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The present study reports, bioefficacy evaluation of effective compounds against Meloidogyne incognita and Sclerotium rolfsii in pot cultured tomato. The identified five most effective compounds, i.e. (2E)-1-(4-Methylphenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (6g), (2E)-1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (6h), (2E)-1-(3-Bromophenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (6j), (2E)-1-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (6k) and (2E)-1-(3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (6p) along with Carbofuran 3G as positive control were tested at 20, 40 and 80 ppm by soil drenching and root dipping methods. The study revealed that all plant growth parameters were positively influenced by these compounds. The presence of an electron releasing group positively influenced the efficacy, and the activity was highest in compounds 6g and 6h at 80 ppm. Based on in vitro results against S. rolfsii, (2E)-1-Ferrocenyl-3-(4-bromophenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one (3b), (2E)-1-Ferrocenyl-3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one (3o) and (2E)-1-(5-Chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (6o) along with Tebuconazole 25.9% EC and Hexaconazole 5% SC as positive control were evaluated. The shoot length was found to be highest (24.50 cm) in plants treated with 3b followed by 3o and 6o at 1000 ppm. The percent disease incidence was significantly decreased as compared to control. The percent disease incidence was found to be minimum in plants treated with 3b at 1000 ppm. However, root dipping was not as effective as soil drenching. Therefore, ferrocenyl chalcone derivatives proved to be of great fungicidal and nematicidal potential opening new opportunities for expanding their effectiveness as new pest control agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of ferrocenyl chalcones using acetylferrocene, with ferrocenyl group at the keto carbonyl group, and different aldehydes were synthesized and their bioefficacy evaluation was done against Sclerotium rolfsii, Alternaria solani and Meloidogyne incognita. In continuation of our quest for potent crop protection products, in the present study, a series of 18 substituted ferrocenyl chalcones were synthesized in which ferrocenyl group was attached to the aldehyde moiety, using ferrocenecarboxyaldehyde and different acetophenones by microwave method (MM) and conventional method (CM) [cf: MM 1 to 5 min; CM 12–40 h] and characterized by various techniques viz. IR, LC-HRMS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. In vitro fungicidal activity showed that compound, (2E)-1-(5-Chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (34) (ED50 = 21.50 mg L−1) was found to be most active against S. rolfsii and compound, (2E)-1-(4-Bromophenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (21) (ED50 = 31.14 mg L−1) showed highest activity against A. solani. As regards nematicidal activity, compound (2E)-1-(3-Bromophenyl)-3-ferrocenyl-prop-2-en-1-one (29) was more potent with LC50 values of 11.95, 8.07 and 4.34 mg L−1 at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. QSAR study revealed that MLR for S. rolfsii (r2 = 0.9834, q2= 0.8975) and A. solani (r2 = 0.9807, q2= 0.8713) and PLS for M. incognita (r2 = 0.9023, q2= 0.7818) were the best models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of 42 phenolic acid amides, synthesized using different phenolic acids (salicylic acid, 3-hydroxy cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, o-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid and amines (propyl amine, hexyl amine, heptyl amine, undecyl amine, hexadecyl amine, octadecyl amine) were screened for their insecticidal activities against Brown Planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens. These phenolic acid amides showed moderate to good insecticidal activity with the lowest LC50 value of 63.84 ppm from N-propyl-2-hydroxycinnamamide. 2D-Quantitative structural activity relationship (2D-QSAR) analysis of these phenolic acid amides was carried out by developing three different models namely multiple linear regression (MLR), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS). Statistical significance and predictive ability of these models were assessed by internal and external validation and verified by leave one-out cross-validation. PLS (model 3) was found best for QSAR study with correlation coefficient (r2) 0.8388, cross-validated correlation coefficient (q2) 0.7797 and r2 pred 0.7347. It was found that + vePotentialSurfaceArea, XAMostHydrophobic, SaasCE-index, T_O_O_3 and T_O_O_6 are the major descriptors which influence the insecticidal activities of these phenolic acid amides. The QSAR study could help in structural optimization of phenolic acid amides in developing potential compounds to get better bioefficacy against N. lugens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The yield and chemical composition of the seed oil ofCelastrus paniculatuswere determined by solvent extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The yield of crude fatty oil was found to be 45.5% in the mature seeds on dry weight basis. Fourteen compounds, constituting 97.57% of the oil, were identified. The oil was rich in unsaturated fatty acids (70.11%) followed by saturated fatty acids (25.2%). Oleic acid (54.42%), palmitic acid (20.0%), linoleic acid (15.51%), and stearic acid (4.18%) were the main fatty acids in the oil together with four other minor fatty acids. The current study identifies the novel compounds not previously reported inC. paniculatusoil, including 1,4-benzenediol (0.46%), cinnamic acid (0.15%), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone (0.03%), butylated hydroxytoluene (0.4%), and eudalene (0.16). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of the essential oil isolated from the rhizomes ofZingiber zerumbetSmith was determined using GC and GC–MS. Zerumbone (74.82%), humulene (6.02%), and β-copaen-4α-ol (4.32%) were identified as major compounds.E-Bisabol-11-ol (4.32%),E-bisabol-11-ol (0.92%), β-sinensal (0.57%), and α-himachalene oxide (0.19) were reported for the first time in its oil. Zerumbone was further isolated from the crude mixture of oil and identified by FTIR, NMR (1H,13C, DEPT, HXCO, and HMBC), and mass (EI-MS) spectral data. Zerumbone showed promising antifungal activity against three phytopathogenic fungi, namelyRhizoctonia solani(EC50, 39.6 ppm),Sclerotium rolfsii(EC50, 59.3 ppm), andMacrophomina phaseolina(EC50, 147.4 ppm) compared with hexaconazole (EC50, 18.3, 13.4, and 4.5 ppm, respectively). Zerumbone has also shown concentration-dependent affect on seedling growth ofPhalaris minorRetz., compared with control andTriticum aestivumL. (wheat). Zerumbone strongly suppressed the root and shoot growth ofP. minorseedling at 1000 ppm compared with control and wheat. It exhibited no or less effect on the germination of seeds ofT. aestivum. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A series of oxime esters was synthesized by esterification of 3-ethoxy-4-benzaldehyde oxime with acid chlorides in the presence of triethylamine. They were evaluated for theirin vitroantifungal activity against three pathogenic fungi, namelyRhizoctonia bataticola, Fusarium udum, andAlternaria porii, and their antibacterial activity against the three bacterial strainsStaphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andKlebsiella pneumoneae. The compounds bearing medium-length alkyl chains showed greater activity than those with long alkyl chains. An electron-donating group in para position of the aryl ring confers highest activity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chemical composition of the essential oils of five Ocimum species namelyOcimum tenuiflorumsynOcimum sanctumL. (green and purple),Ocimum kilimandscharicumGuerke,Ocimum virideWilld,Ocimum basilicumL. andOcimum gratissimumL., obtained by a hydrodistillation was determined by GC and GC-MS. A total of one hundred three compounds were identified in the oils of five Ocimum species, of which fifteen compounds were found to be major (5.0–81.8 %) compounds. Analysis ofOcimum virideoil showed the highest amount of eugenol (81.8 %) among species besides germacrene D (7.0 %) andcis-ocimene (4.1 %).Ocimum tenuiflorumgreen andOcimum tenuiflorumpurple were found contain eugenol (75.5 and 33.8 %), β-elemene (9.9 and 15.7 %) and β-caryophyllene (9.6 and 21.3 %) as main compounds. Methyl eugenol (17.7 %) and β-caryophyllene (21.3 %) were also found to be an additional major compounds inOcimum tenuiflorumpurple oil. Camphor (28.8 %), β-selinene (11.4 %), α-selinene (9.6 %), maaliol (7.6 %), β-caryophyllene (6.4 %), β-gurgunene (5.2 %) were main compounds inOcimum kalimanduscharicumoil. Similarly,Ocimum basilicumwas found to contain methyl chavicol (46.0 %),trans-methyl cinnamaldehyde (20.0 %), linalool (16.7 %) while that ofOcimum gratissimumoil containtrans-methyl isoeugenol (51.9 %),cis-ocimene (18.7 %), germacrene-D (5.9 %), and β-caryophyllene (5.5 %) as major compounds. Results showed thatOcimum virideandOcimum tenuiflorumgreen growing in the region rich source of oil (1.0 and 1.8 %) and eugenol (81.8 and 75.5 %) as compared toOcimum tenuiflorumpurple (33.8 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation was undertaken to identify the major secondary metabolite, produced by two Trichoderma harzianum strains (T-4 and T-5) with their antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi using poison food technique. The ethyl acetate extract was subjected to column chromatography using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol gradually. Chromatographic separation of ethyl acetate extract of T. harzianum (T-4) resulted in the isolation and identification of palmitic acid (1), 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone (2), 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (3), 2(5H)-furanone (4), stigmasterol (5) and b-sitosterol (6), while T. harzianum (T-5) gave palmitic acid (1), 1-hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone (7), δ-decanolactone (8), 6-pentyl-2Hpyran- 2-one (3), ergosterol (9), harzianopyridone (10) and 6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone (11) as major metabolites. Among compounds screened for antifungal activity, compound 10 was found to be most active (EC50 35.9-50.2µg mL-1). In conclusion, the present investigation provided significant information about antifungal activity and compounds isolated from two different strains of T. harzianum obtained from two different Himalayan locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The yield and fatty oil components of the seed kernels ofAnnona squamosaLinn. (Family: Annonaceae) were determined by a solvent extraction method and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The seed kernels were found to contain about 22.2% of crude fatty oil on a dry weight basis. The crude fatty oil was converted into methyl esters and analyzed by GC/MS. Eleven compounds, constituting 99.8% of the oil, were identified and the main compounds were oleic acid (47.4%), linoleic acid (22.9%), stearic acid (13.6%), and palmitic acid (12.1%). Oleic acid and linoleic acid together constitute 70.3% of the unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) followed by the saturated fatty acids (25.7%), mainly palmitic acid and stearic acid. Heneicosanoic acid (2.3%), 11-eicosanoic acid (0.2%), 17-methyloctadecanoic acid (0.1%), and dihydrostereculic acid (0.1%) have not been reported earlier from the oil ofA. squamosabut were found in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The leaves of Cinnamomum tamala L. (Lauraceae) were collected from seven plants occurring in seven different areas of Manipur and analyzed for their essential oil and eugenol contents using GC and GC/MS. The yield of the oil was found to vary from 1.5-5.6% (w/w), on a thy weight basis. A total of 79 compounds were identified in the oils. Eugenol was found as a major compound in the leaf oils and its concentration varied from 35.1-94.3% followed by α-phellandrene (1.0-25.4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]