1. The use of carbon monoxide-releasing molecules in a post-antibiotic era
- Author
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Rana, Namrata and Poole, Robert
- Subjects
572.8 - Abstract
The relentless increase in antimicrobial resistance, coupled with a lack of identification of new antibiotics, necessitates a better understanding of how novel antimicrobial agents act and might be used synergistically with established antibiotics. One promising class of new antimicrobials, with multiple modes of actions against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, includes carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs). CORMs were initially developed in response to the growing evidence that CO is not only a poisonous gas, but is also a gasotransmitter with many beneficial effects on the body. CORMs provide a way in which to deliver CO gas in a safe manner. Although effective antimicrobials, the mechanism of action of CORMs is not well understood and is confounded by the effects of the biologically foreign metal ruthenium used in the well-studied CORM-2 and CORM-3. In this thesis, we used the manganese-containing PhotoCORM [Mn(CO)3(tpa-?3N)]Br against Escherichia coli EC958, a multi-drug resistant uropathogen. Using light as an external trigger for CO release allowed us to comprehensively assess the effects of the PhotoCORM with CO still bound, as well as its derivative molecules upon illumination. We show that upon illumination, the PhotoCORM releases 2 CO ligands per compound that bind to terminal oxidases, thereby inhibiting respiration. However, the failure of CO gas to mimic the effects of the activated PhotoCORM, and the ability of CO-depleted PhotoCORM to cause toxicity, highlights the role of the metal in eliciting toxicity. We also show that the mechanism of toxicity is unrelated to inhibition of aerobic respiration as the PhotoCORM also inhibits anaerobic cultures. We demonstrate that the PhotoCORM works synergistically with exogenous H2O2, but our results do not support the involvement of ROS in the toxicity caused by PhotoCORMs. We aimed to understand the mechanism(s) underlying synergy between [Mn(CO)3(tpa-?3N)]Br and various classes of antibiotics in their activities towards E. coli EC958. We show that the title compound acts synergistically with polymyxins by damaging the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. [Mn(CO)3(tpa-?3N)]Br also potentiates the action of doxycycline, resulting in reduced expression of tetA, which encodes a tetracycline efflux pump. Like tetracyclines, the breakdown products of [Mn(CO)3(tpa-?3N)]Br activation chelate iron and trigger an iron starvation response, which we propose to be a further basis for the synergies observed. Finally, in an effort to gain deeper understanding of CORM-3 toxicity, we utilized the Olis CLARiTY dual-wavelength spectrophotometer to show for the first time that CO released from CORM-3 binds to terminal oxidases of growing bacterial cultures, in real time and under physiological conditions.
- Published
- 2017