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Background: Renal calculi is mineral deposit in the renal calyces and pelvis that are found free or attached to the renal papillae. Management of kidney stone disease in pediatric population is a challenging condition in urology practice. While the incidence of kidney stone is increasing in those group, technological innovations have contributed to the development of minimally invasive treatment of urinary stone disease such as mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mini-PCNL), micro-PCNL, ultra mini-PCNL. Aim: To find the frequency of stone clearance and post op hematoma after micro PCNL in pediatric patients with renal stones. Place and duration of study: Department of Urology, Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore from 25-01-2020 to 25-07-2020. Methodology: After approval from the hospital ethical committee, 60 all the children of 18 years presenting in Department of Urology fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included. An informed consent was obtained from patients. Before performing micro PCNL renal stone was confirmed on CT-Scan KUB plain. After proper selection of the patients, they were prepared for surgery. After preparation patients were put on list for micro-PCNL. Surgery was performed. Post operatively CT-Scan KUB plain was performed to see the stone clearance four weeks after surgery. Post hematoma was noted according to Clavien Grading Scoring. Results: Out of 60 patients, 19(31.7%) were in group ≤10 years of age whereas 41(68.3%) in were in group 11-18 years of age, mean age was calculated as 12.90±3.16 years. There were 44(73.3%) were male whereas 16(26.7%) were females. Frequency of stone clearance was 56(93.33%) and post op hematuria was 4(6.66%) after micro PCNL in pediatric patients with renal stones. Conclusion: We found that, after Micro PCNL in pediatric patients with renal stones there were good stone clearance rate and less hematuria. So micro PCNL is good technique for stone clearance and less complications occurred. Keywords: Urinary tract stone, PCNL, Renal Calculi.

Stainless steel (SS) grade 316L is used for orthopedic implants due to its biocompatibility; yet the effort should be done to minimize the carcinogenic and inflammatory effects related to SS 316L implants. In this research, aluminide coating of Al–Si alloy on SS 316L is characterized by using optical microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), nano-indentation and corrosion testing technique. Hot dip aluminizing process is used to coat the SS 316L specimens at 765 °C for 2 min immersion time. Half of the specimens are also diffusion treated in a Muffle furnace at 550 °C for 4 h to produce diffused specimens of SS 316L. Microstructural examination shows the formation of flat coating/substrate interface due to Si addition. EDS analysis confirms the formation of complex intermetallic at the coating/substrate interface which finally results in increasing the hardness and corrosion resistance properties of coating.

Introduction: Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end stage renal disease. It offers marked improvement in the quality of life of patients who undergo this form of treatment. Surgical complications are important in the sense that they can lead to loss of allograft and in severe cases loss of patient life. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of surgical complications after renal trans-plantation in our population. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the surgical complications in 350 patients who had live related renal transplantation performed at Postgraduate Medical Institute, Shaikh Zayed hospital Lahore from January 2007 to December 2013. Results: Among 57 (16.1%) surgical complications 18 (5.1%) had urological complications. Urinary fistulae, ureteral stenosis, ureteral stricture and hematuria occurred in 9 (2.5%), 4 (1.14%), 4 (1.14%) and 1 (0.28%) patients respectively. Vascular complications occurred in 5 (1.42%) patients in total. 2 (0.57%) patients had renal artery thrombosis and 1 (0.28%) patient had renal vein thrombosis. 2 (0.57%) patients had thrombosis of external iliac artery. Lymphocele occur-red in17 (4.8%) of patients and wound infection developed in 19 (5.4%) patients. Conclusion: Surgical complications after kidney transplantation may be reduced or minimized if basic surgical principles of transplantation are followed. We conclude that kidney transplantation is a safe procedure with fewer surgical complications. The most important thing is the early diagnosis and prompt treatment of the complications in order to save the graft and the patient. Keywords: Transplantation, Complications, Live related.