the current era of echocardiography, early diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic heart disease make giant left atrium a rare condition, with a reported incidence of 0.3%, and following mainly with rheumatic mitral valve disease. We report a 50-year-old female, a known case of rheumatic heart disease who presented with breathlessness and dysphagia, and the cardiothoracic ratio on chest roentgenogram was 0.95. Echocardiography was suggestive of giant left atrium with a size of 19.4 x 18.3 cm, while magnetic resonance imaging revealed a size of 22.3 x 19.2 x 20.1 cm making it the largest left atrium to be reported in the literature.
Published: 2021

32. Changing pattern of admissions for acute myocardial infarction in India during the COVID-19 pandemic

Author: Tom Devasia, Katyal Virender Kumar, Mrinal Kanti Das, Sreekanth Yerram, Narendranath Khanna, Nitish Naik, Geevar Zachariah, Swaminathan Nagarajan, Amal Kumar Khan, Neil Bardoloi, Pushkraj Gadkari, Gurpreet Singh Wander, Debabrata Roy, Kewal C. Goswami, Anshul Gupta, Bishav Mohan, Lekha Pathak, Cibu Mathew, Nitin Modi, Dipak Ranjan Das, Krishna Kishore Goyal, Bivin Wilson, Satyanarayan Routray, Venugopal Krishnan Nair, Shashi Bhushan Gupta, Chakkalakkal Prabhakaran Karunadas, Biswajit Majumder, Satyendra Tiwari, Sivabalan Maduramuthu, Rakesh Gupta, P.P. Mohanan, Kalaivani Mani, J. Ezhilan, Rahul Patil, K.R. Subramanyam, Santanu Guha, Saumitra Ray, Dinesh Choudhary, Rathinavel Sivakumar, Rituparna Baruah, Bishwa Bhushan Bharti, Santhosh Krishnappa, Manish Bansal, Rambhatla Suryanarayana Murty, Uday Jadhav, Prafulla Kerker, Siddiqui Kkh, Bateshwar Prasad Singh, Pradeep K. Hasija, Cholenahally Nanjappa Manjunath, Seemala Saikrishna Reddy, Karthik Tummala, Ashok Goyal, Natesh Bangalore Hanumanthappa, Sudeep Kumar, Ramakrishnan Sivasubramanian, Shashi Shekhar Chatterjee, Varun Shankar Narain, Diapk Sarma, Vitull K. Gupta, Sharad Chandra, Harsh Wardhan, Jayagopal Pathiyil Balagopalan, Rakesh Yadav, Girish Meennahalli Palleda, Vijay Kumar Garg, Pradip Kumar Deb, Sanjay Tyagi, C. B. Meena, Amit Malviya, Rishi Sethi, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Rabindra Nath Chakraborthy, A. Jabir, Pranab Jyoti Bhattacharyya, Manoranjan Mandal, Satish Kumar, Kumar Kenchappa, and Mohit Gupta
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_treatment, Myocardial Infarction, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Logistic regression, Ventricular Function, Left, 0302 clinical medicine, Pandemic, 030212 general & internal medicine, Myocardial infarction, Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction, Mortality rate, Middle Aged, Low-and middle-income country, Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), Patient volume, Non ST elevation Myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and outcome, Female, Original Article, Acute coronary syndrome, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), RD1-811, India, COVID-19 pandemic, 03 medical and health sciences, LMIC, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, medicine, Humans, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, Pandemics, Management practices, Aged, business.industry, COVID-19, Percutaneous coronary intervention, Stroke Volume, medicine.disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, RC666-701, Communicable Disease Control, Time course, Emergency medicine, ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Surgery, business, ST elevation Myocardial infarction (STEMI), Demography
Abstract: Background: Admissions for acute myocardial infarction (MI) have declined significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The changes in the presentation, management, and outcomes of MI during the pandemic period are not well recognized, and data from low- and middle-income countries are limited. Methods: In this two-timepoint cross-sectional study involving 187 hospitals across India, patients admitted with MI between 15th March to 15th June in 2020 were compared with those admitted during the corresponding period of 2019. We sought to determine the changes in the number of admissions, management practices, and outcomes. Findings: We included 41,832 consecutive adults with MI. Admissions during the pandemic period (n = 16414) decreased by 35·4% as compared to the corresponding period in 2019 (n = 25418). We observed significant heterogeneity in this decline across India with the North zone reporting greater decline (-44·8%) than the South zone (-27·7%). The weekly average decrease in MI admissions in 2020 which peaked around the mid- study period, correlated negatively with the number of COVID cases (r = -0·48; r 2 = 0·2), but strongly correlated with the stringency of lockdown index (r = 0·95; r 2 = 0·90). On a multi-level logistic regression, admissions were lower in 2020 with older age categories, tier 1 cities, and centers with high patient volume, and teaching programs. Adjusted utilization rate of coronary angiography, and percutaneous coronary intervention decreased by 11·3%, and 5·9% respectively. However, the in-hospital mortality rates did not differ. Interpretation: The magnitude of reduction in MI admissions across India was not uniform. The nature, time course, and the patient demographics were different compared to reports from other countries, suggesting a significant impact due to the lockdown. These findings have important implications in managing MI admissions during the pandemic. Funding Statement: The study is funded by cardiological society of India. Declaration of Interests: Nothing to declare for all the authors. Ethics Approval Statement: Individual participating centres either obtained an ethical approval from respective Institutional ethics committees or a no objection certificate from the administration.
Published: 2021

33. Coronary Perforation A Nightmare in Cath Lab

Author: Rajeev Bharadwaj, Bhagya Narayan Pandit, Ashok Kumar Thakur, Puneet Aggarwal, and Ranjit Kumar Nath
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Cath lab, business.industry, General surgery, Clinical Biochemistry, Perforation (oil well), percutaneous coronary intervention, guidewire, General Medicine, ellis classification, Nightmare, Medicine, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is now the standard of care in patients with coronary artery disease. With advances in modern technology, the success of PCI has relatively increased, and so is its complication, specifically in complex coronary intervention. Coronary perforation is one of the most dreadful and life-threatening complications of PCI. The most vital step in the management of coronary perforation is its identification and quick action. Multiple methods for management are now recommended in the literature, but the mainstay of treatment is still prevention. This review discusses the incidence, risk factors, prevention, identification, and management of Coronary Artery Perforation (CAP).
Published: 2021

34. Marshall to the rescue in cardiac resynchronization therapy: Left ventricular lead placement in coronary sinus ostial atresia

Author: Dheerendra Kuber, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Vatsal Kayal, and Ajay Pratap Singh
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Ventricular lead, medicine.medical_treatment, Cardiac resynchronization therapy, Coronary sinus, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, medicine, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, Congenital anomaly, cardiovascular diseases, Vein, business.industry, Left ventricular lead placement, medicine.disease, medicine.anatomical_structure, Atresia, RC666-701, Cardiology, cardiovascular system, Right atrium, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Coronary sinus ostium
Abstract: This case highlights the importance of proper identification of congenital anomalies of the coronary sinus for the successful placement of left ventricular lead during cardiac resynchronization therapy device implantation. We discuss an alternate route for left ventricular lead placement via the vein of Marshall when the coronary sinus ostium in the right atrium was atretic and was facing difficulty initially in detecting the anomaly.
Published: 2022

35. Epidemiological, demographic, laboratory, clinical management, and outcome data of symptomatic bradyarrhythmia in COVID-19 patients

Author: Ranjit Kumar Nath, Bhagya Narayan Pandit, Puneet Aggarwal, Ashok Kumar Thakur, and Abhinav Shrivastava
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, RD1-811, Heart block, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, QRS complex, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Epidemiology, medicine, Clinical endpoint, Sinus rhythm, Marcapasos, Subclinical infection, business.industry, COVID-19, medicine.disease, Bradyarrhythmia, Pacemaker, Bradiarritmias, Medicine, Population study, Surgery, Electrical conduction system of the heart, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Background: Cardiovascular manifestations are an important cause of mortality and morbidity in COVID-19 infections. Conduction system abnormality in the form of symptomatic bradyarrhythmia is underreported in the literature. Aim: To evaluate epidemiological, demographic, laboratory, clinical management, and outcome data of symptomatic bradyarrhythmia in COVID-19 patients. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational study including all the adult patients (>18 years) who were diagnosed with COVID-19 infection and had complete heart block (CHB) or symptomatic high-grade Atrio-Ventricular (AV) block requiring a temporary pacemaker insertion (TPI). Epidemiological, demographic, laboratory, clinical management, and outcome data were extracted from all the enrolled patients and studied for the primary clinical composite endpoint of all-cause death. Results: The study population included 15 patients, including 14 patients with CHB and 1 patient with 2:1 AV block. Syncope was the most common presentation. The clinical endpoint in the form of death was seen in 5 patients (33.3%), 3 patients reverted to sinus rhythm, and 7 patients required permanent pacemaker implantation. The markers of inflammation were raised in all patients; however trend toward more inflammation was seen in patients reaching the primary clinical endpoint. 3 out of 7 patients with narrow QRS rhythm reverted to normal sinus rhythm, while all 8 patients with broad complex QRS either died or required a permanent pacemaker insertion. Conclusion: Symptomatic bradyarrhythmia is associated with a high inflammatory state, and high mortality in COVID-19 infection and a transient conduction block in patients with narrow QRS rhythm may suggest local subclinical myocardial inflammation. Resumen: Antecedentes: Las manifestaciones cardiovasculares son una causa importante de mortalidad y morbilidad en las infecciones por COVID-19. La anomalía del sistema de conducción en forma de bradiarritmia sintomática no se informa en la literatura. Objetivo: Evaluar datos epidemiológicos, demográficos, de laboratorio, de manejo clínico y de resultado de la bradiarritmia sintomática en pacientes con COVID-19. Métodos: Este fue un estudio observacional retrospectivo que incluyó a todos los pacientes adultos (> 18 años) que fueron diagnosticados con infección por COVID-19 y tenían bloqueo cardíaco completo (HBC) o bloqueo auriculoventricular (AV) de alto grado sintomático que requería una inserción de marcapasos (TPI). Los datos epidemiológicos, demográficos, de laboratorio, de manejo clínico y de resultado se extrajeron de todos los pacientes inscritos y se estudiaron para el criterio de valoración clínico primario compuesto de muerte por cualquier causa. Resultados: La población del estudio incluyó a 15 pacientes, 14 de los cuales tenían HBC y uno tenía bloqueo AV 2:1. El síncope fue la presentación más común. El criterio de valoración clínico en forma de muerte se observó en 5 pacientes (33,3%), 3 pacientes revirtieron al ritmo sinusal y 7 pacientes requirieron implantación de marcapasos permanente. Los marcadores de inflamación se elevaron en todos los pacientes; sin embargo, se observó una tendencia hacia una mayor inflamación en los pacientes que alcanzaron el criterio de valoración clínico primario. Tres de cada 7 pacientes con QRS estrecho revirtieron al ritmo sinusal normal, mientras que los 8 pacientes con QRS de complejo ancho murieron o requirieron la inserción de un marcapasos permanente. Conclusión: La bradiarritmia sintomática se asocia con un estado inflamatorio alto y una alta mortalidad en la infección por COVID-19, y un bloqueo transitorio de la conducción en pacientes con ritmo QRS estrecho puede sugerir una inflamación miocárdica subclínica local.
Published: 2021

36. Six months clinical outcome comparison between quadripolar and bipolar left ventricular leads in cardiac resynchronization therapy: A prospective, non-randomized, single-centre observational study

Author: Rajeev Bharadwaj, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Ajay Pratap Singh, Neeraj Pandit, Ashok Kumar Thakur, Puneet Aggarwal, Ajay Raj, and Vinod Kumar
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, Cardiac resynchronization therapy, Heart failure, Quadripolar lead, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, QRS complex, 0302 clinical medicine, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, medicine, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, 030212 general & internal medicine, Lead (electronics), Bipolar lead, Ejection fraction, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), medicine.disease, medicine.anatomical_structure, Ventricle, RC666-701, Cardiology, Original Article, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Complication, business
Abstract: Background and objectives Quadripolar left ventricular (LV) leads in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) offer multi-vector pacing with different pacing configurations and hence enabling LV pacing at most suitable site with better lead stability. We aim to compare the outcomes between quadripolar and bipolar LV lead in patients receiving CRT. Methods In this prospective, non-randomized, single-center observational study, we enrolled 93 patients receiving CRT with bipolar (BiP) (n = 31) and quadripolar (Quad) (n = 62) LV lead between August 2016 to August 2019. Patients were followed for six months, and outcomes were compared with respect to CRT response (defined as ≥5% absolute increase in left ventricle ejection fraction), electrocardiographic, echocardiographic parameters, NYHA functional class improvement, and incidence of LV lead-related complication. Results At the end of six months follow up, CRT with quadripolar lead was associated with better response rate as compared to bipolar pacing (85.48% vs 64.51%; p = 0.03), lesser heart failure (HF) hospitalization events (1.5 vs 2; p = 0.04) and better improvement in HF symptoms (patients with ≥1 NYHA improvement 87.09% vs 67.74%; p = 0.04). There were fewer deaths per 100 patient-year (6.45 vs 9.37; p = 0.04) and more narrowing of QRS duration (Δ12.56 ± 3.11 ms vs Δ7.29 ± 1.87 ms; p = 0.04) with quadripolar lead use. Lead related complications were significantly more with the use of bipolar lead (74.19% vs 41.94%; p = 0.02). Conclusions Our prospective, non-randomized, single-center observational study reveals that patients receiving CRT with quadripolar leads have a better response to therapy, lesser heart failure hospitalizations, lower all-cause mortality, and fewer lead-related complications, proving its superiority over the bipolar lead.
Published: 2021

37. Cardiovascular outcomes of antidiabetic drugs

Author: Bhagya Narayan Pandit, Rajeev Bhardwaj, Neeraj Pandit, Ajay Raj, Ajay Pratap Singh, Ashok Kumar Thakur, Vinod Kumar, and Ranjit Kumar Nath
Subjects: Cardiovascular safety, business.industry, DPP-4 Inhibitors, lcsh:R, lcsh:Medicine, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, antidiabetic drugs, glp-1 receptor agonist, Pharmacology, medicine.disease, medicine.disease_cause, cardiovascular outcomes, Food and drug administration, Blood pressure, Diabetes mellitus, dpp 4 inhibitors, Medicine, sglt2 inhibitors, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, business, Cardiovascular outcomes, Oxidative stress
Abstract: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Intensive blood glucose reduction with antidiabetic drugs significantly reduce microvascular complications but there is no strong evidence of reduction in cardiovascular (CV) events. In 2008, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued guidance to demonstrate cardiovascular safety of newer antidiabetic drugs in addition to reduction in blood glucose level. After which a number of CVOTs were conducted involving newer antidiabetic drugs. The newer drugs (e.g. GLP-1 RAs, SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP 4 inhibitors) might have potential effects on body weight, lipid parameters and blood pressure, as well as endothelial dysfunctions, inflammatory markers and oxidative stress. The current review summarizes the results of the main trials focused on the cardiovascular outcomes of traditional as well as newer antidiabetic drugs.
Published: 2021

38. Percutaneous management of Stuck Rotational Atherectomy Burr: Experience at a tertiary care centre

Author: Sripad Vasant Khairnar, Ajay Raj, Ajay Pratap Singh, Neeraj Pandit, Ashok Kumar Thakur, and Ranjit Kumar Nath
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Percutaneous, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, lcsh:R, Percutaneous coronary intervention, rotablator, lcsh:Medicine, Rotational atherectomy, Tertiary care, Surgery, entrapment, stuck burr, Conventional PCI, Medicine, In patient, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, business, rotational atherectomy
Abstract: Background: The incidence of stuck rotational atherectomy (RA) burr is extremely low, and its description has been sporadic in the literature about the systemic management of this complication. Aims and Objective: The current study was designed to present the experience of our center and propose an algorithm for the retrieval of stuck RA burr. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated cases of RA between August 2018 to August 2020 at our center. An entrapped RA burr was defined as an inability to move the burr backward without any additional maneuvers during or after the rotablation of a coronary lesion. Angiographic and procedural details were reviewed in the identified cases of entrapped rotablator burr, details of maneuvers used to retract the burr was documented. We further analyzed the literature using PubMed search using the keywords “entrapment of rotablator burr”, “stuck rotablator” and “rotablation complications”. All the articles with entrapped rotablation burr were identified and scrutinized for the techniques used for percutaneous retrieval. Results: Out of the total 5780 Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures, RA was performed in 75 patients and RA burr entrapment was confirmed in two cases. Both the cases were seen in patients with angulated and heavily calcified lesions. The cases were managed percutaneously by endovascular maneuvers. A total of 8 techniques were identified by analysis of available literature for burr retrieval with surgery being the favored one. Using the experience of our center and available literature we propose a simplified working algorithm towards systematic management of this complication. Conclusion: RA burr entrapment is rare, but a life-threatening complication, and the operator should be prepared with strategies for successful retrieval of stuck burr. Percutaneous retraction maneuvers should be used as the first-line management for retrieval of stuck burr followed by surgical referral. Using the proposed algorithm this rare complication can be managed systematically and effectively.
Published: 2021

39. Prevalence of abnormal upper limb arterial anatomy and its correlation with access failure during transradial coronary angiography

Author: Sulabh Chandraker, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Kakasaheb H. Bhosale, Balram Yadav, and Sripad Vasant Khairnar
Subjects: Adult, Male, Coronary angiography, medicine.medical_specialty, RD1-811, Coronary Artery Disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Upper Extremity, Ulnar Artery, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.artery, Internal medicine, Catheterization, Peripheral, Prevalence, medicine, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, Humans, Prospective Studies, 030212 general & internal medicine, Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary, Radial artery, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Transradial, Arterial anatomy, business.industry, Middle Aged, Arterial tree, Access failure, Catheter, medicine.anatomical_structure, RC666-701, Radial Artery, Cardiology, Upper limb, Surgery, Original Article, Female, Abnormality, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Abnormal upper limb arterial anatomy
Abstract: Objective The study aimed at to find out prevalence of abnormal upper limb arterial anatomy and its correlation with access failure during transradial coronary angiography. Method This was a prospective observational study of 1512 patients who had undergone transradial coronary angiography (CAG). Angiographic assessment of upper limb arterial tree was performed when the angiographic guidewire or the diagnostic catheter followed an abnormal path or got stuck in its course. Results About 5.29% patients (80/1512) were noted to have abnormal upper limb arterial anatomy. The most common abnormality detected were radio-ulnar loop in 22 (1.46%) patients, tortuous upper limb arteries 19 (1.25%) and abnormal high origin of radial artery 10 (0.66%) patients. Access failure was encountered in 4.4% (67/1512) of total patients and 64.17% (43/67) access failure was due to abnormal upper limb arterial anatomy. Conclusion Abnormal upper limb arterial anatomy was the most common cause of access failure in transradial coronary angiography in this study.
Published: 2021

40. Large intracoronary thrombus and its management during primary PCI

Author: Ranjit Kumar Nath, Vinod Kumar, Tarun Kumar, and Ajay Sharma
Subjects: MBG, myocardial blush grade, MACE, major adverse cardiac events, medicine.medical_treatment, IRA, infarct related artery, Review Article, LTB, large thrombus burden, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, GPI, Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitor, Coronary Angiography, SVG, saphenous venous graft, 0302 clinical medicine, Thrombolytic Therapy, 030212 general & internal medicine, Embolization, Embolic protection device, Primary PCI, Thrombectomy, DAPT, dual antiplatelet therapy, Disease Management, surgical procedures, operative, Treatment Outcome, Cardiology, cardiovascular system, MI, myocardial infarction, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, IV, intravenous, medicine.medical_specialty, Standard of care, Intracoronary thrombus, RD1-811, Thrombus aspiration, Distal embolization, TIMI, thrombolysis in myocardial infarction, TLR, target lesion revascularisation, Large thrombus burden, 03 medical and health sciences, STEMI, ST elevation myocardial infarction, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Internal medicine, medicine, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, Humans, In patient, cardiovascular diseases, UFH, unfractionated heparin, IC, Intracoronary, PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention, business.industry, Coronary Thrombosis, EPD, Embolic protection devices, Management strategy, Thrombus burden, RC666-701, Conventional PCI, TG, thrombus grade, Surgery, ACS, acute coronary syndrome, business, BMS, bare metal stent
Abstract: Large intracoronary thrombus has been reported in significant number of patients with STEMI. Primary PCI is the current standard of care in patients of STEMI. Despite the availability of dual antiplatelets, GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor and effective anticoagulation regimens, large intracoronary thrombus remains one of the biggest challenge to interventional cardiologists during primary PCI. Large intracoronary thrombus may lead to distal embolization, no/slow reflow or embolization into a non-culprit vessel and is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcome. There is no ideal management strategy. We hereby discuss the current available methods/strategies to deal with large thrombus burden encountered during primary PCI, in the current manuscript.
Published: 2020

41. Transpedal Approach in Failed Antegrade Attempt of Lower Limb Peripheral Arterial Disease—A Review with Different Treatment Strategies

Author: Siva Subramaniyan, Neeraj Pandit, Deepankar Vatsa, and Ranjit Kumar Nath
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Arterial disease, medicine.medical_treatment, Femoral artery, Critical limb ischemia, Lower limb, Surgery, Review article, Peripheral, Lesion, Amputation, medicine.artery, medicine, medicine.symptom, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: Transpedal access is an evolving technique primarily used in patients after failed femoral antegrade approach to revascularize complex tibiopedal lesions. In patients who are at high risk for surgery the transpedal access may be the only option in failed antegrade femoral access to avoid amputation of the limbs. In recent years transpedal access is used routinely to revascularize supra-popliteal lesions due to more success and less complications over femoral artery approach. Retrograde approach parse will not give success in all cases and importantly success depends on techniques used. There are different techniques that need to be used depending on lesion characteristics, comorbidities, and hardware available to improve success with less complications. This review provides different strategies for successful treatment of iliac and femoral artery lesions by transpedal approach after failed antegrade femoral attempt.
Published: 2020

42. Enigma of Twins: Identical Presentation and Angiographic Lesion in Monozygotic Twins

Author: Ajay Pratap Singh, Ajay Raj, Badal Bankar, and Ranjit Kumar Nath
Subjects: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Published: 2022

43. A case report—facing blues in cardiac amyloidosis: no more a zebra

Author: Abhinav Shrivastava and Ranjit Kumar Nath
Subjects: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Abstract: Background Cardiac amyloidosis presentation in an affected individual can be varied. We describe a patient who had the entire spectrum of involvement in his life time. Initially presented as an ischaemic heart disease and later developed complete heart block (CHB) and frank cardiomyopathy. Increased load of amyloid caused lead-tissue interface disruption resulting in high pacing thresholds with difficulty in capture during permanent pacemaker implantation requiring a novel strategy of management. Case summary A 65-year-old male presented with two episodes of syncope with a history of gradually progressive dyspnoea of 6 months duration along with lower limb swelling for last 1–2 months. He had a history of drug-eluting stent implantation for stable ischaemic heart disease 4 years back. Now he presented with a CHB and a transthoracic echocardiogram hinted towards a restrictive physiology and an infiltrative disease. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging could not be done in view of the incompatible temporary pacemaker on which the patient was dependent. Abdominal fat pad biopsy was positive for amyloid. He was taken up for permanent pacemaker implantation; however, multiple attempts could not achieve desired threshold and capture amplitudes in the right ventricular apex, septum, or outflow region. The lead was placed in the coronary sinus and a stent was placed proximally to trap the lead behind the deployed stent. Threshold and impedance were satisfactory. Cardiac biopsy subsequently confirmed aTTR amyloidosis. Discussion The patient had an ischaemic heart disease, conduction disease, and cardiomyopathy as the manifestation of cardiac amyloidosis. While two-dimensional echo is the screening tool of choice, cardiac biopsy remains the gold standard of diagnosis for amyloidosis. Cardiac pacing comes with its own unique set of challenges in patients with advanced amyloid cardiomyopathy and have to be overcome for symptomatic benefit of the patient. Coronary sinus may be utilized in such patients for single-site ventricular pacing and placing a stent may help to anchor the lead when placed within it.
Published: 2022

44. A Nest Within the Heart: A Rare Cause of Embolic Phenomenon

Author: Ranjit Kumar Nath and Abhinav Shrivastava
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Heart Diseases, Computed Tomography Angiography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine, Fatal Outcome, Rare Diseases, Nest, Internal medicine, Mitral valve, medicine, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Atrial Appendage, Stroke, business.industry, Cysts, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, medicine.anatomical_structure, Embolism, Splenic infarction, Cardiology, Mitral Valve, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Pulmonary Embolism, Echocardiography, Transesophageal
Published: 2021

45. Outcomes in the ISCHEMIA Trial Based on Coronary Artery Disease and Ischemia Severity

Author: Judith S. Hochman, Matyas Keltai, Claes Held, Sripal Bangalore, Sean M. O'Brien, Bernard R. Chaitman, Raymond Y. Kwong, Courtney Page, P. Smanio, Zhen Huang, James K. Min, David J. Maron, Leslee J. Shaw, Daniel B. Mark, Jonathan D. Newman, Michael H. Picard, Daniel S. Berman, Ranjit Kumar Nath, Sudhanshu Kumar Dwivedi, Gregg W. Stone, John A. Spertus, Harmony R. Reynolds, and Peter Stone
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Myocardial revascularization, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Ischemia, Percutaneous coronary intervention, Coronary Artery Disease, medicine.disease, Article, Coronary artery disease, Geriatric cardiology, Treatment Outcome, Physiology (medical), Heart failure, Internal medicine, Cardiology, medicine, Humans, Female, cardiovascular diseases, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: Background: The ISCHEMIA trial (International Study of Comparative Health Effectiveness With Medical and Invasive Approaches) postulated that patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and moderate or severe ischemia would benefit from revascularization. We investigated the relationship between severity of CAD and ischemia and trial outcomes, overall and by management strategy. Methods: In total, 5179 patients with moderate or severe ischemia were randomized to an initial invasive or conservative management strategy. Blinded, core laboratory–interpreted coronary computed tomographic angiography was used to assess anatomic eligibility for randomization. Extent and severity of CAD were classified with the modified Duke Prognostic Index (n=2475, 48%). Ischemia severity was interpreted by independent core laboratories (nuclear, echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, exercise tolerance testing, n=5105, 99%). We compared 4-year event rates across subgroups defined by severity of ischemia and CAD. The primary end point for this analysis was all-cause mortality. Secondary end points were myocardial infarction (MI), cardiovascular death or MI, and the trial primary end point (cardiovascular death, MI, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest). Results: Relative to mild/no ischemia, neither moderate ischemia nor severe ischemia was associated with increased mortality (moderate ischemia hazard ratio [HR], 0.89 [95% CI, 0.61–1.30]; severe ischemia HR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.57–1.21]; P =0.33). Nonfatal MI rates increased with worsening ischemia severity (HR for moderate ischemia, 1.20 [95% CI, 0.86–1.69] versus mild/no ischemia; HR for severe ischemia, 1.37 [95% CI, 0.98–1.91]; P =0.04 for trend, P =NS after adjustment for CAD). Increasing CAD severity was associated with death (HR, 2.72 [95% CI, 1.06–6.98]) and MI (HR, 3.78 [95% CI, 1.63–8.78]) for the most versus least severe CAD subgroup. Ischemia severity did not identify a subgroup with treatment benefit on mortality, MI, the trial primary end point, or cardiovascular death or MI. In the most severe CAD subgroup (n=659), the 4-year rate of cardiovascular death or MI was lower in the invasive strategy group (difference, 6.3% [95% CI, 0.2%–12.4%]), but 4-year all-cause mortality was similar. Conclusions: Ischemia severity was not associated with increased risk after adjustment for CAD severity. More severe CAD was associated with increased risk. Invasive management did not lower all-cause mortality at 4 years in any ischemia or CAD subgroup. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01471522.
Published: 2021

46. Looking Deep Into the Palpitation – Pheochromocytoma Presenting as Sinus Node Dysfunction

Author: Ranjit Kumar Nath, Abhinav Shrivastava, and Puneet Aggarwal
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Cardiology, General Engineering, Secondary hypertension, bradyarrythmia, Metanephrines, medicine.disease, nodal escape, Pheochromocytoma, junctional rhythm, medicine.anatomical_structure, adrenal pheochromocytoma, Positron emission tomography, Internal Medicine, secondary hypertension, medicine, Outpatient clinic, Radiology, Headaches, medicine.symptom, business, Junctional rhythm, Sinus (anatomy)
Abstract: A 23-year-old male came to the outpatient department with a history of intermittent palpitations and headaches for the past six to eight months. He was diagnosed with hypertension and had a junctional rhythm on an electrocardiogram (ECG). On further workup for his hypertension, he was found to have elevated levels of serum metanephrines and computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) scan revealed pheochromocytoma. He was subsequently operated upon and his arrhythmia subsided after surgery. We discuss our approach to this scenario, which leads us to a rather rare cause of sinus node dysfunction.
Published: 2021

47. Impact of COVID-19 on Thrombus Burden and Outcome in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Author: Santosh Kumar Sinha, Bhagya Narayan Pandit, Puneet Aggarwal, Dheerendra Kuber, Ranjit Kumar Nath, and Abhinav Shrivastava
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), medicine.medical_treatment, Cardiology, coronary thrombus, acute myocardial infarction, Infectious Disease, Chest pain, st-elevation myocardial infarction (stemi), Internal medicine, Epidemiology, medicine, cardiovascular diseases, Myocardial infarction, business.industry, percutaneous coronary intervention, General Engineering, Percutaneous coronary intervention, medicine.disease, covid-19, Thrombus burden, Population study, Observational study, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: Background Cardiovascular manifestations are one of the most common complications in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and are associated with increased mortality. However, the impact of COVID-19 infection on thrombus burden and the outcome of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has not been studied. Methods This was a retrospective, observational study that included all adult patients (>18 years) diagnosed with AMI with or without COVID-19 infection. Epidemiological, laboratory, clinical, interventional, and outcome data were extracted and the impact of COVID-19 on thrombus burden and the primary clinical composite endpoint of all-cause death during hospital admission or 30 days after discharge was studied. Results The study population included 336 patients, including 56 patients with COVID and AMI and 280 patients with AMI without COVID-19 infection. Chest pain was the most common symptom (84.8%) while one or more co-morbidity was present in 117 (34.8%) patients. Forty-eight patients in the AMI with COVID group had ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) while 256 patients in the AMI without COVID group had STEMI, eight patients in the AMI with COVID group had non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and 24 in the AMI without COVID group had NSTEMI. Patients with COVID-19 co-infection had a higher thrombus burden as compared to the patients without COVID-19 AMI group (p-value 0.008). The primary outcome in the form of all-cause mortality was seen in 13 (3.9%) patients, which was also more in the AMI with COVID group. Conclusion COVID-19 in AMI is a state of high thrombus burden associated with higher mortality, especially in patients with chronic co-morbidities.
Published: 2021

48. Aortic Dissection With Complete Occlusion of Left Main Coronary Artery Presenting as Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Author: Ajay Pratap Singh, Vatsal Kayal, and Ranjit Kumar Nath
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Cardiology, Asymptomatic, Sudden cardiac death, Internal medicine, medicine, Myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, Aortic dissection, left main stem occlusion, business.industry, General Engineering, Blood flow, medicine.disease, stemi, myocardial infarction, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cardiac/Thoracic/Vascular Surgery, Emergency Medicine, coronary angiography, medicine.symptom, Presentation (obstetrics), business, Artery, Retrograde extension
Abstract: Acute Aortic Dissection (AAD) is a life-threatening condition, which presents with a wide variety of symptoms ranging from being asymptomatic to sudden cardiac death. A retrograde extension of AAD can lead to partial or complete occlusion of coronary vessels, leading to an exceedingly rare presentation in the form of acute Myocardial Infarction (MI). A prognosis of AAD depends on prompt diagnosis and urgent surgical intervention to re-establish coronary blood flow. Here, we report a case of AAD, presenting as acute anterolateral wall MI, due to total occlusion of the left main coronary artery.
Published: 2021

49. Occluded superior vena cava and failed epicardial pacing: An unorthodox solution

Author: Ranjit Kumar Nath and Satyam Rajvanshi
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Superior vena cava, Internal medicine, Epicardial pacing, medicine, Cardiology, business
Published: 2020

50. Rheumatic valve disease in a 2-year-old child: A rare case report

Author: Rajeev Bharadwaj and Ranjit Kumar Nath
Subjects: Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, lcsh:Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, Heart disease, business.industry, Mitral obstruction, Disease, medicine.disease, juvenile, pediatric, lcsh:RC666-701, Rare case, Medicine, Rheumatic fever, rheumatic, Presentation (obstetrics), business, Valve disease, mitral stenosis
Abstract: Rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are major health hazards in developing countries. Affection with RF-RHD in preschool years is uncommon, but prognostically worse as management is technically difficult. We report a rare early presentation of rheumatic valve disease in a 2-year-old child. This is probably the youngest case of rheumatic mitral obstruction documented in literature till date. It highlights that RF-RHD is still a very prevalent disease in India yet is underdiagnosed and underreported.
Published: 2020

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