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Parkinson's disease (PD) is slowly developing neurodegenerative disorder associated with gradual decline in cerebration and laboriousness to perform routine piece of work. PD imposed a social burden on society through higher medical cost and by loss of social productivity in current era. The available treatment options are expensive and associated with serious adverse effect after long term use. Therefore, there is a critical clinical need to develop alternative pharmacotherapies from natural sources to prevent and cure the pathological hall marks of PD with minimal cost. Our study aimed to scrutinize the antiparkinsonian potential of curcuminoids-rich extract and its binary and ternary inclusion complexes. In healthy rats, 1 mg/kg haloperidol daily intraperitoneally, for 3 weeks was used to provoke Parkinsonism like symptoms except control group. Curcuminoids rich extract, binary and ternary inclusion complexes formulations 15-30 mg/kg, L-dopa and carbidopa (100 + 25 mg/kg) were orally administered on each day for 3 weeks. Biochemical, histopathological and RT-qPCR analyses were conducted after neurobehavioral observations. Findings of current study indicated that all curcuminoids formulations markedly mitigated the behavioral abnormalities, recovered the level of antioxidant enzymes, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and neurotransmitters. Histological analysis revealed that curcuminoids supplements stabilized the neuronal loss, pigmentation and Lewy bodies' formation. The mRNA expressions of neuro-inflammatory and specific PD pathological biomarkers were downregulated by treatment with curcuminoids formulations. Therefore, it is suggested that these curcuminoids rich extract, binary and ternary supplements should be considered as promising therapeutic agents in development of modern anti-Parkinson's disease medications.

Sarcococca saligna is a valuable source of bioactive secondary metabolites exhibiting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. The study was intended to explore the therapeutic pursuits of S. saligna in amelioration of cognitive and motor dysfunctions induced by D-galactose and linked mechanistic pathways. Alzheimer's disease model was prepared by administration of D-galactose subcutaneous injection100 mg/kg and it was treated with rivastigmine (100 mg/kg, orally) and plant extract for 42 days. Cognitive and motor functions were evaluated by behavioral tasks and oxidative stress biomarkers. Level of acetylcholinesterase, reduced level of glutathione, protein and nitrite level, and brain neurotransmitters were analyzed in brain homogenate. The level of apoptosis regulator Bcl-2, Caspases 3 and heat shock protein HSP-70 in brain homogenates were analyzed by ELISA and colorimetric method, respectively. AChE, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-1α and β secretase expressions were analyzed by RT-PCR. S. saligna dose dependently suppressed the neurodegenerative effects of D-galactose induced behavioral and biochemical impairments through modulation of antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. S. saligna markedly (P 0.05) ameliorated the level of brain neurotransmitters, Bcl-2, HSP-70 and Caspases-3 level. S. saligna at 500-1000 mg/kg considerably recovered the mRNA expression of neurodegenerative and neuro-inflammatory biomarkers, also evident from histopathological analysis. These findings suggest that S. saligna could be applicable in cure of Alzheimer's disease.

The continuous use of pesticides can cause many serious problems in the environmental system. So, it is very necessary to go back to nature again and look for safe alternatives to chemical pesticides. During this research, we evaluated the toxicity of two types of natural substances (wood vinegar and seaweed extract) against three types of zoological pests, two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) and two land snails (Monacha cartusiana and Eobania vermiculata). Results indicated that wood vinegar and seaweed extract had negative effects on eggs, immature stages and adults of T. urticae. Their mortalities were significantly increased with increasing of the applied dose of wood vinegar and seaweed extract. The highest mortalities of eggs, immature stages and adults of T. urticae were 82.9, 71.8 and 98.4% and were 75.3, 62.9 and 83.9% after 72 h from the application of wood vinegar and seaweed extract, respectively. Data showed also a positive relationship between the mortality percentages of snails and the concentration. The highest mortality rates for M. cartusiana and E. vermiculata (73.91 and 60.87%) and (91.67 and 83.33%) were recorded due to the use of wood vinegar and seaweed extract at the concentration of 25% individually. The values of LC50 and LC90 were calculated and the results confirmed that the seaweed extract was more toxic for the tested land snails than wood vinegar. The higher values of LC50 of wood vinegar and seaweed extract (21.67% and 11.87%) were selected for the biosafety tests in mammals by using Rattus norvegicus albinus males. It was clear that both wood vinegar and seaweed extract had no harmful effects on mammals according to the non-significant differences in liver and kidney functions (ALP, AST, ALT, Creatinine and urea in the blood samples) between treated and untreated rats.