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Self-control has emerged as a research focus, particularly among adolescents, as they frequently struggle with self-control when studying. We examined the longitudinal relationship between achievement motivation (i.e., attainment value and mastery-approach goal) and self-control at the within-person level after controlling for trait-like interpersonal variance. We used 3-year longitudinal data sets from two panels of the 2010 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey for the multigroup random intercept cross-lagged panel model. The final analysis included self-reported responses to academic self-control, attainment value, and mastery-approach goal for 3 years from 2,152 early adolescents (11–13 years old) and 2,163 middle adolescents (14–16 years old). Our multigroup random intercept cross-lagged panel models with two different adolescent cohorts revealed strong associations between achievement motivation and self-control at the between-person level, regardless of the adolescent cohort. At the within-person level, early and middle adolescents exhibited distinct longitudinal associations between these two variables. Early adolescents' self-control demonstrated noticeable stability and correlations with mastery-approach goal pursuit. By contrast, middle adolescents' self-control exhibited a fluctuating state, which was predicted by attainment value. Practically, this implies that for early adolescents, self-control may function as a trait that can determine and guide adaptive mastery-approach goal pursuit implicitly and habitually. For middle adolescents, however, self-control may no longer function as a trait; instead, it can fluctuate and be affected by their identity-related attainment value perceived within a given academic context. Educational Impact and Implications Statement: Early adolescents (aged 11–13 years) tend to be directed by stable self-control, which is strongly correlated with their goal pursuit to master and develop academic skills. Thus, cultivating in them habitual self-control (e.g., implementation intention) and encouraging its regular practice can enhance both their self-control and adaptive goal pursuit. Conversely, middle adolescents (aged 14–16 years) tend to be guided by attainment values related to their identity formation, which in turn leads to improvements in self-control. Therefore, providing them opportunities to find personal meaning (e.g., career endeavors) in their academic tasks can facilitate effortful and deliberate self-control behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's early skills are strong predictors of later learning outcomes. Research aiming to disentangle the causal effects of early skills from unmeasured, stable characteristics related to learning throughout development demonstrates that unmeasured confounders explain a large portion of the effects of early skills previously identified. To date, such research has been conducted exclusively in high-income Western countries, where education systems are better funded and overall learning outcomes are much higher than in low- and middle-income countries. The present study examined these issues in Ghana, a lower middle-income country in West Africa, using longitudinal data over 6 years (N = 2,012; 49.7% girls). We first used multilevel regression to estimate the associations of preschoolers' social and cognitive skills on their fourth and fifth grade outcomes. Next, we employed the random intercept cross-lagged-panel model to test whether the estimated effects of preschool on later skills are sensitive to a model that attempts to adjust for stable confounding factors during this developmental period. Our findings indicate interindividual stability in math and literacy, as well as codevelopment of math, literacy, and executive function during early and middle childhood. We contribute evidence on children's skill-building dynamics in a global context, with implications for how to optimize intervention programs and policies aiming to support children's academic achievement and learning. Public Significance Statement: Preschool math skills emerged as a relatively strong predictor of middle childhood outcomes in a sample of children in peri-urban Ghana. Individual children's math and literacy skills were relatively stable over time, with our findings potentially pointing to the same set of confounders influencing math, literacy, and executive function skill development. Our findings have important implications for how intervention programs and policies can support children's academic achievement and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RICLPM) decomposes longitudinal associations between two processes X and Y into stable between-person associations and temporal within-person changes. In a recent study, Bailey et al. demonstrated through a simulation study that the between-person variance components in the RICLPM can occur only due to the presence of time-varying covariate processes that are omitted from the analysis model. Therefore, the between-person component was termed illusory. In this article, necessary and sufficient conditions for the occurrence of such illusory between-person components in an RICLPM are analytically derived and systematically investigated in a simulation study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Method Results Conclusion Nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) and suicidal ideation (SI) are widespread mental health concerns among adolescents. As fear of negative evaluation (FNE) and self‐disgust are also common psychological phenomena among adolescents, existing research suggests that there may be reciprocal predictive relationships between FNE and NSSI/SI with self‐disgust playing a mediating role. This study aimed to investigate the reciprocal relationships between FNE and NSSI, as well as FNE and SI, and the mediating role of self‐disgust.Random intercept cross‐lagged panel models (RI‐CLPMs) were employed. A total of 515 Chinese secondary school students (50.7% boys; baseline Mage = 12.31 years, SD = 0.81) completed self‐report questionnaires regarding FNE, self‐disgust, NSSI, and SI. The assessment was conducted in four waves, 6 months apart.The results were as follows: (1) There were bidirectional relations between FNE and NSSI through self‐disgust. (2) There was a unidirectional association from FNE to SI via self‐disgust.These findings have expanded the theoretical understanding of adolescent NSSI and SI, and highlighted the importance of offering personalized psychological counseling and therapy services at the intrapersonal level for adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is a lack of clarity regarding the developmental mechanisms underlying moral disengagement (a typical moral personality) at the within‐person level. To address this issue, we explore the serial cascade effect of cybervictimization and hostile rumination. Method: The longitudinal relationships between cybervictimization, hostile rumination, and moral disengagement were explored among 1146 undergraduates, assessed four times (T1–T4) across 2 years. Results: The random intercept cross‐lagged panel model (RI‐CLPM) analysis revealed that the random intercepts of all variables were positively associated with each other. At the within‐person level, cybervictimization at T2 indirectly predicted subsequent changes in moral disengagement at T4 through changes in hostile rumination at T3 (the indirect effect was 0.02); furthermore, moral disengagement at T3 predicted changes in hostile rumination at T4 (β = 0.091). Conclusions: The within‐person dynamics of moral disengagement should be partly due to the serial effect of cybervictimization and hostile rumination, whereas hostile rumination and moral disengagement may form a developmental cascade to some degree. These findings and the proposed serial cascade model of moral disengagement could expand our understanding of the developmental mechanism of moral personality. Additionally, caution must be exercised as this study exhibits seemingly small effect sizes and inconsistent results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to observe how within-person variation in motivation, self-efficacy and academic performance scores are correlated or can be predicted. The reciprocal association between these variables was analysed through a four-wave longitudinal study and a within-person analytical approach (random intercept cross-lagged panel model, RI-CLPM). A total of 932 adolescents, 417 boys and 515 girls (Mage = 14.34 years, SD =.90) enrolled in the first year of high school (9th grade) participated in the study. Questionnaires on motivation and self-efficacy were administered once a year for four years. At the end of each school year, teachers’ evaluations of students’ academic performance, expressed in school grades, were collected. The cross-lagged paths of the RI-CLPM suggested that higher-than-expected self-reported levels of self-efficacy were associated with above-average levels of motivation one year later and vice versa. In addition, adolescents who reported higher-than-expected levels of self-efficacy showed above-average levels of academic performance one year later and vice versa, and only adolescents who reported higher-than-expected levels of academic performance had above-average levels of motivation, but not vice versa. However, a mediation analysis revealed an indirect role of motivation in academic performance through self-efficacy. Implementing projects that strengthen motivation and self-efficacy can thus reduce the risk of poor academic performance and leaving school. Preventing young people from dropping out of school can help promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To study the longitudinal relationship between loneliness and quality of life (QoL) in adults to identify key mechanisms to better design future psychosocial interventions. Method: 13,222 participants from three consecutive waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), aged 65 or older, 56.3% women. They were analyzed using cross-lagged panel model (CLPM), random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM), and multi-group models disaggregated by gender. Results: The RI-CLPM provided a better fit than the CLPM. Both models showed the stability of QoL and loneliness. All autoregressive paths were significant, and a negative association between concurrent QoL and loneliness was observed across all waves. The CLPM supported a reciprocal relationship, while the RI-CLPM only confirmed the effects of loneliness on QoL. Women reported higher levels of loneliness and poorer QoL, but no gender differences were identified in the longitudinal association. Conclusions: Addressing loneliness in early stages could be a better preventive measure to promote quality of life in both genders.

The mechanisms of change underlying the effectiveness of personality change interventions are largely unclear. In this study, we used data from a three-month digital intervention with an intensive longitudinal design to test whether a greater realization of general change factors is partly responsible for personality change. Participants (N = 679, 53.0% female; age: M = 25.3 years, SD = 7.1) seeking to increase either Emotional Stability, Conscientiousness, or Extraversion provided self-ratings on their weekly personality states and the three generic change factors of strengths, insights, and behavioral practice. We found a single-factor structure of change factors within and between individuals. Results showed within-person increases in Emotional Stability, Extraversion, and Conscientiousness states as well as increases in change factors across the intervention. Changes in personality states were coupled with changes in generic change factors. Finally, the results provide initial support for the hypothesis that the realization of general change factors is partly responsible for the effects of the intervention. Within-person increases in the change factors were associated with subsequent increases in Extraversion and Emotional Stability states during the following week. The present findings highlight the need to better understand how and why people change in personality as a result of interventions. Plain language summary: Recent studies have shown that it is possible to change personality traits through psychological interventions. However, the mechanisms of change are largely unclear. The present study therefore examined whether targeting supportive (strengths), learning (insight) and action (behavioral practice) factors through intervention contributes to personality change. Our results provide initial evidence that these general change mechanisms are partly responsible for personality changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Methods Results Conclusions This study aims to investigate the independent and joint trajectories of resilience, anxiety, and depression symptoms and research the interaction between older gastric cancer survivors' resilience and anxiety–depression during the period of 1 year after surgery.The participants were 381 older gastric cancer survivors, with a mean age of 69 years. Resilience, anxiety, and depression symptoms were assessed immediately after surgery, and at 3, 6, and 12 months post‐surgery, respectively. A longitudinal design was employed to capture the dynamic changes in resilience, anxiety, and depression levels among older gastric cancer survivors post‐surgery. Latent growth mixture model and random intercept cross‐lagged panel model were used to analyse the trajectories of resilience and anxiety–depression and the interaction between them.Two latent trajectories were identified for the resilience, four latent trajectories were identified for the anxiety, and five latent trajectories were identified for the depression, respectively, with three joint trajectories identified: gradual‐increasing resilience, gradual‐decreasing anxiety, and depression group (10.0%); gradual‐decreasing resilience, gradual‐increasing anxiety, and depression group (21.2%); and rapid‐growth resilience, rapid‐decline anxiety, and depression group (68.8%). Resilience among older gastric cancer survivors exhibits significant bidirectional and negative predictive effects on anxiety and depression.Individual differences in resilience, anxiety, and depression trajectories exist among older gastric cancer survivors, with heterogeneous joint progression patterns, and the relationship between resilience and anxiety–depression appears bidirectional. More sophisticated intervention programmes tailored to the unique characteristics of the relevant trajectories are necessary to enhance resilience and mitigate the risk of anxiety and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaboration improves multiple academic and social outcomes. Accordingly, computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) can be beneficial in distance education contexts to overcome the issues specific to online learning (e.g., underperformance, low identification with university). Distance universities often attract a substantial number of non-traditional students (e.g., students with disability, students with migration background). Despite their representation, non-traditional students face negative stereotypes and associated social consequences, including social identity threat, diminished sense of belonging, and less motivation for social interactions. In the context of online learning, where there is little individuating information, social categories like socio- demographic group memberships become salient, activating stereotypes. Consequently, socio-demographic group memberships can have detrimental consequences for the integration of non-traditional students. The purpose of the present study was to (a) determine the extent of social identity threat for students in higher distance education, (b) explore the social consequences of this threat in the same context, (c) validate these findings through longitudinal analyses embedded in a CSCL task, and (d) use learning analytics to test behavioral outcomes. In a longitudinal study with three measurement occasions over 8 weeks (N = 1,210), we conducted path analyses for cross-sectional associations and Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models for longitudinal predictions. The results showed that non-traditional students mostly reported higher social identity threat than traditional students. While the expected longitudinal within-person effects could not be demonstrated, we found stable between- person effects: students who reported higher levels of social identity threat also reported lower sense of belonging and lower social approach motivation. Exploratory analyses of actual online collaboration during CSCL offer potential avenues for future research. We conclude that social identity threat and its social consequences play an important role in higher distance education and should therefore be considered for successful CSCL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although research has demonstrated that parental psychological control is associated with the subjective well-being of adolescents, the lack of longitudinal studies that investigate whether or not bidirectional associations exist between the two and their potential mediating mechanisms has continued to date. In addition, previous studies have not rigorously distinguished between- and within-person effects. Thus, this study investigated longitudinal bidirectional associations between parental psychological control and the subjective well-being of adolescents. The study further examined the mediating role of emotion regulation ability. A total of 1365 Chinese adolescents (boys: 53.2 %; M age = 14.68 years, SD = 1.56) participated in a three-wave longitudinal study with annual assessments. Random intercept cross-lagged panel models were utilized to separate between- and within-person variation. After controlling for between-person variance, the results revealed that adolescents with low levels of subjective well-being reported high levels of parental psychological control after one year. Emotion regulation ability played a bidirectional mediating role in the relationship between psychological control and subjective well-being. That is, psychological control and subjective well-being mutually influenced each other through emotion regulation ability. Assessments of the key study variables were provided by adolescents. Moreover, the study considered a combination of the mothers' and fathers' use of psychological control without differentiating between paternal and maternal psychological control. The findings highlight the importance of interventions that target emotion regulation ability, which contributes to breaking the negative cycle between controlling parenting and the well-being of adolescents. • Psychological control (PC), emotion regulation ability (ERA), and subjective well-being (SWB) had between-person relations. • After controlling for between-person variance, SWB negatively predicted PC after one year. • ERA played a bidirectional mediating role in the within-person relations between PC and SWB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background This study explores whether the impact of environmental factors (community services usage, CSU) on geriatric depression is mediated by psychological resilience and moderated by the COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase) gene val158met polymorphism. Methods The data consists of 13,512 entries from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) collected in the years 2008, 2011, 2014, and 2018. The study employed a Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model (RI-CLPM) to examine the relationship between CSU and geriatric depression, including the mediating effect of psychological resilience and the moderating role of the comt gene val158met gene polymorphism in this relationship. Results Lower CSU at earlier assessments were significantly associated with more severe geriatric depression in subsequent evaluations.Psychological resilience was found to partially mediate the relationship between CSU and depression.Differential impacts were observed among various gene genotypes; specifically, the val genotype demonstrated a significantly greater influence of CSU on subsequent psychological resilience and on subsequent depression compared to the met genotype. Conclusion Enhancement in CSU can predict subsequent geriatric depression. The relationship between the CSU and depression can be mediated by psychological resilience, with genetics modulating the pathway from CSU through psychological resilience to depression. Multidisciplinary interventions focused on enhancing community service quality, boosting psychological resilience, and mitigating depression are likely to benefit the older adults’s emotional and psychological well-being.

Background: This study explores whether the impact of environmental factors (community services usage, CSU) on geriatric depression is mediated by psychological resilience and moderated by the COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase) gene val158met polymorphism. Methods: The data consists of 13,512 entries from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) collected in the years 2008, 2011, 2014, and 2018. The study employed a Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model (RI-CLPM) to examine the relationship between CSU and geriatric depression, including the mediating effect of psychological resilience and the moderating role of the comt gene val158met gene polymorphism in this relationship. Results: Lower CSU at earlier assessments were significantly associated with more severe geriatric depression in subsequent evaluations.Psychological resilience was found to partially mediate the relationship between CSU and depression.Differential impacts were observed among various gene genotypes; specifically, the val genotype demonstrated a significantly greater influence of CSU on subsequent psychological resilience and on subsequent depression compared to the met genotype. Conclusion: Enhancement in CSU can predict subsequent geriatric depression. The relationship between the CSU and depression can be mediated by psychological resilience, with genetics modulating the pathway from CSU through psychological resilience to depression. Multidisciplinary interventions focused on enhancing community service quality, boosting psychological resilience, and mitigating depression are likely to benefit the older adults's emotional and psychological well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) may experience high levels of sexual minority stigma (SMS) and depressive symptoms (DS) over the world and in China. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the longitudinal effects of SMS on DS of YMSM, especially focusing on YMSM and separating the between‐person and within‐person effects. This study aimed to fill the said gaps. Methods: Study data were derived from a prospective cohort of 349 YMSM from central China (Wuhan, Changsha, Nanchang), the baseline survey was started in 2017 with one follow‐up visit every year. SMS and DS were measured three times using valid and reliable instruments. The cross‐lagged panel model (CLPM) and the random intercept CLPM (RI‐CLPM) were used to examine the between‐person and within‐person concurrent and lagged effects, respectively. Results: Findings of CLPM revealed bidirectional associations between SMS and DS over time. RI‐CLPM suggested that at the between‐person level, SMS was significantly associated with DS, echoing the results of CLPM. However, this reciprocal relationship has not been found at the within‐person level. Conclusion: The associations between SMS and DS among YMSM at the population level is more significant than that at the individual level. We suggest that interventions should be against the adverse effects of cultural marginalization and systemic change the social concepts to reduce the amount of SMS in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although many cross-sectional studies showed that psychotic experiences (PEs) and dissociation were closely related, the longitudinal association between them remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to examine the longitudinal association of these two symptoms throughout adolescence, under the hypothesis that these two symptoms are bidirectionally associated. Data were obtained from a population-based cohort, the Tokyo Teen Cohort study (TTC; N = 3171). PEs and dissociation were assessed at 10, 12, 14, and 16 years of age. PEs were assessed using a total score from five-item self-report questionnaires derived from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-C). Dissociation was assessed using subscale scores of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) completed by primary caregivers. We examined the longitudinal relationship between PEs and dissociation using the random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM). The within-person component of the RI-CLPM revealed no significant cross-lagged effect of dissociation on PEs at any time point. On the other hand, there was a significant (p < 0.05) association between PEs at age 14 and dissociation at age 16 (β = 0.106, 95 % CI 0.047–0.165). The between-person component revealed a significant time-invariant relationship between the two symptoms (β = 0.324, 95 % CI 0.239–0.410). The longitudinal relationship between PEs and dissociation was limited at the within-person level, whereas the between-person correlation was significant. The only significant longitudinal pathway was from PEs to dissociation, suggesting that PEs may be a predictor of dissociation in mid-adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite extensive theoretical discussions on the dynamic process of meaning violation (MV) and restoration, empirical research on this topic remained lacking. This study aimed to explore the trajectory of MV and the bi‐directionality between MV and perceived posttraumatic growth (PPTG). This study employed a 3‐wave longitudinal design spanning over 3 months, and a sample of participants from China who experienced any distressing event within the past 3 months was considered eligible. Participants (N = 215; aged 18–38 years old) were instructed to assess MV and PPTG regarding a chosen event. A latent growth model was used to examine changes in MV over time and a random intercept cross‐lagged panel model was used to analyze bidirectional associations between MV and PPTG. Results revealed that, at the within‐person level, MV at T1 negatively predicted PPTG at T2, while PPTG at T2 negatively predicted MV at T3. These results indicate that the sense of MV may have impeded PPTG in the initial stages, whereas PPTG might serve as a predictor for diminished MV at later stages. At the between‐person level, a positive relationship between these two constructs was observed, suggesting that individuals who experienced higher levels of MV, in general, also tended to report greater PPTG. These findings reflect the complex and dynamic nature of meaning reconstruction processes and provide empirical evidence for the meaning‐making model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To study the longitudinal relationship between loneliness and quality of life (QoL) in adults to identify key mechanisms to better design future psychosocial interventions. Method: 13,222 participants from three consecutive waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), aged 65 or older, 56.3% women. They were analyzed using cross-lagged panel model (CLPM), random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM), and multi-group models disaggregated by gender. Results: The RI-CLPM provided a better fit than the CLPM. Both models showed the stability of QoL and loneliness. All autoregressive paths were significant, and a negative association between concurrent QoL and loneliness was observed across all waves. The CLPM supported a reciprocal relationship, while the RI-CLPM only confirmed the effects of loneliness on QoL. Women reported higher levels of loneliness and poorer QoL, but no gender differences were identified in the longitudinal association. Conclusions: Addressing loneliness in early stages could be a better preventive measure to promote quality of life in both genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing studies have suggested concurrent correlations between working memory and linguistic skills for children with intellectual disabilities; however, evidence for the longitudinal relationship is sparse. This study collected longitudinal data on working memory and linguistic skills from 103 Chinese school-aged children with intellectual disabilities. At the first time of testing, children were 6 to 16 years old and completed measurements of working memory and receptive vocabulary. The same measurements were administered 1 and 2 years later. Children's working memory was assessed by backward digit span and starting position selection, and receptive vocabulary was measured using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary test. The random intercept cross-lagged panel model results demonstrated that working memory scores significantly predicted changes in receptive vocabulary for children with intellectual disabilities over time, but the reverse pattern was not evident. To some extent, our findings suggested that interventions targeting boosting working memory may subsequently enhance receptive vocabulary in children with intellectual disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Symptoms of anxiety and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are prospectively related from childhood to adolescence. However, whether the two dimensions of ADHD—inattention and hyperactivity‐impulsivity—are differentially related to anxiety and whether there are developmental and sex/gender differences in these relations are unknown.Two birth cohorts of Norwegian children were assessed biennially from ages 4 to 16 (N = 1,077; 49% girls) with diagnostic parent interviews used to assess symptoms of anxiety and ADHD. Data were analyzed using a random intercept cross‐lagged panel model, adjusting for all unobserved time‐invariant confounding effects.In girls, increased inattention, but not hyperactivity‐impulsivity, predicted increased anxiety 2 years later across all time‐points and increased anxiety at ages 12 and 14 predicted increased inattention but not hyperactivity‐impulsivity. In boys, increased hyperactivity‐impulsivity at ages 6 and 8, but not increased inattention, predicted increased anxiety 2 years later, whereas increased anxiety did not predict increased inattention or hyperactivity‐impulsivity.The two ADHD dimensions were differentially related to anxiety, and the relations were sex‐specific. In girls, inattention may be involved in the development of anxiety throughout childhood and adolescence and anxiety may contribute to girls developing more inattention beginning in early adolescence. In boys, hyperactivity‐impulsivity may be involved in the development of anxiety during the early school years. Effective treatment of inattention symptoms in girls may reduce anxiety risk at all time‐points, while addressing anxiety may decrease inattention during adolescence. Similarly, treating hyperactivity‐impulsivity may reduce anxiety risk in boys during late childhood (at ages 8–10). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abundant studies have explored the relations among deviant peer affiliation, self-control, and aggression without separating within-person from between-person effects. Moreover, it is unclear whether self-control mediates the associations between deviant peer affiliation and aggression during early adolescence. This longitudinal study used Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model to examine the dynamic relations among deviant peer affiliation, self-control, and aggression within individuals, including examining whether self-control mediated the relations between deviant peer affiliation and aggression. A total of 4078 early adolescents (54% boys, Mage = 9.91, SD = 0.73) completed questionnaires on four occasions across 2 years. Results indicated: (a) Deviant peer affiliation and aggression positively predicted each other; (b) Self-control and aggression negatively predicted each other but were unstable; (c) Deviant peer affiliation and self-control negatively predicted each other; and (d) Self-control mediated the path from aggression to deviant peer affiliation, but not vice versa. The results more precisely identify the relations among deviant peer affiliation, self-control, and aggression within individuals, providing valuable information for prevention and intervention programs targeted at alleviating early adolescent aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite growing concerns regarding the development of gaming disorder symptoms among adolescents, the longitudinal relationship between school factors and gaming disorder symptoms remains far from being fully understood. This two-year longitudinal study examined the relationship between school climate perceptions, academic achievement, and gaming disorder symptoms among three distinct demographic cohorts: preadolescents (n = 1513; 46.9% girls, Mage = 10.64 years, SD = 0.56), early adolescents (n = 1771; 48.3% girls, Mage = 13.54 years, SD = 0.70), and late adolescents (n = 2385; 50.1% girls, Mage = 16.41 years, SD = 0.59). A four-wave study was conducted (six months apart) using random intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPMs) to separate the within-person (state level) from the between-person (trait level) effects. The results obtained from the RI-CLPMs indicated that fluctuations in school climate perceptions negatively predicted subsequent changes in gaming disorder symptoms among preadolescents at the within-person level, but not among early and late adolescents. Fluctuations relating to gaming disorder symptoms also negatively predicted subsequent changes regarding academic achievement in late adolescents, but not in preadolescents and early adolescents. The effect of school-related factors on gaming disorder symptoms varies across different developmental stages. While preadolescents may represent a particularly susceptible subgroup for gaming disorder in terms of being predicted by their school environment, late adolescents appear to be more vulnerable to predictors of gaming disorder symptoms. The current study also discusses the implications of school-wide programs aimed at improving school climate and preventing the development of gaming disorder symptoms during key developmental periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The awareness of words' morphological structure has been thought to allow generalizing meaning to other, similarly constructed words. Conversely, a large vocabulary is thought to facilitate the recognition of words' morphological regularities, thereby contributing to morphological awareness. For this reason, morphological awareness and vocabulary have been suggested to be reciprocally associated across development. We followed 242 (girls = 119) Norwegian preschoolers (M age = 5.5 years) from preschool through Grade 2 and examined the cross-lagged relations between morphological awareness (inflections and derivations) and vocabulary (receptive and expressive). Our results confirm that the traditional cross-lagged panel model shows significant cross-lagged relations between morphological awareness and vocabulary, as previous studies have shown. However, no cross-lagged relations were found when we accounted for longitudinal measured stability through a cross-lagged panel model with lag-2 paths or unmeasured stability through the random intercept cross-lagged panel model. We found that approximately 50% of the variation in morphology and vocabulary was due to highly stable and invariant factors across grades. We discuss how the significant cross-lagged relations found in previous studies could have been due to their not accounting for the right type of stability when using longitudinal panel data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Moral disengagement is an important aggressive and moral cognition. The mechanisms of changes in moral disengagement remain unclear, especially at the within‐person level. We attempted to clarify this by exploring the serial effects of personal relative deprivation and hostility on civic moral disengagement. We conducted a three‐wave longitudinal survey with 1058 undergraduates (63.61% women; mean age = 20.97). The results of the random intercept cross‐lagged panel model showed that personal relative deprivation at Wave 1 and hostility at Wave 2 formed a serial effect on the within‐person changes in civic moral disengagement at Wave 3, and the longitudinal indirect effect test showed that the within‐person dynamics in hostility at Wave 2 acted as a mediator. The results of multiple group analysis across genders further showed that the longitudinal indirect role of hostility at Wave 2 was only observed for men, but not for women, which indicates the moderating effect of gender. These findings facilitate an understanding of the mechanisms of aggressive cognitions at the within‐person level and offer implications for the prevention and intervention of aggression from the perspective of moral cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite extensive research on the psychological impacts of digital technology, the nuanced dynamics between adolescent loneliness and problematic smartphone use, particularly across different educational levels and genders, remain underexplored. This study aims to fill this gap by employing a Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model to dissect the bidirectional relationship between loneliness and problematic smartphone use among adolescents, with a focus on the moderating roles of educational levels and gender. Engaging 3132 students from various educational institutions in China, the research conducted a three-wave longitudinal analysis across 2022–2023. The final number of participants included 1120 adolescents (53.5% female; age in 2022: M = 14.57 years, SD = 1.57). Results reveal that loneliness significantly predicts problematic smartphone use, but not vice versa, highlighting a unidirectional influence. The study uncovers crucial differences across educational levels and gender, emphasizing the stronger effect of loneliness on problematic smartphone use among junior high students and female adolescents. These findings underscore the complexity of adolescent loneliness and its relationship with digital behavior, suggesting a need for tailored interventions considering both gender and developmental stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Students' experiences in physical education (PE) can shape future physical activity (PA) behaviors. PE enjoyment is associated with PA; however, the relationship between PE enjoyment and fitness has not been extensively investigated. The aim of this study was to examine if changes in PE enjoyment were associated with changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscular fitness (MF) among Finnish adolescents. Methods: Study participants were students (n = 1147; 11.27 [±0.32] years at baseline) attending public schools in Finland. Data were collected yearly (2017–2021). The 20 m shuttle run assessed CRF, curl‐up/push‐up tests assessed MF, and the enjoyment subscale of the Sport Commitment Questionnaire‐2 measured PE enjoyment. The random intercept cross‐lagged panel model, including repeated measures (within‐level) and latent levels (between‐level) of PE enjoyment, CRF and MF, was tested. Sex, body mass index, moderate to vigorous PA, and peak height velocity were included as covariates in the analysis. Results: Over 5 years, PE enjoyment decreased, CRF increased until Timepoint 3, and MF remained stable. Positive associations between PE enjoyment and fitness were observed, indicating the greater the PE enjoyment, the higher the fitness. For PE enjoyment, CRF and MF repeated measures were positively associated with measurement of the next year. PE enjoyment was positively related to CRF and MF the years thereafter. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the importance of quality PE experiences for enjoyment and fitness gains during the transition from primary to secondary school. These findings are important given youth fitness levels are associated with future health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical studies have shown that news consumption, expressive social media activities, and political discussions are positively related to political consumerism. However, political consumerism is usually conceptualized as boycotting and/or buycotting, neglecting discursive and lifestyle political consumerism. Moreover, most studies are based on cross-sectional data and do not explore potential reciprocal relationships. To address these research gaps, I conducted a three-wave panel survey targeting the German population (N = 1,945). The results of the confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the theoretical conceptualization of political consumerism as a multifaced phenomenon is empirically plausible. Applying the O-S-R-O-R model, partial correlations and random intercept cross-lagged panel analyses revealed that the reciprocal relationships between information, communication, and political consumerism activities differ depending on which political consumerism activity is considered: expressive social media activities predict boycotting, information and communication activities do not predict buycotting, political discussions and discursive political consumerism tend to reinforce each other, and political discussions follow rather than predict lifestyle political consumerism. These results emphasize the differences between various political consumerism activities and suggest that such activities should be analyzed separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaboration improves multiple academic and social outcomes. Accordingly, computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) can be beneficial in distance education contexts to overcome the issues specific to online learning (e.g., underperformance, low identification with university). Distance universities often attract a substantial number of non-traditional students (e.g., students with disability, students with migration background). Despite their representation, non-traditional students face negative stereotypes and associated social consequences, including social identity threat, diminished sense of belonging, and less motivation for social interactions. In the context of online learning, where there is little individuating information, social categories like socio-demographic group memberships become salient, activating stereotypes. Consequently, socio-demographic group memberships can have detrimental consequences for the integration of non-traditional students. The purpose of the present study was to (a) determine the extent of social identity threat for students in higher distance education, (b) explore the social consequences of this threat in the same context, (c) validate these findings through longitudinal analyses embedded in a CSCL task, and (d) use learning analytics to test behavioral outcomes. In a longitudinal study with three measurement occasions over 8 weeks (N = 1,210), we conducted path analyses for cross-sectional associations and Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models for longitudinal predictions. The results showed that non-traditional students mostly reported higher social identity threat than traditional students. While the expected longitudinal within-person effects could not be demonstrated, we found stable between-person effects: students who reported higher levels of social identity threat also reported lower sense of belonging and lower social approach motivation. Exploratory analyses of actual online collaboration during CSCL offer potential avenues for future research. We conclude that social identity threat and its social consequences play an important role in higher distance education and should therefore be considered for successful CSCL.

A strong link between children's emotion regulation and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms has been documented; however, the within-person mechanisms remain unclear. Based on the self-control theory and self-regulation theory, our study investigated the longitudinal, bidirectional relationship between emotion regulation and ODD symptoms in school-age children with ODD using parent- and teacher-reported data, respectively. A total of 256 Chinese elementary school students participated in a three-wave longitudinal study spanning two years. We used the random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) to investigate the concurrent and longitudinal associations between emotion regulation and ODD symptoms. Results from the RI-CLPMs revealed that ODD symptoms were negatively correlated with emotion regulation and positively correlated with emotion lability/negativity at both the between-person and within-person levels across settings. Additionally, in the school setting, emotion regulation negatively predicted subsequent ODD symptoms but not vice versa, whereas emotion lability/negativity was bidirectionally associated with ODD symptoms over time. The longitudinal associations of ODD symptoms with emotion regulation and lability/negativity were not observed in the home setting. These findings suggest a circular mechanism between children's emotion regulation and ODD symptoms and support the view that emotion regulation, particularly emotion lability/negativity, plays an important role in the development of ODD symptoms.

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to explore the bidirectional association between frailty and social relationships in older adults while distinguishing between interpersonal and intrapersonal effects. Methods A prospective cohort study of community-dwelling older adults was conducted in Japan in three waves spanning six years with follow-ups in every three years. Random intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to explore temporal associations between frailty and social relationships. Results Data for 520 participants (mean age 73.02 [SD 6.38] years, 56.7% women) were analyzed. Across individuals, frailty was associated with social relationships (β = -0.514, p

The aim of the study was to examine associations between life events and self-assessed loneliness in adolescence. We used data from a Norwegian population-based twin sample including seven birth cohorts (N = 2,879, 56% females). The participants completed self-report questionnaires three times throughout adolescence, with 2 years in between (i.e., 12–18 years old at Wave 1). By using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM), we were able to separate stable influences in the measured constructs from the within-person changes at each measurement occasion. In addition, using data from twins allowed us to examine to what degree the associations between life events and loneliness were genetic and/or environmental in nature. The results showed moderate stability of both loneliness and aggregation scores of life events throughout adolescence. The life events were assigned to clusters based on their independence (i.e., events considered dependent or independent on a person's behavior) and desirability (i.e., positive or negative). The time-stable between-person variance in all three measures, loneliness and person-dependent positive and negative life events, could almost exclusively be accounted for by genetic factors. However, as expected, also shared environmental factors influenced person-independent life events. The associations between time-stable between-person variance in loneliness and life events were small, and nearly exclusively due to shared genetic influences. Furthermore, life events do not seem to predict changes in loneliness or vice versa. In conclusion, the self-reported levels of loneliness throughout adolescence seems to be independent of life events. Public Significance Statement: This study suggests that life events do not influence levels of loneliness in adolescence. The weak associations between life events and loneliness were mainly due to shared genetic influences. Additionally, the results showed that levels of loneliness are moderately stable throughout this period of life, mainly due to genetic influences. Importantly, the study highlights the need of using genetically informative designs, also when studying the effects of assumed "environmental" measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Lewisohn's model of depression, decreases in behavioral activation (BA) occurring after facing a vital stressor may increase the risk of depression. Transition to parenthood is a potentially stressful life event that increases the risks of postpartum depression. We aimed to (a) describe the changes in BA and depressive symptomatology between the prepartum period, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months postpartum and (b) evaluate the bidirectionality of the relationship between intraindividual changes in BA and intraindividual changes in depressive symptoms longitudinally. Chilean pregnant women (N = 503) completed a battery of questionnaires when they were between 32 and 37 weeks of gestation and 1, 3, and 6 months after delivery. A repeated measures analysis of variance showed that BA significantly decreased from prepartum to 1 month postpartum. A random intercept cross-lagged panel model supported the bidirectional inverse relationship between intraindividual changes in BA and intraindividual changes in depressive symptoms. The effect sizes of these associations were large (βs ranging from −.141 to −.243) according to Orth et al. (2022)'s recommendations for cross-lagged effect benchmarks. This relationship showed robustness when multigroup random intercept cross-lagged panel models were conducted to adjust for several covariates (i.e., marital status, the type of health insurance, type of delivery, primiparous vs. multiparous participants, and pregnancy or delivery complication or newborn health problem). Nonetheless, reporting a previous history of major depression moderated this relationship so that intraindividual decreases in BA more likely led to intraindividual increases in depressive symptoms in people with a history of depression than in people without such a history. We discuss implications for behavioral models of depression. General Scientific Summary: Models of depression conceptualize behavioral activation (BA) as a key concept, but its role in postpartum depressive symptoms has not been fully investigated. This study analyzes the cross-lagged effect of BA and depressive symptoms in a sample of postpartum women. Results of the study support the cross-lagged, bidirectional inverse relation between depression and BA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both mothers and fathers are at risk for experiencing postpartum depressive symptoms shortly after the birth of a child. Previous studies suggest mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms to be interrelated. This study examined bidirectional relations between mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms across four years postpartum. Longitudinal data for this study were collected across five waves from 485 mothers and 359 fathers of infants when infants were on average 6 months-old until children were 54 months-old (1-year lags). Mothers and fathers reported on their depressive symptoms using the Center for the Epidemiological Studies Short Depression Scale (CES-D 10). A random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RICLPM) was specified to examine the bidirectional relations between mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms over time. At the between-person level, mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms were positively associated. At the within-person level, unique carry-over effects were found for mothers and fathers in that when reporting higher depressive symptoms than their trait levels, they were more likely to report higher depressive symptoms one year later. Moreover, intermittent cross-lagged effects were observed from mothers' depressive symptoms to fathers' depressive symptoms during toddlerhood. The sample was not racially or structurally diverse thereby limiting the generalizations of the findings. After the birth of a child, mothers and fathers are at risk for experiencing chronic depressive symptoms which can have implications for individual, couple and child health. Mothers' depressive symptoms are related to fathers' depressive symptoms over time. • Mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms are related across the first four years postpartum. • Carry-over effects were observed for both mothers and fathers. • Intermittent spillover effects were observed from mothers' depressive symptoms to fathers' depressive symptoms one-year later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous literature has suggested that victimization is linked to low self-esteem and increases the symptoms of gaming disorder. However, little is known about the intra-individual processes, and the temporal dynamics of cyber-victimization, self-esteem, and gaming disorder symptoms. To address this gap, a three-year longitudinal study was performed using data collected at six different time points from 4206 Chinese adolescents (aged 12–17 years; 50.4% boys). Results of random intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPMs) indicated that at the within-person level, the fluctuation in self-esteem weakly predicted late cyber-victimization, and the fluctuation of cyber-victimization also weakly predicted late self-esteem. Additionally, the current study identified an interactive effect between self-esteem and gaming disorder symptoms at the within-person level. Fluctuations in self-esteem negatively predicted late gaming disorder symptoms, and vice versa. However, when combining the three variables (i.e., cyber-victimization, self-esteem, and gaming disorder symptoms) into one RI-CLPM, the results did not support the mediation of self-esteem in the relationship between cyber-victimization and gaming disorder symptoms at the within-person level. Moreover, fluctuations in self-esteem negatively predicted late gaming disorder symptoms and cyber-victimization at the within-person level in the RI-CLPM. These findings emphasize the protective role of self-esteem developed against cyber-victimization and gaming disorder symptoms among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-lagged models are by far the most commonly used method to test the prospective effect of one construct on another, yet there are no guidelines for interpreting the size of cross-lagged effects. This research aims to establish empirical benchmarks for cross-lagged effects, focusing on the cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) and the random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM). We drew a quasirepresentative sample of studies published in four subfields of psychology (i.e., developmental, social-personality, clinical, and industrial-organizational). The dataset included 1,028 effect sizes for the CLPM and 302 effect sizes for the RI-CLPM, based on data from 174 samples. For the CLPM, the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of the distribution corresponded to cross-lagged effect sizes of .03, .07, and .12, respectively. For the RI-CLPM, the corresponding values were .02, .05, and .11. Effect sizes did not differ significantly between the CLPM and RI-CLPM. Moreover, effect sizes did not differ significantly across subfields and were not moderated by design characteristics. However, effect sizes were moderated by the concurrent correlation between the constructs and the stability of the predictor. Based on the findings, we propose to use .03 (small effect), .07 (medium effect), and .12 (large effect) as benchmark values when interpreting the size of cross-lagged effects, for both the CLPM and RI-CLPM. In addition to aiding in the interpretation of results, the present findings will help researchers plan studies by providing information needed to conduct power analyses and estimate minimally required sample sizes. Researchers in psychology and related disciplines often use longitudinal data to examine the effect of a construct measured at one point in time on another construct measured at a later time point. This article provides guidelines for interpreting the size of these prospective effects. We focused on two frequently used models: the cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) and the random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM). We examined the range of effect sizes reported for these models in a quasirepresentative sample of published articles drawn from four subfields of psychology (developmental, social-personality, clinical, and industrial-organizational). Average effect sizes were similar for the CLPM and RI-CLPM and did not differ significantly across subfields. Based on the findings, we recommend that researchers use .03 (small effect), .07 (medium effect), and .12 (large effect) as benchmark values when interpreting the size of cross-lagged effects for both the CLPM and RI-CLPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social rank theory posits people with depression experience feelings of inferiority in relation to others. These feelings of inferiority and their associated processes in depression bear a striking resemblance to the experience of envy; however, the direction of the association between depression and envy remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the longitudinal associations between dispositional envy and depressive symptoms over six months. Three waves of data were collected through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) in 2018. A total of n = 644 American community adults (Mage=39.7, SD= 12.8; 41.3 % female) provided responses to study measures at baseline. We performed random-intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM) to test the relationships between the variables. The correlations between dispositional envy and depression across three-time points were significant. The cross-lagged analyses revealed that baseline depression (T0) predicted higher dispositional envy at three months (T1), and greater envy at three months predicted higher depression at six months (T2). However, greater envy at baseline (T0) did not predict higher depression at three months later (T1), and higher depression at three months (T1) did not predict greater envy at six months (T2). These results suggest a dynamic and asymmetric relationship between envy and depression over six months. Public health interventions and policy strategies with the goal of reducing depression symptoms should consider the impact of dispositional envy and the environmental context wherein envy is likely (e.g., societal inequality). Future longitudinal studies should assess the relationships between envy and depressive symptoms, considering the potential role of social status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the bidirectional associations between alcohol drinking and depression in which low to moderate alcohol drinking may reduce the risk of depression, while the occurrence of depression may increase the amount of alcohol drinking as a coping strategy. Data for the community-dwelling older adults from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) 2016 to 2019 were analyzed using random intercept cross-lagged panel models to explore the within-individual causal associations for males and females separately. Socioeconomic status (SES), smoking and comorbidities were adjusted in the models. Among 3388 older adults with three measures for the number of alcohol drinks and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) depression scores, a prior increase in the number of drinks was related to a moderate non-significant decrease in PHQ scores in the follow-up, but a previous increase in the PHQ scores was significantly associated with a decrease in the number of drinks at the follow-up visit in the adjusted models (regression coefficient = −0.144, p = 0.017 for males; and coefficient = −0.11, p < 0.001 for females). Prior depression may lead to reduced drinking in the follow up visits, but no bidirectional association was found among US older adults. • Among US elderly adults, a prior increase in the number of drinks was related to a moderate decrease in PHQ scores. • A previous increase in the PHQ scores was significantly associated with a decrease in the number of drinks. • No evidence for self-medication using alcohol drinking after depression. • Studying causal association requires causal inference framework such as random intercept cross-lagged panel models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the bidirectional association between frailty and social relationships in older adults while distinguishing between interpersonal and intrapersonal effects. Methods: A prospective cohort study of community-dwelling older adults was conducted in Japan in three waves spanning six years with follow-ups in every three years. Random intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to explore temporal associations between frailty and social relationships. Results: Data for 520 participants (mean age 73.02 [SD 6.38] years, 56.7% women) were analyzed. Across individuals, frailty was associated with social relationships (β = -0.514, p < 0.001). At the interpersonal level, frailty was cross-sectionally associated with social relationships separately at T1(β = -0.389, p < 0.01), T2 (β = -0.343, p < 0.001) and T3 (β = -0.273, p < 0.05). Moreover, social relationships were associated with subsequent increases in symptoms of frailty in all measurement waves (β = -0.332, p < 0.001; β = -0.169, p < 0.01) and vice versa (β = -0.149, p < 0.05; β = -0.292, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results suggest that frailty was associated with lower levels of social relationships. Frailty improvement programs can be combined with interventions to enhance social relationships, which will be beneficial in preventing frailty. The results emphasize the importance of combining clinical treatments of frailty with interventions to improve social relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cross-sectional research, subjective well-being and grit are found to be positively correlated. Their mutually reinforcing effects are particularly relevant for youth entering early adolescence because, during this developmental period, both well-being and grit have been shown to predict consequential outcomes later in life. However, their mutual relation has not yet been investigated in early adolescence. This study, therefore, examined the possibility of a virtuous cycle linking subjective well-being and grit during early adolescence. Self-report questionnaires of grit and subjective well-being were completed by N = 5291 children in China (47.6% girls; initial Mage = 9.69, SDage = 0.59) on six occasions over 3 academic years. In random-intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPMs), within-person changes in grit predicted within-person changes in subjective well-being 6 months later, and vice versa. Notably, analyses revealed an asymmetry in this cycle: paths from subjective well-being to grit were stronger and more reliable than the converse. Likewise, facet-level analyses showed that the predictive power of the perseverance component (of grit) and the affective component (of subjective well-being), respectively, was greater than the passion and cognitive components, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of boosting happiness for catalyzing positive youth development and, in addition, foreground the utility of studying these composite constructs at the facet level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The onset of a chronic physical health condition (CHC) can highly impact individuals' well‐being and mental health. Social support has been shown to help people rebound after the onset of a CHC. Nonetheless, little is known about the longitudinal pattern of social support and its reciprocal association with mental health in CHC. This study aimed to illustrate the longitudinal pattern of perceived social support and to examine the reciprocal association between perceived social support and psychological distress across 6 years. Two random intercept cross‐lagged panel models were conducted, one for emotional and one for practical support, using yearly assessments of 582 Swiss Household Panel's participants reporting a CHC. A reciprocal association was found, with psychological distress 1 year after the onset being linked to less emotional support in the following year and vice versa, more emotional support being linked to less psychological distress the following year. A unidirectional association was found for practical support, with more psychological distress 1 year before the CHC onset being linked to more practical support at the onset year. This study underlines the importance of involving the social environment of individuals living with a CHC, especially around the first year after the onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds and aims: Family dysfunction is a significant risk factor for adolescent problematic gaming, yet few studies have investigated the bidirectional relations between changes in family dysfunction and adolescent problematic gaming and potential mediating mechanisms. This study thus examined the bidirectional relations between family dysfunction and adolescent problematic gaming and the mediating role of self-concept clarity within this relation. Methods: Participants included 4,731 Chinese early adolescents (44.9% girls; M age = 10.91 years, SD = 0.72) who were surveyed at four time points 6 months apart. Results: Random intercept cross-lagged panel modeling found (a) family dysfunction directly predicts increased problematic gaming, (b) adolescent problematic gaming directly predicts increased experience of family dysfunction, (c) family dysfunction indirectly predicts problematic gaming via self-concept clarity, and (d) adolescent problematic gaming indirectly predicts family dysfunction via self-concept clarity. Discussion and conclusions: The present study suggests that adolescents may be trapped in a vicious cycle between family dysfunction and problematic gaming either directly or indirectly through impairing their self-concept clarity. Findings indicate fostering youth self-concept clarity is essential to break the vicious circle between dysfunctional experiences in the family and problematic gaming among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Although an association between skeletal muscle mass index and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has previously been demonstrated, the causal direction remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the directional association between NAFLD and the serum creatinine‐to‐body weight ratio (sCr/bw), a surrogate marker of the muscle mass index, using longitudinal data. Methods: We recruited 9662 participants in 2017 and performed follow‐up over 4 years. We evaluated whether sCr/bw was related to NAFLD development (Analysis I) and whether NAFLD was associated with a low sCr/bw incidence (Analysis II) using logistic regression models. Furthermore, a random intercept cross‐lagged panel model was applied to evaluate the bidirectional association between sCr/bw ratio and NAFLD (Analysis III). Results: Analysis I demonstrated an association between sCr/bw and incident NAFLD (odds ratio [OR] = 0.160, 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.107–0.232). Analysis II indicated a relationship between NAFLD and subsequent low sCr/bw ratio (OR = 1.524, 95% CI: 1.258–1.846). Analysis III indicated that the standard regression coefficient from sCr/bw to subsequent hepatic steatosis (HS) was −0.053 for βsCr/bw2017 → HS2019 and −0.060 for βsCr/bw2019 → HS2021 and the coefficient from HS to subsequent sCr/bw was −0.093 for βHS2017 → sCr/bw2019 and −0.112 for βHS2019 → sCr/bw2021 (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: This study indicated mutual causality between sCr/bw and NAFLD. Considering that sCr/bw is a surrogate marker of muscle mass index, the findings emphasize that NAFLD and low muscle mass form a vicious cycle, which should be taken seriously in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although intelligence and personality traits have long been recognized as key predictors of students' academic achievement, little is known about their longitudinal and reciprocal associations. Here, we charted the developmental interplay of intelligence, personality (Big Five) and academic achievement in 3880 German secondary school students, who were assessed four times between the ages 11 and 14 years (i.e., in grades 5, 6, 7, and 8). Method: We fitted random intercept cross‐lagged panel models (RI‐CLPs) to investigate reciprocal within‐person associations between (a) academic achievement and intelligence, (b) academic achievement and personality, as well as (c) intelligence and personality. Results: The results revealed negative within‐person associations between Conscientiousness and Extraversion assessed at the first wave of measurement and intelligence assessed at the second wave. None of the reciprocal personality–achievement associations attained statistical significance. Academic achievement and intelligence showed reciprocal within‐person relations, with the strongest coefficients found for achievement longitudinally predicting intelligence. Conclusions: Our work contributes to developmental theorizing on interrelations between personality, intelligence, and academic achievement, as well as to within‐person conceptualizations in personality research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-sectional studies have shown an association between lower help-seeking intentions and greater depressive symptoms among adolescents. However, no longitudinal study has examined the direction of this association. The current study investigated whether help-seeking intentions and depressive symptoms are reciprocally associated at the within-person (individual) level during early to mid-adolescence. Longitudinal data on help-seeking intentions and depressive symptoms in adolescents were obtained from a population-based birth cohort study (Tokyo Teen Cohort; N = 3,171) at four time points (10y, 12y, 14y, and 16y). A random intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to evaluate the within-person prospective associations between help-seeking intentions and depressive symptoms. At the within-person level, significant associations were consistently observed between antecedent greater depressive symptoms and subsequent lower help-seeking intentions across all time points (10y–12y: standardized regression coefficient (β) = −0.12, p <.001; 12y–14y: β = −0.07, p <.05; and 14y–16y: β = −0.09, p <.01). Meanwhile, significant within-person associations were partly observed between antecedent lower help-seeking intentions and subsequent greater depressive symptoms from 10y to 12y (β = −0.07, p <.05) and from 14y to 16y (β = −0.12, p <.001). These prospective associations were almost the same when adjusted for the number of potential confidants as a time-varying confounder. Adolescents with worsening depressive symptoms may become increasingly reluctant to seek help over time. Proactive early recognition and intervention with support from parents, teachers, and other individuals may facilitate the management of depression in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective Methods and Measures Results Conclusion Emotional well-being may predict future health and vice versa. We examined the reciprocal associations between emotional well-being and subjective health from age 36 to 61.The data were drawn from the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development and included information from 36-, 42-, 50- and 61-year-olds (N = 336). The emotional well-being indicators included life satisfaction and negative and positive mood. The subjective health indicators were self-rated health and psychosomatic symptoms. The analyses were conducted with random intercept cross-lagged panel models.Within-person cross-lagged associations were found between emotional well-being and subjective health. Fewer psychosomatic symptoms at ages 36 and 50 predicted higher life satisfaction at ages 42 and 61, respectively. A lower negative mood at age 42 and a higher positive mood at age 50 predicted fewer psychosomatic symptoms at 50 and 61, respectively. Conversely, a higher negative mood at ages 36 and 50 predicted better self-rated health at ages 42 and 61, respectively.The relationship between emotional well-being and subjective health appears to be reciprocal. Both emotional well-being and subjective health predicted each other even 6–11 years later. However, associations may depend on the variables and age periods investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]