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In the previous decade, new technologies based on remote sensing and photogrammetry were established as a powerful tool for non-destructive estimation of different plant traits. The high-throughput phenotyping (HTPP) implies the utilization of these tools and techniques, resulting in a fast and accurate assessment of crop development data. In soybean breeding, traditional phenotyping is recognized as a bottleneck in the current selection of superior lines mainly because of the inefficiency and resource consumption. The HTPP could be applied to overcome these shortcomings and not just for the prediction of plant characteristics from a single time point but also for perceiving crop growth based on multi-temporal data. This study aimed to analyze soybean growing patterns in different environments (drought and control) based on the estimated height and biomass of 206 genotypes (early and late varieties) sown in 2020 and 2021. In both seasons, each trait was predicted in eight-time points with previously developed HTPP models and protocols. The estimated values were used to create growing curves and evaluate analyzed genotypes based on their performance. Early varieties were dominant for both traits in drought conditions. In the control, the late material performed better regarding height while early genotypes accumulated more biomass.

U Odeljenju za soju, Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada do sada je registrovano 179 NS sorti soje, različitih grupa zrenja. Cilj ovog rada je sagledavanje prinosa, sadržaja proteina i ulja, kao i prinosa proteina i ulja po jedinici površine, najnovijih NS sorti soje priznatih u 2024 godini. U dvogodišnjim ogledima Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede, na pet lokaliteta, najviši prinos imala je sorta Granit (3.085 kgaha-1). Najviši sardžaj proteina imala je sorta NS Merkur (43,35%). Dok je najviši saržaj ulja zabeležen kod sorte Astra (21,20)., The Department of soybean, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad has so far registered 179 NS soybean cultivars of different maturity groups. The aim of this study is to assess the yield, protein, and oil content, as well as protein and oil yield per unit area, the latest NS varieties registered in 2024. In the two-year trials of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection, at five locations, the highest yield had late soybean Granit (3.085 kgha-1). The highest protein content was early variety NS Merkur (43.35%), while the highest oil content was recorded in variety Astra (21.20).

NS sortiment soje je veoma raznovrstan, kako po pogledu dužine vegetacionog perioda, tako i po potencijalu za prinos i kvalitet zrna. Od analiziranih 34 NS sorte soje u 2023. godini po visini prinosa izdvajaju se veoma rane sorte NS Olympus, NS Valantis i NS Westeros, rane sorte NS Atlas i NS Ozymandias, srednjestasne sorte NS Regulus, NS Zmaj i NS Kraljica i sredne kasne sorte NS Validus i NS Simba. Po sadržaju proteina izdvajaju se sorte soje NS Kaća, Merkur, NS Kolos, NS Ecob, NS Favorit i NS Valantis, a po povišenom sadržaju ulja NS Regulus, NS Valantis, NS Hogar, NS Dracarys, NS Sedef i NS Atlas. Najviši prinos proteina ostvaren je sa sortama soje NS Zmaj, NS Valantis, NS Kraljica, NS Regulus i NS Simba, a najviši prinos ulja sa sortama NS Regulus, NS Validus, NS Zmaj, NS Kraljica i NS Hogar., The NS assortment of soybeans is very diverse, both in terms of the length of the growing season, and in terms of the potential for grain yield and quality. From the analyzed 34 NS soybean varieties in 2023, the very early varieties NS Olympus, NS Valantis and NS Westeros, the early varieties NS Atlas and NS Ozymandias, the medium varieties NS Regulus, NS Zmaj and NS Kraljica and the medium late varieties NS stand out in terms of yield Validus and NS Simba. The soy varieties NS Kaca, Merkur, NS Kolos, NS Ecob, NS Favorit and NS Valantis stand out for their protein content, and NS Regulus, NS Valantis, NS Hogar, NS Dracarys, NS Sedef and NS Atlas for their increased oil content. The highest protein yield was achieved with soybean varieties NS Zmaj, NS Valantis, NS Kraljica, NS Regulus and NS Simba, and the highest oil yield with the varieties NS Regulus, NS Validus, NS Zmaj, NS Kraljica and NS Hogar.

Prema procenama Poslovne zajednice za industrijsko bilje, soja je u 2023. godini bila zasejana na površini od 165.000 hektara, a ostvareni prosečni prinosi su oko 3.000 kgha-1. Može se reći da je 2023. godina bila povoljna za proizvodnju soje, a prosečni prinosi bi bili i veći da u vreme nalivanja zrna nismo imali veoma visoke temperature praćene nedostatkom vlage i toplim vetrovima koji su doprineli povećanoj transpiraciji, prinudnom sazrevanju biljaka soje i svakako smanjenju očekivanih prinosa.

To overcome the different challenges to food security caused by a growing population andclimate change, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) breeders are creating novel cultivars that have thepotential to improve productivity while maintaining environmental sustainability. Genomic selection(GS) is an advanced approach that may accelerate the rate of genetic gain in breeding using genome-wide molecular markers. The accuracy of genomic selection can be affected by trait architectureand heritability, marker density, linkage disequilibrium, statistical models, and training set. Theselection of a minimal and optimal marker set with high prediction accuracy can lower genotypingcosts, computational time, and multicollinearity. Selective phenotyping could reduce the numberof genotypes tested in the field while preserving the genetic diversity of the initial population. Thisstudy aimed to evaluate different methods of selective genotyping and phenotyping on the accuracyof genomic prediction for soybean yield. The evaluation was performed on three populations:recombinant inbred lines, multifamily diverse lines, and germplasm collection. Strategies adoptedfor marker selection were as follows: SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) pruning, estimation ofmarker effects, randomly selected markers, and genome-wide association study. Reduction of thenumber of genotypes was performed by selecting a core set from the initial population based onmarker data, yet maintaining the original population’s genetic diversity. Prediction ability using allmarkers and genotypes was different among examined populations. The subsets obtained by themodel-based strategy can be considered the most suitable for marker selection for all populations. Theselective phenotyping based on makers in all cases had higher values of prediction ability comparedto minimal values of prediction ability of multiple cycles of random selection, with the highestvalues of prediction obtained using AN approach and 75% population

One of the goals of the ECOBREED work package SOYBEAN was to develop soybean genotypes with improved agronomic performance and to offer know-how for cultivation practices tailor-made for low input and organic systems. During the project lifetime, the focus of activities was on henotyping for biotic (weed, pest, diseases) and abiotic (drought and chilling stress) stress tolerance screening, as well as crop and nutritive quality and N fixation efficiency. A marker-assisted selection programme was established to identify genes/QTL of particular importance for organic soybean varieties. In addition, an assessment of the effects of cover crops and inoculation in the process of soybean seed multiplication was performed. Creating and selecting new soybean lines suitable for organic production was a key priority. After the first half of the project and the conduction of different trials and identification of useful traits, cross composite populations (CCPs) and soybean lines were available for further field testing. Chosen soybean lines went through the registration trials (2021-2022) to evaluate their performance and adaptability. The first ECOBREED soybean variety was registered by IFVCNS. NS ECOB is the variety with high protein content (00 maturity group) specifically selected for organic and low input production requirements.

Mikroogledi se izvode radi rejonizacije sorti soje i radi daljeg testiranja novopriznatih sorti, sorti soje koje su uvedene u proizvodnju i starijih sorti soje, kako bi se izdvojile sorte koje imaju minimalna variranja u različitim godinama. Cilj ovoga rada je sagledavanje prinosa, sadržaja proteina i ulja, kao i prinosa proteina i ulja po jedinici površine NS sorti soje u mikroogledima u 2022. godini. Sorta soje NS Validus ostvarila je najviši prinos zrna (1.782 kg ha-1), sorta NS Demetrius najviši sadržaj proteina (40,6%), a sorte NS Viseris, NS Kraljica i NS Regulus imale su najviši sadržaj ulja (22,1%), dok je najviši prinos proteina i ulja po jedinici površine ostvaren sa sortom soje NS Validus (666 kg ha-1 i 397 kg ha-1)., Micro-experiments are performed for the purpose of regionalization of soybean varieties and for further testing of newly recognized varieties, soybean varieties that have been introduced into production and older soybean varieties, in order to single out varieties that have minimal variations in different years. The aim of this paper is to consider the yield, protein and oil content, as well as protein and oil yield per unit area of NS soybean cultivars in the micro-experimental network in 2022. NS Validus soybean variety had the highest grain yield (1782 kg ha-1), NS Demetrius soybean highest protein content (40.6%), NS Viseris, NS Kraljica and NS Regulus cultivars the highest oil content (22.1%), while the highest protein yield and oil yield per unit area achieved with the soybean variety NS Validus (666 kg ha-1 i 397 kg ha-1).

The combined power of remote sensing and photogrammetry can be used to assess significant information about plant development. The canopy cover (CC) and height (HT) are important for defining the growth patterns of the plants and their reaction to different environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to utilize the technology of high-throughput phenotyping (HTPP) for the temporal screening of soybean CC and HT. The trial was set in 2020 and 2021 at the experimental fields of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia. In total, 206 soybean genotypes divided into early (ED) and late (LD) were grown in drought simulation environments. As a control, the same set of genotypes (EC and LC) was grown in favorable conditions. The CC and HT were determined from the images collected with the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In both years, the photos were taken four times at approximately 274, 390, 706, and 917 growing degree days (GDDs) after emergence.

Zemljište na kojem se usev gaji od velikog je značaja za uspešnu poljoprivrednu proizvodnju. Nepovoljni zemljišni uslovi u pogledu plodnosti, mehaničkog sastava kao i drugih osobina poput sposobnosti retencije vode mogu negativno da utiču na stanje gajenih biljaka i da tokom sezone koju karakterišu sve izraženiji klimatski ekstremi dovedu do gubitka u prinosu. Kao jedan od načina za praćenje stanja biljaka tokom vegetacionog perioda može da posluži NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX (NDVI). U prethodnim istraživanjima ovaj vegetacioni indeks korišćen je za prikupljanje važnih informacija poput ocene biomase, sadržaja hlorofila, indeksa lisne površine (LAI) ali i prisustva stresa u biljkama u slučaju nepovoljnih uslova. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita uticaj različitih tipova zemljišta na vrednost NDVI indeksa u fazi cvetanja divergentnih genotipova soje. Genotipovi koji su gajeni na peskovitom zemljištu, na zemljištu lošijeg kvaliteta u fazi cvetanja imali su u proseku nižu vrednost NDVI indeksa za preko 8 % u odnosu na isti set genotipova koji je gajen na glinovitom zemljištu sa boljim vodno-vazdušnim osobinama i većom plodnosti., The soil on which the crop is grown is of great importance for successful agricultural production. Unfavorable conditions in terms of fertility, mechanical composition, and other soil properties such as the ability to retain water can negatively affect the cultivated plants during the season with climatic extremes which can lead to yield loss. The NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX (NDVI) can be used to monitor plant condition during the vegetation period. In previous research, this index was used to assess important information such as biomass, chlorophyll content, LEAF AREA INDEX (LAI), and also the presence of stress in plants in case of unfavorable conditions. This study aimed to examine the influence of different soil types on the NDVI value in the flowering phase of diverse soybean germplasm. Genotypes grown on low-quality sandy soil in the flowering phase had on average a lower value of NDVI index by over 8% compared to the same set of genotypes grown on clay soil with better water-air properties and higher fertility.

The soil on which the crop is grown is of great importance for successful agricultural production. Unfavorable conditions in terms of fertility, mechanical composition, and other soil properties such as the ability to retain water can negatively affect the cultivated plants during the season with climatic extremes which can lead to yield loss. The NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX (NDVI) can be used to monitor plant condition during the vegetation period. In previous research, this index was used to assess important information such as biomass, chlorophyll content, LEAF AREA INDEX (LAI), and also the presence of stress in plants in case of unfavorable conditions. This study aimed to examine the influence of different soil types on the NDVI value in the flowering phase of diverse soybean germplasm. Genotypes grown on low-quality sandy soil in the flowering phase had on average a lower value of NDVI index by over 8% compared to the same set of genotypes grown on clay soil with better water-air properties and higher fertility.

Omics tehnike podrazumevaju analize velikih razmera koje se odnose na sveukupnost određenih elemenata živih bića. Iako se ove tehnike rapidno razvijaju, kao što su genomika, transkriptomika i druge, samo jedan deo ovih tehnika je našao primenu u oplemenjivanju biljaka. Genomika svakako predstavlja osnovni moderan alat u genetičkim istraživanjima, kroz različite primene u istraživanjima. Za oplemenjivanje biljaka jedna od najznačajnijih primena genomike je u razvoju modela genomske predikcije, koja omogućava da se isključivo na osnovu genomskih podataka mogu precizno predvideti genetski potecijal pojedinačnih biljaka u određenim proizvodnim uslovima, što omogućava odabir superiornih kandidata za dalji oplemenjivački rad. Visoko propusna fenotipizacija, iako ne spade u klasične omics tehnike, koristi brza i automatska merenja različitih osobina biljaka, kao što su rast, vreme cvetanja, lisna površina i druge. Korišćenjem ovih podataka, uz integraciju sa genomskim podacima, omogućavaju sveobuhvatno razumevanje kako geni deluju na ukupnu fenotipsku varijabilnost., Omics techniques involve large-scale analyzes related to the totality of certain elements of living beings. Although these techniques are rapidly developing, such as genomics, transcriptomics and others, only a part of these techniques have found application in plant breeding. Genomics certainly represents a basic modern tool in genetic research, through various applications in applied research. One of the most significant uses of genomics in plant breeding is the creation of genomic prediction models, which allow one to select the best candidates for additional breeding work by accurately predicting the genetic potential of specific plants under specific production conditions using only genomic data. Although not a traditional omics technique, high-throughput phenotyping involves quick and automatic measurements of a variety of plant traits, including growth, blooming period, leaf area, and others. These data enable a thorough knowledge of how genes influence overall phenotypic variability, coupled with integration with genomic data.

U Odeljenju za soju, Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada do sada je registrovano 174 NS sorte soje, različitih grupa zrenja. Cilj ovoga rada je sagledavanje prinosa, sadržaja proteina i ulja, kao i prinosa proteina i ulja po jedinici površine, najnovijih NS sorti soje priznatih u 2023 godini. U dvogodišnjim ogledima Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede, na pet lokaliteta, najviši prinos imala je sorta soje NS Aurelius (3.088 kg ha-1). Najviši sadržaj proteina imala je sorta NS Ecob (45,80%), dok je najviši sadržaj ulja zabeležen kod sorti NS Sedef (20,88) i NS Apolo (20,76%)., The Department of soybean, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad has so far registered 174 NS soybean cultivars of different maturity groups. The aim of this study is to assess the yield, protein and oil content, as well as protein and oil yield per unit area, the latest NS varieties registered in 2023. In the two-year trials of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection, at five locations, the highest yield had late soybean NS Aurelius (3.088 kg ha-1). The highest protein content was early variety NS Ecob (45.80%), while the highest oil content was recorded in varieties NS Sedef (20.88) and NS Apolo (20.76%).

Makroogledi se izvode sa ciljem raspoređivanja pojedinih sorti soje po pojedinim lokalitetima kako bi se ostvarili maksimalni prinosi uz što manja variranja u pojedinim godinama. Koeficijenti varijacije omogućuju detaljnu analizu sorti soje po lokalitetima i godinama. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da su koeficijenti varijacije prinosa sorti veoma visoki u nepovoljnim godinama, sa veoma izraženim variranjem prinosa po pojedinim lokalitetima. Cilj ovoga rada je sagledavanje variranja prinosa šest NS sorti soje na četiri lokaliteta tokom tri godine., Macro-experiments are carried out with the aim of distributing individual varieties of soybeans in individual locations in order to achieve maximum yields with as little variation as possible in individual years. Coefficients of variation enable a detailed analysis of soybean varieties by location and year. The obtained results show that the coefficients of variation of varieties yield are very high in unfavorable years, with very pronounced variation of yield in individual localities. The aim of this paper is to analize the yield variation of six NS soybean varieties at four localities during three years.

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merill) is a high‐value crop due to its high content of protein and oil, which contribute nutrients to both humans and animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the winter cover crops on soybean nutritional quality. For this purpose, near‐infrared spectroscopy was used, due it is an extremely potent tool in plant‐related field of research for analysis. It is commonly used to estimate characteristics of grain including protein, starch, and oil content. Based on reliable calibration models, the spectral characteristics of the examined sample are related to the content of the component of interest. After mulching of cover crop biomass and conservation tillage, two soybean varieties were sown (NS Mercury, 00 maturity group and NS Altis, 0 maturity group). The field trial was grown under conventional production in agroecological conditions of Southeastern Europe at two sites (Rimski Šančevi and Čurug locations) in 2021.

The creation of focused breeding programs for organic farming systems was encouraged by the expanding market for organic farming. Breeding efforts are being stimulated by the rising demand for soybean varieties that are appropriate for organic farming in order to better meet the unique needs of those involved in the organic value chain. Within the ECOBREED project, extensive phenotyping on 200 soybean genotypes is carried out across contrasting environments in three countries, i.e. Austria, Romania and Serbia, which will enable the identification of useful traits (variation) and the level of local adaptation of genotypes. The following traits are assessed: yield and yield supportive traits, crop growth related traits, grain quality traits, plant architecture. Multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI) implemented for genotypes selection, based on multiple traits. Classical linear multi-trait selection indices are available, but multi-collinearity and arbitrary weighting coefficient selection may erode genetic gains while.

In past few decades, soybean breeders in Europe have been successful in producing a large number of commercial varieties using conventional breeding methods, most of all single seed descent (SSD) method with various modifications. As a supplement to conventional breeding methods, number of breeding tools like high‐throughput phenotyping, marker assisted selection, genomic selection, and others, are used to speed up the breeding process. Low genetic diversity is a major obstacle to soybean improvement. Therefore, projects between Europe and China, centre of origin of soybean, that involve germplasm exchange are intensified in recent years. Utilization of wild soybean species, especially perennial ones, bears a huge, still unused potential for improving soybean breeding process. Increased demand for non‐GMO soybeans, led to intensifying of soybean research throughout Europe which resulted in the number of companies that offer commercial soybean varieties. The oldest and best‐known among them are Lidea from France, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops from Serbia, Agroscope from Switzerland, RAGT from France and a number of other companies which initiated soybean breeding programs later.

The accuracy of genomic selection can be affected by several factors including trait architecture and heritability, marker density, linkage disequilibrium between markers and trait loci, statistical models, training population size, composition, and population structure. The selection of a minimal and optimal marker set with high prediction accuracy as an alternative to reduce genotyping costs, computational time, and multicollinearity for the genomic selection is a challenging task. Furthermore, optimal training population size is mostly determined empirically, by random sampling a whole set of genotypes, which may not reflect the true relationships in the population and may lead to the loss of rare genotypes and alleles. Selective phenotyping could reduce the number of genotypes tested in the field while preserving the genetic diversity of the initial population. This study aimed to evaluate different methods of selective genotyping and phenotyping on the accuracy of genomic prediction for soybean yield.

Phenomic selection is a promising complement and alternative to genomic selection for improving breeding efficiency. The major advantage of using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to indirectly capture phenotypic variants and predict complex traits is its high-throughput and low cost. Using NIR spectra to predict individual performances in the context of breeding for yield remains relatively novel. Certain wavelengths of NIR light are absorbed by specific chemical bonds that constitute the components of tissues. The relative proportion of each of these bonds within the tissue quantitatively influence the nature of the absorbance or reflection of light at different wavenumbers. Phenomic selection was tested on 206 soybean genotypes, collecting yield and NIRS data. Spectra were obtained from different tissues, grains and dried, milled leaves, measuring absorbance in range 4000 – 10000 cm−1. RR-BLUP model was used for phenomic predictions, considering NIRS data instead of molecular.

Osnovni izvor proteina biljnog porekla, ulja i celuloznih vlakana za ishranu ljudi i domaćih životinja obezbeđuje se proizvodnjom jednogodišnjih i višegodišnjih biljnih vrsta iz familije Fabaceae (leguminoza). Savremeni načini upotrebe leguminoza dolaze do izražaja u različitim granama industrije, posebno u farmaceutskoj industriji, zatim kao obnovljivi izvori energije, a sve više su zastupljene kao usevi za obezbeđivanje različitih ekoloških servisa. Leguminoze imaju izuzetan agrotehnički značaj u svim sistemima poljoprivredne proizvodnje zbog sposobnosti biološke fiksacije atmosferskog azota, što posebno dolazi do izražaja u organskoj poljoprivredi usled nemogućnosti primene mineralnih azotnih đubriva. Cilj ovog rada je predstavljanje trenutnog stanja proizvodnih površina u organskoj proizvodnji leguminoza u Republici Srbiji, zastupljenosti biljnih vrsta, potencijala azotofiksacije i preduslova daljeg širenja površina. Poseban akcenat je stavljen na organsku proizvodnju soje, koja predstavlja značajan usev u plodosmeni i jedan je od vrlo traženih proizvoda za proizvodnju stočne hrane i hrane za ljude.

Tokom 2020. i 2021. godine ispitivana je primena amonijum nitrata i NPK đubriva, kao i amonijum nitrata uz folijarnu primenu vodenog ekstrakta od ploda banane na prinos, sadržaj proteina i sadržaj ulja u zrnu soje. Sve kombinacije đubriva statistički veoma značajno povećavaju prinos soje i sadržaj proteina u zrnu, dok je sadržaj ulja statistički veoma značajno smanjen., During 2020 and 2021 ammonium nitrate was tested, ammonium nitrate and NPK fertilizers, as well as ammonium nitrate with foliar application of water extract from banana fruit was investigated on yield, protein content and oil content in soybeans. all combinations of fertilizers statistically significantly increase soybean yield and grain protein content, while oil content in statistically significantly reduced.

U Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad do 2023. godine registrovano je 174 sorti soje i to 34 sorte soje grupe zrenja 000 i 00, 39 sorti 0 grupe zrenja, 54 sorti 1 grupe zrenja, 41 sorta I] grupe zrenja i 6 sorti soje III grupe zrenja. Cilj ovoga rada je sagledavanje prinosa, sadržaja proteina i ulja, kao i prinosa proteina i ulja po jedinici površine, najnovijih NS sorti soje priznatih u 2023 godini. U dvogodišnjim ogledima Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije, na pet lokaliteta, najviši prinos imala je sorta soje NS Aurelius (3.088 kg ha-1). Najviši sadržaj proteina imala je sorta NS Ecob (45,8%), dok je najviši sadržaj ulja zabeležen kod sorti NS Sedef (20,9%) i NS Apolo (20,8%)., Until 2023, 174 soybean varieties were registered at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 34 soybean varieties of ripening group 000 and 00, 39 varieties of 0 ripening group, 54 varieties of ripening group I, 41 varieties of ripening group II and 6 soybean varieties of ripening group III. The aim of this study is to assess the yield, protein and oil content, as well as protein and oil yield per unit area, the latest NS varieties registered in 2023. In the two-year trials of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection, at five locations, the highest yield had late soybean NS Aurelius (3.088 kg ha-1). The highest protein content was early variety NS Ecob (45.8%), while the highest oil content was recorded in varieties NS Sedef (20.9%) and NS Apolo (20.8%).

Soybean plant density is an important factor of successful agricultural production. Due to the high number of plants per unit area, early plant overlapping and eventual plant loss, the estimation of soybean plant density in the later stages of development should enable the determination of the final plant number and reflect the state of the harvest. In order to assess soybean plant density in a digital, nondestructive, and less intense way, analysis was performed on RGB images (containing three channels: RED, GREEN, and BLUE) taken with a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) on 66 experimental plots in 2018, and 200 experimental plots in 2019. Mean values of the R, G, and B channels were extracted for each plot, then vegetation indices (VIs) were calculated and used as predictors for the machine learning model (MLM). The model was calibrated in 2018 and validated in 2019. For validation purposes, the predicted values for the 200 experimental plots were compared with the real number of plants per unit area (m(2)). Model validation resulted in the correlation coefficient-R = 0.87, mean absolute error (MAE) = 6.24, and root mean square error (RMSE) = 7.47. The results of the research indicate the possibility of using the MLM, based on simple values of VIs, for the prediction of plant density in agriculture without using human labor.

Visoki prinosi i stabilna proizvodnja soje pod direktnim su uticajem količine i rasporeda padavina, dostupnosti hraniva biljkama i pravovremenosti primene agrotehničkih mera. Cilj ovih istraživanja je ispitivanje uticaja vremena osnovne obrade i folijarne primene đubriva na visinu prinosa soje. Zimska osnovna obrada zemljišta smanjuje prinos soje u proseku za 4,07%, odnosno od 2,16% do 5,57% u različitim godinama, dok prolećna osnovna obrada smanjuje prinos za 11,20% (od 6,11% do 18,06%). Folijarna primena đubriva povećava prinos u proseku za 4,76%, a povećanje se kretalo od 1,27% pri jesenjoj osnovnoj obradi u 2020. godini do 8,40% pri prolećnoj osnovnoj obradi u 2019. godini., High yields and stability of soybean production are directly affected by the amount and distribution of precipitation, available nutrients, and moment of agrotechnical measures application. This research aimed to examine the effect of primary tillage moment and foliar fertilization on soybean yield. Winter tillage reduced the soybean yield by 2.16% ̶5.57% in different years, 4.07% on average, while spring tillage reduced yield by 11.20% on average (6.11% ̶18.06%). Foliar fertilization increased yield by 4.76% on average, the increase ranged from 1.27% when autumn tillage was applied in 2020 to 8.40% when tillage was conducted in spring of 2019.

U Odeljenju za soju, Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada do sada je registrovano 166 NS sorte soje, različitih grupa zrenja. Cilj ovoga rada je sagledavanje prinosa, sadržaja proteina i ulja, kao i prinosa proteina i ulja po jedinici površine, najnovijih NS sorti soje priznatih u 2022 godini. U dvogodišnjim ogledima Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede, na pet lokaliteta, najviši prinos imala je sorta soje NS Westeros (4.321 kg ha-1). Najviši sadržaj proteina imala je sorta NS Aragonit (41,1%), dok je najviši sadržaj ulja zabeležen kod sorti NS Feba (21,9%) i NS Coral (21,6%)., The Department of soybean, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad has so far registered 166 NS soybean cultivars of different maturity groups. The aim of this study is to assess the yield, protein and oil content, as well as protein and oil yield per unit area, the latest NS varieties registered in 2022. In the two-year trials of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection, at five locations, the highest yield had late soybean NS Westeros (4.321 kg ha-1). The highest protein content was early variety NS Aragonit (41.1%), while the highest oil content was recorded in varieties NS Feba (21.9%) and NS Coral (21.6%).

Due to the rising demand for organic food products and increased availability of organic products, global production of organically grown crops has increased. In 2020, organic agriculture was practised in 187 countries worldwide, on 72.3 million ha of agricultural land by at least 3.1 million farmers. The area of organically managed soybean worldwide was 644 323 ha. Soybean production is of great importance since the soybean grain is used in various industries, including human as well as animal nutrition and pharmaceutical production. Soybean has a special place in organic cultivation because it brings different agronomic benefits to farmers and it is considered a niche product for feed and food use. Furthermore, soybean is primarily a climate-smart crop that conserves soil fertility for increased productivity of other important field crops, and its place in organic production is very valuable. The importance of soybean comes from the exceptionally favorable grain chemical composition (≈40% protein, ≈20% lipids). Soybeans are relatively easy to produce under organic conditions due to available production technology. One of the most important tasks for farmer is to select soybean varieties for specific production conditions.

Povoljna fizička svojstva zemljišta i aeracija u zoni korenovog sistema obezbeđuju uravnotežen rast i razvoj gajene biljne vrste. Visoka mehanička otpornost zemljišta je jedna od fizičkih osobina koja dolazi do izražaja u sušnim uslovima, jer smanjenjem sadržaja vlage izrazito se povećava specifični otpor zemljišta. Ovo može da ima direktan uticaj na ograničen razvoj korenovog sistema i dalji rast biljaka, uz smanjeno usvajanje hraniva iz zemljišta, što ima za posledicu i smanjenje produktivnosti odnosno prinosa biljne vrste od interesa. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se analizira kako različiti pokrovni usevi utiču na promenu specifičnog otpora zemljišta u low input proizvodnji soje. Ustanovljeno je da tretman sa ozimim graškom i ovsom (P+O) ima najmanji uticaj na sabijenost zemljišta na obe sorte soje (indeks otpora 2,7), dok je kontrolna parcela (C) imala najveći indeks otpora (2,9), a sadržaj vlage 19,5%., Favourable soil physical properties and rooting zone aeration can secure balanced crop development. High soil mechanical impedance is one of the physical properties that is particularly critical in dry conditions since decreasing water content dramatically increases specific soil penetration resistance. This can have a direct impact on restricted root development and further plant growth with reduced absorption of nutrients, which results in lower productivity (yield) of cultivated plant species. The aim of this study was to analyse how different cover crops affected the change of specific soil penetration resistance in low-input soybean production. In terms of cover crops, the treatment winter peas and oat (P+O) was shown to have the lowest influence on soil compaction on both soybean (2,7 cone resistance index) in contrast to the control plot (C) that had the highest cone resistance index (2,9), and moisture content 19,5%.

Organic farming is practiced on over 72 million hectares of agricultural land worldwide. Soybean (Glycine max) is cultivated organically on 644 323 ha. Each year, the selection of the right soybean varieties for their fields is one of the most challenging management decisions that farmers must undertake. Soybean breeding companies continuously offer varieties from their breeding programs that can meet the various needs of farmers, industry and consumers. The growing demand for soybean varieties suitable for organic farming is fostering breeding activities to better fulfil the specific requirements of the organic value chain participants. Within the ECOBREED project, characterisation of a soybean working collection is carried out across contrasting environments in three countries, i.e. Austria, Romania and Serbia, which will enable the identification of useful traits (variation) and the level of local adaptation of genotypes. The following traits are assessed: yield and yield components, crop growth related traits, grain quality traits.

Soja je biljna vrsta poreklom iz suptropskih predela sa povišenom vlagom kako zemljišta, tako i vazduha. Za ostvarivanje visokih i stabilnih prinosa ograničavajući faktor u proizvodnji soje javlja se nedostatak vlage u kriti- čnim fazama rasta i razvoja biljaka. Prema procenama Poslovne zajednice za industrijsko bilje, soja je u 2021. godini bila zasejana na površini od 230.000 hektara, a ostvareni prosečni prinosi su od 2.200 kgha-1 do 2.300 kgha-1. U ovako lošoj godini za proizvodnju soje prinosi su veoma varirali i između pojedinih regiona, ali i između pojedinih parcela u istim regionima, zavisno od proizvodnih faktora, kao što su plodnost zemljišta, đubrenje, vreme i kvalitet osnovne obrade, predsetvene pripreme, setve soje, zakorovljenosti parcela, pojavi grinja i agrotehničkih mera primenjenih u toku vegetacionog perioda soje.

The objective of this study was screening of soybean germplasm with reference to yield and other agronomical important traits, as novel source of genetic variability in soybean breeding program. The focus is on early soybean germplasm as a potential genetic source for breeding in the light of global climate changes and to increase diversity of early varieties that can be grown as a second crop in Vojvodina province. The trial was conducted in 2018 year, established as row-column design, at experimental fields of Institute of filed and vegetable crops, Novi Sad. A 262 genotypes from three maturity groups (MG 000, MG 00, MG 0) were included in this research. Number of soybean genotypes per MG was 85, 93 and 84, respectively. Sowing was conducted in early April while harvesting start from July and lasting till September. The earliest genotype matures in 65 days, while the latest one mature after 125 days. This extremely early genotype can be very useful source in breeding program for earliness. It was identifying several genotypes with 1000 seed weight over 300 grams. This is good genetic source in breeding programs dedicating to food soybean and edamame production. Wide yield variability was observed, in the range 0.3-3.9 t/ha, indicating on potential source of useful germplasm for introducing in elite breeding program.

Background: High and stable production requires quality seed. Seed quality is the basis of efficient crop production and farmers need such seeds for optimum yield production. Therefore, various procedures are applied in seed production technology that aim to improve not only the germination of seeds but also the speed of its germination. These methods can reduce of seed aging and the effects of different agroecological factors. Methods: For research the impact of priming used seed aged seven months (fresh seeds) and seed was nineteen months old (aged seed). The seed was treated with following solutions: potassium nitrate (1%), ascorbic acid (100mgl-1) and potassium chloride (1%) for 6 hours and then germinated at 25C in 8 days. Result: The analysis showed that seed aging resulted in a decrease in its germination energy and germination. Moreover, time required for germination is prolonged, the lipid peroxidation intensity and content of free proline are increased and the amount of vitamin C is reduced. The results showed that the effect of priming is dependable on variety selection, seed age and treatments. Therefore, we can conclude that there is no universal use of one only primer, as it may not be suitable for each particular cultivar and can ultimately lead to a decrease in the germination energy and germination.

This paper presents the plant genetic resources maintained by the Center of Excellence for Legumes of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia. The genetic resources of legumes (soybean, alfalfa, red clover, pea and vetch) are an invaluable source material and a rich source of genetic divergence for the development of varieties adapted to specific agricultural and environmental conditions. Soybean is the most important of all cultivated legumes and occupies the largest area under cultivation. The alfalfa collection consists of over 800 genotypes with different agronomic traits and dormancy values. The novel alfalfa breeding concept - breeding for yield per se, based on natural heterosis in the development of half hybrids - was introduced in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The Center of Excellence for Legumes has 757 soybean genotypes, 655 red clover genotypes, about 730 pea genotypes and 495 vetch genotypes. The development of the winter pea variety for grain (NS Mraz), the first of its kind in South-Eastern Europe, was significant for science., Cilj rada je bio da se prikažu biljni genetski resursi (BGR) kojima raspolaže Centar izuzetnih vrednosti za leguminoze Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Instituta od nacionalnog značaja za Republiku Srbiju. Genetski resursi leguminoza (soja, lucerka, crvena detelina, grašak i grahorice) predstavljaju dragocen polazni materijal i izvor raznovrsne genetske divergentnosti za stvaranje novih sorti prilagođenih određenim agroekološkim uslovima. Među leguminozama, soja zauzima najveće površine i spada u red najznačajnijih gajenih biljaka u svetu. Do sada postignuti i valorizovani rezultati istraživanja u zemlji i svetu potvrđuju lidersku poziciju u regionu i šire, a novosadsku genetiku soje čine prepoznatljivom. Kolekcija lucerke poseduje oko 800 genotipova različitih varijateta i nivoa dormantnosti. Kraj XX i početak XXI veka, karakteriše primena novog koncepta oplemenjivanja lucerke na prinos per se, koji treba da iskoristi prirodni heterozis u cilju stvaranja semihibrida. Centar izuzetnih vrednosti za leguminoze raspolaže sa 655 genotipova crvene deteline, oko 730 genotipova graška i 495 genotipova grahorica. Značajan doprinos nauci je stvaranje prve sorte ozimog graška za zrno u Jugoistočnoj Evropi (NS Mraz).

U cilju sagledavanja uticaja folijarne prihrane na prinos i masu 1000 zrna soje, postavljen je dvogodišnji ogled na parcelama Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na Rimskim Šančevima. Prihrana soje NPK đubrivima uz dodatak mikroelemenata statistički veoma značajno povećava prinos zrna i masu 1000 zrna soje. Najniži prinosi i najmanja vrednost za masu 1000 zrna soje bili su na kontrolnoj varijanti, što je statistički veoma značajno manje u odnosu na ostale varijante folijarne prihrane soje., In order to examine the effect of foliar fertilization on yield and 1000 seed weight of soybean, a two year trial was set at Institute of field and vegetable crops on Rimski Šančevi. A foliar fertilization of soybean with NPK fertilizer with added micronutrients significantly increases yield and 1000 seed weight of soybean. The lowest yields and the lowest 1000 seed weight of soybean were on the control variant, which is significantly lower in comparison to other variants of foliar fertilization of soybean.

The number of plants per unit area has a great influence on soybean yield. The achieved composition depends primarily on the quality of the seeds, but also on the quality of soil preparation, meteorological conditions, the correctness of the seeder and the depth of sowing. In soybean production, it often happens that the pre-sowing preparation is done immediately before sowing, the sowing layer of the soil does not settle enough, and the sowing is done at a greater depth than optimal. Due to too deep sowing, germination and germination of soybean plants is difficult, the composition is thinned, and the achieved yield is reduced. Too shallow sowing also often occurs due to inadequate tillage or sowing to uneven depths. If the surface layer of the soil dries out after sowing, the seedlings will deteriorate, the composition will thin out and the soybean yield will decrease. The aim of this research is to consider the optimal, shallow, and deep sowing of soybean seeds on the number of plants per unit area, as a condition for achieving maximum soybean yield. By sowing to a depth of 3 to 5 cm in 2017 and 3 to 6 cm in 2017, a set of plants over 400,000 ha-1 was achieved, while with increasing or decreasing sowing depth, the number of sprouted plants significantly decreased.

Many studies show that in the last 20 years, the increase in production per hectare has been achieved mainly due to the creation of new varieties and the development of plant breeding. Innovations in plant breeding are the main way to find new traits, values and tolerances, which are the only ones that can respond to the increased demand for yield and more efficient production. In addition to high and stable yields, it is very important that the soybean seed has a satisfactory technological quality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine how the application of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) affected the protein yield of soybean seed depending on the year, exposure time and frequency. The field trials were conducted in the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia in 2010-2013. For this research, the seeds of a medium-sized variety Valjevka exposed to a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) using a pulse generator and a strip applicator were used. A low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (16, 24, 30, 72 Hz) was used at the exposure times of 0, 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The results of the research show that the application of this method can increase the yield of protein in soybean seed for more than 20%, which is a significant increase, especially in organic production, where the use of seed treatment agents is very restricted. However, this measure can also have an inhibitory effect if an adverse combination of exposure time and frequency strength is selected., Mnoga istraživanja pokazuju da se u poslednjih 20 godina povećanje proizvodnje po hektaru ostvaruje uglavnom zahvaljujući stvaranju novih sorti i razvoju oplemenjivanja biljaka. Inovacije u oplemenjivanju biljaka su glavni put za iznalaženje novih osobina, vrednosti i tolerantnosti, koje jedine mogu da odgovore povećanom zahtevu za prinosom i efikasnijom proizvodnjom. Osim visokih i stabilnih prinosa, veoma je važno da seme soje poseduje i zadovoljavajući tehnološki kvalitet. Zbog toga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio da se ispita kako primena pulsirajućeg elektromagnetnog polja (PEMP) deluje na sadržaj proteina u semenu soje u zavisnosti od godine, vremena trajanja ekspozicije i jačine frekvencije. Poljski ogled je izveden na eksperimentalnom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu u periodu od 2010. do 2013. godine. Za ovo istraživanje korišćeno je seme srednjerane sorte Valjevka koje je izlagano pulsirajućem elektromagnetnom polju (PEMP) pomoću generatora impulsa i trakastog aplikatora. Korišćeno je pulsirajuće elektromagnetno polje niskih frekvencija (16, 24, 30, 72 Hz) u vremenu ekspozicije od 0, 30, 60 i 90 minuta. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da primena ove metode može povećati prinos proteina u semenu soje do 20%, što predstavlja značajno povećanje i dobru osnovu da se ova mera počne koristiti, pre svega u organskoj proizvodnji, gde je primena sredstava za tretiranje semena veoma ograničena međutim, ova mera može imati i inhibitorni efekat ako se izabere nepovoljna kombinacija vremena ekspozicije i jačine frekvencije.

Soybean is one of the most important industrial crops in the world. The rich nutritional content of the seed is the reason for the increased cultivation of this crop all over the world. However, a large number of phytopathogenic fungi that exist in soybean seeds can reduce the nutritional content, germination, and seed vigor. Soybean seed samples were collected from experimental fields in seven locations in Vojvodina Province, Serbia in the period 2016-2018. From each sample, 100 seeds were randomly selected. Seeds were surface-disinfested in 4% sodium hypochlorite for 5 min, washed two times in sterile water, and dried on a filter paper. All 100 seeds were placed in 20 Petri dishes with standard potato dextrose agar medium (PDA), five seeds in each, and incubated at 22 ± 2°C for seven days, under 12 h of alternating light/dark conditions. The first assessment was performed on the fourth day after isolation. The health status analysis of soybean seed showed that Peronospora manshurica, Macrophominaphaseolina, Botrytis cinerea, Cercospora kikuchii as well as the species from genera Alternaria, Diaporthe, and Fusarium had colonized soybean seed in Serbia over three years. Species from the genus Alternaria and Peronospora manshurica were dominant in all three examined years. Furthermore, it has been noticed that weather conditions, location, and cultivar significantly influenced the intensity of the infection. The results of this study have shown which pathogens pose a threat to successful soybean seed production and help in finding preventive measures to control these pathogens during vegetation., Soja je jedna on najznačajnih gajenih industrijskih biljnih vrsta na svetu. Bogat nutritivni sadržaj zrna zaslužan je za sve veću učestalost gajenja ove industrijske biljke širom sveta. Međutim, veliki broj fitopatogenih gljiva egzistira u semenu soje i nepovoljno utiče na hranljivi sadržaj zrna pa samim tim i na smanjenu klijavost i životnu sposobnost. Zdravstveni pregled semena soje u trogodišnjem periodu od 2016. do 2018. godine, pokazao je da fitopatogene vrste iz rodova Alternaria, Diaporthe i Fusarium, kao i vrste Peronospora manshurica, Macrophominaphaseolina, Botrytis cinerea, i Cercospora kikuchii egzistiraju u semenu soje prikupljenom iz sedam lokaliteta u Srbiji. Ipak, P. manshurica i vrste iz roda Alternaria pokazale su se kao najdominantnije vrste u sve tri godine. Takođe, ustanovljeno je da vremenski uslovi, lokalitet gajenja i odabir sorte značajno utiču na intenzitet zaraze. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju koji patogeni predstavljaju pretnju uspešnoj semenskoj proizvodnji soje i pomažu u pronalaženju preventivnih mera za suzbijanje ovih patogena u toku vegetacije.

Sklop biljaka ima značajan uticaj na morfološke osobine i ostvareni prinos soje. Broj zrna i masa zrna po biljci soje smanjuju se sa povećanjem gustine useva, dok je najveći prinos ostvaren pri optimalnim gustinama za pojedine grupe zrenja, a sa povećanjem ili smanjenjem gustine useva prinos se smanjuje. Cilj ovoga rada je da se utvrde optimalne gustine setve soje za pojedine grupe zrenja i sagleda uticaj različitih sklopova na broj i masu zrna po biljci., Plant spacing has a significant influence on the morphological characteristics and the achieved soybean yield. The number of grains and grain weight per soybean plant decreases with increasing crop density, while the highest yield is achieved at optimal densities for certain maturity groups and with increasing or decreasing crop density the yield decreases. The aim of this work is to determine the optimal soybean sowing densities for individual maturity groups and to consider the influence of different gatherings on the number and weight of grains per plant.