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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify and assess the main food products that can influence culinary tourism branding in Poland. Moreover, the purpose of the research is to explore familiarity with Poland’s cuisine, first associations with Poland and its brand, attractiveness of Polish cuisine and identifying interest in culinary tourism overall. Most importantly, the survey indicates if visitors are interested in visiting Poland for the primary purpose of experiencing Poland’s gastronomic tourism options. Design/methodology/approach: To further understand and support secondary research regarding the topic of culinary tourism, a survey was launched on google forms and posted to several mediums to collect responses. These channels include AmazonMTurk, Facebook, and personal networking. In order to gain insight into Poland’s attractiveness as a gastronomic tourism destination, survey results were collected from 123 individuals. These individuals were from various different foreign countries, the majority from the United States of America. Findings: The survey begins with assessing and exploring associations with culture and cuisine, cuisine and the creation of memorable experiences, intentions to seek out culinary experiences and motivations for culinary tourism. Americans would be highly interested in visiting Poland because of variety of Polish cuisine. The most important flagship products were pierogi and kiełbasa. They are perceived as typical Polish food offer, that could also be an introduction to vast majority of other Polish authentic, tasty culinary achievements and rich gastronomic heritage. This kind of content should be included to tourism strategy on national level, to increase competitive advantage of Poland as tourist destination. According to research results, it would be even better to develop a culinary tourism strategy that would present content to people on the 25-55 age, with a promise of offering memorable culinary tourism experiences presented in attractive digital form. Special emphasize should be given to promotion of Wine, Beer and other alcoholic beverages. Intentional tourist know that tourist form from Spain, Italy, France or Czechia, but Polish growing wine market, very attractive craft beer market or mature spirits market could be an interesting surprise for demanding culinary tourists. Research limitations/implications: The population sample was limited to 123 responses. Moreover, this study does not take into account the potential and very serious negative effects of tourism on a destination. The research was carried out before the war in Ukraine. This aspect should be taken under consideration in the future research on branding of Poland. Practical and social implications: Recommendations are made for Poland’s tourism strategy based on the literature review and results of the research and can be helpful in implementing a culinary tourism strategy in the future. The theoretical and practical application of the research can be used to help Poland in developing a culinary tourism strategy and further understanding of culinary tourists and their motivations to visit Poland as a destination. Originality/value: This research adds value to Poland’s tourism strategy and emphasizes the impact of culinary tourism on Poland’s brand and image. The research results help to define Polish food flagship products to increase popularity of Poland among gastronomic tourists. Recommendations show activities, recommended by respondents, helping to increase the attractiveness of Polish gastronomic tourism based on both food and beverages heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our understanding of the extrinsic connections of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) has deepened in recent years. In particular, a series of studies using neural pathwaytracing methods to investigate the macroconnections of histologically differentiated LHA regions, have revealed that the neural connections of these regions are substantially distinct, and have robust connections with neural circuits controlling survival behaviors. To begin testing functional associations suggested by the distinct LHA region neural connections, the present study has investigated the role of the LHA juxtadorsomedial region (LHAjd) in the control of social defeat (a socially-relevant defensive behavior). Male rats received bilateral cytotoxic lesions targeted to the LHAjd. A residentintruder paradigm was then employed to investigate the effect of these lesions on defensive behavioral responses. Behavioral data were collected during three phases of testing: (1) pre-encounter habituation to testing context; (2) encounter with a dominant conspecific in the testing context; and (3) post-encounter context. Statistical analysis of behavioral measures revealed a significant decrease in risk assessment behaviors during post-encounter context testing in lesioned intruders compared to sham-lesioned and intact rats. However, changes in defensive behavioral measures during the habituation, or during resident-intruder encounters, did not reach significance. We discuss these data in relation to LHAjd (and neighboring LHA region) neural connections, and in relation to current advances in understanding of the neural control of defensive behaviors. A refined model for the neural circuits that are central to the control of socially-relevant defensive behaviors is outlined. We also consider possible broader implications of these data for disorders of behavioral control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive Mediation Networks Theory attempts to explain how thinking and acting are affected by digital technologies and their sociocultural contexts. Emphasis is given to the concept of "hyperculture," which has been theoretically and empirically associated to specific patterns of mental functioning and to a robust increase in intellectual performance. The present article advances this model by investigating the impact of hyperculture on speed of processing and creative styles. Results suggest that the digital age tends to promote a higher speed of processing, perhaps at some cost to careful, in-depth reasoning. It favors the Emotional-Intuitive mode of creativity. These findings both confirm and expand the theory, adding new layers to existing views on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the influence of deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) particles concomitant with the placement of a collagen membrane on alveolar ridge preservation and on osseointegration of implants placed into alveolar sockets immediately after tooth extraction. Material and methods: The pulp tissue of the mesial roots of 3P3 was removed in six Labrador dogs and the root canals were filled. Flaps were elevated in the right side of the mandible, and the buccal and lingual alveolar bony plates were exposed. The third premolar was hemi-sectioned and the distal root was removed. A recipient site was prepared and an implant was placed lingually. After implant installation, defects of about 0.6 mm wide and 3.1 mm depth resulted at the buccal aspects of the implant, both at the test and at the control sites. The same surgical procedures and measurements were performed on the left side of the mandible. However, DBBM particles with a size of 0.25-1 mm were placed into the remaining defect concomitant with the placement of a collagen membrane. Results: All implants were integrated into mature bone. No residual DBBM particles were detected at the test sites after 4 months of healing. Both the test and the control sites showed buccal alveolar bone resorption, 1.8±1.1 and 2.1±1 mm, respectively. The most coronal bone-to-implant contact at the buccal aspect was 2±1.1 an 2.8±1.3 mm, at the test and the control sites, respectively. This difference in the distance was statistically significant. Conclusion: The application of DBBM concomitant with a collagen membrane to fill the marginal defects around implants placed into the alveolus immediately after tooth extraction contributed to improved bone regeneration in the defects. However, with regard to buccal bony crest preservation, a limited contribution of DBBM particles was achieved. To cite this article: Caneva M, Botticelli D, Pantani F, Baffone GM, Rangel IG Jr, Lang NP. Deproteinized bovine bone mineral in marginal defects at implants installed immediately into extraction sockets: an experimental study in dogs. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 106-112. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02202.x [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the rhetoric of the theory of Americanism used by Hiram Wesley Evans, leader of the extremist group the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s and 1930s. Topics include a brief history of the Klan and its importance as a cultural and social force in the 1920s, his leadership as the Imperial Wizard, or leader, of the Klan, and his attempts to link the goals of the Klan to Protestant civil religious tradition in the U.S. It is suggested that Evans' ambiguous definition of Americanism and its link with civil religion as well as his anti-immigrant rhetoric undercut the values behind the religion.

An essay is presented on the rhetoric in the U.S. Sierra Club's Internal Division on Immigration Neutrality. An analysis of a debate regarding Sierra Club's Alternative A immigration policy, as a substantive communication controversy, is presented. Topics include the author's use of strategies outlined in the book "Elite Discourse and Racism," by Teun A. van Dijk to examine how the debate over Alternative A embodies the elements of elite political discourse identified by Van Dijk.

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of clinical indicators and etiological factors associated with the nursing diagnosis of ineffective overweight self-management among university students., Method: A diagnostic accuracy study with a cross-sectional design was conducted with 108 university students. A latent class analysis model with random effects was used to establish sensitivity and specificity measures of clinical indicators, estimate the prevalence of the diagnosis, and calculate posterior probabilities for the diagnosis. Odds ratios for etiological factors were calculated using univariate logistic regression. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the responsible institution., Results: The nursing diagnosis of ineffective overweight self-management had an estimated prevalence of 38.1% in the sample. Sensitive clinical indicators included excessive calorie consumption (0.9514) and dissatisfaction with body image (0.8834). Specific indicators included negative self-perception of health (0.9999), inadequate eating behavior (0.9990), and impaired emotional health (0.8273). A personal history of overweight (OR = 2.78; p-value = 0.018) increased the likelihood of developing ineffective overweight self-management by approximately two and a half times., Conclusion: Ineffective overweight self-management is prevalent among university students and is characterized by two sensitive clinical indicators, three specific indicators, and a population at risk that increases the likelihood of this diagnosis., Implications for Nursing Practice: Accurate clinical indicators and the identification of etiological factors for the diagnosis of ineffective overweight self-management support nurses' clinical reasoning in practice. Moreover, verifying accurate components for diagnosing ineffective overweight self-management contributes to the development of interventions aimed at promoting the health of university students., (© 2024 NANDA International, Inc.)

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ), infects approximately one-fourth of the world's population. While most infected individuals are asymptomatic, latent TB infection (LTBI) can progress to cause pulmonary TB (PTB). We recently reported an increased accumulation of mast cells (MCs) in lungs of macaques with PTB, compared with LTBI in macaques. MCs respond in vitro to Mtb exposure via degranulation and by inducing proinflammatory cytokines. In the current study, we show the dominant production of chymase by MCs in granulomas of humans and macaques with PTB. Using scRNA seq analysis, we show that MCs found in LTBI and healthy lungs in macaques are enriched in genes involved in tumor necrosis factor alpha, cholesterol and transforming growth factor beta signaling. In contrast, MCs clusters found in PTB express transcriptional signatures associated with interferon gamma, oxidative phosphorylation, and MYC signaling. Additionally, MC deficiency in the mouse model showed improved control of Mtb infection that coincided with reduced accumulation of lung myeloid cells and diminished inflammation at chronic stages. Thus, these collective results provide novel evidence for the pathological contribution of MCs during Mtb infection and may represent a novel target for host directive therapy for TB., Competing Interests: Competing interests. The authors declare no competing interests.

While recent studies showed that macrophages are critical for bone fracture healing, and lack of M2 macrophages have been implicated in models of delayed union, functional roles for specific M2 receptors have yet to be defined. Moreover, the M2 scavenger receptor CD163 has been identified as a target to inhibit sepsis following implant-associated osteomyelitis, but potential adverse effects on bone healing during blockage therapy have yet to be explored. Thus, we investigated fracture healing in C57BL/6 versus CD163 -/- mice using a well-established closed, stabilized, mid-diaphyseal femur fracture model. While gross fracture healing in CD163 -/- mice was similar to that of C57BL/6, plain radiographs revealed persistent fracture gaps in the mutant mice on Day 14, which resolved by Day 21. Consistently, 3D vascular micro-CT demonstrated delayed union on Day 21, with reduced bone volume (74%, 61%, and 49%) and vasculature (40%, 40%, and 18%) compared to C57BL/6 on Days 10, 14, and 21 postfracture, respectively (p < 0.01). Histology confirmed large amounts of persistent cartilage in CD163 -/- versus C57BL/6 fracture callus on Days 7 and 10 that resolves over time, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated deficiencies in CD206 + M2 macrophages. Torsion testing of the fractures confirmed the delayed early union in CD163 -/- femurs, which display decreased yield torque on Day 21, and a decreased rigidity with a commensurate increase in rotation at yield on Day 28 (p < 0.01). Collectively, these results demonstrate that CD163 is required for normal angiogenesis, callus formation, and bone remodeling during fracture healing, and raise potential concerns about CD163 blockade therapy., (© 2023 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objectives: to analyze the accuracy of the clinical indicators of ineffective airway clearance in adult intensive care unit patients., Methods: diagnostic accuracy study, performed in the intensive care unit of a university hospital in northeastern Brazil. The sample consisted of 104 patients hospitalized between June and October 2019., Results: the prevalence of ineffective airway clearance was 36.54%. The indicators with high specificity included absence of cough (0.8326), orthopnea (0.6817), adventitious breath sounds (0.8175), and diminished breath sounds (0.8326). The clinical indicators with high sensitivity and specificity were alteration in respiratory rate (0.9999) and alteration in respiratory pattern (0.9999)., Conclusions: six clinical indicators provided an accurate identification of ineffective airway clearance. The clinical indicators alteration in respiratory rate and alteration in respiratory pattern were the most accurate for critical adult patients. The findings of this study contribute to accurate diagnostic inferences and to prevention of respiratory complications in these patients.

The reluctance of people to receive safe and recommended available vaccines is a well-documented public health challenge. As information and communication technologies evolve, this challenge gets more complex and even harder to manage during complex public health situations. In this experimental study, we examine the relationship between vaccine information frames (with scientific information vs. without scientific information) and channels (through government vs. religious organizations) and vaccination willingness in the U.S. in the context of a pandemic. Additionally, we evaluate the interaction between vaccine skepticism, vaccine information frames, and vaccine information channels on vaccination willingness. This experimental study uses data from Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTURK) to evaluate the relationships between vaccine skepticism, vaccine information frames, and channels on vaccination willingness. We find that contrary to our hypothesis, a vaccine advisory framed with scientific information decreases people's vaccination willingness compared to one framed without scientific information. Additionally, the impact of framing on vaccination willingness is conditioned on participants' skepticism-participants who hold skepticism toward the vaccine but received information framed with scientific information score significantly higher in vaccination willingness compared to participants who do not hold skepticism toward a vaccine. The results suggest that the factors impacting vaccination willingness are complex and nuanced. Thus, policymakers should be more strategic with the delivery of vaccination information, especially during complex health crises.

Glyphosate excessive use is reported in Brazilian citrus orchards, whereas there is speculation about its consequences and the published studies are contradictory and inconclusive. This study aimed to describe the possible harmful effects by simulating glyphosate drift directly to the leaves of ∼4-yr-old citrus plants. As major results, glyphosate doses >360 g ae ha -1 increased the shikimate accumulation in leaves (up to 2.3-times above control), which was increased after a second glyphosate application (up to 3.5-times above control), even after a 240-d interval. Interestingly, shikimate accumulation was occasionally related to a dose-response of the herbicide at specific times; however, the doses had their accumulation peak on determined dates. These accumulations were directly correlated to reduced net photosynthesis even months after the glyphosate sprays. Quantum productivity based on electron transport through the photosystem II and apparent electron transport reductions up to 17% were also observed during the entire experiment course. Similarly, quantum productivity based on CO 2 assimilation of glyphosate sprayed leaves decreased up to four times compared to the control after the second application. Glyphosate doses >360 g ae ha -1 increased stomatal conductance and transpiration as the carboxylation efficiency decreased, evidencing a carbon drainage in the Calvin-Benson cycle. These metabolic and physiological disturbances suggest possible photooxidative damage and an increase in photorespiration, which may be a mitigation strategy by the citrus plants to glyphosate effects, by the cost of reducing the citrus fruit yield (up to 57%). It is concluded that glyphosate phytotoxicity damages citrus plants over time due to chronic disturbances in the shikimate pathway and photosynthesis, even when there are no symptoms. This study is the first report to demonstrate how glyphosate damages citrus trees beyond the shikimate pathway., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Rodrigo Martinelli reports financial support was provided by Coordination of Higher Education Personnel Improvement. Fernando Alves de Azevedo reports financial support was provided by State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation. Dirceu de Mattos Jr reports financial support was provided by State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation. Fernando Alves de Azevedo reports financial support was provided by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study aims at the synthesis of hexyl butyrate by Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) immobilized on Diaion HP 20. The lipase load used was 28.7 ± 2.1 mg/g (mg of lipase/g of support), whose hydrolytic activity was 132.0 ± 2.5 U/g. To obtain the maximum production of hexyl butyrate, the Box-Behnken design statistical planning was used, having as independent variables; biocatalyst concentration, temperature and acid:alcohol molar ratio and ester conversion as a dependent variable at 60, 180 and 480 min. For 60 min, 90.8% conversion was obtained at 47.25 ºC, 1:1.4 molar ratio and 17.65% of biocatalyst; 180 min, 94.5% conversion at 59.5 ºC, 1:2 molar ratio and 15.8% biocatalyst; 480 min, 95.01% conversion at 47.0 ºC, 1:2 molar ratio and 16.9% biocatalyst. CRL-Diaion HP 20 retained 60% of its initial activity after ten cycles of reactions showing potential for industrial use. The ester produced was identified by gas chromatography analyses., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-022-01200-1., Competing Interests: Competing interestThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© The Korean Society of Food Science and Technology 2022, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Nitrilases and nitrile hydratases/amidases hydrolyze nitriles into carboxylic acids and/or amides, which are used in industrial chemical processes. In the present study, 26 microorganisms, including yeasts and filamentous fungi, in a minimum solid mineral medium supplemented with glucose and phenylacetonitrile were screened to evaluate their biocatalytic potential. Of these microorganisms, five fungi of the genus Aspergillus were selected and subjected to colorimetry studies to evaluate the production and distinction of nitrilase and nitrile hydratase/amidase enzymes. Aspergillus parasiticus Speare 7967 and A. niger Tiegh. 8285 produced nitrilases and nitrile hydratase, respectively. Nitrilase optimization was performed using a Box-Behnken design (BBD) and fungus A. parasiticus Speare 7967 with phenylacetonitrile volume (μl), pH, and carbohydrate source (starch:glucose; g/g) as independent variables and nitrilase activity (U ml -1 ) as dependent variable. Maximum activity (2.97 × 10 -3  U ml -1 ) was obtained at pH 5.5, 80 μl of phenylacetonitrile, and 15 g of glucose. A. parasiticus Speare 7967 showed promise in the biotransformation of nitriles to carboxylic acids., (© 2021 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.)

The increased demand for cheese and the limited availability of calf rennet justifies the search for milk-clotting enzymes from alternative sources. Trypsin-like protease by Penicillium roqueforti was produced by solid-state fermentation using cocoa shell waste as substrate. The production of a crude enzyme extract that is rich in this enzyme was optimized using a Doehlert-type multivariate experimental design. The biochemical characterization showed that the enzyme has excellent activity and stability at alkaline pH (10-12) and an optimum temperature of 80°C, being stable at temperatures above 60°C. Enzymatic activity was maximized in the presence of Na + (192%), Co 2+ (187%), methanol (153%), ethanol (141%), and hexane (128%). Considering the biochemical characteristics obtained and the milk coagulation activity, trypsin-like protease can be applied in the food industry, such as in milk clotting and in the fabrication of cheeses., (© 2021 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.)

The production and direct employment in organic medium in the ethyl-oleate synthesis of a fermented solid (FS) containing lipases by Penicillium roqueforti ATCC 10110 (PR10110) was investigated. For the production of this FS, the solid-state fermentation of different agroindustrial waste was used, such as: cocoa shell, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane bagasse with cocoa shell, and cocoa shell with soybean oil and nutrient solution. The response surface methodology was used to study the effect of independent variables of initial moisture content and inductor concentration, as carbon source and inducer on lipase production. The characterization of the fermented solid in organic medium was also carried out. The highest lipase activity (53 ± 5 U g -1 ) was 16% higher than that obtained with the nonoptimized conditions. The characterization studies observed high stability of the FS in organic solvents for 5 h at 30°C, as well as at different temperatures, and the residual activity was measured against triolein. The FS was also able to catalyze ethyl-oleate synthesis maintaining high relative conversion over five reaction cycles of 96 h at 40°C in n-heptane. These results are promising and highlight the use of the FS containing PR10110 lipases for the first time in biocatalytic processes., (© 2021 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.)

Objectives: To immobilize Candida rugosa lipase in Accurel MP 1000 (CRL-AMP) by physical adsorption in organic medium and apply in the synthesis of wax esters dodecanoyl octadecanoate 1 and hexadecanoyl octadecanoate 2 in a heptane medium, as well as evaluating the stability and recyclability of CRL-AMP in six reaction cycles., Results: The specific activity (A sp ) for CRL-AMP was 200 ± 20 U mg -1 . Its catalytic activity was 1300 ± 100 U g -1 . CRL-AMP was used in the synthesis of esters in heptane medium with a 1:1 acid:alcohol molar ratio at 45 °C and 200 rpm. In synthesis 1, conversion was 62.5 ± 3.9% in 30 min at 10% m v -1 and 56.9 ± 2.8% in 54 min at 5% m v -1 ; while in synthesis 2, conversion was 79.0 ± 3.9% in 24 min at 10% m v -1 , and 46.0 ± 2.4% in 54 min at 5% m v -1 . Reuse tests after six consecutive cycles of reaction showed that the biocatalyst retained approximately 50% of its original activity for both reaction systems., Conclusions: CRL-AMP showed a high potential in the production of wax esters, since it started from low enzymatic load and high specific activities and conversions were obtained, in addition to allowing an increase in stability and recyclability of the prepared biocatalyst., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Solid state fermentation (SSF) simulates the natural conditions fungal growth, where the amount of water in the reaction medium must be restricted, thus limiting the use of liquid substrate. An analytical strategy to deal with this limitation is the design of blending with constraints. Thus, the objective of the work was to optimize two constrained waste mixtures for the production of lipase by Penicillium roqueforti ATCC 10110 under SSF, using different substrates that combine solid and liquid waste. For this, the best fermentation time was determined through a fermentative profile, afterwards a restricted-mix design with lower and upper limits of the components of mixture I (cocoa residue, solid palm oil residue and liquid palm oil residue) and II (cocoa residue, mango residue and palm oil residue liquid palm) was applied. By means of Pareto and contour graphs, the maximum production points of lipase in mixtures I (6.67 ± 0.34 U g -1 ) and II (6.87 ± 0.35 U g -1 ) were obtained. The restricted mixture design proved to be a promising tool in the production of lipase by P. roqueforti ATCC 10110 under SSF since the use of restrictions is useful when intending to combine solid and liquid residues in fermentation processes.

Lipases (triacylglycerol hydrolases, EC 3.1.1.3) are a class of enzymes with high industrial importance. An option for the production of this enzyme is through fungal growth via solid-state fermentation (SSF). Thus, this research presents a study of lipase production by Penicillium roqueforti ATCC 10110 through SSF using cocoa bran residues ( Theobroma cacao ) as a substrate. To achieve maximum lipase production, fermentation time (0 to 120 h) and palm oil (PO) percentage (0 to 50%) were optimized through analysis of one factor at a time (OFAT), with lipase activity as the response. The amount of cocoa was fixed (5 g), the incubation temperature was maintained at 27 °C, and the moisture content was established at 70%. For a 72 h incubation, the highest enzyme activity achieved using SSF without adding PO was 14.67 ± 1.47 U g -1 , whereas with PO (30%), it was 33.33 ± 3.33 U g -1 , thus demonstrating a 44% increase in enzyme activity. Through the OFAT methodology, it was possible to confirm that supplementation with palm residue was efficient and maximized the lipase of P. roqueforti ATCC 10110.

Objective: To analyze the content of the diagnostic proposition risk of excessive fluid volume in patients undergoing hemodialysis., Method: Content validity study, with 48 judges who assessed the content of the diagnostic proposition risk of excessive fluid volume, using an electronic data collection instrument. The judges' answers were analyzed through the calculation of the Content Validity Index and the T test., Results: The risk of excessive fluid volume was considered adequate, containing 23 risk factors: increased sodium concentration in the dialysate; missing hemodialysis sessions; insufficient water; low self-efficacy for fluid restriction; deficient knowledge; altered body mass index; excessive intake of fluids, proteins and sodium; lower kt/v index; inadequate removal of fluids in hemodialysis; thirst; xerostomia; older people; comorbidities; renal function decline; decreased urinary volume; inflammatory status; hospitalization; low serum level of albumin and lymphocytes, and high level of phosphorus; and use of antihypertensive drugs., Conclusion: The content of the diagnostic proposition risk of excessive fluid volume was considered adequate by the judges.

This study addresses the interactive effects of deficit irrigation and huanglongbing (HLB) infection on the physiological, biochemical, and oxidative stress responses of sweet orange trees. We sought to answer: (i) What are the causes for the reduction in water uptake in HLB infected plants? (ii) Is the water status of plants negatively affected by HLB infection? (iii) What are the key physiological traits impaired in HLB-infected plants? and (iv) What conditions can mitigate both disease severity and physiological/biochemical impairments in HLB-infected plants? Two water management treatments were applied for 11 weeks to 1-year-old-trees that were either healthy (HLB-) or infected with HLB (+) and grown in 12-L pots. Half of the trees were fully irrigated (FI) to saturation, whereas half were deficit-irrigated (DI) using 40% of the water required to saturate the substrate. Our results demonstrated that: reduced water uptake capacity in HLB+ plants was associated with reduced root growth, leaf area, stomatal conductance, and transpiration. Leaf water potential was not negatively affected by HLB infection. HLB increased leaf respiration rates ( ca . 41%) and starch synthesis, downregulated starch breakdown, blocked electron transport, improved oxidative stress, and reduced leaf photosynthesis ( ca . 57%) and photorespiration ( ca .57%). Deficit irrigation reduced both leaf respiration ( ca . 45%) and accumulation of starch ( ca .53%) by increasing maltose ( ca . 20%), sucrose, glucose, and fructose contents in the leaves, decreasing bacterial population ( ca . 9%) and triggering a series of protective measures against further impairments in the physiology and biochemistry of HLB-infected plants. Such results provide a more complete physiological and biochemical overview of HLB-infected plants and can guide future studies to screen genetic tolerance to HLB and improve management strategies under field orchard conditions., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Silva, Boaretto, Lavorenti, dos Santos, Coletta-Filho and Mattos.)

Social and behavioural factors are critical to the emergence, spread and containment of human disease, and are key determinants of the course, duration and outcomes of disease outbreaks. Recent epidemics of Ebola in West Africa and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) globally have reinforced the importance of developing infectious disease models that better integrate social and behavioural dynamics and theories. Meanwhile, the growth in capacity, coordination and prioritization of social science research and of risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) practice within the current pandemic response provides an opportunity for collaboration among epidemiological modellers, social scientists and RCCE practitioners towards a mutually beneficial research and practice agenda. Here, we provide a review of the current modelling methodologies and describe the challenges and opportunities for integrating them with social science research and RCCE practice. Finally, we set out an agenda for advancing transdisciplinary collaboration for integrated disease modelling and for more robust policy and practice for reducing disease transmission., (© 2021. Springer Nature Limited.)

The present study aimed at preparing three biocatalysts via physical adsorption of lipases from Candida rugosa (CRL), Mucor javanicus, and Candida sp. on a hydrophobic and mesoporous support (Diaion HP-20). These biocatalysts were later applied to the synthesis of aromatic esters of apple peel and citrus (hexyl butyrate), apple and rose (geranyl butyrate), and apricot and pineapple (propyl butyrate). Scanning electron microscopy and gel electrophoresis confirmed a selective adsorption of lipases on Diaion, thus endorsing simultaneous immobilization and purification. Gibbs free energy (∆G) evinced the spontaneity of the process (-17.9 kJ/mol ≤ ∆G ≤ -5.1 kJ/mol). Maximum immobilized protein concentration of 30 mg/g support by CRL. This biocatalyst was the most active in olive oil hydrolysis (hydrolytic activity of 126.0 ± 2.0 U/g) and in the synthesis of aromatic esters. Maximum conversion yield of 89.1% was attained after 150 Min for the synthesis of hexyl butyrate, followed by the synthesis of geranyl butyrate (87.3% after 240 Min) and propyl butyrate (80.0% after 150 Min). CRL immobilized on Diaion retained around 93% of its original activity after six consecutive cycles of 150 Min for the synthesis of hexyl butyrate., (© 2020 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.)

Objective: To describe fluid resuscitation practices in Brazilian intensive care units and to compare them with those of other countries participating in the Fluid-TRIPS., Methods: This was a prospective, international, cross-sectional, observational study in a convenience sample of intensive care units in 27 countries (including Brazil) using the Fluid-TRIPS database compiled in 2014. We described the patterns of fluid resuscitation use in Brazil compared with those in other countries and identified the factors associated with fluid choice., Results: On the study day, 3,214 patients in Brazil and 3,493 patients in other countries were included, of whom 16.1% and 26.8% (p < 0.001) received fluids, respectively. The main indication for fluid resuscitation was impaired perfusion and/or low cardiac output (Brazil: 71.7% versus other countries: 56.4%, p < 0.001). In Brazil, the percentage of patients receiving crystalloid solutions was higher (97.7% versus 76.8%, p < 0.001), and 0.9% sodium chloride was the most commonly used crystalloid (62.5% versus 27.1%, p < 0.001). The multivariable analysis suggested that the albumin levels were associated with the use of both crystalloids and colloids, whereas the type of fluid prescriber was associated with crystalloid use only., Conclusion: Our results suggest that crystalloids are more frequently used than colloids for fluid resuscitation in Brazil, and this discrepancy in frequencies is higher than that in other countries. Sodium chloride (0.9%) was the crystalloid most commonly prescribed. Serum albumin levels and the type of fluid prescriber were the factors associated with the choice of crystalloids or colloids for fluid resuscitation.

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data., (© 2020 The Authors. Ecology © 2020 The Ecological Society of America.)

Objectives: The effect of leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF), associated with DBBM (deproteinized bovine bone mineral; Bio-Oss®) was investigated and compared with autogenous bone graft as a standard material for filling bone defects., Material and Methods: A defect of 5 mm in diameter was performed in 40 calvaria of rats. The animals were divided into 5 groups and received blood clot (CO), autogenous bone (AUT), DBBM (BIO), L-PRF, or DBBM associated with L-PRF (BIO-LPRF). After 4 and 8 weeks, bone regeneration was assessed by histometric and immunohistochemical analyses., Results: The highest mean percentage of bone formation found at 4 and 8 weeks was observed for the BIO-L-PRF group (54.0% ± 2.8 and 63.6% ± 2.2). The lowest mean percentage at 4 and 8 weeks was observed for the CO group (16.7% ± 2.5 and 20.5% ± 1.0). There was statistical similarity among the AUT, BIO, and L-PRF groups. The expressions OC, RUNX 2, and VEGF showed a favorable aspect in the formation of new bone for BIO-L-PRF. VEGF was the marker with the highest expression because it was related to the initial healing process, promoting the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells in the region of the defect. Even after weeks, VEGF maintained a moderate expression., Conclusions: The association of L-PRF with DBBM improved bone repair when these biomaterials were inserted into the defects of the calvaria of rats., Clinical Relevance: This reinforces the good performance of bovine bone and L-PRF as filler materials, especially when associated.

Abstract: The variety of products derived from milk, without or with lactose, encourages the development of more effective analytical techniques that can be applied to the quality control of both the production line and the final products. Thus, in this work an efficient and minimally invasive method for the detection of lactose was proposed, using a biosensor containing the enzyme lactase (LAC) immobilised on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that, when reacting with lactose, emit an electrochemical signal. This biosensor was connected to a potentiostat, and its electrochemical cell was composed of the following three electrodes: reference electrode (Ag/AgCl), auxiliary electrode (platinum wire), and working electrode (biosensor) on which graphite (carbon) paste (CP), CNTs, and LAC were deposited. The transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used in the characterisation of the composite morphology, indicating excellent interactions between the CNTs and LAC. The sensitivity of the CP/LAC/CNT biosensor was determined as 5.67 μA cm -2 .mmol -1  L and detection limits around 100 × 10 -6  mol L -1 (electrode area = 0.12 cm 2 ) and an increase in the stability of the system was observed with the introduction of CNTs because, with about 12 h of use, there was no variation in the signal (current). The results indicate that the association between the CNTs and LAC favoured the electrochemical system., (© Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2019.)

Cocoa shell was evaluated as a precursor for cellulose nanofibrils (NFCs) using mechanical defibrillation. Its morphology was analysed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with field emission. Rheological and mechanical behaviour were evaluated through flow curves with a strain rate ranging from 0 to 300 s -1 at 25 °C and by means of oscillatory frequency sweeps (0.01 Hz-10 Hz) and shear stress (3 Pa). The thermal-mechanical behaviour was determined by a temperature sweep with a heating rate of 3 °C min -1 and a temperature range of 25 °C-100 °C. Micrographs identified the presence of protoxilem with a mean diameter of 23.34 nm. The flow curve showed the characteristic behaviour of a pseudoplastic fluid. The storage module (G') and the loss modulus (G″) were dependent on the frequency applied, indicating that the material exhibits a weak gel characteristic. The viscoelastic characteristics were influenced by temperature. Therefore, cocoa shell is a new alternative in the production of nanocellulose., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study analyzed the accuracy of clinical indicators of ineffective health management in hemodialysis patients. A diagnostic accuracy study was performed in 200 chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis during the first half of 2015. Measures of sensitivity and specificity were calculated using latent class analysis. Ineffective health management was present in 66.28% of patients. Accurate clinical indicators included expressed nonadherence to treatment, daily life choices ineffective to achieve health goals, expression of difficulty with prescribed regimens, inappropriate use of medicines, lack of expression of willingness to control the disease, irregular attendance of dialysis sessions, and infection. Hemodialysis may trigger a set of clinical indicators that predict the presence of ineffective health management. This knowledge provides evidence to clinical practices for hemodialysis patients and contributes to the best clinical performance of nurse practitioners.

Golden genotype of papaya ( Carica papaya ), named for its yellowish leaves, produces fruits very much appreciated by consumers worldwide. However, its growth and yield are considerably lower than those of other genotypes, such as 'Sunrise Solo', which has intensely green leaves. We undertook an investigation with the goal of evaluating key physiological traits that can affect biomass accumulation of both Golden and Sunrise Solo genotypes. Papaya seeds from two different genotypes with contrasting leaf colour 'Sunrise Solo' and Golden were grown in greenhouse conditions. Plant growth (plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, leaf area, plant dry weight), leaf gas exchanges, leaf carbon balance, RuBisCO oxygenation and carboxylation rates, nitrogen, as well as chlorophyll concentrations and fluorescence variables were assessed. Although no significant differences were observed for photosynthetic rates between genotypes, the accumulation of small differences in photosynthesis, day after day, over a long period, might contribute to some extend to a higher C-budget in Sunrise Solo, higher leaf area and, thus, to higher productivity. Additionally, we consider that physiological processes other than photosynthesis and leaf respiration can be as well involved in lower growth and yield of Golden. One of these aspects could be related to the higher rates of photorespiration observed in Sunrise Solo, which could improve the rate of N assimilation into organic compounds, such as amino acids, thus contributing to the higher biomass production in Sunrise Solo relative to Golden. Further experiments to evaluate the effects of N metabolism on physiology and growth of Golden are required as it has the potential to limit its yield.

The present work evaluates the impact of carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation on the human lung's exergy behavior by considering different levels of intoxication and amounts of hemoglobin. Its impact is significant because CO is one of the most common air pollutants in cities and an increase in destroyed exergy may be correlated with lifespan reduction or the malfunctioning of certain human organs. An evaluation of the severity of intoxication as a function of city altitude may intensify the hazard associated with carbon monoxide. A computational model of human lungs obtained from the literature was used to calculate the concentrations of oxygen (O₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the respiratory system. With the purpose of better evaluating the different levels of CO intoxication and hemoglobin concentration (which is a function of acclimatization time and some pathologies, such as anemia), a model calculating exergy efficiency for the lungs was proposed. From this model, it was possible to conclude that a higher level of intoxication is associated with lower exergy efficiency values. When associated with carbon monoxide intoxication, higher hemoglobin levels also result in lower efficiency. Eventually, a comparison between previous studies and the current study was carried out, regarding the method employed to calculate the exergy destroyed in the lungs, considering not only gas transport, but also hemoglobin concentration and its reaction with the gases from a second law perspective.

Objective: To analyze the content of the nursing diagnosis Ineffective Health Management in hemodialysis patients., Method: The Nursing Diagnoses Validation Model by Lopes, Silva and Auraújo was used in this research. A semi-structured questionnaire and evaluated the definition, location, defining characteristics, and related factors of the diagnosis Ineffective Health Management was answered by 22 experts in nursing diagnosis. The analysis was conducted from August 2014 to January 2015., Results: Experts considered the proposed definition and the current location in the taxonomy II by the NANDA-I, Domain 1 Health Promotion, Class 2 Health Control, adequate to the diagnosis. The adequacy level adopted at 85% or p > 0.05 were above 10 defining characteristics and 24 related factors. Experts also suggested that one defining characteristic should become a related factor and that three factors should turn into defining characteristics., Conclusion: A new proposal was developed for the diagnosis under study after the analysis of experts.

The ventral part of the anteromedial thalamic nucleus (AMv) is heavily targeted by the dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd), which is the main hypothalamic site that is responsive to both predator and conspecific aggressor threats. This PMd-AMv pathway is likely involved in modulating memory processing, and previous findings from our group have shown that cytotoxic lesions or pharmacological inactivation of the AMv drastically reduced contextual fear responses to predator-associated environments. In the present study, we investigated the role of the AMv in both unconditioned (i.e., fear responses during social defeat) and contextual fear responses (i.e., during exposure to a social defeat-associated context). We addressed this question by placing N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) lesions in the AMv and testing unconditioned fear responses during social defeat and contextual fear responses during exposure to a social defeat-associated context. Accordingly, bilateral AMv lesions did not change unconditioned responses, but decreased contextual conditioning related to social defeat. Notably, our bilateral AMv lesions also included, to a certain degree, the nucleus reuniens (RE), but single RE lesions did not affect innate or contextual fear responses. Overall, our results support the idea that the AMv works as a critical hub, receiving massive inputs from a hypothalamic site that is largely responsive to social threats and transferring social threat information to circuits involved in the processing of contextual fear memories., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this work was to enzymatic saccharification of food waste was performed by crude enzymatic cellulolytic extract produced by P. roqueforti cultivated in yellow mombin residue. The best yield of reducing sugars (259.45mgg -1 ) was achieved with sugarcane bagasse after 4h; the hydrolysis of corn cob, rice husk and peanut hull resulted in yields around 128-180mgg -1 . The addition of 10mmolL -1 of Mn 2+ potentiated the saccharification of sugarcane bagasse, in about 86%. The temperature and substrate (sugarcane bagasse) concentration parameters were optimized using a Doehlert Design and, a maximum sugar yield of 662.34±26.72mgg -1 was achieved at 62.40°C, 0.22% (w/v) of substrate, with the addition of Mn 2+ . Sugar yield was significantly high when compared to previous studies available in scientific literature, suggesting the use of crude cellulolytic supplemented with Mn 2+ an alternative and promising process for saccharification of sugarcane bagasse., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Endoglucanase production by Aspergillus oryzae ATCC 10124 cultivated in rice husks or peanut shells was optimized by experimental design as a function of humidity, time, and temperature. The optimum temperature for the endoglucanase activity was estimated by a univariate analysis (one factor at the time) as 50°C (rice husks) and 60°C (peanut shells), however, by a multivariate analysis (synergism of factors), it was determined a different temperature (56°C) for endoglucanase from peanut shells. For the optimum pH, values determined by univariate and multivariate analysis were 5 and 5.2 (rice husk) and 5 and 7.6 (peanut shells). In addition, the best half-lives were observed at 50°C as 22.8 hr (rice husks) and 7.3 hr (peanut shells), also, 80% of residual activities was obtained between 30 and 50°C for both substrates, and the pH stability was improved at 5-7 (rice hulls) and 6-9 (peanut shells). Both endoglucanases obtained presented different characteristics as a result of the versatility of fungi in different substrates.