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An epileptic seizure is a brief episode of symptoms and signs caused by excessive electrical activity in the brain. One of the major chronic neurological diseases, epilepsy, affects millions of individuals worldwide. Effective detection of seizure events is critical in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with epilepsy. Neurologists monitor the electrical activity in the brains of patients to identify epileptic seizures by employing advanced sensing techniques, including electroencephalograms and electromyography. Machine learning-based classification of the EEG signal can help differentiate between normal signals and the patterns associated with epileptic seizures. This work presents a novel approach for the classification of epileptic seizures using random neural network (RNN). The proposed model has been trained and tested using two publicly available datasets: CHB-MIT and BONN, provided by Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Bonn, respectively. The results obtained from multiple experiments highlight that the proposed scheme outperformed traditional classification schemes such as artificial neural network and support vector machine. The proposed RNN-based model achieved accuracies of 93.27% and 99.84% on the CHB-MIT and BONN datasets, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have been proposed as a method to generate multiple replicas from an original version combining a Discriminator and a Generator. The main applications of GANs have been the casual generation of audio and video content. GANs, as a neural method that generates populations of individuals, have emulated genetic algorithms based on biologically inspired operators such as mutation, crossover and selection. This article presents the Deep Learning Generative Adversarial Random Neural Network (RNN) with the same features and functionality as a GAN. Furthermore, the presented algorithm is proposed for an application, the Digital Creative, that generates tradeable replicas in a Data Marketplace, such as 1D functions or audio, 2D and 3D images and video content. The RNN Generator creates individuals mapped from a latent space while the GAN Discriminator evaluates them based on the true data distribution. The performance of the Deep Learning Generative Adversarial RNN has been assessed against several input vectors with different dimensions, in addition to 1D functions and 2D images. The presented results are successful: the learning objective of the RNN Generator creates tradeable replicas at low error, whereas the RNN Discriminator learning target identifies unfit individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of the brain to generate complex spatiotemporal patterns with specific timings is essential for motor learning and temporal processing. An approach that can model this function, using the spontaneous activity of a random neural network (RNN), is associated with orbital instability. We propose a simple system that learns an arbitrary time series as the linear sum of stable trajectories produced by several small network modules. New finding in computer experiments is that the trajectories of the module outputs are orthogonal to each other. They created a dynamic orthogonal basis acquiring a high representational capacity, which enabled the system to learn the timing of extremely long intervals, such as tens of seconds for a millisecond computation unit, and also the complex time series of Lorenz attractors. This self-sustained system satisfies the stability and orthogonality requirements and thus provides a new neurocomputing framework and perspective for the neural mechanisms of motor learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilience and flexibility are the means by which a network stands for an efficient service provider platform. Cognitive packet network (CPN) is such a paradigm that solely depends on the behavioral and intelligence capacity of the packets that carry valuable information within the network. Unlike conventional networks, CPN relies on the decision-making ability of the packets. In CPN, different types of packets take part in finding the optimal route from the source to destination. Further, packets dynamically adapt environmental changes by using recurrent neural network-based learning algorithms. Mapping cognitive features along with enrichment of quality of service is the main task of CPN. Due to continuous updates in the packet information vulnerable elements are found to be less prone to attack the CPN, thus resulting in a robust networking solution. In this paper we firstly present a novel taxonomic structure of the CPN. Then, we discuss the stringent routing techniques normally used in CPN. We also investigate various adaptive aware features in CPN. Next, we present intuitive emergency service and sensor network design prospects of the CPN. The article also discusses various means of cognitive aware mitigation aligned with the packets in CPN. Finally, we deliver how CPN is secure and available security aspects.

An epileptic seizure is a brief episode of symptoms and signs caused by excessive electrical activity in the brain. One of the major chronic neurological diseases, epilepsy, affects millions of individuals worldwide. Effective detection of seizure events is critical in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with epilepsy. Neurologists monitor the electrical activity in the brains of patients to identify epileptic seizures by employing advanced sensing techniques, including electroencephalograms and electromyography. Machine learning-based classification of the EEG signal can help differentiate between normal signals and the patterns associated with epileptic seizures. This work presents a novel approach for the classification of epileptic seizures using random neural network (RNN). The proposed model has been trained and tested using two publicly available datasets: CHB-MIT and BONN, provided by Children’s Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Bonn, respectively. The results obtained from multiple experiments highlight that the proposed scheme outperformed traditional classification schemes such as artificial neural network and support vector machine. The proposed RNN-based model achieved accuracies of 93.27% and 99.84% on the CHB-MIT and BONN datasets, respectively.

• A fast and efficient cyberattack detection scheme is introduced to enhance the security and trustworthiness of an IIoT system by using a Deep Random Neural Network (DRaNN). • A hybrid particle swarm optimization (PSO) with sequential quadratic programming (SQP) is incorporated for optimal training of DRaNN. • The proposed scheme is evaluated and its effectiveness is verified in both binary class and multiclass scenarios by using three newly reported IIoT datasets DS2OS, UNSW-NB15 and ToN_IoT. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a rapidly emerging technology that increases the efficiency and productivity of industrial environments by integrating smart sensors and devices with the internet. The advancements in communication technologies have introduced stable connectivity and a higher data transfer rate in the IIoT. The IIoT devices generate a massive amount of information that requires intelligent data processing techniques for the development of cybersecurity mechanisms. In this regard, deep learning (DL) can be an appropriate choice. This paper proposes a Deep Random Neural Network (DRaNN) based fast and reliable attack detection scheme for IIoT environments. The RaNN is an advanced variant of the traditional Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with a highly distributed nature and better generalization capabilities. To attain a higher attack detection accuracy, the proposed RaNN is optimally trained by incorporating hybrid particle swarm optimization (PSO) with sequential quadratic programming (SQP). The SQP-enabled PSO facilitates the neural network to select optimal hyperparameters. The efficacy of the suggested scheme is analyzed in both binary and multiclass configurations by conducting extensive experiments on three new IIoT datasets. The experimental outcomes demonstrates the promising performance of the proposed design for all datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel online Compromised Device Identification System (CDIS) is presented to identify IoT devices and/or IP addresses that are compromised by a Botnet attack, within a set of sources and destinations that transmit packets. The method uses specific metrics that are selected for this purpose and which are easily extracted from network traffic, and trains itself online during normal operation with an Auto-Associative Dense Random Neural Network (AADRNN) using traffic metrics measured as traffic arrives. As it operates, the AADRNN is trained with auto-associative learning only using traffic that it estimates as being benign, without prior collection of different attack data. The experimental evaluation on publicly available Mirai Botnet attack data shows that CDIS achieves high performance with Balanced Accuracy of 97%, despite its low on-line training and execution time. Experimental comparisons show that the AADRNN with sequential (online) auto-associative learning, provides the best performance among six different state-of-the-art machine learning models. Thus CDIS can provide crucial effective information to prevent the spread of Botnet attacks in IoT networks having multiple devices and IP addresses.

Resilience and flexibility are the means by which a network stands for an efficient service provider platform. Cognitive packet network (CPN) is such a paradigm that solely depends on the behavioral and intelligence capacity of the packets that carry valuable information within the network. Unlike conventional networks, CPN relies on the decision-making ability of the packets. In CPN, different types of packets take part in finding the optimal route from the source to destination. Further, packets dynamically adapt environmental changes by using recurrent neural network-based learning algorithms. Mapping cognitive features along with enrichment of quality of service is the main task of CPN. Due to continuous updates in the packet information vulnerable elements are found to be less prone to attack the CPN, thus resulting in a robust networking solution. In this paper we firstly present a novel taxonomic structure of the CPN. Then, we discuss the stringent routing techniques normally used in CPN. We also investigate various adaptive aware features in CPN. Next, we present intuitive emergency service and sensor network design prospects of the CPN. The article also discusses various means of cognitive aware mitigation aligned with the packets in CPN. Finally, we deliver how CPN is secure and available security aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epileptic seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain that manifests itself in a variety of ways, including confusion and loss of awareness. Correct identification of epileptic seizures is critical in the treatment and management of patients with epileptic disorders. One in four patients present resistance against seizures episodes and are in dire need of detecting these critical events through continuous treatment in order to manage the specific disease. Epileptic seizures can be identified by reliably and accurately monitoring the patients' neuro and muscle activities, cardiac activity, and oxygen saturation level using state-of-the-art sensing techniques including electroencephalograms (EEGs), electromyography (EMG), electrocardiograms (ECGs), and motion or audio/video recording that focuses on the human head and body. EEG analysis provides a prominent solution to distinguish between the signals associated with epileptic episodes and normal signals; therefore, this work aims to leverage on the latest EEG dataset using cutting-edge deep learning algorithms such as random neural network (RNN), convolutional neural network (CNN), extremely random tree (ERT), and residual neural network (ResNet) to classify multiple variants of epileptic seizures from non-seizures. The results obtained highlighted that RNN outperformed all other algorithms used and provided an overall accuracy of 97%, which was slightly improved after cross validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) refers to the use of traditional Internet of Things (IoT) concepts in industrial sectors and applications. IIoT has several applications in smart homes, smart cities, smart grids, connected cars, and supply chain management. However, these systems are being more frequently targeted by cybercriminals. Deep learning and big data analytics have great potential in designing and developing robust security mechanisms for IIoT networks. In this paper, a novel hybrid deep random neural network (HDRaNN) for cyberattack detection in the IIoT is presented. The HDRaNN combines a deep random neural network and a multilayer perceptron with dropout regularization. The proposed technique is evaluated using two IIoT security-related datasets: (i) DS2OS and (ii) UNSW-NB15. The performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed through a number of performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, log loss, Region of Convergence (ROC), and Area Under the Curve (AUC). The HDRaNN classified 16 different types of cyberattacks using with higher accuracy of 98% and 99% for DS2OS and UNSW-NB15, respectively. To measure the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, the performance metrics are also compared with several state-of-the-art attack detection algorithms. The findings of HDRaNN proved its superior performance over other DL-based schemes. The deployment perspective of the proposed work is also highlighted in this work.

We prove two universal approximation theorems for a range of dropout neural networks. These are feed-forward neural networks in which each edge is given a random {0,1}-valued filter, that have two modes of operation: in the first each edge output is multiplied by its random filter, resulting in a random output, while in the second each edge output is multiplied by the expectation of its filter, leading to a deterministic output. It is common to use the random mode during training and the deterministic mode during testing and prediction. Both theorems are of the following form: Given a function to approximate and a threshold ε>0, there exists a dropout network that is ε-close in probability and in Lq. The first theorem applies to dropout networks in the random mode. It assumes little on the activation function, applies to a wide class of networks, and can even be applied to approximation schemes other than neural networks. The core is an algebraic property that shows that deterministic networks can be exactly matched in expectation by random networks. The second theorem makes stronger assumptions and gives a stronger result. Given a function to approximate, it provides existence of a network that approximates in both modes simultaneously. Proof components are a recursive replacement of edges by independent copies, and a special first-layer replacement that couples the resulting larger network to the input. The functions to be approximated are assumed to be elements of general normed spaces, and the approximations are measured in the corresponding norms. The networks are constructed explicitly. Because of the different methods of proof, the two results give independent insight into the approximation properties of random dropout networks. With this, we establish that dropout neural networks broadly satisfy a universal-approximation property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) brings together many sensors, machines, industrial applications, databases, services, and people at work. The IIoT is improving our lives in several ways including smarter cities, agriculture, and e-healthcare, etc. Although the IIoT shares several characteristics with the consumer IoT, different cybersecurity mechanisms are adopted for both networks. Unlike consumer IoT solutions that are used by an individual user for a single purpose, IIoT solutions tend to be integrated into larger operational systems. As a result, IIoT security solutions require additional planning and awareness to ensure the security and privacy of the system. In this paper, different cybersecurity attacks such as denial of service (DoS), malicious operation, malicious control, data type probing, spying, scan, and wrong setup are predicted by applying machine learning techniques. To predict the aforementioned attacks, a novel lightweight random neural network (RaNN)-based prediction model has been proposed in this article. To investigate the performance of the RaNN-based prediction model, several evaluation parameters such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score were calculated and compared with the traditional artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM) and decision tree (DT). The evaluation results show that the proposed RaNN model achieves an accuracy of 99.20% for a learning rate of 0.01, with a prediction time of 34.51 milliseconds. Other performance parameters such as the precision, recall, and F1 score were 99.11%, 99.13%, and 99.20%, respectively. The proposed scheme improves the attack detection accuracy by an average of 5.65% compared to that of state-of-the-art machine learning schemes for IoT security.

Epileptic seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain that manifests itself in a variety of ways, including confusion and loss of awareness. Correct identification of epileptic seizures is critical in the treatment and management of patients with epileptic disorders. One in four patients present resistance against seizures episodes and are in dire need of detecting these critical events through continuous treatment in order to manage the specific disease. Epileptic seizures can be identified by reliably and accurately monitoring the patients’ neuro and muscle activities, cardiac activity, and oxygen saturation level using state-of-the-art sensing techniques including electroencephalograms (EEGs), electromyography (EMG), electrocardiograms (ECGs), and motion or audio/video recording that focuses on the human head and body. EEG analysis provides a prominent solution to distinguish between the signals associated with epileptic episodes and normal signals; therefore, this work aims to leverage on the latest EEG dataset using cutting-edge deep learning algorithms such as random neural network (RNN), convolutional neural network (CNN), extremely random tree (ERT), and residual neural network (ResNet) to classify multiple variants of epileptic seizures from non-seizures. The results obtained highlighted that RNN outperformed all other algorithms used and provided an overall accuracy of 97%, which was slightly improved after cross validation.

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)-based techniques have dominated state-of-the-art results in most problems related to computer vision, audio recognition, and natural language processing in the past few years, resulting in strong industrial adoption from all leading technology companies worldwide. One of the major obstacles that have historically delayed large-scale adoption of ANNs is the huge computational and power costs associated with training and testing (deploying) them. In the mean-time, Neuromorphic Computing platforms have recently achieved remarkable performance running the bio-realistic Spiking Neural Networks at high throughput and very low power consumption making them a natural alternative to ANNs. Here, we propose using the Random Neural Network, a spiking neural network with both theoretical and practical appealing properties, as a general purpose classifier that can match the classification power of ANNs on a number of tasks while enjoying all the features of being a spiking neural network. This is demonstrated on a number of real-world classification datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a Neurocomputing application that reorders the Web results obtained from different Web Search Engines emulating the way our brain takes decisions. The proposed application is based on the Random Neural Network with Deep Learning Clusters that evaluates and adapts Web result relevance by associating independently each Deep Learning Cluster to a specific Web Search Engine. In addition, this paper presents a Deep Learning Cluster to perform as a Management Cluster that decides the final result relevance based on the inputs from each independent Deep Learning cluster. The performance of the proposed Management Cluster is evaluated when included as an additional layer to the Deep Learning Clusters. On average; the proposed Deep Learning cluster structure improves Smart Search performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cognitive Packet Network (CPN) bases its routing decisions and flow control on the Random Neural Network (RNN) Reinforcement Learning algorithm; this paper proposes the addition of a Deep Learning (DL) Cluster management structure to the CPN for Quality of Service metrics (Delay Loss and Bandwidth), Cyber Security keys (User, Packet and Node) and Management decisions (QoS, Cyber and CEO). The RNN already models how neurons transmit information using positive and negative impulsive signals whereas the proposed additional Deep Learning structure emulates the way the brain learns and takes decisions; this paper presents a brain model as the combination of both learning algorithms, RNN and DL. The proposed model has been simulated under different network sizes and scenarios and it has been validated against the CPN itself without DL clusters. The simulation results are promising; the presented CPN with DL clusters as a mechanism to transmit, learn and make packet routing decisions is a step closer to emulate the way the brain transmits information, learns the environment and takes decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Judgments are taken in a structured way; both human and business management decisions involve a hierarchical process that requires a level of compromise between risk, cost, reward, experience and knowledge. This article proposes a management decision structure that emulates the human brain approach based on genetic and deep learning cluster algorithms and the random neural network. Reinforcement learning takes quick and specific local decisions, deep learning clusters enables identity and memory, and deep learning management clusters make final strategic decisions. The presented genetic algorithm transmits the learned information to future generations in the network weights rather than the neurons. Because the subject's information, a combination of memory, identity and decision data, is never lost but transmitted, the genetic algorithm provides immortality. The management decision structure has been applied and validated in a smart investment Fintech application: an intelligent banker that makes buy and sell asset decisions with an associated market and risk that entirely transmits itself to a future generation. Results are rewarding; the management decision structure with genetics and machine learning based on the random neural network algorithm that emulates the human brain and biology transmits information to future generations and learns autonomously, gradually and continuously while adapting to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy uncertainty and ecological pressures have contributed to a high volatility in energy demand and consumption. The building sector accounts for 30 to 40% of the total global energy consumption. There is a high demand for novel techniques and viable energy strategies for reducing energy consumption in this domain. Energy prediction models have the potential to play a pivotal role in optimising energy consumption. The proposed work presents a new and accurate Energy Demand Prediction (EDP) model for large buildings. This approach leverages the Random Neural Network (RNN) prediction methodology. The proposed RNN-based EDP is compared with traditional Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and linear regression models. A large building is modelled and simulated for one year in the Integrated Environment Solutions Virtual Environment (IES-VE). Several data inputs such as air temperature, internal gain and the number of people (occupancy) are calculated from IES-VE model and provided to traditional ANN and the proposed RNN predictor. A number of test parameters such as Root Mean Square (RMSE), Normalized Root Mean Square (N-RMSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and R provide the proposed RNN model with higher accuracy over the traditional ANN, SVM and linear regression. The proposed RNN predictor provides approximately half of the error of the ANN model. The traditional ANN model gives higher error values of 2.07×, 1.83× and 2.35× for RMSE, NRMSE and MAPE, respectively as compared to the proposed RNN model. Furthermore, the error values of SVM and linear regression were also higher than the proposed EDP scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generation of complex patterns at a specific timing is crucial to most forms of learning and behavior, which are acquired through dopamine-modulated plasticity in the striatum. However, the neural mechanisms of such reward-based spatiotemporal processing remain unknown. Inspired by the cortico-striatal circuits, this study developed a new reservoir computing method, a class of recurrent neural networks, based on reward-modulated Hebbian learning (RMHL) for the spatiotemporal motor learning. We utilized a reservoir of basal dynamics (reBASICS), which generated self-sustained limit cycle oscillations with various frequencies, as a reservoir structure. Then, the oscillations were linearly integrated as readout output, in which readout weights were modulated with RMHL. The simulations showed that reBASICS-based RMHL was able to accomplish both motor timing and pattern drawing tasks, for which existing reservoir-based RMHL failed. Further, introducing an eligibility trace mechanism into RMHL allowed the model to learn motor timing even when reward-based modulation was delayed. In conclusion, this model is proposed as a new computational model of temporal processing of the striatum, where the cortical areas generate stable oscillations. From the oscillatory dynamics, spatiotemporal patterns are learned using RMHL in the striatum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of stability analysis for a general class of random impulsive and switching neural networks is studied in this paper, in which both the continuous dynamics and the impulsive jumps are subject to random disturbances. First, a result concerning with the existence and uniqueness of solutions to random impulsive and switching neural networks is developed under some general conditions. Then, by means of time-varying discretized Lyapunov function approach and dwell time technique, some criteria guaranteeing global asymptotic stability and noise-to-state stability are established, in which the impulse and switching effects are characterized in an aggregated form. Two numerical examples are employed to explain and illuminate the efficiency of the developed results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online market places make their profit based on their advertisements or sales commission while businesses have the commercial interest to rank higher on recommendations to attract more customers. Web users cannot be guaranteed that the products provided by recommender systems within Big Data are either exhaustive or relevant to their needs. This article analyses the product rank relevance provided by different commercial Big Data recommender systems (Grouplens film, Trip Advisor and Amazon); it also proposes an Intelligent Recommender System (IRS) based on the Random Neural Network; IRS acts as an interface between the customer and the different Recommender Systems that iteratively adapts to the perceived user relevance. In addition, a relevance metric that combines both relevance and rank is presented; this metric is used to validate and compare the performance of the proposed algorithm. On average, IRS outperforms the Big Data recommender systems after learning iteratively from its customer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Web users are not assured that the results provided by Web search engines or recommender systems are either exhaustive, or even the most relevant to their search needs. Businesses that provide services through the web have a commercial interest to rank higher on results or recommendations to attract more customers, while Web search engines and recommender systems make a profit based on the advertisers that can offer a higher payment for their advertisements. Thus we propose a neuro-computing application that addresses these issues from the perspective of end-users. We present an Intelligent Search Assistant (ISA) that acts as an interface between the user and different search engines. Using the Random Neural Network as a learning engine that operates with learned by gradient descent and reinforcement learning, the ISA learns how to reorder results and present them to the end-user, according to the perceived relevance of the results for the end-user's benefit. We also present a new relevance metric, which combines both relevance and rank, to validate and compare the performance of our proposed solution against other Web search engines and recommender systems. The resulting rank relevance provided by different Web search engines, metasearch engines, academic databases and recommender systems are compared with the ISA, which appears to outperform commercial search tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the Random Neural Network with a new learning algorithm based on the genome model. Following genetics, where information is transmitted in the combination of genes rather than the genes themselves, the proposed genetic model transmits information to future generations in the network weights rather than the neurons. The innovative genetic algorithm is implanted in a complex Deep Learning structure that emulates the human brain: Reinforcement Learning takes fast local current decisions, Deep Learning Clusters provide identity and memory, Deep Learning Management Clusters take final strategic decisions and finally Genetic Learning transmits the information learned to future generations. The presented algorithm and Deep Learning structure has been applied and validated in a Fintech Model; a Smart Investment application where an Intelligent Bankers are specialised in Buy and Sell decisions on several Assets, Markets and Risks. The obtained results are promising; the proposed model combines human brain and genetics with Deep Learning structure based on the Random Neural Network model where biology; similar as Artificial Intelligence is learning gradually and continuously while adapting to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A design of the parametric models estimating a quality of synthesized speech transmitted through IP networks is presented in this paper. A Genetic Programming and Random Neural Network as machine learning techniques were deployed to design the models. A set of the quality-affecting parameters was used as an input to the designed parametric estimation models in order to estimate a quality of synthesized speech transmitted over IP networks (VoIP environment). The performance results obtained for the designed parametric estimation models have validated both genetic programming and random neural network as powerful techniques, delivering good accuracy and generalization ability; this makes them perspective candidates for quality estimation of this type of speech in the corresponding environment. The developed parametric models can be helpful for network operators and service providers in a planning phase or early-development stage of telecommunication services based on synthesized speech.