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Diabetes mellitus is a cumulative effect of various cellular and biochemical malfunctions which trigger the blood glucose level far beyond the normal range. From 1980 to 2014, more than 314 million individuals had diabetes. Epidemiology states that it is becoming more prevalent in low-income, middle-income, more specifically, third-world countries than the first-world countries. It showed mortality rate increased by 5% in premature ages. It was the 9th leading reason for almost 1.5 million deaths. The diagnosis clearly suggests the replacement of insulin-producing pancreatic endocrine cells. Stem cell treatment substitutes the infected or destroyed cells from pluripotent stem cells or multipotent stem cells. One of the favourite ways to understand and treat diabetes mellitus is embryonic stem cells, including pluripotent cells. The in vitro demonstration of iPSC-derived pancreatic cells for treating infection is a grizzled dream of scientists. Luckily, iPSC-derived cells combat the major problems that arose in this field and still, there are no legal and ethical bindings as well as immunological rejections. Later, the β cell of the pancreas has derived from PSCs from various patients who have diabetes. The study proves there is a wide possibility of demonstrating and rectification of clinical administration of these newly developing trends. The use of stem cell therapy in vitro, which is explicit patient research, shows various concerns related to the pathophysiology of diabetes. Successful application of procedures of screening of the apoptosis of β-cells from inbuilt cell retrieval needed to be a proper arrangement of new cell lines.

Introduction: People with lower education have been found to have poor health. Lack of schools and universities is linked to unemployment, self-service, counselling, nutrition, and other ailments. As a result, several hygiene-related disorders impact common people, especially children and young ladies. Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study was to contribute to socioeconomic research by determining the relationship between people and natural resources. Locations: The research is concentrated in the hamlets of Mohorgon, Damra gram, Mirjungla, Dhukuria, Khoklong, and Laltong. This is the first time that the socioeconomic studies of the MWS lower area have been prioritised. Methods: A mixed-methods strategy was used to collect primary data, including gathering background baseline information, arranging interviews with local communities, and conducting field observations. It also contains information on household expenditures, potentials, daily needs, and other topics. Results and Conclusion: It provided information on the potential effects of a planned development project. Our report recommends that the Government closely look at the region’s current development status and potential future challenges and opportunities. Wages and living conditions rose as a consequence of the village economy. This article looks at the challenges that healthcare faces and various programmes that address socioeconomic factors. As a result of this research, more equitable development is possible.

Over the past several years, India has seen the incidence of obesity double or quadruple due to economic expansion, industrialisation, motorised transportation, urbanisation, a more sedentary lifestyle, and a nutritional change to prepare dishes that are rich in calories. Many things contribute to becoming overweight or obese since bodyweight is influenced by various factors, including genetics, metabolism, behaviour, the environment, culture, and socioeconomics. When evaluating the risk of various diseases, the quantity, location, and distribution of fat and obesity in the human body are significant. Being overweight and having an improper fat distribution are linked to a variety of illnesses. Obesity occurs when a person’s weight exceeds their body fat percentage. Therefore, obesity has already increased dramatically in India as a consequence of these factors, putting Indian residents at risk for health concerns. Our study aims to bring awareness to the problems, better understand the problems, and record the incidence of obesity and overweight in the Indian community. Obesity education and public awareness may go a long way toward preventing these issues.

The amount and distribution of fat and overweight in the human body are critical when determining the risk for different illnesses. Different disorders have a close connection to abnormal fat distribution and overweight. Obesity develops when a person's weight is out of proportion to their body fat. As a result, obesity rates have lately risen in both West Bengal and India. Overeating, a sedentary lifestyle, and a lack of physical exercise are the most evident causes of obesity and overweight. Excess fat and overweight are produced as a consequence, putting people of West Bengal at greater risk for health problems. The study's goals are to understand better and record the prevalence of obesity and overweight in the West Bengal's population

This article examines the environmental factor-induced oxidative stress (OS) and their effects on male reproductive and sexual health. There are several factors that induce OS, i.e. radition, metal contamination, xenobiotic compounds, and cigarette smoke and lead to cause toxicity in the cells through metabolic or bioenergetic processes. These environmental factors may produce free radicals and enhance the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Free radicals are molecules that include oxygen and disbalance the amount of electrons that can create major chemical chains in the body and cause oxidation. Oxidative damage to cells may impair male fertility and lead to abnormal embryonic development. Moreover, it does not only cause a vast number of health issues such as ageing, cancer, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative disorders but also decreases the motility of spermatozoa while increasing sperm DNA damage, impairing sperm mitochondrial membrane lipids and protein kinases. This chapter mainly focuses on the environmental stressors with further discussion on the mechanisms causing congenital impairments due to poor sexual health and transmitting altered signal transduction pathways in male gonadal tissues.

In 2020-2021, 14 Blocks out of 19 Blocks in the Indian Sundarban regions studied fishing methods. According to our study, current socio-economic circumstances in Indian Sundarban regions show that their lifestyle is unsuitable for low family income. This is due to large annual disasters such as cyclones, storms, floods, and the water's salinity. A network of rivers and canals connects the Sundarban. The majority of the population is reliant on fishing activity, and in particular, the livelihood of the local people is supported by capture fisheries, which are in turn reliant on fishing activity. During the study, fishers' homes received knowledge about various crafts and equipment through monthly visits. Fishers have used indigenous fishing techniques and gear in the Indian Sundarban areas to capture fish, increasingly contributing to the local economy and overall fish output. During the research period, five different kinds of crafts and twelve different kinds of gear were found. The study reveals different indigenous fishing gears used in the locality, such as nets, traps, lines and hooks. To catch various fish of various sizes, fishers employ a variety of fishing gears, each with a distinct form and size. Most fishermen in the area collect unripe fruits velvet apple (Diospyros sp.) from the forest and boil them in large pots with sufficient water. Nets and other traps are dried in the sun after being polished with an extract. The purpose of this article is to document fishery-related technical knowledge, particularly traditional fishing techniques and gears utilised in the Indian Sundarban area.

According to research findings of many peer-reviewed studies, up to 90% of household items may be made of plastic. But nowadays, just a small portion of plastic waste is recycled. Plastic pyrolysis and polymer breakdown are environmentally hazardous. Processing is, therefore, necessary for recycling. Plastics are constantly being manufactured and require minimal processing, necessitating innovation. Plastic recycling is becoming a major issue for environmentalists and waste management professionals. Fused deposition modelling, or FDM, is one of the most popular types of additive manufacturing. It uses the melt extrusion process to deposit filaments of thermal polymers in a predetermined pattern. Using a computer-generated design, 3D printing, sometimes referred to as additive manufacturing, is a technique for building three-dimensional objects layer by layer. A 3D item is produced by the additive method of 3D printing, which involves building up layers of material. To make a three-dimensional object, FDM printers eject a thermoplastic filament that has been heated to its melting point layer by layer. 3D printing is a rapidly expanding industry and the market in this field has grown up to 23% by 2021. Several experiments on new 3D printing materials have been carried out to reduce pollution and the supply of plastic. Various additives have been investigated to increase recycled polymers' molecular weight and mechanical properties. The most frequent type of fibre found in that is thermoplastic fibre. In this instance, waste ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) plastic from industrial FDM printers was gathered and examined in a bustling open shop. In this review, we discussed the use of recyclable polymers in 3D printing for waste material management.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a new public health crisis, threatening almost all aspects of human life. Originating in bats, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted to humans through unknown intermediate hosts, where it is primarily known to cause pneumonia-like complications in the respiratory system. Organ-to-organ transmission has not been ruled out, thereby raising the possibility of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on multiple organ systems. The male reproductive system has been hypothesized to be a potential target of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is supported by some preliminary evidence. This may pose a global threat to male fertility potential, as men are more prone to SARS-CoV-2 infection than women, especially those of reproductive age. Preliminary reports have also indicated the possibility of sexual transmission of SARS-CoV-2. It may cause severe complications in infected couples. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of potential SARS-CoV-2 infection in the reproductive organs of males along with their invasion mechanisms. The risks of COVID-19 on male fertility as well as the differences in vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with females have also been highlighted.

One method of prevention of mosquito borne diseases is the reduction of the mosquito population in the various stages of development, such as the use of ovicidal, larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, and mosquitocidal substances. The application of chemical insecticides in mosquito control has resulted in the persistence and accumulation of non-biodegradable chemicals in the ecosystem, biological magnification through the food chain, insecticide resistance, and a toxic effect in human health and non-target organisms. Many studies on plant extracts against the mosquito population have been conducted around the world. The plant-mediated repellents are advantageous over chemical and physical methods, since it is cheap, single-step, and does not require high pressure, energy, temperature, or the use of highly toxic chemicals. In the latest years, a growing number of plant-borne compounds have been proposed for efficient and rapid extracellular synthesis of metal nanoparticles effective against mosquitoes at very low doses. The present study reveals that the aqueous extract of this leaf has a suitable property for a larvicidal natural product and may replace harmful chemical pesticides.

Young adult male domestic pigeons were exposed to artificial long photoperiod (LP, 200 watt; 20 hr light, L : 4 hr dark, D), short photoperiod (SP; 4 L : 20 D) and administration of exogenous testosterone propionate (TP) at a daily dose of 1 mg/100 g body weight for 60 consecutive days in primary breeding and regressive phases-I. Administration of TP in LP and SP during primary breeding phase decreased both the adrenal and pineal gland weight. In the TP–LP treatment during breeding phase, adreno-cortical cord width, nuclear diameter of sub-capsular zone (SCZ), central zone (CZ), and pinealocytes decreased significantly. Cholesterol, ascorbic acid level, and side-chain cleavage enzyme (SCC) within the CZ regions also decreased. Lipid granules increased in the SCZ but decreased in the CZ region, and alkaline and acid phosphatases levels increased significantly. Dark and broad cristae and numbers of mitochondria (mt) decreased within the adreno-cortical regions. But lipid droplets and rough endoplasmic retic...

The present study was conducted to investigate the seasonal physiological relationship between the gonad and adrenal gland of the adult male domestic pigeon, Columba livia. This study reports the seasonal activity cycle of the testes and adrenal gland in relation to lipids, ascorbic acid, alkaline and acid phosphatases and P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (SCC). The mean maximum daily temperature and minimum relative humidity were recorded in April, 2007 (primary breeding phase) during which both testicular and adrenal cholesterol and ascorbic acid levels were significantly low. Maximum relative humidity was lowest in December. The maximum total monthly rainfall was recorded in June and the minimum in December, January and February. Cholesterol and ascorbic acid levels in the testis and adrenal gland increased in June, July, August, December, January and February. Testicular and adrenal alkaline and acid phosphatase activity was found to be higher during the breeding period (March, April and May) and lowest in the non-breeding period (June, July and August). The accumulation of sudanophilic lipid materials was found to increase within the seminiferous tubules and decrease in both the sub-capsular (SCZ) and central zone (CZ) during the primary breeding phase. Sudanophilic lipids increased in the interstitium of testes, SCZ and CZ during regressive phase-I. High intensities of alkaline phosphatase activity were found to be localized within the interstitium and basement membrane during the breeding period. Acid phosphatase was also higher in the interstitium regions during the breeding period. The reactions of SCC enzymes were highly positive in the CZ than in the SCZ during the primary breeding phase. Keywords: adrenal gland; acid phosphatase; alkaline phosphatase; gonadal; histochemistry; immuno-cytochemistry; primary breeding phase; regressive phase. DOI: 10.4038/cjsbs.v39i2.3000 Cey. J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.) 39 (2): 137-146, 2010

To examine the effects of α-chlorohydrin on testis and cauda epididymis in the male house rat (Rattus rattus), 24 adult male rats were segregated into two groups. Group I rats were force-fed daily by intragastric intubation with α-chlorohydrin at a single dose of 1.0 mg/100 g body weight/d for 5, 15, and 45 days. Another group was fed with distilled water, which served as the control. The treated male rats were paired with 24 adult proestrus female rats for 5 days after the last oral treatment and fertility was tested. At the end of the experiments, all of the male rats were weighed and killed by cervical dislocation. The right testes were removed, weighed, and processed for ultrastructural changes of spermatozoa from the cauda epididymis and testis under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The seminiferous tubular area, nuclear diameter of the Sertoli and Leydig cells, percentage of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa, and Sertoli cells in each group were compared morphometrically. Our results showed that the percentages of primary spermatocytes steadily increased from 5 to 15 days, but primary and secondary spermatocytes decreased significantly at 45 days. There was a steady decline in the percentages of spermatozoa and spermatids at all fixation intervals in the treated animals, but the percentages of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells increased significantly at 15 and 45 days. Seminiferous tubular areas, nuclear diameter of Leydig and Sertoli cells, and fertility rates were reduced after 45 days of treatment. SEM and TEM studies revealed severe morphological abnormalities in the spermatozoa, including deglutination of the acrosomal part, loss of head capsules, and fragmentation of tail fibrils. There was an enhanced anti-fertility effect and a lower number of implantation sites in the rats treated for 5 days. Our results validate α-chlorohydrin as a successful anti-fertility agent that prevents spermatogenesis.

The paper provides a brief account of 11 plant species used by the tribal people of the district Purulia, West Bengal, India. Most of the plant species are common in this district and some have not been reported earlier for abortive purposes, pharmacology for preparation of medicines for antifertility. All these data were obtained from the tribal medicine men (ojha). At least 10 interview reports of various tribal medicine men were recorded. Parts of various medicinal plants were observed personally, collected and preserved as herbarium specimens for proper identification. The reports of various indigenous methods may help to give some clue in searching the potent contraceptives.