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Achieving safely managed sanitation (SMS) in rural areas has spurred innovation in toilet designs that provide on-site treatment of fecal sludge (FS), including the development of International Development Enterprise (iDE)’s alternating dual-pit latrine upgrade (ADP). ADPs treat FS by inactivating pathogens using storage treatment with lime; however, ADPs’ reduction in pathogenicity (and thus their associated public health benefit) has not yet been described in real-world pits at scale. We thus enumerate the fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) and fecal coliforms in 147 pits after two years of storage treatment with lime and compare detected concentrations to relevant standards. E. coli and fecal coliform concentrations indicated a risk to human health in 31% and 42% of sampled pits, respectively. Regression models described relationships between fecal indicator bacteria concentrations and measured factors (e.g., sludge pH, temperature) but did not reveal any meaningful associations. High rates of pit ineligibility also indicate that many ADPs are not operated as recommended. Results indicate a one-in-three chance that a household emptying their own pit would be exposed to health hazards and call into question the effectiveness of the standard two-year storage treatment in real-world applications. To improve rural SMS, various evidence-based recommendations are made. HIGHLIGHTS Fecal sludge stored in real-world alternating dual-pit latrines after treatment were enumerated for fecal indicator bacteria.; E. coli and fecal coliform concentrations indicated a risk to human health in 31% and 42% of sampled pits, respectively.; Households emptying pits after treatment have a one-in-three chance of being exposed to health hazards.; Many ADPs were not operated as recommended, reducing pathogen inactivation.;

The connections between WASH and gender equality have been extensively explored and documented using qualitative approaches, but not yet through quantitative means in ways that can strengthen WASH programming. The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Gender Equality Measure (WASH-GEM) is a novel quantitative multidimensional tool co-produced in partnership between researchers and practitioners. This article explores three dimensions of the WASH-GEM co-production and implementation: (i) the role of partnerships in co-production processes for bringing contextual and practitioner knowledge into measure development; (ii) selected results from the validation pilot in Cambodia and Nepal (n = 3,056) that demonstrate ways in which the measure can inform WASH programming through analysis at different levels and with different co-variants; and (iii) the collaborative process of translating research into programming. The study illustrates that strong partnership and co-production processes were foundational for the development of a conceptually rigorous quantitative measure that has practical relevance. The findings presented in this article have implications for future measure development and WASH programming that aims to influence gender equality in rural communities.

تعد دراسة الشخصيات من الدراسات التاريخية المهمة لما لها من دور فاعل وتأثير كبير في الكشف عن الحقائق والاحداث التاريخية، عدة اسباب اهمها هو من الشخصيات الدبلوماسية البارزة، توصل البحث في النهاية الى العديد من الاستنتاجات اذ تميز ابراهيم الولي ان لديه فلسفة في الدبلوماسية والحياة واشتق فلسفته من دراسته في معهد المعلمين في بغداد وبعدها دراسة علم الاجتماع والفلسفة في كلية الآداب جامعة فؤاد الاول، تميزت شخصيته ومسيرته بأنها سلسة وهادئة وعدم الانخراط في المغامرات العسكرية والسياسة، ابتعد الولي عن العمل الحزبي في العراق وشارك في النشاط الدبلوماسي الدولي متعدد الاطراف.