Search

Bittacus rafaeli Machado & Ramos-Pastrana sp. nov. (Figs. 1–12) Diagnosis. Wings maculated, 1 costal crossvein, pterostigma elongated, forewing origin of Rs 1+2 much basal to the level of Sc end, hind wing with Rs 1+2 not forked. Head with frons and vertex light brown. Male epandrial lobe in dorsal view with the internal margins almost parallel at the base, followed by a large concavity; medial area of the concavity with a rounded lobe; apex curving inwards and ending in a rounded protuberance covered by long and robust black setae. Epandrial lobe in lateral view, shorter than basistylus. Description. Male holotype (Figs. 1–7): Body length 15.6 mm, forewing length 18.9 mm, hind wing length 15.6 mm. Head with frons and vertex light brown; ocellar triangle, gena, clypeus, and labrum dark brown (Fig. 2). Mouth parts light brown, except for the two basal palpomeres of the maxillary and labial palpi. Three distinctive ocelli, lateral ones slightly larger than median. Antennae long, filiform, covered with yellowish pubescence, light brown at the basal half, darkening in the distal half towards the apex. Number of flagellomeres 30 or more. Thorax (Fig. 3) dark brown with some lighter areas, particularly at the pleural region, pronotum, and medial area of the meso and metanotum, covered with yellowish pubescence. Legs (Fig. 1) With coxa and trochanter dark brown in all legs. Femur, tibia and tarsi of fore and mid legs mostly light brown, except for some dark areas on femur apex, tibia base and apex, and distal three tarsomeres. Hind leg slightly darker than anterior legs, particularly the femur and tarsi. Femur and tibia with sparse short black setae. Tibia with two long apical spurs; spurs dark brown and shorter than basitarsus. Fore and mid tarsi with tarsomere II longer than tarsomeres III‒V, basal tarsomere twice length of tarsomere II, tarsomere V prehensile. Hind tarsus dark brown, less than half the length of hind tibia; tarsomeres II–V about same length, basitarsus about twice as long as tarsomere II and slightly lighter than the others; tarsomere V prehensile. Wings (Fig. 4) Narrow with apex rounded. Membrane mostly hyaline but with many dark brown marks surrounding some of the transversal veins and major longitudinal bifurcations. Pterostigma dark brown, elongate; thyridium present. Forewing with one subapical costal crossvein; humeral crossvein present; Sc ending beyond first fork of Rs; Rs fork nearly forming a right angle; Rs 1+2 forking near the end of pterostigma; Rs 3+4 forking at level of M 1+2 and M 3+4; one pterostigmal crossvein; M origin basal to Rs origin; Cu 1 ending beyond the apex of Sc; A 1 ending near the level of Rs first fork. Hind wing similar to forewing, except Rs 1+2 not forked. Male abdominal tergites I‒VI brown to light brown medially and dark brown laterally, remaining tergites dark brown (Fig. 1). Sternites mostly light brown except distal sternites dark brown. Terminalia (Figs. 5–7) with epandrium light brown except dorsal margins black, covered with yellowish pubescence. In dorsal view epandrium with a basal medial lobe covered with small setae; epandrial lobe internal margins almost parallel at the base, followed by a large concavity; medial area of the concavity with a rounded lobe; apex curving inwards and ending in a rounded protuberance covered by long, robust black setae. Epandrial lobe in lateral view shorter than basistylus; straight ventrally, but in dorsal view with the posterior half expanded dorsally. Epandrial lobe in posterior view with ventral margin expanding inwards, and apex covered by long, robust black setae. Cercus about as long as sternite IX, dark brown, with yellowish setae. Basystilus in lateral view light brown ventrally and dark brown dorsally; with long yellowish setae; posterior margin with a small concavity at the dorsal half. Penisfilum broad at base, narrowed medially, tapering towards apex, curving backwards at medial region. Holotype male. COLOMBIA: Caquetá, El Doncello, Vda. [Vereda] Villa Rica, Fca.[Finca] La Gabela, 01º36′59″N / 75º09′55″W, 294 m [eters], 17.vii.2021, Captura manual en Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae), Y. Carreño (1♂, LEUA –00000035892). Holotype condition very good, with only the apical ventral margin of the right forewing missing. Female paratype (Figs. 8–10): Body length 17.2 mm, forewing length 19.2 mm, hind wing length 16.8 mm. Identical to the male holotype, except abdomen (Figs. 9–10) with basal segments brown, distal segments mostly dark brown, medial tergites lighter. Terminalia (Figs. 9–10) with cercus shorter than subanal plate and tergite XI in lateral view, dark brown, covered with yellow setae. Subanal plate and tergite XI dark brown, with short yellow setae. Gonocoxosternite dark brown, with yellowish setae, those in the posterior margin longer; gonocoxosternite not fused ventrally, in lateral view with a subapical membranous concavity. Paratype female. COLOMBIA: Caquetá, El Doncello, Vda.[Vereda] Maguaré, Fca.[Finca] Parcela No.[Número] 4, 01º38′40″N / 75º09′34″W, 287 m [eters], 17.vi.2021, Captura manual en dosel de Theobroma cacao, M. Bermúdez (1♀, LEUA –00000035891). In perfect condition. Type locality. Colombia: Caquetá: El Doncello (Fig. 11). Etymology. Named after the entomologist and friend Dr. José Albertino Rafael, for his valuable mentoring to the authors and his significant contribution to the development of Neotropical entomology. Habitat. The specimens were collected with forceps on a cocoa plantation (Theobroma cacao) in the Colombian Amazon foothills at the Departament of Caquetá (Fig. 12)., Published as part of Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Higinio, María Fernanda Bermúdez, Guevara, Yennifer Andrea Carreño & Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, 2022, A new species of Bittacus Latreille (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) from the Andean-Amazonian foothills, Caquetá, Colombia, pp. 476-482 in Zootaxa 5209 (4) on pages 477-480, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7333954

Insects attracted to cadavers can be used to estimate postmortem interval (PMI). In this study, inmature stages and adults of Dermestes maculatus and Chrysomya albiceps were collected in association with a human cadaver in a closed aquatic environment in Caquetá, Colombia, and analyzed to determine the PMI. We also conducted an experiment with a pig carcass to estimate the emersion time, which began three days after carcass submersion. The minimum PMI was 481.5 hours. Time of death, time of emersion and period of insect activity matched the actions of the murder suspects, who confessed to murdering the victim 25 days prior to the discovery of the body. RESUMEN Los insectos atraídos a cadáveres pueden ser usados para estimar el intervalo post mortem (IPM). En este estudio, una muestra de estados inmaduros y adultos de Dermestes maculatus y Chrysomya albiceps fueron recolectados en asociación con un cadáver humano en un ambiente cerrado y acuático en Caquetá, Colombia, y analizada para determinar el IPM. Además, se condujo un experimento con un cadáver porcino para estimar el tiempo de emersión, que comenzó tres días después de la sumersión del cadáver. El IPM mínimo fue 481.5 horas. El tiempo de muerte, tiempo de emersión y el periodo de actividad insectil coincidieron con las acciones de los sospechosos del crimen, quienes confesaron haber asesinado a la víctima 25 días antes del descubrimiento del cadáver.

Neocephalosphaera spinifera sp. nov. Figs 85–97, 131 Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂: COLOMBIA, Bolívar, SFF[Santuario de Fauna y Flora] Los Colorados, Alto El Mirador, 954’N / 7507’W, 400 m [eters], 06–21.xii.2001, E. Deulufuet “M2628 (1♂, IAvH) (photographed specimen). Holotype with left wing mounted on microslide with Canada balsam. Right antenna and terminalia were placed in a microvial with glycerin, both pinned along the specimen. Diagnosis. Fore and hind coxa whitish yellow, mid coxae brown; fore and hind trochanters whitish yellow, mid trochanter brown; femora dark yellow, fore and mid femora with proximal quarter whitish yellow, hind femur with proximal half whitish yellow. Surstyli subsymmetrical, setose, both surstyli downward directed, with tips sideward directed. Apex of phallic guide short, with apex thin and downward directed. Phallus bifid, with ejaculatory ducts long and thin, covered by a membrane with spines on apex and apical hook. Description. MALE. (holotype). Body length 5.3 mm. Head (Figs 85–86). Eyes contiguous for 24 facets. F, EM, V (mm) = 0.4, 0.5, 0.2. Frons gray pruinose. Postcranium brown, gray pruinose laterally and ventrally, yellow pruinose dorsally. Antenna (Fig. 87). with scape and pedicel dark yellow, pedicel with four setae dorsally and five short setae ventrally; postpedicel light yellow, with short acuminate apex. LPP/WPP = 3.4. Thorax (Figs 86, 88). Postpronotal lobe whitish yellow. Scutum and notopleuron brown, yellow pruinose. Scutellum whitish yellow, brown on anterior margin, light brown pruinose. Mesopleuron and mediotergite brown, gray pruinose. Wing (Fig. 89). Length 6 mm. LW/MWW = 3.1; LTC/LFC = 0.4. Membrane almost hyaline; third section costal shorter than the length of fourth; vein r-m located before the basal third of the upper section of the cell dm; vein M 2 long; dmm/M 2 = 2.2; section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m; vein dm-m slightly curved. Halter stem beige, base brown, knob beige with a brown spot dorsally. Legs (Fig. 85). Fore and hind coxae whitish yellow; mid coxa brown; fore and hind trochanters beige; mid trochanter brown; femora dark yellow; fore and mid femora with proximal quarter whitish yellow; hind femur with proximal half whitish yellow; femora with rows of ventral spines and a row of long and fine yellow setae posterodorsally; fore tibia whitish yellow; mid and hind tibiae light yellow; tarsomeres 1–2 dark yellow; 3–5 light brown; pulvilli whitish yellow. Abdomen (Figs 85–86, 90). Dark brown, tergite 1 light brown, without setae laterally, gray pruinose dorsally; tergites 2–3 brown on basal half and yellow on distal half; gray pruinose on distal margin; tergites 4–5 dark brown on basal half and lightly brown on distal half, gray pruinose on distal margin and laterally; tergites and sternites 6 and 7 as in Fig. 91. Syntergosternite 8 light brown, yellow pruinose, shorter than tergite 5, with membranous area large, dividing syntergosternite 8 and reaching epandrium (Figs 90, 92). Terminalia (Figs 91–97). Epandrium and surstyli yellow. Surstyli (Figs 92–95) subsymmetrical, shorter than the length of epandrium, setose, both surstyli downward directed, thickened at the base, thin apically, with tips sideward directed; right surstylus slightly shorter and thinner than left; both surstyli with one small lobe ventrally in the proximal third, downward directed when seen in lateral view (Figs 94–95). Apex of phallic guide short, with apex thin and downward directed (Fig. 96). Ejaculatory apodeme fan-shaped, with one lateral margin rounded (Fig. 97). Phallus bifid, with ejaculatory ducts long and thin, apparently covered by a membrane with spines on apex and apical hook (Fig. 96). Female. Unknown. Geographical distribution. Colombia (Bolívar) (Fig. 131). Etymology. From the Latin spina = spine. Refers to the spines in the membrane that attach the ejaculatory ducts. Habitat. The specimens were collected with Malaise traps at ground level. The vegetation of collection site corresponds to areas of tropical dry forest in the Caribbean region. Taxonomic notes. Based on male specimen N. spinifera sp. nov. is similar in appearance to N. miriamae Rafael, 1992 [see figures 42.9, 42.22, 42.57, 42.58, presented by Rafael (1992) and figures 1.H, 2.K, 3.K, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)], N. semispiralis Rafael & Rosa, 1991 [see figures 7–11 presented by Rafael & Rosa (1991) and figures 1.N, 3.Q, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)], and N. sumapazensis sp. nov. (Figs 114–125). It differs from N. miriamae by having the scutellum whitish yellow, light brown pruinose (Figs 86, 88) (versus scutellum dark brown to black, gray pruinose in N. miriamae); vein r-m located before the basal third of the upper section of the cell dm (Fig. 89) [versus vein r-m located after the basal third of the upper section of the cell dm, figure 42.22, presented by Rafael (1992)]; section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m (Fig. 89) [versus section between cell dm and vein M 2 equal than vein dm-m, figure 42.22, presented by Rafael (1992)]; fore and hind coxae whitish yellow, mid coxa brown (versus all coxae black); both surstyli with tips outward directed (Fig. 93) [versus both surstyli with tips inward directed, figure 42.57, presented by Rafael (1992)]; right surstylus slightly shorter and thin (Fig. 93) [versus right surstylus slightly longer and thickened, figure 42.57, presented by Rafael (1992)]; both surstyli with one small lobe ventrally in the proximal third when seen in lateral view (Figs 94–95) [versus left surstylus with subapical sinus ventrally in the proximal third when seen in lateral view, figure 42.58, presented by Rafael (1992)]. It differs mainly from N. semispiralis in having the mid coxae brown (versus mid coxa black in N. semispiralis); mid trochanter brown (versus mid trochanter black); scutellum light brown pruinose (Figs 86, 88) (versus scutellum gray pruinose); both surstyli with one small lobe ventrally in the proximal third, when seen in lateral view (Figs 94–95) [versus both surstyli with two ventral lobes, when seen in lateral view, figures 9–10, presented by Rafael & Rosa (1991)]. It differs mainly from N. sumapazensis sp. nov. by having the postpronotal lobe whitish yellow (Figs 85, 88) [versus postpronotal lobe light brown in N. sumapazensis sp. nov. (Figs 114, 116)]; scutellum whitish yellow (Figs 86, 88) [versus scutellum dark yellow (Figs 115–116)]; section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m (Fig. 89) [versus section between cell dm and vein M 2 smaller than vein dm-m (Fig. 117)]; both surstyli with tips outward directed (Fig. 93) [versus both surstyli with tips downward directed (Fig. 121)]; both surstyli with one small lobe ventrally in the proximal third when seen in lateral view (Figs 94–95) [versus both surstyli with one small lobe ventrally in the middle third when seen in lateral view (Figs 122–123)]; ejaculatory apodeme fan-shaped, with one lateral margin rounded and other margin acute (Fig. 97) [versus ejaculatory apodeme fan-shaped, with two lateral margins acute (Fig. 125)].

Neocephalosphaera carinae sp. nov. Figs 14–26, 129 Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂: COLOMBIA, Boyacá, SFF[Santuario de Fauna y Flora] Iguaque, Cab [aña] Mamarramos, 0525’N/7325’W, 2855 m [eters], 23.Sep[ix].–11.Oct[x].2000, 752 (1♂, IAvH) (photographed specimen). PARATYPE idem, 25.May[v].–08.Jun[vi].2000 (1♂, LEUA). Holotype with left wing mounted on microslide with Canada balsam. Left antenna and terminalia placed in a microvial with glycerin, both pinned along the specimen. Diagnosis. Trochanters light brown on the anterior face, dark brown posterodorsally; femora light brown with a dark brown spot on proximal third, dark brown dorsally. Tergites 2–5 velvety black anteriorly, brown pruinose posteriorly. Surstyli subsymmetrical, both with carinae on inner edges. Apex of phallic guide stout, long, with rigid and distinct submedian lobe dorsally, bearing a row of thin and clear apical setae ventrally and a hooked tip. Phallus with ejaculatory ducts completely spiralized. Description. MALE (holotype). Body length 4.6 mm. Head (Figs 14–15). Eyes contiguous for 21 facets. F, EM, V (mm) = 0.4, 0.5, 0.2. Frons brown pruinose. Postcranium brown, laterally and ventrally gray pruinose, dorsally brown pruinose. Antenna (Fig. 16) with scape and pedicel dark brown, pedicel with three setae dorsally and three longer setae ventrally; postpedicel light brown, with long acuminate apex. LPP/WPP = 3.3. Thorax (Figs 14–15, 17). Postpronotal lobe brown. Scutum black, brown pruinose. Notopleuron concolorous with the scutum, brown pruinose. Scutellum black, brown pruinose, with 14 conspicuous setae along posterior margin. Mesopleuron and mediotergite brown, gray-brown pruinose. Wing (Fig. 18). Length 5.7 mm. LW/MWW = 3.5; LTC/LFC = 0.6. Membrane faintly brown infuscated; third section costal shorter than the length of fourth; vein r-m located after the basal third of upper section of cell dm; vein M 2 short; dm-m/M 2 = 5.3; section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m; vein dm-m slightly curved. Halter dark brown except stem beige. Legs (Figs 14–15). Coxae dark brown; trochanters light brown on the anterior face, dark brown posterodorsally; femora light brown with a dark brown spot on proximal third, dark brown dorsally, with a row of long and fine yellow setae posterolaterally; tibiae dark yellow, hind tibia with brown spots and posterior erect setae medially; tarsomeres 1–4 yellow, 5 brown; pulvilli yellow. Abdomen (Figs 14–15, 19). Ground color dark, tergite 1 sparsely gray-brown pruinose, with seven stout black setae laterally; tergites 2–5 velvety black anteriorly, brown pruinose posteriorly; tergites 1–3 gray pruinose laterally; tergites 4–5 brown pruinose laterally; tergites and sternites 6 and 7 as in Fig. 20. Syntergosternite 8 brown, brown pruinose, shorter than tergite 5 length, with membranous area large, dividing the syntergosternite 8 ventrally and reaching epandrium (Figs 19, 21). Terminalia (Figs 20–26). Epandrium and surstyli dark brown (Figs 21–22). Surstyli (Figs 21–24) subsymmetrical, shorter than the length of epandrium, completely setose; both surstyli with carinae on apical inner edges (Fig. 22); left surstylus slightly shorter and thinner than right, both surstyli with tips downward directed when seen in lateral view (Figs 23–24). Apex of phallic guide stout, long, with rigid and distinct submedian lobe dorsally; bearing a row of thin clear setae ventrally and hooked tip (Fig. 25). Ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped, with one margin somewhat straight (Fig. 26). Phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts completely spiralized (Fig. 25). FEMALE. Unknown. Geographical distribution. Colombia (Boyacá) (Fig. 129). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the type locality, Boyacá, Colombia. Habitat. The specimens were collected with Malaise traps at ground level. The vegetation of the collection site is composed of cloud Andean forests of the Eastern Cordillera of Northeastern region of Colombia. Taxonomic notes. Neocephalosphaera carinae sp. nov. runs to N. jamaicensis Johnson, 1919 in the couplet 18 of the key presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009). It differs from N. jamaicensis in having the antenna with postpedicel long, with acuminate apex (Fig. 16) [versus antenna with postpedicel short, with the acuminate apex in N. jamaicensis, figure 42.6, presented by Rafael (1992)]; femora light brown with a dark brown spot on proximal third, dark brown dorsally (Figs 14–15) (versus femora dark brown to black, with bases and apices yellow); trochanters light brown on the anterior face, dark brown posterodorsally (Fig. 14) (versus trochanters yellow); apex of phallic guide with rigid and distinct submedian lobe dorsally and hooked tip (Fig. 25) [versus apex of phallic guide with straight margins dorsally and ventrally and straight tip, figure 3.I, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts completely spiralized (Fig. 25) [versus phallus with ejaculatory ducts spiralized only in distal 3/4, figure 3.I, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]. Based on the male specimen and due to the shape of the surstyli, N. carinae sp. nov. is also related to N. iguaquensis sp. nov. (Figs 50–51), N. muisca sp. nov. (Figs 66–67), and N. spiralis sp. nov. (Figs 105–106). It differs from N. iguaquensis sp. nov. in having apex of phallic guide with rigid and distinct submedian lobe dorsally and hooked tip (Fig. 25) [versus apex of phallic guide with distinct submedian truncated lobe ventrally, slightly straight dorsally, tip slightly downward directed with a small translucent lobe dorsally in N. iguaquensis sp. nov. (Fig. 54)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts completely spiralized (Fig. 25) [versus phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts spiralized, only in distal 3/4 (Fig. 54)]; ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped, with one margin somewhat straight (Fig. 26) [versus ejaculatory apodeme somewhat nail-shaped (Fig. 55)]. It differs from N. muisca sp. nov. in having syntergosternite 8 shorter than tergite 5 length, without crestlike membranous area (Figs 19, 21) [versus syntergosternite 8 larger than tergite 5, with crestlike membranous area in N. muisca sp. nov. (Figs 64, 66)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts completely spiralized (Fig. 25) [versus phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts spiralized, only in distal 3/4 (Fig. 70)]. It differs from N. spiralis sp. nov. in having section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m (Fig. 18) [versus section between cell dm and vein M 2 equal than vein dm-m in N. spiralis sp. nov. (Fig. 102)]; apex of phallic guide with rigid and distinct submedian lobe dorsally and hooked tip (Fig. 25) [versus apex of phallic guide with distinct submedian acute lobe ventrally, which is downward directed; tip slightly downward directed (Fig. 109)]; ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped, with one margin somewhat straight (Fig. 26) [versus ejaculatory apodeme somewhat funnel-shaped narrowed, slightly inclined (Fig. 110)]., Published as part of Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, Marques, Dayse W. A. & Rafael, José Albertino, 2022, Cephalosphaera Enderlein and Neocephalosphaera De Meyer (Diptera: Pipunculidae) of Colombia, with description of nine new species and an updated key to their Neotropical species, pp. 301-333 in Zootaxa 5178 (4) on pages 305-306, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7031688, {"references":["Johnson, C. W. (1919) A revised list of the Diptera of Jamaica. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 41, 421 - 449.","Souza, B. B. & Ale-Rocha, R. (2009) Descricao de uma especie nova de Cephalosphaera Enderlein, 1936 da Amazonia (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Acta Amazonica, 39, 987 - 996. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0044 - 59672009000400028"]}

Neocephalosphaera grisea sp. nov. Figs 27–42, 129 Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂: COLOMBIA, Boyacá, SFF[Santuario de Fauna y Flora] Iguaque, Qda [Quebrada] Los Mudos, 544’N / 7326’W, 2840 m [eters], 14.ii–14.iii.2003, P. Reina Leg, “M3537 (1♂, IAvH) (photographed specimen). PARATYPES idem, (1♂, IAvH); idem, 14.ii–13.iii.2003, “M3535 (2♀, IAvH); idem, Lagunillas, 525’N / 7327’W, 3380 m [eters], 28.vi–19.vii.2001, Malaise “M1966 (1♀, LEUA); (photographed specimen); idem, 09– 24. Feb [ii].2001, “M1272 (2♂, LEUA); idem, 09–18.[iii].2001, “M1511 (1♀, LEUA); idem, (1♀, INPA); idem, 28.vi– 19.vii.2001, “M1966 (1♂, INPA); idem, 19.vii–03.viii.2001, “M1969 (1♀, INPA); idem, 18–03.iv.2001, “M1738 (1♂, IAvH); idem, Cabaña Mamarramos, 2855 m [eters], 07–21.i.2001, “M1262 (1♂, LEUA); idem, 525’12’’N / 7327’24’’W, 17.viii–01.ix.2000, (2♀, IAvH); idem, 525’N / 7327’W, 01–17. Aug [viii].2000, (2♀, IAvH); idem, 01– 19.iv.2000, (1♂, 1♀, IAvH); idem, Cabaña Carrizal, 02–22.viii.2001, Malaise “M2026 (1♂, 1♀, IAvH); idem, 2850 m [eters], 16–30.iv.2001; “M1740 (1♂, INPA); idem, 02–15.v.2001, “M1755 (1♀, IAvH); idem, Qda. [Quebrada] Carrizal, 24. Feb [ii]–09. Mar [iii].2001, “M1358 (3♀, IAvH); idem, 3350 m [eters], 19.Apr[iv]–09.May[v].2001, “M56 (1♀, IAvH); idem, 19–23. May [v].2001, “M72 (1♀, IAvH); idem, 11.Oct[x]–01.Nov[xi].2000, “M750 (1♀, IAvH); idem, 0525’12’’N / 7327’24’’W, 3360 m [eters], 02–19.iv.2000, P. Reina, (1♂, LEUA); idem, 17.viii– 01.ix.2000, (1♂, IAvH); idem, 08–25. Jun [vii].2000, “M184 (1♀, LEUA); idem, Cab [Cabaña] Carrizal, 525’N / 7327’W, 07–24.Feb[ii].2001, “M1273 (1♀, IAvH); idem, Cabaña Chaina, 2600 m [eters], 10–28.[vi].2001, “M1836 (1♀, IAvH); idem, El Nispero, 538’N / 7331’W, 2730 m [eters], 28.[x].–4[xi].2001, Malaise, “M2483 (1♀, LEUA); idem, 525’12’’N / 7327’24’’W, 2855 m [eters], 01–19[iv].2000, Malaise 4, (1♀, IAvH); idem, Chocó, PNN[Parque Nacional Natural] Utria, Centro de visitantes, 601’N / 7720’W, 2 m [eters], 20.Dec[xii]. 2000–1.Feb [ii].2001, J. Pérez, “M1343 (1♂, IAvH); idem, Bolívar, PNN[Parque Nacional Natural] Los Colorados, Alto El Mirador, 954’N / 7507’W, 400 m [eters], 14–30.i.2002, Malaise, Deulufuet leg, “M2935 (1♂, IAvH); idem, Co [Colombia], Ant. [Antioquia], Belmira, Paramos de Sta. [Santa] Ines, Playitas Laguna, 628’33’’N / 7525’47’’W, 2800–3000 m [eters], Paramo, Red Entomológica, 04–14. Feb [ii].2017, Proyecto moscas de las flores, A.L. Montoya, J. Torres-Toro, J.P. Carmona, (1♂, CEUA101617); idem, El Moro, 638’03’’N / 7539’31’’W, 2500–3000 m [eters], Bosque T [rampa] Malaise suelo, 4–14. Feb [ii].2017, Proyecto moscas de las flores, A.L. Montoya, J. Torres-Toro, J.P. Carmona, (1♀, CEUA101593). Holotype with left wing mounted with Canada balsam. Left antenna and terminalia placed in a microvial with glycerin, both pinned along the specimen, left wing lost. Diagnosis. Trochanters light brown; femora brownish yellow, with a dark brown spot on proximal third, and band dark brown dorsally, gray pruinose posteriorly; hind tibia with erect setae medially. Abdomen brown, tergite 1 gray pruinose, with four stout brown setae laterally; tergites 2–5 mostly brown pruinose, gray pruinose posterolaterally. Surstyli dark yellow, subsymmetrical, both with apices narrowing, forming a distinctive rounded lobe. Apex of phallic guide slightly thin, long, with distinct translucent lobe dorsally, tip acute and upward. Phallus trifid, long, with apices of ejaculatory ducts spiralized. Description. MALE (holotype). Body length 5.5 mm. Head (Figs 27–28). Eyes contiguous for 24 facets. F, EM, V (mm) = 0.3, 0.4, 0.2. Frons yellow pruinose. Postcranium brown, gray pruinose ventrally and laterally, brown pruinose dorsally. Antenna (Fig. 29) with scape brown, with one strong seta dorsally; pedicel brown, with four setae dorsally and two long setae ventrally; postpedicel yellow, with acuminate apex. LPP/WPP = 2. Thorax (Figs 27–28, 30). Postpronotal lobe brown, brown pruinose dorsally. Scutum black, brown pruinose. Notopleuron black, graybrown pruinose. Scutellum brown, yellow pruinose, with 10 brown inconspicuous setae along posterior margin. Mesopleuron and mediotergite light brown, gray pruinose. Wing (Fig. 31). Length 5.2 mm. LW/MWW = 3.7. LTC/ LFC = 2. Membrane faintly brown infuscated, proximal third lighter; third section costal longer than the length of fourth; vein r-m located after the basal third of the upper section of the cell dm; vein M 2 long; dm-m/M 2 = 3; section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m; vein dm-m slightly straight. Halter stem beige, base brown, knob brown with a row of setae dorsally. Legs (Figs 27–28). Coxae dark brown, gray pruinose; trochanters light brown; fore and mid trochanters with proximal halves dark brown; femora brownish yellow, with a dark brown spot on proximal third, and band dark brown dorsally, gray pruinose dorsally, femora with a row of short and fine yellow setae posterolaterally; tibiae yellow; hind tibia with erect setae medially; tarsomeres 1–4 yellow, 5 brown; pulvilli yellow. Abdomen (Figs 27–28, 32). Brown, with small inconspicuous scattered setae; tergite 1 gray pruinose, with four stout brown setae laterally; tergites 2–5 mostly brown pruinose dorsally, gray pruinose posterolaterally; tergites and sternites 6 and 7 as in Fig. 33. Syntergosternite 8 dark brown, brown pruinose, longer than tergite 5, with large crestlike membranous area, dividing the syntergosternite 8 and reaching epandrium (Figs 32, 34). Terminalia (Figs 33–39). Epandrium brown and surstyli dark yellow (Figs 34–35). Surstyli (Figs 34–37) subsymmetrical, thicker and shorter than the length of epandrium, completely setose, both surstyli with apices narrowing, forming a distinctive rounded lobe; left surstylus slightly thinner than right; both surstyli with tips downward directed and rounded when seen in lateral view (Figs 36–37). Apex of phallic guide slightly thin, long, tip acute and upward directed (Fig. 38). Ejaculatory apodeme fan-shaped, with margins truncated (Fig. 39). Phallus trifid, long, with apex of ejaculatory ducts spiralized, forming a knot at the apex (Fig. 38). FEMALE. (Figs 40–42). Similar to male, differing in the following aspects. Body length 5.8 mm. Eyes dichoptic. Postcranium yellowish-pruinose dorsally. Wing length 6.5 mm. LW/MWW = 2.8. LTC/LFC = 1.1. Frontal ommatidia larger than adjacent. Ovipositor OL: 1.42 mm, PL: 0.72 mm, B: 0.66 mm; base brown grayish-pruinose, piercer yellow, except base brown, apex shiny, straight (Figs 41–42). Geographical distribution. Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Chocó) (Fig. 129). Etymology. From the Latin griseo = grayish. Refers to the general gray pruinosity present in the specimen’s body. Habitat. The specimens were collected with Malaise traps at ground level. The vegetation of collection site is composed of cloud forests, frailejones, and very humid tropical forest of the Oriental and Central Cordillera of the Northeast, Northwest region and Pacific region of Colombia, respectively. Taxonomic notes. Based on the male specimen and due to the shape of the phallus, N. grisea sp. nov. is similar in appearance to N. jamaicensis Johnson, 1919 [figure 3.I, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]. It differs from N. jamaicensis by having the antenna with postpedicel long, with acuminate apex (Fig. 29) [versus antenna with postpedicel short, with acuminate apex in N. jamaicensis, figure 42.6, presented by Rafael (1992)]; both surstyli with apices narrowing, forming a distinctive rounded lobe, tips downward directed (Fig. 35) [versus both surstyli with carinas on inner edges; tips inward directed, figure 2.I, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]., Published as part of Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, Marques, Dayse W. A. & Rafael, José Albertino, 2022, Cephalosphaera Enderlein and Neocephalosphaera De Meyer (Diptera: Pipunculidae) of Colombia, with description of nine new species and an updated key to their Neotropical species, pp. 301-333 in Zootaxa 5178 (4) on pages 308-310, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7031688, {"references":["Johnson, C. W. (1919) A revised list of the Diptera of Jamaica. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 41, 421 - 449.","Souza, B. B. & Ale-Rocha, R. (2009) Descricao de uma especie nova de Cephalosphaera Enderlein, 1936 da Amazonia (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Acta Amazonica, 39, 987 - 996. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0044 - 59672009000400028"]}

Neocephalosphaera iguaquensis sp. nov. Figs 43–58, 130 Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂: COLOMBIA, Boyacá, SFF[Santuario de Fauna y Flora] Iguaque, El Nispero, 0538’N / 7331’W, 2730 m [eters], 3–18.ii.2002, P. Reina Leg, “M3068 (1♂, IAvH) (photographed specimen). PARATYPES idem, La Planada, 0525’12’’N / 7327’24’’W, 2850 m [eters], 02–19.apr[iv].2001, “M32 (1♂, LEUA); 13–28.x.2001, “M2476 (1♀, IAvH) (photographed specimen); idem, 28.x.–14.xi.2001, “M2483 (1♀, LEUA); idem, 12.x. [2000]– 19.i.2001, “M3066 (1♀, IAvH). Holotype with left wing mounted in Canada balsam on a microslide with balsam, terminalia, and antenna placed in a microvial with glycerin, both pinned along the specimen. Diagnosis. Coxae and trochanters brown, gray pruinose; femora light brown; tibiae yellow, with posterior erect setae medially. Tergites 2–5 velvety black anteriorly with brown pruinose posteriorly. Surstyli subsymmetrical, completely setose; both surstyli with carinas on inner edges, right overlapping left.Apex of phallic guide stout, long, slightly straight dorsally; tip slightly downward-directed, with a small translucent lobe dorsally and a row of fine setae ventrally. Phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts spiralized. Description. MALE. (holotype). Body length 6.6 mm. Head (Figs 43–44). Eyes contiguous for 27 facets. F, EM, V (mm) = 0.5, 0.6, 0.3. Frons yellow pruinose. Postcranium brown, gray pruinose laterally and ventrally, graybrown pruinose dorsally. Antenna (Fig. 45) with scape and pedicel brown; pedicel with three setae dorsally and four long setae ventrally; postpedicel light brown, with acuminate apex. LPP/WPP = 3.4. Thorax (Figs 43–44, 46). Postpronotal lobe brown, with apex light brown. Scutum brown, brown pruinose. Notopleuron concolor with the scutum, yellow pruinose. Scutellum concolor with scutum and notopleuron, yellow pruinose, with eight inconspicuous black setae along posterior margin. Mesopleuron and mediotergite light brown, gray pruinose. Wing (Fig. 47). Length 8.1 mm. LW/MWW = 3.3. LTC/LFC = 1.1. Membrane faintly brown infuscated, proximal third lighter; third section costal shorter than the length of fourth; vein r-m located after the basal third of the upper section of the cell dm; vein M 2 long; dm-m/M 2 = 2.4; section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m; vein dm-m slightly curved. Halter stem beige, knob yellow. Legs (Fig. 43). Coxae and trochanters dark brown, gray pruinose; femora light brown, gray pruinose posteriorly; hind femur with a row of long and fine yellow setae posterolaterally, eight distals black and strong; tibiae yellow, with posterior erect setae medially; tarsomeres 1–4 yellow; 5 light brown, with apex brown; pulvilli light brown. Abdomen (Figs 43–44, 48). Ground color dark, tergite 1 sparsely gray-brown pruinose, with eight stout black setae laterally; tergites 2–5 velvety black anteriorly with brown pruinosity posteriorly; tergites 1–5 gray pruinose laterally. Tergites and sternites 6 and 7 as in Fig. 49. Syntergosternite 8 dark brown, brown pruinose, larger than tergite 5, with large crestlike membranous area dividing syntergosternite 8 and reaching epandrium (Figs 48, 50). Terminalia (Figs 49–55). Epandrium and surstyli yellow (Figs 50–52). Surstyli (Figs 50–53) subsymmetrical, shorter than the length of epandrium, completely setose; both surstyli with carinas on inner edges, right over left; right surstylus slightly shorter and thinner than left, both surstyli slightly straight and forward directed when seen in lateral view (Figs 52–53). Apex of phallic guide stout, long, with distinct submedian truncated lobe ventrally, slightly straight dorsally, tip slightly downward directed with a small translucent lobe dorsally, and a row of fine setae ventrally (Fig. 54). Ejaculatory apodeme somewhat nail-shaped (Fig. 55). Phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts spiralized, only in distal 3/4 (Fig. 54). FEMALE. (Figs 56–58). Similar to male, differing in the following aspects. Body length 4.4 mm. Eyes dichoptic. Wing length 6.1 mm. LW/MWW = 3.7. LTC/LFC = 0.6. Frontal ommatidia larger than adjacent. Ovipositor OL: 0.88 mm, PL: 0.51 mm, B: 0.34 mm; base brown, gray pruinose; piercer yellow, except base brown, tip straight (Figs 57–58). Geographical distribution. Colombia (Boyacá) (Fig. 130). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the type locality, Santuario de Fauna y Flora Iguaque. Habitat. The specimens were collected with Malaise traps at ground level. The vegetation of the collection site is composed of cloud Andean forests of the Oriental Cordillera of the Northeast region of Colombia. Taxonomic notes. Neoephalosphaera iguaquensis sp. nov. runs to N. santiagonensis Rafael, 1992 in the couplet 11 of the key presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009). It differs from N. santiagonensis by having the antenna with scape and pedicel brown, postpedicel light brown (Fig. 45) (versus antenna dak brown to black, in N. santiagonensis); scutellum brown, yellow pruinose (Figs 44, 46) (versus scutellum black, brown pruinose); all coxae dark brown (Fig. 43) (versus all coxae black); both surstyli with carinas on inner edges and tips downward directed (Fig. 51) [versus both surstyli without carinas on inner edges and tips inward directed, figure 2.P, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide long, with distinct submedian truncated lobe ventrally, slightly straight dorsally, tip slightly downward directed with a small translucent lobe dorsally (Fig. 54) [versus apex of phallic guide short, with slightly straight margins ventrally and dorsally, figure 3.P, presented by Souza & AleRocha (2009)]. Based on the male specimen and due to the shape of the surstyli and phallus (except in N. carinae sp. nov.), N. iguaquensis sp. nov. is similar in appearance to N. jamaicensis Johnson, 1919 [see figures 2.I, 3.I, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)], N. carinae sp. nov. (Figs 21–24), N. muisca sp. nov. (Figs 66–70) and N. spiralis sp. nov. (Figs 105–109). It differs from N. jamaicensis by having the antenna with postpedicel long, with acuminate apex (Fig. 45) [versus antenna with postpedicel short, with acuminated apex in N. jamaicensis, figure 42.6, presented by Rafael (1992)]; apex of phallic with distinct submedian truncated lobe ventrally, slightly straight dorsally, tip slightly downward directed with a small translucent lobe dorsally (Fig. 54) [versus apex of phallic guide with straight margins dorsally and ventrally and straight tip, figure 3.I, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]. It differs from N. carinae sp. nov. by having the apex of phallic with distinct submedian truncated lobe ventrally, slightly straight dorsally, tip slightly downward directed with a small translucent lobe dorsally (Fig. 54) [versus apex of phallic guide with rigid and distinct submedian lobe dorsally and hooked tip in N. carinae sp. nov. (Fig. 25)]; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts spiralized, only in distal 3/4 (Fig. 54) [versus phallus with ejaculatory ducts completely spiralized (Fig. 25)]; ejaculatory apodeme somewhat nail-shaped (Fig. 55) [versus ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped (Fig. 26)]. It differs from N. muisca sp. nov. by having the apex of phallic with distinct submedian truncated lobe ventrally, slightly straight dorsally, tip slightly downward directed with a small translucent lobe dorsally (Fig. 54) [versus apex of phallic guide with rigid, distinct submedian lobe dorsally, slightly upward directed in N. muisca sp. nov. (Fig. 70)]; ejaculatory apodeme somewhat nail-shaped (Fig. 55) [versus ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped (Fig. 71)]. It differs from N. spiralis sp. nov. by having the section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m (Fig. 47) [versus section between cell dm and vein M 2 equal than vein dm-m in N. spiralis sp. nov. (Fig. 102)]; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts spiralized, only in distal 3/4 (Fig. 54) [versus phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts completely spiralized (Fig. 109)]; ejaculatory apodeme somewhat nail-shaped (Fig. 55) [versus ejaculatory apodeme somewhat funnel-shaped narrowed (Fig. 110)]., Published as part of Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, Marques, Dayse W. A. & Rafael, José Albertino, 2022, Cephalosphaera Enderlein and Neocephalosphaera De Meyer (Diptera: Pipunculidae) of Colombia, with description of nine new species and an updated key to their Neotropical species, pp. 301-333 in Zootaxa 5178 (4) on pages 310-312, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7031688, {"references":["Souza, B. B. & Ale-Rocha, R. (2009) Descricao de uma especie nova de Cephalosphaera Enderlein, 1936 da Amazonia (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Acta Amazonica, 39, 987 - 996. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0044 - 59672009000400028","Johnson, C. W. (1919) A revised list of the Diptera of Jamaica. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 41, 421 - 449."]}

Cephalosphaera munchiquensis sp. nov. Figs 1–13, 129 Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂: COLOMBIA, Cauca, PNN[Parque Nacional Natural] Munchique, Sector La Romelia, 238’N / 7654’W, 2640 m [eters], Malaise, 27.vii.–09.viii.2004, H. Pino leg. “M4969 (1♂, IAvH) (photographed specimen). Holotype with left wing mounted on microslide with Canada balsam. Right antenna and terminalia were placed in a microvial with glycerin, both pinned along the specimen. (hind legs lost). Diagnosis. Coxae dark brown; trochanters yellow; femora yellow except mid femur with a small spot light brown dorsoapically; tibiae dark yellow. Abdomen dark brown, tergite 1 gray pruinose. Surstyli subsymmetrical totally covered in setae, stout basally, thin apically. Apex of phallic guide thickened at the base, thin apically, with a row of fine setae ventrally. Phallus trifid, stout, with ducts distinctly separated only in distal 1/3, somewhat coiled. Description. MALE (holotype). Body length 4.5 mm. Head (Figs 1–2). Eyes contiguous for 16 facets. F, EM, V (mm) = 0.3, 0.6, 0.4. Frons gray pruinose. Postcranium black, brown pruinose dorsally, gray pruinose ventrally. Antenna (Fig. 3) with scape dark brown, with one strong seta; pedicel dark brown with two long setae ventrally; postpedicel light yellow, with acuminate apex. LPP/WPP = 3.7. Labellum brown. Thorax (Figs 1–2, 4). Postpronotal lobe brown. Scutum dark brown, yellow pruinose. Notopleuron concolorous with scutum, gray pruinose. Scutellum dark brown, yellow pruinose. Mesopleuron and mediotergite dark brown, gray pruinose. Wing (Fig. 5). Length 7.5 mm. LW/MWW = 3.4; LTC/LFC = 1.3. Membrane light brown infuscated; third section costal shorter than the length of fourth; vein r-m located after the basal third of the upper section of the cell dm; vein M 2 short; dm-m/M 2 = 3.9; section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m; vein dm-m slightly curved. Halter light brown. Legs (Figs 1–2). Coxae dark brown; trochanters yellow; femora yellow except mid femur with small spot slightly brown dorsoapically; with a row of ventral spines and a row of long and fine yellow setae posterodorsally; tibiae dark yellow; tarsomeres 1–2 yellow, 3 and 5 slightly brown; pulvilli brown. Abdomen (Figs 1–2, 6). Dark brown, tergite 1 with seven stout black setae laterally; tergites 1–5, brown pruinose laterally; tergites and sternites 6 and 7 as in Fig. 7. Syntergosternite 8 brown, brown pruinose, shorter than tergite 5, with membranous area occupying less than half of syntergosternite 8 in dorsal view, not reaching the epandrium (Fig. 8). Terminalia (Figs 7–13). Epandrium brown, surstyli light brown (Figs 8–9). Surstyli (Figs 8–11) subsymmetrical, shorter than the length of epandrium, totally covered in setae, thickened at the base, thin apically, both surstyli with tips downward directed when seen in lateral view (Figs 10–11). Apex of phallic guide stout basally, tapering apically, with a row of fine setae ventrally (Fig. 12). Ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped (Fig. 13). Phallus trifid, stout, with ducts distinctly separated only in distal 1/3, somewhat coiled (Fig. 12). FEMALE. Unknown. Geographical distribution. Colombia (Cauca) (Fig. 129). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the type locality, Munchique, National Natural Park, Colombia; probably the word Munchique comes from the indigenous language Chibcha which refers to the highest mountain, the mountain that holds many secrets. Habitat. The specimen was collected with Malaise trap at ground level. The vegetation of the collection site corresponds to Andean forest of the Pacific region of Colombia. Taxonomic notes. Cephalosphaera munchiquensis sp. nov. runs to C. guanacastensis Rafael & Menezes, 1999 in the couplet 11 of the key presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009). It differs from C. guanacastensis in having all coxae dark brown (versus fore coxa yellow, mid and hind coxa brown in C. guanacastensis); surstyli extensively covered by setae (Figs 8–9) [versus surstyli bare dorsally, figure 2.F, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with a row of fine setae ventrally (Fig. 12) [versus apex of phallic guide without a row of fine setae ventrally, figure 3.F, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts thin and distinctly separated only in distal 1/3, somewhat coiled (Fig. 12) [versus phallus shortened stout and with two additional branches, giving the false impression of being five ejaculatory ducts, figure 3.F, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]., Published as part of Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, Marques, Dayse W. A. & Rafael, José Albertino, 2022, Cephalosphaera Enderlein and Neocephalosphaera De Meyer (Diptera: Pipunculidae) of Colombia, with description of nine new species and an updated key to their Neotropical species, pp. 301-333 in Zootaxa 5178 (4) on pages 303-305, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7031688, {"references":["Rafael, J. A. & Menezes, M. D. S. (1999) Taxonomic review of Costa Rican Pipunculidae (Insecta: Diptera). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 47, 513 - 534. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 47 i 3.19190","Souza, B. B. & Ale-Rocha, R. (2009) Descricao de uma especie nova de Cephalosphaera Enderlein, 1936 da Amazonia (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Acta Amazonica, 39, 987 - 996. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0044 - 59672009000400028"]}

Neocephalosphaera paolae sp. nov. Figs 72–84, 130 Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂: COLOMBIA, Caquetá, San José del Fragua, Yurayaco, 0120’55’’N / 7606’11’’W, 1270 m [eters], 09–13.ix.2000, F. Gonzales “M03, (1♂, IAvH) (photographed specimen). Holotype with left wing mounted on microslide with Canada balsam. Left antenna and terminalia were placed in a microvial with glycerin, both pinned along the specimen. Diagnosis. Trochanters yellow; femora mostly brown, yellow on proximal half; tibiae yellow; hind tibia with erect setae medially. Abdomen brown, tergite 1 entirely gray pruinose and tergites 2–5 gray pruinose posterolaterally. Surstyli subsymmetrical, both with tips inward directed and inner margin with lobes that converge apically. Apex of phallic guide stout, long, with distinct translucent lobes dorsally and ventrally. Phallus trifid, long, with apex of ejaculatory ducts coiled. Description. MALE (holotype). Body length 3.7 mm. Head (Figs 72–73). Eyes contiguous for 14 facets. F, EM, V (mm) = 0.5, 0.5, 0.5. Frons gray pruinose. Postcranium brown, laterally and ventrally gray pruinose, dorsally brown pruinose. Antenna (Fig. 74). with scape and pedicel dark brown, scape with one dorsal seta; pedicel with three setae dorsally and 2 long setae ventrally; postpedicel yellow, with acuminate apex. LPP/WPP = 4.7. Thorax (Figs 72–73, 75). Postpronotal lobe brown. Scutum brown, brown pruinose. Notopleuron concolorous with the scutum, gray pruinose. Scutellum concolorous with scutum gray pruinose, with four conspicuous setae along posterior margin. Mesopleuron and mediotergite light brown, gray pruinose. Wing (Fig. 76). Length 7.8 mm. LW/MWW = 3.3; LTC/LFC = 2.6. Membrane faintly brown infuscated; third section costal longer than the length of fourth; vein r-m located after the basal third of the upper section of the cell dm; vein M 2 long; dm-m/M 2 = 1.8; section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m; vein dm-m slightly curved. Halter stem and knob beige, except the base of stem slightly light brown. Legs (Fig. 72). Coxae brown, gray pruinose; trochanters yellow; femora mostly brown, yellow on proximal half, with a row of long and fine yellow setae posterolaterally; tibiae yellow, hind tibia with erect setae medially; tarsomeres 1–4 yellow, 5 brown; pulvilli yellow. Abdomen (Figs 72–73, 77). Brown, tergite 1 gray pruinose, with four stout brown setae laterally; tergites 2–5 gray pruinose posterolaterally; tergites and sternites 6 and 7 as in Fig. 78. Syntergosternite 8 brown, brown pruinose, shorter than tergite 5, with membranous area large, dividing the syntergosternite 8 and reaching epandrium (Figs 77, 79). Terminalia (Figs 78–84). Epandrium light brown and surstyli yellow (Figs 79–80). Surstyli (Figs 80–82) subsymmetrical, equal in length to epandrium, completely setose; both surstyli with tips inward directed and inner margin with irregularly shaped lobes that converge apically; when seen in lateral view right surstylus strong and long, both surstyli with tips slightly downward directed (Figs 81–82). Apex of phallic guide stout, long, with distinct translucent lobes dorsally and ventrally, extreme tip acute and downward directed (Fig. 83). Ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped narrowed (Fig. 84). Phallus trifid, long, with apex of ejaculatory ducts coiled (Fig. 83). FEMALE. Unknown. Geographical distribution. Colombia (Caquetá) (Fig. 130). Etymology. The specific epithet is nominated in honor of Paola Andrea Vargas Triviño. She is the wife of the first author, in gratitude to approximately 21 years of accompaniment, time in which she has been a support to travel this long path called ‘life’. Habitat. The specimens were collected with Malaise traps at ground level, where the vegetation is composed of cloud Andean forests of the Eastern Piedmont of the Cordillera of the Southwest region of Colombia. Taxonomic notes. Neocephalosphaera paolae sp. nov. runs to N. semispiralis Rafael & Rosa 1991 in the couplet 5 of the key presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009). It differs from N. semispiralis by having the antenna with scape and pedicel dark brown (Fig. 74) (versus antenna with scape and pedicel dark yellow in N. semispiralis); scutellum brown (Figs 73, 75) (versus scutellum yellow); all coxae brown (versus fore and mid coxae yellow, hind coxa black); all trochanters yellow (Fig. 72) (versus fore and hind trochanters yellow, mid trochanter black); both surstyli with straight ventral margins when seen in lateral view (Figs 81–82) [versus both surstyli with two ventral lobes when seen in lateral view, figures 9–10, presented by Rafael & Rosa (1991)]; phallus trifid, long, with the apex of ejaculatory ducts coiled (Fig. 83) (versus phallus bifid, with ejaculatory ducts long and thin, apparently covered by a membrane with spines apically, in original description)., Published as part of Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, Marques, Dayse W. A. & Rafael, José Albertino, 2022, Cephalosphaera Enderlein and Neocephalosphaera De Meyer (Diptera: Pipunculidae) of Colombia, with description of nine new species and an updated key to their Neotropical species, pp. 301-333 in Zootaxa 5178 (4) on page 316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7031688, {"references":["Rafael, J. A. & Rosa, M. S. S. (1991) Pipunculidae (Diptera) da estacao ecologica de Maraca e da localidade de Pacaraima, Roraima, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 21, 337 - 350. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921991211350","Souza, B. B. & Ale-Rocha, R. (2009) Descricao de uma especie nova de Cephalosphaera Enderlein, 1936 da Amazonia (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Acta Amazonica, 39, 987 - 996. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0044 - 59672009000400028"]}

Neocephalosphaera muisca sp. nov. Figs 59–71, 130 Type material. HOLOTYPE ♂: COLOMBIA, Boyacá, SFF[Santuario de Fauna y Flora] Iguaque, 525’12’’N / 7327’24’’W, 2855 m [eters], 01–19.iv.2000, Malaise 4, P. Reina, (1♂, IAvH) (photographed specimen). Holotype with both wings mounted on microslide with Canada balsam. Left antenna and terminalia were placed in a microvial with glycerin, both pinned along the specimen. Diagnosis. Fore and hind trochanters yellow; mid trochanter brown; femora light brown, gray pruinose, with brown spot dorsally; tibiae yellow. Abdomen brown, mostly brown pruinose dorsally and laterally, with conspicuous scattered setae. Surstyli subsymmetrical, both surstyli with carinas on inner edges. Apex of phallic guide stout, long, with rigid, distinct submedian lobe dorsally, slightly upward directed, with a row of fine setae ventrally. Phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts spiralized. Description. MALE (holotype). Body length 4.5 mm. Head (Figs 59–60). Eyes contiguous for 16 facets. F, EM, V (mm) = 0.3, 0.4, 0.3. Frons gray pruinose. Postcranium brown posteriorly, brown pruinose laterally and ventrally, yellow pruinose dorsally. Antenna (Fig. 61). with scape and pedicel dark brown, pedicel with 3 setae dorsally and 3 long setae ventrally; postpedicel brown, with acuminate apex. LPP/WPP = 3.1. Thorax (Figs 59–60, 62). Postpronotal lobe brown. Scutum brown, sparsely brown pruinose. Notopleuron concolorous with scutum brown pruinose. Scutellum dark brown, brown pruinose, with eight conspicuous setae along posterior margin. Mesopleuron and mediotergite brown, gray pruinose. Wing (Fig. 63). Length 5.8 mm. LW/MWW = 3.5; LTC/LFC = 1.1. Membrane light brown infuscated; third section costal shorter than the length of fourth; vein r-m located after the basal third of the upper section of the cell dm; vein M 2 short; dm-m/M 2 = 3.7; section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m; vein dm-m slightly straight. Halter brown, stem brown, base brown, and knob brown. Legs (Figs 59–60). Coxae brown, gray pruinose; fore and hind trochanters yellow; mid trochanter brown; femora light brown with brown spot dorsally, gray pruinose posteriorly, with rows of ventral spines and a row of long and fine yellow setae posterolaterally; tibiae yellow; tarsomeres 1–4 yellow, 5 brown; pulvilli yellow. Abdomen (Figs 59–60, 64). Ground color dark, mostly brown pruinose, with conspicuous scattered setae; tergite 1 with five stout black setae laterally; tergites 1–5 with dark brown band dorsally on anterior margin; sparsely gray pruinose posterolaterally; tergites and sternites 6 and 7 as in Fig. 65. Syntergosternite 8 brown, brown pruinose, larger than tergite 5, with crestlike membranous area large, dividing the syntergosternite 8 and reaching epandrium (Figs 64, 66). Terminalia (Figs 65–71). Epandrium and surstyli dark brown (Figs 66–67). Surstyli (Figs 66–69) subsymmetrical, shorter than the length of epandrium, completely setose; both surstyli with carinas on inner edges and tips acuminate, downward directed when seen in lateral view (Figs 68–69). Apex of phallic guide stout, long, with rigid, distinct submedian lobe dorsally, slightly upward directed, with a row of fine setae ventrally (Fig. 70). Ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped, somewhat inclined to one side (Fig. 71). Phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts spiralized, only in distal 3/4 (Fig. 70). FEMALE. Unknown. Geographical distribution. Colombia (Boyacá) (Fig. 130). Etymology. The specific epithet name is in apposition and refers to the name of the indigenous people ‘Muisca’ that inhabit the type locality. Habitat. The specimens were collected with Malaise trap at ground level. The vegetation of the collection site is composed of cloud Andean forests of the Oriental Cordillera of the Northeast region of Colombia. Taxonomic notes. Neocephalosphaera muisca sp. nov. runs to N. santiagonensis Rafael, 1992 in the couplet 11 of the key presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009). It differs from N. santiagonensis by having the scutum brown, scutellum dark brown (Figs 60, 62) (versus scutum and scutellum black in N. santiagonensis); all coxae brown (Fig. 59) (versus all coxae black); fore and hind trochanters yellow, mid trochanter brown (Fig. 59) (versus all trochanter brown); all femora light brown with brown spot dorsally (Figs 59–60) (versus all femora black); all tibiae yellow (Fig. 59) (versus fore and middle tibiae predominantly yellow, hind tibia distinctly black medially, with apex and base yellow); both surstyli with carinas on inner edges and tips acuminate (Fig. 67) [versus both surstyli without carinas on inner edges and tips inward directed, figure 2.P, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide long, with rigid, distinct submedian lobe dorsally, slightly upward directed, with a row of fine setae ventrally (Fig. 70) [versus apex of phallic guide short, with slightly straight margins ventrally and dorsally, figure 3.P, presented by Souza &Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts spiralized, only in distal 3/4 (Fig. 70) [versus phallus with ejaculatory ducts spiralized, only in distal 1/4, figure 3.P, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]. Based on the male specimen and due to the shape of the surstyli and phallus (except in N. carinae sp. nov.), N. muisca sp. nov. is similar in appearance to N. jamaicensis Johnson, 1919 [see figures 2.I, 3.I, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)], N. carinae sp. nov. (Figs 22–24), N. iguaquensis sp. nov. (Figs 50–54), and N. spiralis sp. nov. (Figs 105–109). It differs from N. jamaicensis by having the apex of phallic guide with rigid, distinct submedian lobe dorsally, slightly upward directed (Fig. 70) [versus apex of phallic guide with straight margins dorsally and ventrally and straight tip in N. jamaicensis, figure 3.I, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]. It differs from N. carinae sp. nov. by having the phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts spiralized, only in distal 3/4 (Fig. 70) [versus phallus with ejaculatory ducts completely spiralized in N. carinae sp. nov. (Fig. 25)]. It differs from N. iguaquensis sp. nov. by having the apex of phallic guide with rigid, distinct submedian lobe dorsally, slightly upward directed (Fig. 70) [versus apex of phallic guide with distinct submedian truncated lobe ventrally, slightly straight dorsally, tip slightly downward directed with a small translucent lobe dorsally in N. iguaquensis sp. nov. (Fig. 54)]; ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped (Fig. 71) [versus ejaculatory apodeme somewhat nail-shaped (Fig. 55)]. It differs from N. spiralis sp. nov. by having the section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m (Fig. 63) [versus section between cell dm and vein M 2 equal than vein dm-m in N. spiralis sp. nov. (Fig. 102)]; apex of phallic guide with rigid, distinct submedian lobe dorsally, slightly upward directed (Fig. 70) [versus apex of phallic guide with distinct submedian acute lobe ventrally, which is downward directed and tip downward directed (Fig. 109)]; ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped thickened (Fig. 71) [versus ejaculatory apodeme somewhat funnel-shaped narrowed (Fig. 110)]., Published as part of Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, Marques, Dayse W. A. & Rafael, José Albertino, 2022, Cephalosphaera Enderlein and Neocephalosphaera De Meyer (Diptera: Pipunculidae) of Colombia, with description of nine new species and an updated key to their Neotropical species, pp. 301-333 in Zootaxa 5178 (4) on pages 313-314, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7031688, {"references":["Souza, B. B. & Ale-Rocha, R. (2009) Descricao de uma especie nova de Cephalosphaera Enderlein, 1936 da Amazonia (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Acta Amazonica, 39, 987 - 996. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0044 - 59672009000400028","Johnson, C. W. (1919) A revised list of the Diptera of Jamaica. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 41, 421 - 449."]}

Key to males of the Neotropical species of Cephalosphaera and Neocephalosphaera This key is a result of the modification of those by Rafael (1992) and Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009). The initial for genera were adapted from Skevington & Yeates (2001) and Rafael & Skevington (2010). 1 Hind tibia with a comb of longer setae apically; male abdominal syntergosternite 8 with the membranous area not reaching epandrium (Fig. 8)...................................................... Cephalosphaera Enderlein, 1936... 2 - Hind tibia without comb of longer setae apically; male abdominal syntergosternite 8 with the membranous area reaching epandrium and almost reaching tergite 5 (Figs 19, 21, 32, 34, 48, 50, 64, 66, 77, 79, 90, 92, 103, 105, 118, 120)................................................................................. Neocephalosphaera De Meyer, 1994. 13 2 All femora predominantly yellow, sometimes with light brown to brown spots apically or dorsally..................... 3 - All femora predominantly brown to black, sometimes with bases and apices yellow................................ 9 3 All femora completely yellow, apex of phallic guide with a small spine laterally [see figure 3F in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)] or with a rigid lobe laterally [see figure 3N, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]............................... 4 - All femora yellow, with bases and apices or at least in the middle of the femur with a small spotlight brown to brown dorsoapically; apex of phallic guide with a strong lobe apically [see figure 3H in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)] or a row or tuft of strong spines ventroapically [see figures 3M, 4D, in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)] or a tuft of fine setae ventrally [Fig. 12 and see figure 3O in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]........................................................................ 5 4 Both surstyli with tips acute inward directed, with inner margins straight and outer margins curved, with short and fine setae marginally [see figure 2F in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with acute lobe apically downward directed and one short spine laterally (see figure 3F in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus trifid with two lateral projections apically, giving the false impression of being five ejaculatory ducts [see figure 3F in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]........................................................................................ C. guanacastensis Rafael & Menezes, 1999 - Both surstyli with subrounded tips, slightly downwards directed, with inner and outer margins curved, without marginal setae [see figure 2N in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with a rigid and acute lobe laterally, giving the false impression of being bifid [see figure 3N in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus trifid, with one long projection dorsally, forward directed and ejaculatory ducts slightly coiled [see figure 3N in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]... C. panamensis (Hardy, 1948) 5 Surstyli asymmetrical [see figure 2M in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with a tuft of strong and short spine apically (see figure 3M in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]............................. C. pacaraima Rafael & Rosa, 1991 - Surstyli subsymmetrical [Fig. 9 and see figures 2H, 2O, 4C in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with a strong lobe apically [see figure 3H in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)] or with a row of strong and long spines ventroapically [see figure 4D in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)] or with a tuft of short and fine setae ventroapically (Fig. 12 and see figure 3O in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)].................................................................................... 6 6 Wing with membrane hyaline; phallus long (see figures 3O, 4.D in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]....................... 7 - Wing with membrane faintly light brown to brown infuscated; phallus short [Figs 12, see figure 3H in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]............................................................................................. 8 7 Surstyli about equal in length to epandrium, both surstyli equal in length [see figure 4C in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with a row of strong and long spines ventroapically (see figure 4D in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts stout, with distal 1/3 distinctly striated (see figure 4D in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)].......................................................................................... C. aurata Souza & Ale-Rocha, 2009 - Surstyli distinctly shorter than the length of epandrium, left surstylus shorter than right (see figure 2O in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with a tuft of fine setae ventroapically (see figure 3O in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts thin, with tips slightly coiled (see figure 3O in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]................................................................................................. C. procera Rafael & Menezes, 1999 8 Postpronotal lobe brown (Fig. 1) both surstyli stout, thickened basally and medially, thin apically, with inner and outer margins sinuous (Fig. 9); apex of phallic guide with a tuft of fine setae ventrally (Fig. 12); phallus somewhat triangle-shaped in lateral view, with ejaculatory ducts slightly coiled (Fig. 12).................................... C. munchiquensis sp. nov. - Postpronotal lobe yellow; both surstyli slender, thickened basally, thin medially and apically, inner and outer margins slightly curved [see figure 2H in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with strong lobe apically [see figure 3H in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus stem-shaped, with ejaculatory ducts simple, not coiled, backwards directed [see figure 3H in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]............................................................... C. insularis Rafael, 1996 9 Section between cell dm and vein M 2 equal than vein dm-m (Fig. 102); all femora entirely black; both surstyli with apical sinus on outer margins, forming acute tips, right surstylus shorter than left [see figure 2G in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus thin [see figure 3G in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]......................................... C. incomitata (Hardy, 1965) - Section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m (Figs 5, 18, 31, 47, 63, 76, 89); all femora brown to black, with bases and apices yellow; both surstyli without apical sinus on outer margins, not forming acute tips, both surstyli equal in length [see figures 2E, 2J, 2L, 2Q in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus thickened [see figures 3E, 3J, 3L, 3R in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]............................................................................................ 10 10 Mesopleuron and mediotergite brown, brown pruinose; surstyli asymmetrical [see figure 2E in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide triangular shaped [see figure 3E in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus stouter apically, one ejaculatory duct with two small protuberances dorsally [see figure 3E in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]........ C. fairchildi Rafael, 1992 - Mesopleuron and mediotergite dark brown to black, gray pruinose; surstyli subsymmetrical [see figures 2J, 2L, 2Q in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide rectangular or slightly rectangular shaped [see figures 3J, 3L, 3R in Souza & AleRocha (2009)]; phallus not stouter apically, with ejaculatory ducts simple, without protuberances dorsally (see figures 3J, 3L, 3R in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]....................................................................... 11 11 Postpronotal lobe yellow; all tibiae brown to black; both surstyli distinctly narrowing in the pre-apical portion, with short and fine setae in the inner and outer margins [see figure 2Q in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with tip truncated and one lobe dorsoapically [see figure 3R in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus with a dorsal lobe [see figure 3R in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]...................................................... C. zumbadoi Rafael & Menezes, 1999 - Postpronotal lobe brown to black; all tibiae yellow; both surstyli without distinctly narrowing in the pre-apical portion, without setae in the inner and outer margins [see figures 2J, 2L in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; apex of phallic guide with acute tip and without a lobe dorsally apically [see figures 3J, 3L in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus simple, without lobe [see figures 3J, 3L in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]....................................................................... 12 12 Postpedicel yellow, concolor with scape and pedicel; postpronotal lobe brown, gray pruinose; scutellum brown, grayish pruinose; third section costal longer than the length of fourth (Figs 31, 76); vein dm-m slightly curved (Figs 5, 18, 47, 76, 89, 102, 117); hind femora with ctenidia not prominent; both surstyli with inner margin sinuous and tips truncated inward directed [see figure 2L in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts stout (see figure 3L in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]................................................................................ C. mocaensis (Hardy, 1948) - Pospedicel yellow, scape, and pedicel brown; postpronotal lobe shining black, brown pruinose; scutellum shining black, brown pruinose; third section costal shorter than the length of fourth (Figs 5, 18, 47, 63, 89, 102, 117); vein dm-m straight (Figs 31, 63); hind femur with ctenidia very prominent; both surstyli with inner margin slightly curved [see figure 3J in Souza & AleRocha (2009)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts thin [see figure 3J in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]..................................................................................................... C. macroctenia Rafael, 1992 13 All femora predominantly yellow to dark yellow, sometimes with distal half or spotlight brown to brown dorsally; both surstyli conical shaped, thickened basally, narrowing medially and apically and inner and outer margins sinuous [Figs 93, 121, and see figures 2K in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]................................................................. 14 - All femora predominantly brownish yellow to black, sometimes with bases and apices yellow to brown or with brown spot or band dorsally; both surstyli not conical shaped, at least one margin straight or slightly curved (Figs 22, 35, 51, 67, 106, and see figures 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2I, 2P in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]................................................. 17 14 Postpronotal lobe yellow; all coxae black or at least mid coxa black; fore and hind trochanters yellow, mid trochanter black 15 - Postpronotal lobe whitish yellow or light brown; fore and hind coxae whitish yellow, mid coxae brown; fore and hind trochanter whitish yellow, mid trochanter dark yellow to brown........................................................ 16 15 Postpedicel light yellow, discrepant with scape and pedicel yellow; scutellum yellow; vein r-m located before the basal third of the upper section of the cell dm; section between cell dm and vein M2 greater than vein dm-m; fore and hind coxae yellow, mid coxa black; all femora with spot brown dorsally; left surstylus with two ventral lobes when seen in lateral view [see figures 9–10 in Rafael & Rosa (1991)].............................................. N. semispiralis Rafael & Rosa, 1991 - Postpedicel yellow, concolor with scape and pedicel; scutellum dark brown to black; vein r-m located after the basal third of the upper section of the cell dm [see figures 42.22 in Rafael (1992)]; section between cell dm and vein M 2 equal than vein dm-m [see figure 42.22 in Rafael (1992)]; all coxae black; fore femur completely yellow, mid and hind femora with brown discoloration on distal half; left surstylus with subapical sinus when seen in lateral view [see figure 42.58 in Rafael (1992)]....................................................................................... N. miriamae Rafael, 1992 16 Postpronotal lobe whitish yellow (Fig. 85); wing almost hyaline (Fig. 89); section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m (Fig. 89); both surstyli with tips outward directed, right surstylus slightly shorter and thinner than left (Fig. 93); both surstyli with a small lobe in the proximal third when seen in lateral view (Figs 94–95)............... N. spinifera sp. nov. - Postpronotal lobe light brown (Fig. 114); wing faintly brown infuscated (Fig. 117); section between cell dm and vein M 2 smaller than vein dm-m (Fig. 114); both surstyli with tips downward directed, right surstylus slightly longer than left (Fig. 121); both surstyli with a small lobe in the middle third when seen in lateral view (Figs 122–123).......... N. sumapazensis sp. nov. 17 Pospronotal lobe yellow; all femora completely brown, only hind femur with base yellow; fore and mid tibiae completely yellow, hind tibia brown, with white to light yellow ring medially; both surstyli very thickened, with apices thickener than bases [see figure 2D in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]............................................. N. cristata Rafael, 1992 - Postpronotal lobe brown to black; all femora brownish yellow to black, sometimes with bases dark brown and band dark brown dorsally or bases and apices yellow to light brown or yellow on proximal half; all tibiae completely yellow or fore and hind tibiae completely yellow and hind tibia with brown spot medially or posteriorly; both surstyli not very thickened as above, with apices thinner than bases [Figs 22, 35, 51, 67, 80, 106, see figures 2A, 2B, 2C, 2I, 2P in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]..... 18 18 Both surstyli with carinae on apical inner edges [Figs 22, 51, 67, 106, see Fig. 2.I, presented by Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus completely spiralized (Figs 25, 109) or only from distal 3/4 [Figs 54, 70, and see figure 3I in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)] not forming a knot at the apex.................................................................... 19 - Both surstyli without carinae on apical inner edges [Figs 35, 80 and see figures 2A, 2B, 2C, 2P in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]; phallus slightly spiralized only in distal 1/4 [see figures 3A, 3B, 3P in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)] or forming a knot at the apex [Fig. 38, 83 and see figure 3D in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)]................................................. 23 19 Antenna with short acuminate apex [see figure 42.6 in Rafael (1992)]; all trochanters yellow; apex of phallic guide with ventral and dorsal margins slightly straight, without lobes ventrally or dorsally [see figure 3I in Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009)].................................................................................. N. jamaicensis (Johnson, 1919) - Antenna with long acuminate apex (Figs 6, 45, 61, 100); all trochanters brown to dark brown or at least mid trochanter brown; apex of phallic guide with ventral or dorsal margins sinuous, with a lobe ventrally or dorsally (Figs 25, 54, 70, 109)...... 20 20 Both surstyli with acute apices when seen in lateral view (Figs 23–24, 68–69); apex of phallic guide with a rigid lobe dorsomedially (Figs 25, 70); ejaculatory apodeme with apex thickened (Figs 26, 71)...................................... 21 - Both surstyli with subrounded apex when seen in lateral view (Figs 52–53, 107–108); apex of phallic guide with a translucent lobe dorsoapically (Figs 54, 109); ejaculatory apodeme with apex narrowed (Figs 55, 110).......................... 22 21 Frons brown pruinose; vein dm-m slightly curved (Fig. 18); syntergosternite 8 without prominent crestlike membranous area (Figs 15, 19, 21); both surstyli with carinae, forming a straight line ventrally when they join (Fig. 22); phallus with ejaculatory ducts completely spiralized (Fig. 25)........................................................ N. carinae sp. nov. - Frons gray pruinose; vein dm-m slightly straight (Fig. 63); syntergosternite 8 with prominent crestlike membranous area (Figs 59–60, 64, 66); both surstyli with carinae, not forming a straight line ventrally when they join (Fig. 67); phallus with ejaculatory ducts spiralized, only in distal 3/4 (Fig. 70)................................................... N. muisca sp. nov. 22 Frons yellow pruinose; postcranium brown, gray-brown pruinose dorsally (Fig. 44); notopleuron brown, yellow pruinose (Fig. 43); section between cell dm and vein M 2 greater than vein dm-m (Fig. 47); all femora light brown (Fig. 43); syntergosternite 8 with prominent crestlike membranous area (Figs 43–44, 48, 50); phallus with ejaculatory ducts spiralized, only in distal 3/4 (Fig. 54); ejaculatory apodeme somewhat nail-shaped (Fig. 55)............................... N. iguaquensis sp. nov. - Frons light brown pruinose; postcranium dark brown to black, brown pruinose dorsally (Fig. 99); notopleuron black, gray pruinose; section between cell dm and vein M 2 equal than vein dm-m (Fig. 102); all femora dark brown to black (Fig. 98); syntergosternite 8 without prominent crestlike membranous area (Figs 98–99, 103, 105); phallus with ejaculatory ducts completely spiralized (Fig. 109); ejaculatory apodeme somewhat funnel-shaped narrowed (Fig. 110).............. N. spiralis sp. nov. 23 Postpronotal lobe brown (Fig. 27); scutellum brown (Figs 28, 30, 73, 75); third section costal longer than the length of fourth (Figs 31, 76)........................................................................................ 24 - Postpronotal lobe black; scutellum black; third section costal shorter or equal than the length of fourth (Figs 5, 18, 47, 63, 89, 102, 117)........................................................................................... 25 24 Frons yellow pruinose; vein dm-m straight (Fig. 31); all trochanters light brown; all femora brownish yellow, with dark brown bases and dark brown band dorsally (Figs 27–28); both surstyli with apices forming a distinctive rounded lobe, tips downward directed, never converging (Fig. 35); apex of phallic guide without lobes dorsally and ventrally, tip upward directed (Fig. 38); ejaculatory apodeme fan-shaped (Fig. 39); phallus with ejaculatory ducts spiralized, only in distal 3/4 (Fig. 38).................................................................................................. N. grisea sp. nov. - Frons gray pruinose; vein dm-m slightly curved (Fig. 76); all trochanters yellow, all femora brown, yellow on proximal half (Figs 72–73); both surstyli with apices forming a distinctive acute lobe, tips inward directed that converging apically (Fig. 80); apex of phallic guide with distinct translucent lobes dorsally and ventrally, tip downward directed (Fig., Published as part of Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, Marques, Dayse W. A. & Rafael, José Albertino, 2022, Cephalosphaera Enderlein and Neocephalosphaera De Meyer (Diptera: Pipunculidae) of Colombia, with description of nine new species and an updated key to their Neotropical species, pp. 301-333 in Zootaxa 5178 (4) on pages 326-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7031688, {"references":["Souza, B. B. & Ale-Rocha, R. (2009) Descricao de uma especie nova de Cephalosphaera Enderlein, 1936 da Amazonia (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Acta Amazonica, 39, 987 - 996. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0044 - 59672009000400028","Skevington, J. H. & Yeates, D. K. (2001) Phylogenetic classification of Eudorylini (Diptera: Pipunculidae). Systematic Entomology, 26, 421 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0307 - 6970.2001.00160. x","Rafael, J. A. & Skevington, J. (2010) Pipunculidae. In: Brown, B. V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J. M., Wood, D. M. Woodley, N. E. & Zumbado, M. A. (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera, 2010, pp. 793 - 803.","Enderlein, G. (1936) Ordnung Zweiflugler, Diptera. In: Brohmer, P., Ehrmann, P. & Ulmer, G. (Eds.), Die Tierwelt Mitteleuropas 6. Insekten, Leipzig, pp. 3 - 16.","De Meyer, M. (1994) Phylogenetic relationship within the Cephalopsini (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Bulletin et Annales de la Societe Royale Belge dEntomologie, 130, 7 - 18.","Rafael, J. A. & Menezes, M. D. S. (1999) Taxonomic review of Costa Rican Pipunculidae (Insecta: Diptera). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 47, 513 - 534. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 47 i 3.19190","Hardy, D. E. (1948) Neotropical Dorilaidae (Pipunculidae) Studies, Part I (Diptera). Psyche, 55, 1 - 15.","Rafael, J. A. & Rosa, M. S. S. (1991) Pipunculidae (Diptera) da estacao ecologica de Maraca e da localidade de Pacaraima, Roraima, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 21, 337 - 350. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921991211350","Rafael, J. A. (1996) Pipunculidae (Insecta: Diptera) of the Dominican Republic: New records and Description of new species. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 65, 363 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 215136","Johnson, C. W. (1919) A revised list of the Diptera of Jamaica. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 41, 421 - 449.","Becker, T. (1919) Dipteres Brachyceres. Mission du Service Geographique de l´Armee. Mesure d´un Arc de Meridien Equatorial en Amerique du Sud, Paris, 10, 163 - 216.","Hardy, D. E. (1965 a) The Pipunculidae of Argentina. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 19, 187 - 241."]}

Neocephalosphaera De Meyer, 1994 Cephalosphaera (Neocephalosphaera) De Meyer, 1994: 9. Type species: Pipunculus brevis Cresson, 1911 (original designation); De Meyer, 1996: 39; Skevington & Yeates, 2001: 441; Rafael & Skevington, 2010: 797, fig 23; Souza & Ale-Rocha, 2009: 988. Neocephalosphaera; Motamedinia et al. 2021: 14 (phylogeny). Diagnosis. As Cephalosphaera, except hind tibia without comb of longer setae apically, syntergosternite 8 with large membranous area, dividing the syntergosternite 8 ventrally and reaching epandrium and almost reaching tergite 5 dorsally. Phallus trifid with ejaculatory ducts long and coiled (rarely bifid and not coiled)., Published as part of Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, Marques, Dayse W. A. & Rafael, José Albertino, 2022, Cephalosphaera Enderlein and Neocephalosphaera De Meyer (Diptera: Pipunculidae) of Colombia, with description of nine new species and an updated key to their Neotropical species, pp. 301-333 in Zootaxa 5178 (4) on page 305, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7031688, {"references":["De Meyer, M. (1994) Phylogenetic relationship within the Cephalopsini (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Bulletin et Annales de la Societe Royale Belge dEntomologie, 130, 7 - 18.","Cresson, E. T. Jr. (1911) Studies in North America dipterology: Pipunculidae. Transaction of the American Entomological Society, 36, 291 - 329.","De Meyer, M. (1996) World catalogue of Pipunculidae (Diptera). Documents de travail de l´Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, 86, 1 - 127.","Skevington, J. H. & Yeates, D. K. (2001) Phylogenetic classification of Eudorylini (Diptera: Pipunculidae). Systematic Entomology, 26, 421 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0307 - 6970.2001.00160. x","Rafael, J. A. & Skevington, J. (2010) Pipunculidae. In: Brown, B. V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J. M., Wood, D. M. Woodley, N. E. & Zumbado, M. A. (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera, 2010, pp. 793 - 803.","Souza, B. B. & Ale-Rocha, R. (2009) Descricao de uma especie nova de Cephalosphaera Enderlein, 1936 da Amazonia (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Acta Amazonica, 39, 987 - 996. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0044 - 59672009000400028","Motamedinia, B., Skevington, J. H., Kelso, S. & Kelmahier, C. (2021) The first comprensive, multigene molecular phylogeny for big-headed flies (Diptera: Pipunculidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 195 (4), 1200 - 1218. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlab 094"]}

Cephalops klinsmanni sp. nov. Figs 49–61, 107 Diagnosis. Male. Antenna with scape and pedicel brown, postpedicel dark brown, slightly acute. Frontal triangle with conspicuous dark brown callus. Coxae dark brown, trochanters light brown, tibiae dark brown, with bases and apices light brown. Abdomen ground color dark brown, tergite 1 sparsely velvety light brown pruinose, with four brown and long setae laterally; tergites 2–5 velvety dark brown anteriorly, brown pruinose posteriorly and laterally, with conspicuous setae. Surstyli subsymmetrical, slightly subequal to epandrium length, completely setose; thickened at base, thin apically, with tips slightly inward directed. Apex of phallic guide stout, long, thickened at base, acute apically. Phallus trifid, with ducts distinctly separated only in distal 1/3, only tips of ejaculatory ducts slightly coiled. Ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped, with sinuous margins. Description. MALE (holotype). Body length 2.8 mm. Head (Figs 49–50). Eyes contiguous for 19 facets. F, EM, V (mm) = 0.5, 0.5, 0.2. Frontal triangle black-brown pruinose, with conspicuous dark brown callus. Postcranium brown, ventrally gray pruinose, dorsally brown pruinose. Antenna (Fig. 51) with pedicel dark brown, with three setae dorsally and three longer setae ventrally; postpedicel dark brown, with acuminate apex. LPP/WPP = 2.7. Thorax (Figs 49–50, 52). Postpronotal lobe dark brown. Scutum dark brown, gray-brown pruinose. Notopleuron concolorous with scutum, gray-brown pruinose. Scutellum brown, gray-brown pruinose, with few tiny setae scattered and 12 inconspicuous setae along posterior margin, two stouter. Mesopleuron and mediotergite brown, graybrown pruinose. Wing (Fig. 53). Length 6.4 mm. LW/MWW = 3.1; LTC/LFC = 1.6. Membrane brown infuscated; vein r-m located slightly after basal third of upper section of cell dm; anal lobe normal. Halter stem light brown, except base and apex dark brown, knob dark brown. Legs (Fig. 49). Coxae dark brown; trochanters light brown; femora brown, with apices light brown, with long setae ventrally and a row of long and fine yellow setae posterolaterally; tibiae dark brown, with bases and apices light brown; tarsomeres 1–4 light brown, 5 dark brown; pulvilli light brown. Abdomen (Figs 49–50, 54). Ground color velvety dark brown, tergite 1 sparsely light brown pruinose, with four brown and long setae laterally; tergites 2–5 dark brown anteriorly, brown pruinose posterior and laterally, with conspicuous setae; tergites and sternites 6 and 7 as in Fig. 55. Syntergosternite 8 brown, brown pruinose, shorter than length of tergite 5, with membranous area apically (Figs 54, 56). Terminalia (Figs 55–61). Epandrium and surstyli dark brown (Fig. 56). Surstyli (Figs 56–58) subsymmetrical, slightly equal to epandrium length, completely setose; thickened at base, thin apically, with tips slightly inward-directed, left surstylus slightly shorter than right (Fig. 56); both surstyli with margins straight, tips forward directed when seen in lateral view (Figs 57–58). Gonopods subsymmetrical, right gonopod slightly thicker than left (Fig. 59). Apex of phallic guide stout, long, thickened at base, acute apically (Fig. 60). Ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped, with sinuous margins (Fig. 61). Phallus trifid, with ducts distinctly separated only in distal 1/3, only tips slightly coiled (Fig. 60). FEMALE. Unknown. Type material. HOLOTYPE. Male: COLOMBIA, Caquetá, Vereda Las Brisas, 0145’14’’N/7544’51.5’’W, 2040 m [eters], 09–23. Nov [xi].2016, (1 ♂ LEUA –8677) (photographed specimen). Holotype with left wing mounted on microslide with Canada balsam. Left antenna and terminalia placed in a microvial with glycerin, both pinned along with the specimen. Etymology. The new species is named after Klinsmann Steeven Ramos Vargas, the son of the first author. Specific epithet in genitive case. Geographical distribution. Colombia (Caquetá) (Fig. 107). Habitat. The specimens were collected in the cloudy forest of the eastern cordillera in the Colombian Andean Amazon region. Taxonomic notes. Cephalops klinsmanni sp. nov. runs to C. villifemoralis Hardy, 1954 in the couplet 14 of the key presented by Rafael (1990). It differs from C. villifemoralis in having postpedicel dark brown (versus postpedicel yellow in C. villifemoralis); all coxae dark brown (Fig. 49) (versus hind coxa light brown); both surstyli thickened at the base, thin apically, with tips slightly inward directed, left surstylus slightly shorter than right (Fig. 56) [versus both surstyli conical-shaped, with tips downward directed, left surstylus clearly shorter and thinner than right, figure 56 presented by Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped, with sinuous margins (Fig. 61) [versus ejaculatory apodeme T-shaped, with margins somewhat straight, figure 58 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus trifid, with ducts distinctly separated only in distal 1/3, with tips of ejaculatory ducts slightly coiled (Fig. 60) [versus phallus trifid, with ducts completely separated, with tips of ejaculatory ducts no coiled, figure 57 presented by Rafael (1990)].

Cephalops lobatus sp. nov. Figs 62–77, 107 Diagnosis. Male. Antenna with scape dark brown, pedicel light brown, postpedicel yellow, the latter slightly acute. Frontal triangle with inconspicuous black callus. Coxae dark brown, trochanters and femora yellow, with short setae ventrally, tibiae yellow. Abdomen brown, tergite 1 sparsely gray-brown pruinose; tergites 2–5 velvety brown anteriorly, shiny posteriorly. Surstyli subsymmetrical, both thickened basally and medially, thin at apices. Apex of phallic guide thin, bearing a small translucent lobe and row of thin setae ventrally. Ejaculatory apodeme pin-shaped, shortened and truncated distally. Phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts thickened, two ejaculatory ducts with submedian lateral membranous lobes when seen in ventral view. Description. MALE (holotype). Body length 3.4 mm. Head (Figs 62–63). Eyes contiguous for 22 facets. F, EM, V (mm) = 0.4, 0.6, 0.2. Frontal triangle brown pruinose, with inconspicuous black callus. Face with sides parallel to divergent towards proboscis, with the same length of frons. Postcranium dark brown, gray pruinose laterally, brown pruinose dorsally. Antenna (Fig. 64) with scape dark brown with one seta dorsally, pedicel light brown with three setae dorsally and three short setae ventrally; postpedicel yellow, with acute apex. LPP/WPP = 2. Thorax (Figs 63, 65). Postpronotal lobe dark brown. Scutum dark brown, brown pruinose. Notopleuron concolorous with scutum, brown pruinose. Scutellum brown, brown pruinose. Scutellum with few tiny, scattered setae and 14 inconspicuous setae along posterior margin. Mesopleuron and mediotergite dark brown, gray-brown pruinose. Wing (Fig. 66). Length 8.7 mm. LW/MWW = 3.2; LTC/LFC = 1.6. Membrane slightly brown infuscated, vein r-m located slightly after basal third of upper section of cell dm, anal lobe narrow, cell r 4+5 0.3 times longer than cell dm. Halter light yellow, knob dark brown. Legs (Fig. 62). Fore and mid coxae dark brown, hind coxa yellow; trochanters yellow; femora yellow, with short setae ventrally, tibiae yellow; tarsomeres 1–2 yellow, 3–5 brown; pulvilli yellow. Abdomen (Figs 62–63, 67). Brown, tergite 1 sparsely gray-brown pruinose, with three yellow and long lateral setae; tergites 2–5 velvety brown anteriorly, shiny posteriorly, with inconspicuous setae; tergites and sternites 6 and 7 as in Fig. 68. Syntergosternite 8 brown, brown pruinose, shorter than tergite 5, with a membranous area large (Figs 67, 69). Terminalia (Figs 68–74). Epandrium dark brown, surstyli dark brown (Fig. 69). Surstyli (Figs 69–71) subsymmetrical, almost equal to epandrium length, completely setose; both surstyli thickened basally and medially, thin at apices, left surstylus slightly thinner than right (Fig. 69); both surstyli with tips downward directed when seen in lateral view (Figs 70–71). Gonopods slightly subsymmetrical (Fig. 72). Apex of phallic guide thin, bearing a small translucent lobe and row of thin setae ventrally (Fig. 73). Ejaculatory apodeme pin-shaped, shortened and truncated distally (Fig. 74). Phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts thickened, two ejaculatory ducts with submedian lateral membranous lobes when seen in ventral view (Fig. 72–73). FEMALE (Figs 75–77). Like male, differing only in the following aspects. Body length 3.9 mm. Eyes dichoptic. Frontal ommatidia larger than adjacent ones. Wing length 5.4 mm. LW/MWW = 3.8. LTC/LFC = 1.3. Ovipositor OL: 0.83 mm, PL: 0.45 mm, B: 0.55 mm; base brown, gray pruinose, piercer yellow, except base light brown, apex shiny, straight (Figs 76–77). Type material. HOLOTYPE. Male: COLOMBIA, Boyacá, SFF[Santuario de Fauna y Flora] Iguaque, El Níspero, 0538’N/7331’W, 2730 m [eters], 07–21.xii.2001, P. Reina leg (1 ♂ IAvH) (photographed specimen). PARATYPES. idem 13–28.x.2001, “M2476 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ LEUA) (photographed specimen); idem, 28.x.–14.xi.2001, “M2483 (1 ♀ IAvH). Holotype with left wing mounted on microslide with Canada balsam. Left antenna and terminalia placed in a microvial with glycerin, both pinned along the specimen. Etymology. From the Latin lobatus (= lobed), the specific epithet refers to the two ejaculatory ducts of the phallus having submedian lobes laterally. Geographical distribution. Colombia (Boyacá) (Fig. 107). Habitat. The specimens were collected in the Santuario de Fauna y Flora Iguaque reserve, where the vegetation is composed of cloud Andean forests of the Oriental Cordillera of the Northeast region of Colombia. Taxonomic notes. Cephalops lobatus sp. nov. runs to C. amapaensis Rafael, 1990 in the couplet 14 of the key presented by Rafael (1990). It differs from C. amapaensis in the yellowish brown postpedicel (Fig. 64) [versus yellow postpedicel in C. amapaensis (Fig. 19)]; fore and mid coxae dark brown, hind coxa yellow (versus fore coxa yellow to brown, mid and hind coxa light brown); tergites 2–3 without shiny black spot posterolaterally (Figs 62–63, 67) (versus tergites 2–3 with shiny black spot posterolaterally); apex of phallic guide with ventral margin sinuous, without rigid lobes laterally (Fig. 73) [versus apex of phallic guide with ventral margin straight and two rigid lobes laterally, figure 6 presented by Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme shortened, truncated distally (Fig. 74) [versus ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped, figure 7 presented by Rafael (1990) and (Fig. 29)]; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts thickened (Fig. 73), two ejaculatory ducts with submedian lobes laterally when seen in ventral view (Fig. 72) [versus phallus with ejaculatory duct long clearly differentiated, without submedian lobes laterally when seen in ventral view (Figs 27–28)].

Semicephalops folium sp. nov. Figs 78–93, 108 Diagnosis. Male. Antenna with scape and pedicel dark brown, postpedicel brown, the latter acute. Frontal triangle with inconspicuous brown callus. Coxae brown to black, trochanters dark yellow, femora dark brown to black, with bases and apices yellow, with long setae ventrally, and a row of long and fine yellow setae posterolaterally, tibiae yellow. Abdomen dark brown, shiny, tergite 1 gray-brown pruinose. Surstyli subsymmetrical, shorter than epandrium length; with outer and inner margins somewhat straight, lower margin sinuous. Apex of phallic guide short, with acute tip and translucent lobe laterally. Phallus unbranched, with leaf-shaped membranous projections laterally and dorsally. Ejaculatory apodeme needle-shaped, with margins somewhat straight. Description. MALE (holotype). Body length 2.3 mm. Head (Figs 78–79). Eyes contiguous for 10 facets. F, EM, V (mm) = 0.4, 0.2, 0.3. Frontal triangle gray pruinose, with inconspicuous brown callus. Postcranium brown, laterally and ventrally gray pruinose, dorsally brown pruinose.Antenna (Fig. 80) with scape and pedicel dark brown, scape with one seta dorsally, pedicel with four setae dorsally, and three medium setae ventrally; postpedicel brown, with acute apex. LPP/WPP = 3.3. Thorax (Figs 78–79, 81). Postpronotal lobe dark brown. Scutum dark brown, shiny, brow pruinose. Notopleuron concolorous with the scutum, gray-brown pruinose. Scutellum dark brown, shiny, brown pruinose, with few tiny, scattered setae and 10 conspicuous setae along posterior margin. Mesopleuron and mediotergite dark brown, shiny, gray-brown pruinose. Wing (Fig. 82). Length 5.6 mm. LW/MWW = 3.3; LTC/ LFC = 0.3. Membrane slightly brown infuscate, anal lobe narrow; vein r-m located slightly before basal third of upper section of cell dm. Halter stem whitish yellow, knob brown. Legs (Fig. 78). Coxae brown to black; trochanters dark yellow; femora dark brown to black, with bases and apices yellow, with long setae ventrally and a row of long and fine yellow setae posterolaterally; tibiae yellow, with brown spots at distal third; tarsomeres 1–3 dark yellow, 4-5 brown; pulvilli yellow. Abdomen (Figs 78–79, 83). Dark brown, shiny, tergite 1 velvety gray-brown pruinose, with five black and long setae laterally; tergites 2–5 velvety gray pruinose, with inconspicuous setae, tergites, and sternites 6 and 7 as in Fig. 84. Syntergosternite 8 dark brown, brown pruinose, shorter than length to tergite 5, with a membranous area large, dividing the syntergosternite 8 ventrally and reaching epandrium (Figs 83, 85). Terminalia (Figs 84–90). Epandrium dark brown, surstyli light brown (Fig. 85). Surstyli (Figs 85–87) subsymmetrical, shorter than epandrium length, completely setose; with outer and inner margins somewhat straight, lower margin sinuous (Fig. 85); left surstylus slightly shorter and thinner than right, both surstyli with tips rounded and downward directed when seen in lateral view (Figs 86–87). Gonopods subsymmetrical, right gonopod slightly thicker than left (Fig. 88). Apex of phallic guide short, with acute tip and a translucent lobe laterally (Fig. 89). Ejaculatory apodeme needle-shaped, with margins somewhat straight (Fig. 90). Phallus unbranched, with leaf-shaped membranous projections laterally and dorsally (Fig. 89). FEMALE (Figs 91–93). Like male, differing only in the following aspects: Body length 4.1 mm. Eyes dichoptic. Frontal ommatidia larger than adjacent ones. Wing length 5 mm. LW/MWW = 3.1. LTC/LFC = 0.2. Ovipositor OL: 0.77 mm, PL: 0.46 mm, B: 0.33 mm; base brown sparsely grayish-pruinose, piercer light-brown, except base brown, apex shiny, straight (Figs 92–93). Type material. HOLOTYPE. Male: COLOMBIA, Boyacá, SFF[Santuario de Fauna y Flora] Iguaque, Qda.[Quebrada] Carrizal, 0258’N/7811’W, 3350 m [eters], 24.feb[ii].–09.mar[iii].2001, P. Reina “M1358 (1 ♂ IAvH) (photographed specimen). PARATYPES. idem (1 ♀ LEUA); idem (2 ♂ IAvH); idem (2 ♂ INPA); idem 01– 23.Sep[ix].2000, “M614 (1 ♂, 2 ♀ IAvH); idem (2 ♂ LEUA); idem 07–21. Ene [i].2001, “M1250 (1 ♂ IAvH); idem 04–21.dec[xii].2000, “M1078 (1 ♂ IAvH); idem 02–22.xiii.2001, “M2026 (1 ♂ LEUA); idem 07–24.feb[ii].2001, “M1273 (1 ♂ IAvH); idem Cab[aña] Mamarramos, 0525’N/7327’W, 2855 m [eters], 13.nov[xi].–04.dic[xii].2001, “M1063 (5 ♂, 1 ♀ IAvH) (photographed specimen); idem (1 ♂, 5 ♀ LEUA); idem 04–21.dec[xii].2001, “M1080 (4 ♂ IAvH); idem 01–13.nov[xi].2000, “M829 (1 ♂ LEUA); idem (1 ♂ INPA); idem (1 ♂ INPA); idem 13–30.jul[vii].2000, “M380 (9 ♂ IAvH); idem (1 ♂ IAvH); idem 01–17. Aug [viii].2000, (11 ♂, 5 ♀ IAvH); idem (1 ♂ LEUA); idem (1 ♀ INPA); idem 23. May [v]–08.jun[vi].2000, (3 ♂, 2 ♀ IAvH); idem (1 ♂ LEUA); idem 23. Sep [ix]–1. Oct [x].2000, (6 ♂, 2 ♀ IAvH); idem 0525’12’’N/7327’24’’W, 17.viii–01.xi.2000, (13 ♂, 7 ♀ IAvH); idem Malaise4, 11–19.iv.2000, (1 ♀ IAvH); idem 25.jun[vi]–13.jul[vii].2000, (8 ♂, 2 ♀ IAvH); idem (2 ♂ LEUA); idem 01–19.iv.2000, (6 ♂ IAvH); idem Malaise, 25–28.ii.2000, M. Sharkey leg. “M3300 (2 ♀ IAvH); idem 21.xii.[2000]– 07.i.2003, P. Reina leg. “M1072 (1 ♂ IAvH); idem Cabaña Carrizal, 01.–23.Sep[ix].2000, “M614 (26 ♂ IAvH); idem 02–22.viii.2001, “M2026 (3 ♂ IAvH); idem Lagunillas, 0626’N/7327’W, 3380 m [eters], 09–28.iii.2001, “M1511 (6 ♂ IAvH); idem 19.vii–03.viii.2001, “M1969 (2 ♂ IAvH); idem 03–23.viii.2001, “M2024 (1 ♂ IAvH); idem 09–24.feb[ii].2001, “M1272 (6 ♂, 2 ♀ IAvH); idem (1 ♀ LEUA); idem Cabaña Chaina, 0525’N/7327’W, 2600 m [eters], 31.viii– 16.xi.2001, A. Roberto, “M2066 (1 ♀ INPA); idem Qda.[Quebrada] Los Francos, 0525’N/7327’W, 1270 m [eters], 07–24.feb[ii].2001, P. Reina “M1270 (3 ♀ IAvH); idem (1 ♀ LEUA); idem Cundinamarca, PNN[Parque Nacional Natural] Chingaza, Valle del Frailejon, 0431’N/7345’W, 3170 m [eters], 05–19.jan[i].2001, L. Cifuentes “M1221 (1 ♂ IAvH); idem 20.jul[vii]–03.ago [viii].2000, A. Perez (2 ♂, 2 ♀ IAvH); idem 06–20.jul [vi].2000, (2 ♂ IAvH); idem (1 ♀ INPA); idem 10–24.nov[xi].2000, “M872 (1 ♀ IAvH); idem 12–28.sep[ix].2000, “M736 (2 ♀, 1 ♀ IAvH); idem 28.sep[ix]–13.oct[x].2000, “M806 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ IAvH); idem 02–17.ago[viii].2000, “M526 (3 ♀ IAvH); idem (1 ♀ LEUA); idem (1 ♀ INPA); idem 31.aug[viii]–13.sep[ix].2001, “M732 (1 ♂, 3 ♀ IAvH); idem “M303 (2 ♀ IAvH); idem 17–31.ago[viii].2000, A. García (3 ♂, 1 ♀ IAvH); idem La Siberia, 0431’N/7345’W, 3170 m [eters], 01–13.iv.2001, A. Raigozo leg. “M1588 (1 ♂ IAvH); idem Valle del Cauca, PNN[Parque Nacional Natural] Farallones de Cali, Cgto.[Corregimiento] La Meseta, 0334’N/7640’W, 1960 m [eters], 22.viii–10.xi.2003, S. Sarria & M. Losso leg. “M4549 (1 ♀ IAvH); idem Nariño, R.N. [Reserva Natural] La Planada Centro Administrativo, 0115’N/7815’W, 1700 m [eters], 09–12.viii.2004, D. Arias leg. “M4901 (1 ♀ IAvH); Sendero de los osos, “M4899 (1 ♀ IAvH). Holotype with left wing mounted on a microslide with Canada balsam. Right antenna and terminalia placed in a microvial with glycerin, both pinned along the specimen. Etymology. From the Latin folium (= leaf), the specific epithet refers to the shape of the ejaculatory ducts of phallus in the male genitalia. Geographical distribution. Colombia (Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Valle del Cauca, Nariño) (Fig. 108). Habitat. The specimens were collected at the Santuario de Fauna y Flora Iguaque reserve, where the vegetation is composed of forests of the cordillera of the Northeast region; Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza with ‘frailejón’ vegetation of the Andean region; Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali, where the vegetation is composed of forests of the mountain range of the Southwest region and in the Reserva Natural La Planada, where the vegetation is composed of cloudy forest of the Southwest region of Colombia. Taxonomic notes. Based on males and due to the shape of the surstyli, S. folium sp. nov. is similar in appearance to S. paganus (Hardy) [see figure 31 presented by Rafael (1990)]. It differs from S. paganus by having the apex of phallic guide short, with acute tip and translucent lobe laterally (Fig. 89) [versus apex of phallic guide thickened, with truncated tip and two rigid lobes apically, figure 33 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus with leaf-shaped membranous projections laterally and dorsally (Fig. 89) [versus phallus with membranous projections rounded laterally, figure 33 presented by Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme needle-shaped, with margins somewhat straight (Fig. 90) [versus ejaculatory apodeme mushroom-shaped, figure 34 presented by Rafael (1990)].

Limnophyes llanero sp. n. Type material. Holotype: male, COLOMBIA, Meta department, Puerto Lopéz, Cond. Campestre Sol del Llano, 04º08’11’’N, 72º52’53’’W, 211 meters a.s.l., 25.i.2021, Malaise trap, Ramos-Pastrana Y. leg. (LEUA – 43037). Etymology. Llanero is the name given to people and things from the Llanos, the ecoregion where the new species was collected. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition. Diagnostic characters. Male. Antenna with 13 flagellomeres, AR 0.90; with scattered lanceolate setae present in the humeral and prescutellar area; epimeron II with six setae, posterior anepisternum II with one seta, preepisternum without setae; apex of gonostylus expanded, with well-developed crista dorsalis. Description. Male (n = 1). Total length 1.57 mm. Wing length 0.85 mm. Total length/wing length 1.84. Wing length/profemur length 2.26. Coloration (Figs. 1A–D). Blackish brown; wing membrane with pale brownish tinge; legs uniformly dark brown except trochanter and base of the femora pale. Antenna. AR 0.90. With 13 flagellomeres, ultimate flagellomere 268 µm long. Head (Fig. 1A). Temporal setae 5, including 2 inners vertical, 1 outer vertical and 2 postorbitals. Clypeus with 12 setae. Tentorium 106 µm long, 17 µm wide at sieve pore, 10 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 90 µm long, 5 µm wide. Palp segment lengths (in µm): 17, 21, 48, 65, 108. Third palpomere with at least one sensilla clavata in apical third, 8 µm long. Thorax (Fig. 1B). Antepronotal lobes slightly projecting dorsally. Antepronotals consisting of 3 lateral and 5 dorsal setae. Acrostichals small, in lateral view difficult to discern from the microtrichiae covering the thorax. Dorsocentrals consisting of 5–7 scattered lanceolate setae in the humeral area, 4 lanceolate prescutellars and 10 simple setae; prealars 7–8, extending anteriorly in single row; preepisternum without setae; posterior anepisternum II with 1 seta; epimeron II with 5 setae. Scutellum with 5 setae. Wing (Fig 1C). VR 1.39. Costal extension 80 µm long. C with 56 setae, R with 2 setae, brachiolum with 1 seta, other veins bare. Squama with 4 setae. Wing membrane with coarse punctation. Legs. Foreleg: femur 378 μm long; tibia 462 μm long, with single, apical spur 43 μm long; tarsomere lengths (ta 1 –ta 5 in μm): 268, 152, 115, 60, 50; LR 0.58, BV 2.94, SV 3.13. Mid leg: femur 360 μm long; tibia 355 μm long, with two apical spurs 20 μm long; tarsomere lengths (ta 1 –ta 5 in μm): 195, 86, 60, 35, 45; LR 0.55, BV 4.03, SV 3.67. Hind leg: femur 370 μm long, tibia 440 μm long, with an apical spur 39 μm long; comb with 11 bristles; tarsomere lengths (ta 1 –ta 5 in μm): 247, 108, 105, 44, 49; LR 0.56, BV 3.45, SV 3.28. Claws curved, pulvilli multi-branched. Hypopygium (Figs. 2A–C). Anal point well-developed, triangular, covered with microtrichia and with about 6 marginal setae (Fig. 2A); laterosternite IX with 3 setae. Phallapodeme 48 µm long, with median bi- or trifurcated projection; transverse sternapodeme arched, 65 µm long. Virga consisting of two spines, 26 µm long. Gonocoxite 100 µm long; inferior volsella of minimus -group type. Gonostylus 56 µm long, expanded at apex; crista dorsalis well-developed; megaseta forked, 10 µm long. HR 1.79; HV 2.80. Female imago and immatures. Unknown. Taxonomic remarks. The new species is described based only in one specimen due to the low density, represented by the number of specimens collected in the Malaise trap, however, with the morphological characteristics presented in the description section there is no doubt about its identity. In the key to males of Neotropical Limnophyes species (Pinho & Andersen 2015), the new species key to couplet 6: L. subnudicolis (Edwards, 1931) from Argentina and L. mariae Sublette & Sasa, 1994 from Guatemala. However, Limnophyes llanero sp. n. has six setae on epimeron II and the gonostylus has a well-developed, apical crista dorsalis, while L. subnudicolis lacks setae on epimeron II and has a low crista dorsalis placed medially. Antenna with 13 flagellomeres and a well-developed crista dorsalis differentiates the new species from L. mariae, which has an antenna with 12 flagellomeres and a very weak crista dorsalis. In the key to the Nearctic species provided by Saether (1975), L. llanero sp. n. key to at couplet 12, not matching any of the alternatives, mainly due to the absence of setae on preepisternum. The Nearctic species L. cristatissimus Saether, 1975 also has the gonostylus apically widened with a large crista dorsalis, but the presence of setae on the preepisternum, absence of lanceolate humerals and a rounded anal point separate the two species, L. llanero sp. n. lacks setae on preepisternum, has lanceolate humerals and a cone-shaped anal point. When reviewing the species of Limnophyes from the Holarctic and Afrotropical regions, Saether (1990a) provided generic diagnosis and descriptions, discussed the phylogeny, and proposed species groups for the genus. Notwithstanding the volsella and virga of L. llanero sp. n. having shapes that resemble those found in the minimus -group of Saether (1990a), the absence of preepisternals and the strongly enlarged, apical crista dorsalis, the new species differ from the diagnosis of the minimus -group, which is characterized by preepisternum with an anterior row of setae and a pointed crista dorsalis. Distribution and bionomics. The species is known only from the type locality in central Colombia, where the vegetation is a mosaic of savanna, mainland forests, and flooded forests (Fig. 3A). The holotype was collected in a Malaise trap placed across a one-meter wide stream with negligible current. About 10 meters downstream the stream was dammed forming a small pond. The stream is bordered by a relatively well-preserved gallery forest (Fig. 3B). The type locality of the new species, the Llanos Orientales, is considered one of the most threatened ecoregions in Colombia due to the high human population growth and the intensification of land use, such as expansion of road infrastructure, petroleum activities, mining, and monoculture (Romero-Ruiz et al. 2012). This situation reinforces the need to increase the knowledge on the biodiversity in this ecoregion to understand the anthropogenic impacts on the biota and to use this knowledge as tools to develop conservation strategies., Published as part of Dantas, Galileu P. S., Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany & Hamada, Neusa, 2022, A new species of Limnophyes Eaton, 1875 (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Llanos Orientales, Colombia, pp. 295-300 in Zootaxa 5141 (3) on pages 296-299, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/6592830, {"references":["Pinho, L. C. & Andersen, T. (2015) Limnophyes guarani sp. n. a new hygropetric Orthocladiinae from southern Brazil (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 3948 (1), 137 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3948.1.9","Edwards, F. W. (1931) Chironomidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile II (5). Trustees of the British Museum, Natural History, London, pp, 233 - 331.","Sublette, J. E. & Sasa, M. (1994) Chironomidae collected in Onchocerciasis endemic areas in Guatemala (Insecta, Diptera). Spixiana, 20 (Supplement), 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631293 X 00316","Saether, O. A. (1975) Twelve new species of Limnophyes Eaton, with keys to Nearctic males of the genus (Diptera: Chironomidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 107, 1029 - 1056. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 1071029 - 10","Saether, O. A. (1990 a) A review of the genus Limnophyes Eaton from the Holarctic and Afrotropical regions. Entomologica Scandinavica, 21, 305 - 319. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631290 X 00229","Romero-Ruiz, M. R., Flantua, S. G. A., Tansey, K. & Berrio, S. G. A. (2012) Landscape transformations in savannas of northern South America: Land use / cover changes since 1987 in the Llanos Orientales of Colombia. Applied Geography, 32 (2), 766 - 776. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. apgeog. 2011.08.010"]}

Cephalops gracilis sp. nov. Figs 33–48, 107 Diagnosis. Male. Antenna with scape and pedicel brown, postpedicel yellow, slightly acute. Legs yellow, except coxae light brown. Abdomen ground color dark, tergite 1 velvety brown dorsally, light brown laterally, gray-brown pruinose; tergites 2–5 with velvety dark brown band dorsally on anterior margin; tergites 2–4 with light brown spots posterolaterally. Surstyli subsymmetrical, shorter than epandrium length, completely setose; with outer and inner margins sinuous, with tips inward directed. Apex of phallic guide stout, long, with distinct translucent lobe apically, with dorsal margin straight and ventral margin sinuous. Phallus trifid, with ducts distinctly separated, thin. Description. MALE (holotype). Body length 3 mm. Head (Figs 33–34). Eyes contiguous for 21 facets. F, EM, V (mm) = 0.5, 0.6, 0.2. Frontal triangle brown pruinose, with conspicuous brown callus. Postcranium brown, gray pruinose. Antenna (Fig. 35) with scape and pedicel brown, scape with one seta dorsally; pedicel with three setae dorsally and two longer setae ventrally; postpedicel yellow, with acute apex. LPP/WPP = 2. Thorax (Figs 34, 36). Postpronotal lobe light brown. Scutum brown, brown pruinose. Notopleuron concolorous with scutum, gray-brown pruinose. Scutellum brown, brown pruinose, with few tiny setae scattered and eight marginal inconspicuous setae. Mesopleuron and mediotergite brown, gray-brown pruinose. Wing (Fig. 37). Length 7.4 mm. LW/MWW = 2.9; LTC/LFC = 0.7. Membrane slightly brown infuscated; vein r-m located slightly after basal third of cell dm; anal lobe normal. Halter stem and knob ventrally yellow, dorsally brown. Legs (Figs 33–34). Coxae light brown; trochanters yellow; femora yellow, with short setae ventrally, tibiae yellow; tarsomeres 1–4 yellow, 5 brown; pulvilli yellow. Abdomen (Figs 33–34, 38). Ground color velvety dark, tergite 1 dorsally brown, light brown laterally, gray-brown pruinose, with four brown and long setae laterally; tergites 2–5 with dark brown band dorsally on anterior margin, with inconspicuous setae; tergites 2–4 with light brown spots posterolaterally; tergites and sternites 6 and 7 as in Fig. 39. Syntergosternite 8 brown, brown pruinose, shorter than length of tergite 5, with membranous area apically (Figs 38, 40). Terminalia (Figs 39–45). Epandrium light brown, surstyli yellow (Fig. 40). Surstyli (Figs 40–42) subsymmetrical, shorter than epandrium length, completely setose; with outer and inner margins sinuous, with tips inward directed (Fig. 40); right surstylus with dorsal lobe, distinct lobe apically and tip slightly downward-directed when seen in lateral view (Figs 41–42). Gonopods subsymmetrical, with rigid lobes in the inner margin (Fig. 43). Apex of phallic guide stout, long, with distinct translucent lobe apically, dorsal margin straight, and ventral margin sinuous (Fig. 44). Ejaculatory apodeme mushroom-shaped, with sinuous margins (Fig. 45). Phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated, thin (Fig. 44). FEMALE (Figs 46–48). Like male, differing only in the following aspects. Body length 5.5 mm. Eyes dichoptic. Frontal ommatidia larger than adjacent ones. Wing length 6.6 mm. LW/MWW = 3.4. LTC/LFC = 0.7. Ovipositor OL: 1.11 mm, PL: 0.82 mm, B: 0.43 mm; base brown, gray-brown pruinose; piercer yellow, apex shiny (Figs 47–48). Type material. HOLOTYPE. Male: COLOMBIA, Boyacá, SFF[Santuario de Fauna y Flora] Iguaque, El Níspero, Malaise, 0538’N/7331’W, 2730 m [eters], 13–18.xii.2001, P. Reina leg “M2476 (1 ♂, IAvH) (photographed specimen). PARATYPES. idem 17–21.xii.2001, “M2581 (1 ♂, LEUA); idem “M2476 (1 ♀, IAvH); idem Qda.[Quebrada] Los Mudos, 0544’N/7326’W, 27.ii–17.iii.2003, “M3563 (1 ♀, LEUA) (photographed specimen). Holotype with left wing mounted on microslide with Canada balsam. Left antenna and terminalia placed in a microvial with glycerin, both pinned along with the specimen. Etymology. From the Latin gracilis (= thin), the name refers to the shape of the ejaculatory ducts of the phallus in the male genitalia. Geographical distribution. Colombia (Boyacá) (Fig. 107). Habitat. The specimens were collected in the Santuario de Fauna y Flora Iguaque reserve, where the vegetation is composed of cloud Andean forests of the cordillera of the Northeast region of Colombia. Taxonomic notes. Based on males and due to the shape of the phallic guide and phallus, C. gracilis sp. nov. is similar in appearance to C. nigrifrons Rafael, 1990 [see figure 109 presented by Rafael (1990)]. It differs from C. nigrifrons by having the surstyli with outer and inner margins sinuous, with tips inward-directed (Fig. 40) [versus surstyli with outer and inner margins straight in C. nigrifrons, figure 107 presented by Rafael (1990)]; right surstylus with dorsal lobe and distinct apical lobe when seen in lateral view (Figs 41–42) [versus right surstylus with margins straight when seen in lateral view, figure 108 presented by Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme mushroom-shaped, with margins sinuous (Fig. 45) [versus ejaculatory apodeme narrowed, figure 110 presented by Rafael (1990)]., Published as part of Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. & Rafael, José Albertino, 2022, Cephalops Fallén and Semicephalops De Meyer (Diptera: Pipunculidae) of Colombia, with description of five new species and an updated key to males of the Neotropical species, pp. 201-226 in Zootaxa 5141 (3) on pages 208-210, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6592647, {"references":["Rafael, J. A. (1990) Revisao das especies neotropicais do genero Cephalops Fallen (Diptera: Pipunculidae). Acta Amazonica, 20, 353 - 390."]}

Cephalops amapaensis Rafael, 1990 Figs 17–32, 107 Pipunculus (Pipunculus) villifemoralis Hardy, 1965b: 22, figs 5 a–b (identification error). Cephalops amapaensis Rafael, 1990: 359, figs 1–8, 114; De Meyer, 1994: 11; De Meyer, 1996: 27; Rodriguez & Rafael, 2012: 15; Marques & Rafael, 2017; Marques et al. 2019: 251, fig. 1a–l. Diagnosis. Postpedicel yellow; fore coxa yellow or all coxae brown; wing brown infuscated, anal lobe narrower basally; tergite 1 velvety brown pruinose, tergites 2–5 shiny brown with inconspicuous setae; surstyli subsymmetrical, both thickened medially, with inner margins straight; apex of phallic guide stout and long, with two thin setae ventrally; ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped, leaning to one side; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts short and backwards directed. Intraspecific variability. Rafael (1990) provided a complete description and illustrations of the Brazilian holotype; however, we found variations in the Colombian specimens. Because of this, we provide a comparison of the variations between the Colombian and Brazilian specimens (between parenthesis, when comparable). MALE. Length 3.1 mm (versus 4.6 mm in the holotype); postcranium gray pruinose laterally and brown pruinose dorsally (Fig. 17–18); scape brown (Fig. 19); frontal triangle with inconspicuous brown callus (versus frontal triangle with narrowed black callus); scutellum with few tiny setae (Fig. 20); membrane brown infuscate (Fig. 21); all coxae brown (Fig. 17) (versus fore coxae yellow to light brown); femora light yellow in proximal third, yellow in distal three thirds (Fig. 17) (versus femora entirely yellow); hind tibia with posterior erect setae medially (versus hind tibia without posterior erect setae medially); abdomen brown, tergite 1 velvety brown pruinose, with six brown and long setae laterally, tergites 2–5 shiny brown with inconspicuous setae (Figs 18, 22) (versus tergite 1 brown pruinose basally, gray pruinose distally interrupted medially, tergites 2–3 with shiny black spot posterolaterally, tergites 4–5 brown pruinose on 1/4–1/5 basally, other apical areas black), tergites and sternites 6 and 7 as in Fig. 23; surstyli subsymmetrical, slightly equal to epandrium length, completely setose, both surstyli thickened medially, thin at bases and apices, with inner margins straight (Fig. 24); both surstyli with tips forward-directed when seen in lateral view (Figs 25–26); gonopods subsymmetrical, left gonopod slightly thinner than right (Fig. 27); apex of phallic guide stout and long, with two thin setae ventrally (Fig. 28); ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped, leaning to one side (Fig. 29); phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts short and backwards directed (Fig. 28). FEMALE (Figs 30–32). Tergites 2–5 predominantly gray pruinose laterally (versus tergite 4–5 brown pruinose basally, shiny black posterolaterally); ovipositor base light brown, brownish-pruinose (Fig. 31); piercer yellow, except the base brown, apex shiny, straight (Fig. 32). Examined material. COLOMBIA, Caquetá, Solano, PNN [Parque Nacional Natural] Chiribiquete, Pto [Puerto] Abeja, B 4, 004’N/7226’’W, 310 m [eters], 12–19.xi.2000, J. Forero, “M954 (1 ♂ LEUA) (photographed specimen), idem (1 ♂, 1 ♀ IAvH); idem Florencia, Vda.[Vereda] Brasil, 0139’08’’N/7535’39’’W, 365 m [eters], 03.x.2017, Y. Ramos-Pastrana, (1 ♀ LEUA –35893). Geographical distribution. French Guiana; Brazil; Colombia (Caquetá) (new record) (Fig. 107). Habitat. The specimens were collected in preserved areas of tropical rain forest at the Colombian Amazonian, Department of Caquetá, Parque Nacional Natural Serrania de Chiribiquete, and Florencia, in the Andean-Amazon region., Published as part of Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. & Rafael, José Albertino, 2022, Cephalops Fallén and Semicephalops De Meyer (Diptera: Pipunculidae) of Colombia, with description of five new species and an updated key to males of the Neotropical species, pp. 201-226 in Zootaxa 5141 (3) on page 206, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6592647, {"references":["Rafael, J. A. (1990) Revisao das especies neotropicais do genero Cephalops Fallen (Diptera: Pipunculidae). Acta Amazonica, 20, 353 - 390.","Hardy, D. E. (1965 b) Neotropical Pipunculidae (Diptera) studies. Part Iv. Further studies of Brazilian species. Arquivos de Zoologia, 14, 1 - 68.","De Meyer, M. (1994) Phylogenetic relationship within the Cephalopsini (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Bulletin et annales de la Socieitei royale belge d'entomologie, 130, 7 - 18.","De Meyer, M. (1996) World catalogue of Pipunculidae (Diptera). Documents de travail de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, 86, 1 - 127.","Rodriguez, H. C. & Rafael, J. A. (2012) Pipunculidae (Diptera) of the Latin America and the Caribbean: A catalog of Species with Notes on Biology and Pipunculid-Host Associations. Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrucken, 48 pp.","Marques, D. W. A. & Rafael, J. A. (2017) Pipunculidae. In Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. Online. Available from: http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / listaBrasil / PrincipalUC / PrincipalUC. do? lingua = pt (accessed 20 April 2021)","Marques, D. W. A., Skevington, Y. H. & Rafael, J. A. (2019) Revision of the genus Amazunculus Rafael (Diptera: Pipunculidae), with description of six new species. Zootaxa, 4577 (3), 439 - 472. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4577.3.2"]}

Cephalops acutus sp. nov. Figs 1–16, 107 Diagnosis. Male. Antenna and legs predominantly yellow. Frontal triangle with inconspicuous brown callus. Coxae brown, trochanters yellow, femora light yellow in proximal half, yellow in distal half, tibiae yellow, hind tibia with posteromedial erect setae, fore tibia with conspicuous apical setae. Abdomen brown, tergite 1 velvety brown, graybrown pruinose; tergites 2–4 velvety brown at base and projecting posteromedially, sparsely gray-brown pruinose, yellow posterolaterally; tergite 5 completely velvety brown, gray-brown pruinose. Surstyli subsymmetrical, both thickened at base, acute apically, with tips downward directed.Apex of phallic guide stout, long, with rigid and distinct lobes laterally, and distinct acute lobe dorsally. Phallus unbranched, with two lateral membranous projections apically. Description. MALE (holotype). Body length 4.2 mm. Head (Figs 1–2). Eyes contiguous for 17 facets. F, EM, V (mm) = 0.4, 0.4, 0.2. Frontal triangle gray pruinose, with inconspicuous brown callus. Postcranium brown, brown pruinose dorsally and ventrally, gray pruinose laterally. Antenna (Fig. 3) with scape brown, pedicel yellow with two setae dorsally and three longer setae ventrally; postpedicel yellow, with acute apex. LPP/WPP = 2.5. Thorax (Figs 2, 4). Postpronotal lobe yellow. Scutum brown, brown pruinose. Notopleuron concolorous with scutum, brown pruinose. Scutellum brown, brown pruinose, with few tiny setae scattered and 10 conspicuous setae along posterior margin. Mesopleuron and mediotergite brown, gray-brown pruinose, except yellow anepimeron. Wing (Fig. 5). Length 5.2 mm. LW/MWW = 3; LTC/LFC = 1.1. Membrane slightly brown infuscated, anal lobe normal; vein r-m located slightly before basal third of upper section of cell dm. Halter stem white to light yellow, except light brown base, knob brown dorsally. Legs (Fig. 1). Fore and mid coxae brown, hind coxa light yellow; trochanters yellow; femora without setae ventrally, light yellow in proximal half, yellow in distal half, with a row of long and fine yellow setae posterolaterally; tibiae yellow, fore tibia with conspicuous apical setae, hind tibia with posterior erect setae medially; tarsomeres 1–3 yellow, 4–5 brown; pulvilli yellow. Abdomen (Figs 1–2, 6). Ground color velvety brown, with inconspicuous setae, tergite 1 gray-brown pruinose, with six brown and long setae laterally; tergites 2–4 with a triangle-shaped spot each, brown at base and medially, sparsely gray-brown pruinose, with yellow spots posterolaterally; tergite 5 completely brown, gray-brown pruinose; tergites and sternites 6 and 7 as in Fig. 7. Syntergosternite 8 brown, brown pruinose, shorter than tergite 5, with a membranous area apically (Fig. 8). Terminalia (Figs 7–13). Epandrium and surstyli light brown (Fig. 8). Surstyli (Figs 8–10) subsymmetrical, shorter than length of epandrium, setose marginally. Both surstyli thickened at base, acute apically, with tips downward directed (Fig. 8); right surstylus with acute apex, slightly shorter and thinner (Fig. 10), both surstyli with tips downward directed when seen in lateral view, with truncated apices (Figs 9–10). Gonopods subsymmetrical, right gonopod slightly thicker than left (Fig. 11). Apex of phallic guide stout, with rigid and distinct lobes laterally, and distinct acute lobe dorsally (Fig. 12). Ejaculatory apodeme fan-shaped (Fig. 13). Phallus unbranched, with two lateral membranous projections apically (Figs 11–12). FEMALE (Figs 14–16). Like male, differing only in the following aspects: Body length 3.6 mm. Eyes dichoptic. Frontal ommatidia larger than adjacent ones. Wing length 4.2 mm. LW/MWW = 2.8. LTC/LFC = 0.7. Ovipositor OL: 0.60 mm, PL: 0.32 mm, B: 0.42 mm; base of ovipositor gray-brown pruinose, with a distinct protuberance on distal part ventrally, piercer yellow, except light brown base, apex shiny, straight (Figs 15–16). Type material. HOLOTYPE. Male: COLOMBIA, Madalena, PNN [Parque Nacional Natural] Tayrona, Cañaveral, 1120’N/7402’W, 30 m [eters], 03–22.nov[xi].2000, R. Henriquez, M 943 (1 ♂ IAvH) (photographed specimen). PARATYPES. idem M943 (1 ♂ LEUA); idem 26.abr[iv].–12.may[v].2000, M1 (1 ♂ INPA); idem 29.sep[ix].– 17.oct[x].2000, M791 (2 ♂, 1 ♀ IAvH); idem (1 ♀ INPA); idem 15–31.dic[xii].2000, M963 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ LEUA); idem 14–29.jun[vi].2000, M238 (1 ♀ LEUA) (photographed specimen); idem 02–22.jan[i].2001, M1207 (1 ♀ IAvH); idem 28.jul[vi].–14.aug[viii].2000, M565 (2 ♀ IAvH); idem 02–22.jan[i].2001, M1207 (1 ♀ IAvH); idem 17.oct[x].–03.nov[xi].2000, M792 (1 ♀ LEUA). Holotype with left wing mounted on a microslide with Canada balsam. Left antenna and terminalia placed in a microvial with glycerin, both pinned along the specimen. Etymology. From the Latin ‘ acutus ’ (= acute), and refers to the acute apices of the surstyli in the male terminalia. Geographical distribution. Colombia (Magdalena) (Fig. 107). Habitat. The specimens were collected at the reserve Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona. This area has mainly thorny bushes and dry tropical forests typical of the Caribbean region of Colombia. Taxonomic notes. Cephalops acutus sp. nov. runs to C. innitidus Rafael, 1990 in the couplet 19 of the key presented by Rafael (1990). It differs from C. innitidus by having tergites 2–4 with triangle-shaped spots, brown at the base and medially, sparsely gray-brown pruinose, with yellow spot laterodorsally (Figs 1–2, 6) [versus tergites 2–5 with dark brown to black pruinose cross band in C. innitidus, figure 14 of Rafael (1990)]; postpedicel with acute apex (Fig. 3) [versus postpedicel with rounded apex, figure 13 presented by Rafael (1990)]; surstyli thickened at the base, acute apically, right surstylus with acute apex, slightly shorter and thin (Fig. 8) [versus both surstyli evenly thickened, with apex slightly rounded, left surstylus slightly shorter figure 36 presented by Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme fan-shaped (Fig. 13) [versus apodeme ejaculatory narrowed, figure 16 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus unbranched, with two lateral projections (Fig. 12) [versus phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts short with small spines medially, figure 15 presented by Rafael (1990)]. Cephalops acutus sp. nov. is also near C. amapaensis and can be differentiated by the characters on the key below., Published as part of Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. & Rafael, José Albertino, 2022, Cephalops Fallén and Semicephalops De Meyer (Diptera: Pipunculidae) of Colombia, with description of five new species and an updated key to males of the Neotropical species, pp. 201-226 in Zootaxa 5141 (3) on pages 203-205, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6592647, {"references":["Rafael, J. A. (1990) Revisao das especies neotropicais do genero Cephalops Fallen (Diptera: Pipunculidae). Acta Amazonica, 20, 353 - 390."]}

Key to the Neotropical species of Cephalops and Semicephalops The following key is a result of modifying that of Rafael (1990) and is based mainly on male characters (except for Semicephalops pauculus which has unknown male; we consider that the characters used without male genitalia are sufficient to differentiate species). Couplets to identify genera were adapted from Skevington & Yeates (2001) and Rafael & Skevington (2009). 1 All tibiae with stout median and apical spine-like setae; abdomen long and narrow (Figs 2, 6, 18, 22, 34, 38, 50, 54, 63, 67) Cephalops Fallén, 1810................................................................................ 2 - All tibiae lacking stout median and apical spine-like setae; abdomen broad and shortened (Figs 79, 83, 95, 99) Semicephalops De Meyer, 1994..................................................................................... 18 2 Abdomen with conspicuous pilosity; tergite 1 with 8–12 thin and long setae laterally; scutellum with many thin and long setae dorsally and laterally (except C. amembranosus which does not have a membranous area in the syntergosternite 8)....... 3 - Abdomen with inconspicuous pilosity (except in C. acutus sp. nov.); tergite 1, at most, with 6 conspicuous setae laterally; scutellum with few tiny setae........................................................................... 8 3 Syntergosternite 8 with membranous area (Figs 8, 24, 40, 56, 72, 85, 98); sternite 6 uninflated, ending in a simple apex; phallus trifid [see figures 90, 110 presented by Rafael (1990)]........................................................ 4 - Sintergosternite 8 without membranous area [see figures 83, 96 presented by Rafael (1990)]; sternite 6 extremely inflated, usually cheliform [see figure 95 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus simple, unbranched [see figures 84, 97, 104, 113 presented by Rafael (1990)]..................................................................................... 5 4 Frons black with frontal callus shiny black; hind femur without ventral ctenidia; tergites 2–4 brown pruinose at base [see figure 106 presented by Rafael (1990)]; surstyli with inner margins slightly straight [see figure 107 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................................. C. nigrifrons Rafael, 1990 - Frons gray without frontal callus; hind femur with ventral ctenidia; tergites 2–5 entirely shiny black dorsally, completely without pruinosity; surstyli with inner margins slightly sinuous [see figure 89 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................................................... C. callistus Hardy, 1954 5 Tergites 2 and 3 and eventually 4 with yellow tonalities...................................................... 6 - All tergites without yellow spots......................................................................... 7 6 All coxae predominantly yellow; meron yellow; phallic guide with a rigid lobe forward-directed, with setae ventrally and lobes laterally truncated apically [see figure 112 presented by Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme T-shaped [see figure 112 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus without subapical spicules [see figure 112 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................................................ C. ponti Rafael, 1990 - Fore and mid coxae black, unlike the yellow hind coxa; meron partially black anteriorly; phallic guide with lobes laterally acute apically, without setae ventrally [see figure 103 presented by Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped narrowed [see figure 103 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus with tiny spicules subapically [see figure 104 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................................. C. nigricoxa Rafael, 1990 7 All coxae yellow; hind femur with yellow ventral ctenidia; scutellum with thin and long setae; postpedicel with acuminate apex; surstyli subsymmetrical [see figure 96 presented by Rafael (1990)].......................... C. limatus Hardy, 1965b - All coxae black; hind femur with black ventral ctenidium; scutellum with tiny setae; postpedicel with rounded apex; surstyli asymmetrical [see figure 83 presented by Rafael (1990)]............................. C. amembranosus Rafael, 1990 8 Postpedicel and pedicel yellow.......................................................................... 9 - Postpedicel yellow to dark brown, pedicel brown to dark brown............................................... 11 9 Notopleuron and mesopleuron brown, brown pruinose, tergites 2–4 with brown triangular spots at base and medially, sparsely gray-brown pruinose, with yellow spots laterodorsally (Figs 1–2, 6); both surstyli thickened at base, acute apically, with outer margins sinuous (Fig. 8); apex of phallic guide with rigid and distinct lobes laterally, and distinct acute lobe dorsally (Fig. 12); ejaculatory apodeme fan-shaped (Fig. 13); phallus unbranched, with two lateral membranous projections apically (Fig. 12)....................................................................................... C. acutus sp. nov. - Notopleuron and mesopleuron dark brown to black, gray pruinose; tergites 2–4 brown to black with light brown bands on the distal margin (Figs 18, 22) or with black pruinose bands across bases; both surstyli thickened at base and medially, acute apically, with external margins curved [Fig. 24, see figure 13 presented by Rafael (1996)]; apex of phallic guide simple without rigid and distinct lobes laterally, and without distinct acute lobe dorsally [Figs 28, see figure 15 presented by Rafael (1996)]; ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped [Fig. 29, see figure 17 presented by Rafael (1996)], phallus trifid, without lateral membranous projections apically [Fig. 28, see figure 15 presented by Rafael (1996)]..................................... 10 10 Fore coxa yellow, mid and hind black; all femora and tibiae entirely yellow; tergites 2–5 shiny brown with light brown bands on distal margin (Figs 18, 22) or tergites 2–3 with shiny black spots posterolaterally (visible in certain light); both surstyli with inner margins straight and outer margins curved (Fig. 24)............................... C. amapaensis Rafael, 1990 - All coxae predominantly black, all femora with apex yellow, all tibiae with bases and apices yellow; tergites 2–5 dark brown to black with black pruinose bands across bases; both surstyli with inside and outer margins curved [see figure 13 presented by Rafael (1996)].................................................................. C. pedernalis Rafael, 1996 11 Pedicel light brown to dark brown; surstyli with at least one margin curved, with tips slightly inward directed (Figs 56, 69).................................................................................................... 17 - Pedicel yellow; surstyli with outer and inner margins straight, with tips downwards directed [see figure 56 presented by Rafael, 1990)] or surstyli with outer and inner margin sinuous, with tips slightly inward directed (Fig. 40) or surstyli with inner margin slightly sinuous or with tips slightly rounded [Figs 31, 36 presented by Rafael 1990)] or surstyli asymmetric [see figure 9 presented by Rafael (1990)].............................................................................. 12 12 At least hind coxae light brown to brown; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated, simple and thin [see figures 44, 57 presented by Rafael (1990)]...................................................................... 13 - At least hind coxae black; phallus bifid [see figures 11, 37 presented by Rafael (1990)] or trifid with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated only in distal 1/3 [see figures 15, 27 presented by Rafael (1990)]...................................... 14 13 Hind coxa brown; femora with brown spot medially; tergites 2–3 opaque brown, tergites 4–5 entirely black pruinose; both surstyli thickened at base, with acute apex, left surstylus clearly shorter and thinner [see figure 56 presented by Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide without distinct translucent lobe apically, with tip acute and setae ventrally [see figure 57 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................ C. villifemoralis Hardy, 1954 - All coxae light brown; femora yellow; tergites 2–5 with dark brown band dorsally on anterior margin, tergites 2–4 with light brown spots laterodorsally (Figs 33–34, 38); both surstyli with outer and inner margins sinuous, with tips inward-directed (Fig. 40); both surstyli dorsally lobated and tips slightly downward-directed when seen in lateral view (Figs 41–42); right surstylus with a distinct apical lobe visible in lateral view (Fig. 42); apex of phallic guide with distinct translucent lobe apically, with tip slightly truncated, without setae ventrally (Fig. 44)........................................... C. gracilis sp. nov. 14 All coxae black; apex of phallic guide with three acute lobes dorsally [see figure 11 presented by Rafael (1990)] or with one lobe apically [see figure 27 presented by Rafael (1990)]..................................................... 15 - Fore and mid coxa brown to black, hind coxae black; apex of phallic guide with acute tip and two rigid lobes laterally [see figures 15, 37 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................ 16 15 Tergites 2–5 brown to black, gray prinose laterally; apex of phallic guide with three acute lobes dorsally [see figure 11 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus bifid, one ejaculatory duct with a medial protuberance backward-directed [see figure 11 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................ C. brasiliensis Hardy, 1950 - Tergites 2–5 with dark brown to black pruinose transverse bands at base; apex of phallic guide thickened, with one rigid lobe and a row of setae at the tip [see figure 27 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts clearly separated, without protuberance [see figure 27 presented by Rafael (1990)]........................... C. nitidellus Rafael, 1990 16 Postpedicel with rounded apex [see figure 13 presented by Rafael (1990)]; base of tergites 2–5 brown pruinose [see figure 14 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus trifid with ejaculatory ducts short, with small spines medially [see figure 15 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................... C. innitidus Rafael, 1990 - Postpedicel with slightly acute apex [see figure 35 presented by Rafael (1990)]; base of tergites 2–3 sometimes with velvety dark brown to black pruinosity (best seen in anterior view); phallus bifid with ejaculatory ducts long, without spines medially [see figure 37 presented by Rafael (1990)].............................................. C. nitidus Hardy, 1950a 17 Postpedicel yellowish brown, unlike the dark brown pedicel; surstyli thickened medially, thin at bases and apically, left surstylus slightly thinner than right (Fig. 69); both surstyli with tips downward directed when seen in lateral view (Figs 70–71); apex of phallic guide thin, bearing a small translucent lobe and row of thin setae ventrally (Fig. 73); ejaculatory apodeme pin-shaped, shortened, truncated distally (Fig. 74); phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts thickened (Fig. 73), two ejaculatory ducts with submedian lobes laterally when seen in ventral view (Fig. 72).................................. C. lobatus sp. nov. - Postpedicel dark brown (Fig. 51); surstyli thickened at base, thin apically, with tips slightly inward-directed, surstyli almost equal in length (Fig. 56); both surstyli with margins straight, tips forward directed when seen in lateral view (Figs 57–58); apex of phallic guide stout, thickened at base, acute apically, without setae apically (Fig. 60); ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped (Fig. 61); phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated only in distal 1/3, only tips of ejaculatory ducts slightly coiled (Fig. 60).................................................................... C. klinsmanni sp. nov. 18 Scape and pedicel dark brown, postpedicel brown (Fig. 80) or scape, pedicel and postpedicel brown; femora predominantly brown, sometimes with bases and apices or only apices yellow................................................ 19 - Scape and pedicel brown or black and postpedicel yellow (Fig. 96) or scape, pedicel and postpedicel dark brown to black; femora predominantly yellow sometimes with brown spot medially............................................ 20 19 Scape, pedicel, and postpedicel brown; postpronotal lobe brown; scutum and scutellum brown to black opaque; all trochanters yellow; all femora with apices yellow; all tibia dark brown with bases and apices yellow [see figure 41 presented by Rafael (1990)].......................................................................... S. pauculus Hardy, 1954 - Scape and pedicel dark brown, postpedicel brown yellowish (Fig. 80); postpronotal lobe dark brown; scutum and scutellum dark brown shiny; all trochanters dark yellow; all femora with bases and apices yellow (Figs 78–79); all tibiae yellow, with brown spots at distal third; apex of phallic guide short, with acute tip and translucent lobe laterally (Fig. 89); ejaculatory apodeme needle-shaped (Fig. 90); phallus unbranched, with tip of ejaculatory ducts short, leaf-shaped (Fig. 89)................................................................................................ S. folium sp. nov. 20 All coxae brown; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts clearly separated [see figures 49, 54 presented by Rafael (1990)].. 21 - All coxae yellow or black; phallus simple, unbranched [see figures 23, 33 presented by Rafael (1990)]................ 22 21 Scape and pedicel brown, postpedicel yellow; all femora yellow, with brown spot medially; all tibiae without strong setae medially; both surstyli thickened basally, narrowing in apical direction, with tips slightly downward-directed [see figure 52 presented by Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide long, acute with higher and lower margins slightly straight, without a spine laterally [see figure 54 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts clearly separated and tips straight [see figure 54 presented by Rafael (1990)]........................................................ S. stygius Hardy, 1948 - Scape, pedicel, and postpedicel brown to black; all femora dark brown to black, with bases and apices yellow; hind tibia with strong setae medially; both surstyli equal in width, without narrowing in apical direction, both surstyli with tips inward-directed [see figure 45 presented by Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide with two acute tips forward-directed and a spine laterally [see figure 47 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated only in distal third, with tips slightly spiralized [see figure 40 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................. S. penepauculus Hardy, 1965a 22 Surstyli subsymmetrical; right surstylus slightly shorter than left [see figure 20 presented by Rafael (1990)]; syntergosternite 8 divided ventrally by a membranous area, reaching epandrium [see figure 31 presented by Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide with truncated tip and two rigid lobes apically [see figure 33 presented by Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme mushroomshaped [see figure 34 of Rafael (1990)]............................................... S. paganus Hardy, 1965b - Surstyli asymmetrical, right surstylus clearly shorter than left (Fig. 101); syntergosternite 8 not divided ventrally by a membranous area (Fig. 101); apex of phallic guide with acute tip and distinct submedian lobe dorsally, backwards directed (Fig. 105); ejaculatory apodeme pin-shaped, with margins somewhat straight (Fig. 106)................. S. inpaganus Rafael, 1990, Published as part of Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. & Rafael, José Albertino, 2022, Cephalops Fallén and Semicephalops De Meyer (Diptera: Pipunculidae) of Colombia, with description of five new species and an updated key to males of the Neotropical species, pp. 201-226 in Zootaxa 5141 (3) on pages 221-223, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6592647, {"references":["Rafael, J. A. (1990) Revisao das especies neotropicais do genero Cephalops Fallen (Diptera: Pipunculidae). Acta Amazonica, 20, 353 - 390.","Skevington, J. H. & Yeates, D. K. (2001) Phylogeny classification of Eudorylini (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Systematic Entomology, 26, 421 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0307 - 6970.2001.00160. x","Fallen, C. F. (1810) Specimen entomologicum novam Diptera disponendi methodum exhibiens. Dissetiatio, Lund, 1810, l - 26.","De Meyer, M. (1994) Phylogenetic relationship within the Cephalopsini (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Bulletin et annales de la Socieitei royale belge d'entomologie, 130, 7 - 18.","Hardy, D. E. (1954) Neotropical Dorilaidae studies, Part III. Brazilian species and key to the known species of Dorilas sens. lat. Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 123, 1 - 60.","Hardy, D. E. (1965 b) Neotropical Pipunculidae (Diptera) studies. Part Iv. Further studies of Brazilian species. Arquivos de Zoologia, 14, 1 - 68.","Rafael, J. A. (1996) Pipunculidae (Insecta: Diptera) of the Dominican Republic: New records and Description of new species. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 65, 363 - 381.","Hardy, D. E. (1950 a) Neotropical Dorilaidae studies. Part. 2. (Pipunculidae, Diptera). Revista de Entomologia, 21, 433 - 448.","Hardy, D. E. (1948) Neotropical Dorilaidae (Pipunculidae) Studies, Part 1 (Diptera). Psyche, 55, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1948 / 25050","Hardy, D. E. (1965 a) The Pipunculidae of Argentina. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 19, 187 - 241."]}

Subfamily: Orthocladiinae Kieffer, 1911 Genus: Limnophyes Eaton, 1875, Published as part of Dantas, Galileu P. S., Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany & Hamada, Neusa, 2022, A new species of Limnophyes Eaton, 1875 (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Llanos Orientales, Colombia, pp. 295-300 in Zootaxa 5141 (3) on page 296, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/6592830

Semicephalops inpaganus Rafael, 1990 Figs 94–106, 108 Pipunculus (Pipunculus) paganus Hardy, 1965b: 20, figs 4 a–e (partim). Cephalops inpaganus Rafael, 1990: 362, figs 17–24, 116; De Meyer, 1992: 98. Cephalops (Semicephalops) inpaganus De Meyer, 1994: 14; De Meyer, 1996: 36; Rodriguez & Rafael, 2012: 16. Diagnosis. Pedicel brown to black, postpedicel yellow; coxae brown to black, wing brown infuscated, anal lobe narrower basally, abdomen with ground color dark brown, shiny, tergite 1 sparsely gray pruinose, tergite 2 brown to black pruinose basally; surstyli asymmetrical, both surstyli with a lobe on inner margin; apex of phallic guide short, with acute tip and distinct submedian lobe dorsally, backwards directed; phallus unbranched, with leaf-shaped membranous projections (Fig. 105). Intraspecific variability. Rafael (1990) provided a complete description and illustrations of the Brazilian holotype; however, we found variations in the Colombian material. Because of this, we provide a comparison of the variations between the Colombian and Brazilian specimens (between parenthesis, when comparable). MALE. Length with 2.3 mm (versus 3.1 mm in the holotype); postcranium gray pruinose laterally and brown pruinose dorsally (Figs 94–95); pedicel brown (Fig. 96) (versus pedicel black); scutum and scutellum brown (Figs 95, 97) (versus scutum and scutellum black); wing with membrane slightly brown infuscate (Fig. 98); coxae brown (Fig. 94) (versus coxae black); trochanters light brown (Fig. 94) (versus trochanters yellow); femora yellow, except in proximal third, light yellow, and short setae ventrally (Figs 94–95) (versus femora entirely yellow, and without setae ventrally); tibiae light brown, with bases and apices light yellow, with a row of long and fine yellow setae posterolaterally (Fig. 94); tergites 3–5 dark brown, shiny, with inconspicuous scattered setae (Figs 94–95, 99) (versus tergites 3–4 with narrow posterior band dark brown to black pruinose); tergites and sternites 6 and 7 as in Fig. 100. Surstyli asymmetrical, shorter than epandrium, completely setose, both surstyli with a lobe on inner margin, left surstylus slightly shorter and thin (Fig. 101); both surstyli with tips acute and downward directed when seen in lateral view (Figs 102–103); gonopods subsymmetrical, right gonopod slightly thinner than left (Fig. 104); apex of phallic guide short, with acute tip and distinct submedian lobe dorsally, backwards directed (Fig. 105); ejaculatory apodeme pinshaped, with margins somewhat straight (Fig. 106); phallus unbranched, with leaf-shaped membranous projections (Fig. 105). Examined material. COLOMBIA, Antioquia, Envigado, separador vial sector bodegas Éxito-Pirelli, Zona industrial, Jama, 6,16913N / 75,60201W, 15.ago[viii]–01.sep[ix].2017, J. Torres-Toro, A.L Montoya (1 ♂ CEUA – 100905) (photographed specimen). Geographical distribution. Brazil; Colombia (Antioquia) (new record) (Fig. 108). Habitat. The specimens were collected in urban areas at Envigado, in the department of Antioquia, in the Andean region of Colombia., Published as part of Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. & Rafael, José Albertino, 2022, Cephalops Fallén and Semicephalops De Meyer (Diptera: Pipunculidae) of Colombia, with description of five new species and an updated key to males of the Neotropical species, pp. 201-226 in Zootaxa 5141 (3) on pages 218-220, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6592647, {"references":["Rafael, J. A. (1990) Revisao das especies neotropicais do genero Cephalops Fallen (Diptera: Pipunculidae). Acta Amazonica, 20, 353 - 390.","Hardy, D. E. (1965 b) Neotropical Pipunculidae (Diptera) studies. Part Iv. Further studies of Brazilian species. Arquivos de Zoologia, 14, 1 - 68.","De Meyer, M. (1992) Description of new Cephalops species (Pipunculidae, Diptera) from the Oriental Region. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, 62, 93 - 99.","De Meyer, M. (1994) Phylogenetic relationship within the Cephalopsini (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Bulletin et annales de la Socieitei royale belge d'entomologie, 130, 7 - 18.","De Meyer, M. (1996) World catalogue of Pipunculidae (Diptera). Documents de travail de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, 86, 1 - 127.","Rodriguez, H. C. & Rafael, J. A. (2012) Pipunculidae (Diptera) of the Latin America and the Caribbean: A catalog of Species with Notes on Biology and Pipunculid-Host Associations. Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrucken, 48 pp."]}

The genus Semicephalops De Meyer, 1994 Cephalops (Semicephalops) De Meyer, 1994: 12. Type species: Pipunculus semifumosus Kowarz, 1887 (original designation); De Meyer, 1996: 31; Skevington & Yeates, 2001: 440. Cephalops brasiliensis group Rafael, 1990: 459 (partim). Semicephalops; Motamedinia et al. 2021: 14 (phylogeny). Diagnosis. Same as Cephalops (diagnose above) except for all tibiae lacking stout median and apical spine-like setae; abdomen broad and shortened and membranous area of syntergosternite 8 reaching the epandrium. In some of the more apomorphic species, however, the membranous area is reduced (De Meyer 1992, 1993)., Published as part of Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. & Rafael, José Albertino, 2022, Cephalops Fallén and Semicephalops De Meyer (Diptera: Pipunculidae) of Colombia, with description of five new species and an updated key to males of the Neotropical species, pp. 201-226 in Zootaxa 5141 (3) on page 215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6592647, {"references":["De Meyer, M. (1994) Phylogenetic relationship within the Cephalopsini (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Bulletin et annales de la Socieitei royale belge d'entomologie, 130, 7 - 18.","Kowarz, F. (1887) Beitrage zu einem Verzeichnisse der Dipteren Bohmens. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 6, 146 - 154.","De Meyer, M. (1996) World catalogue of Pipunculidae (Diptera). Documents de travail de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, 86, 1 - 127.","Skevington, J. H. & Yeates, D. K. (2001) Phylogeny classification of Eudorylini (Diptera, Pipunculidae). Systematic Entomology, 26, 421 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0307 - 6970.2001.00160. x","Rafael, J. A. (1990) Revisao das especies neotropicais do genero Cephalops Fallen (Diptera: Pipunculidae). Acta Amazonica, 20, 353 - 390.","Motamedinia, B, Skevington, J. H., Kelso, S. & Kelmahier, C. (2021) The first comprensive, multigene molecular phylogeny for big - headed flies (Diptera: Pipunculidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, zlab 094, 1 - 19. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlab 094","De Meyer, M. (1992) Description of new Cephalops species (Pipunculidae, Diptera) from the Oriental Region. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, 62, 93 - 99.","De Meyer, M. (1993) Phylogeny and evolutionary zoogeography of the Hawaiian Pipunculidae (Diptera). Zeitschrift fur zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 31, 119 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0469.1993. tb 00184. x"]}

Copestylum tenorium Ricarte & Rotheray in Ricarte et al. 2015 Examined material. COLOMBIA, Caquet��, Cartagena del Chaira, Tigrera Alta, 1.284 797, -74.817023, 365 m, Bosque secundario denso, Cara��o Pescado, VSR, 21.xii.2016 - 04.i.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA ��� 00000037396); ���, Bosque secundario denso, Para��so Pescado, VSR, 1-15.ii.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♀, LEUA ���00000037399); ���, Bosque Piso, San Jos�� G 8, Malaise, 26.x.2016 - 09.xi.2016, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA ���00000037422); Florencia, San Francisco, 1.706 750, -75.610167, 663 m, Bosque secundario denso, Para��so Pollo, VSR, 7-21.xii.2016, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♀, LEUA ���00000037389); ���, Para��so Salicilato, VSR, 9-23.xi.2016, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♀, LEUA ���00000037401); ���, Villaraz, 1.733 486, -75.674972, 900 m, Bosque secundario denso, Villaraz Pescado, VSR, 30.iv.2011, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA ���00000037420); ���, Bosque Piso, Cartagena F 1, Malaise, 30.iv.2011, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA ���00000037421); San Jos�� del Fragua, PNN Alto Fragua Indi-Wasi, 1.286 722, -76.142806, 936 m, Bosque Primario, Indi-Wasi Punto 4, VSR, 26.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (15 ♂, 9♀, LEUA ���00000037376); ���, Bosque Primario, Indi-Wasi Punto 2, Malaise, 26.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA ���00000037377); ���, Bosque secundario denso, Aguas negras Pescado, VSR, 26.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♀, LEUA ���00000037382); ���, Bosque secundario denso, Para��so Pescado, VSR, 26.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA ���00000037383); ���, Bosque secundario denso, Cara��o Pescado, VSR, 26.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♀, LEUA ���00000037384); ���, Bosque Primario, Indi-Wasi Punto 4, VSR, 26.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA ���00000037385); ���, Bosque secundario denso, Macagual Pescado, VSR, 26.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA ���00000037386); ���, Bosque Dosel, Cartagena G 8, Malaise, 26.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA ���00000037387); ���, Bosque Primario, Indi- Wasi Punto 2, VSR, 26.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (2 ♀, LEUA ���00000037391); ���, Bosque Primario, Indi- Wasi Punto 5, VSR, 24.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA ���00000037404); ���, Bosque secundario denso, Macagual Pescado, VSR, 24.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA ���00000037406)., Published as part of Montoya, Augusto Le��n, Parada-Mar��n, Henry Mauricio & Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, 2022, Description of a new flower fly species of the Copestylum vagum group (Diptera Syrphidae) from pristine Amazonian rainforests of Colombia and Suriname, pp. 401-415 in Zootaxa 5091 (3) on page 410, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5848269, {"references":["Ricarte, A., Marcos-Garcia, M. A., Hancock, E. G. & Rotheray, G. E. (2015) Neotropical Copestylum Macquart (Diptera: Syrphidae) breeding in fruits and flowers, including 7 new species. PLOS ONE, 10 (11), e 0142441. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0142441"]}

Copestylum enriquei sp. nov. (Figs 1���4) Copestylum SUR-04 in Reemer (2016) Type material. HOLOTYPE. Adult male, pinned, deposited at the LEUA collection. Original label: ��� COLOMBIA, Caquet��, Florencia, Vda.[Vereda] Para��so, Fca.[Finca] Para��so��� / ��� 1.746287, -75.627790, 716m [eters], Forest, trampa Malaise dosel��� / ��� 21.xii.2016 - 04.i.2017, Y. Ramos-Pastrana ���. ��� HOLOTYPE / Copestylum enriquei sp. nov. / Montoya, Parada-Mar��n & Ramos-Pastrana 2021 ��� [red, handwritten except first line] (LEUA ���00000035890, dissected). PARATYPES. SURINAME, Para, Mapane area, 5.466 666, -54.683333, 35 m, 28.v.1963, P.H. van Doesburg Jr., Leg. (RMNH-collection, 1 female); Brokopondo, Brownsberg, 4.933 333, -55.166667, 189m, Nature reserve, mainly with primary forest, 31.viii���14.ix.2001, leg. A. Gangadin, Leg. (RMNH-collection, 1 female). Identified as Copestylum SUR-04 by Menno Reemer 2016. Length (n= 1). Body, 6.8 mm; Wings, 5.5 mm. Differential diagnosis. Copestylum enriquei sp. nov. shares the general morphological characters of other known species in the C. vagum group. Copestylum enriquei sp. nov. is a green yellowish fly, similar in appearance to C. vagum, C. musicanum, and C. tenorium, from which it differs by the gena and face separated by a very broad brown vitta; scutum orange except for the wide medial vitta, which is dark and metallic, ending before the prescutellar region, with the apical margin M-shaped; tibiae dark-brown, except yellow on basal 1/4. Epandrium and cercus black, contrasting with the colour of hypandrium and surstylus, which are orange; epandrium with a dorsal extension, in addition to the surstylus L-shaped, with two pairs of rounded ridges in the dorsal edge, similar to small deer antlers in velvet. Description (holotype). MALE. Head (Figs 1A, C, and D): Face yellowish-orange without a clear central vitta; gena and face separated by a very broad brown vitta; gena orange, orange pruinose, and pilose; dorsal margin of eyes sloping and yellow pilose; lunule brownish-orange; antenna orange, scape and pedicel orange setulose; arista orange, orange pilose. Thorax (Figs 1B���D): Scutum orange except for the wide medial vitta, which is dark and metallic, ending before the prescutellar region, with the apical margin M-shaped (Fig. 1C); scutum brown pilose on the median dark area, yellow pilose along lateral margins, with pile not much longer at the rear margin; lateral setae orange: two above wing insertion and two on postalar callus; pleuron extensively yellow; scutellum yellow with pre-apical depression, yellow pilose; marginal setae orange-yellow, with two dark brown setae. Wing (Figs 1B���E, 2B): Hyaline except for the brown-yellowish pterostigmal spot, costal cell yellowish, bare; wing microtrichose, except for some extensively bare areas basally and centrally, cell bm extensively bare, cell dm bare on anterior 1/3, cell r only slightly bare on basal 1/3 or less, cell CuP bare on anterior 1/3; alula microtrichose, calypter yellowishwhite, border brownish-orange, fringe brownish-orange; plumula yellow-orange; halter yellow-orange, capitulum white. Legs (Figs 1A���B, D���E): coxa and trochanter yellow, metafemur extensively orange; tibia dark-brown, except yellow on basal 1/4, black pilose on these areas; tarsomeres 1 and 2 orange, tarsomeres 3���5 black, black pilose. Abdomen (Figs 1B, D���E, 2A���B): Mostly yellow-greenish, orange-yellow pilose, first tergum 1 yellow-greenish; terga 2���4 greenish, brownish infuscated apically; terga 3���4 black pilose on apical margin; S1���4 yellowish-green and extensively yellow pilose; male genitalia elongated, extending over the fourth sternum, with epandrium and cercus black, epandrium in lateral view with a dorsal extension, cercus in lateral view, globular and round-tipped; surstylus in lateral view, L-shaped, with two pairs of rounded ridges in the dorsal edge, similar to small deer antlers in velvet; superior lobe (Apex of hypandrium) orange, hook-shaped, with a kinked apex strongly curved downward (Figs 2D���H). FEMALE (Figs 3A���D; Reemer 2016: 100, Fig. 15, dorsal habitus). Similar to male except for usual sexual dimorphism, and differing in vertex with a complete brownish transverse macula, extensively dark brown to blackhaired in this area; sternites 4 and 5 yellow. Etymology. The epithet ���enriquei��� is a patronym given in memory of Carlos Enrique Giraldo, the grandfather of the first author, a notable, worthy, and noble person of sweet spirit who was like an oak, a very happy man who taught me (ALM) to enjoy and marvel at the small things of the natural world. For him, this beautiful species that flies high as his unforgettable smile and kind way of being, always ready to provide a space and welcome in his home in Anserma, Caldas, Colombia that was always open to everyone. Taxonomic remarks. Copestylum enriquei sp. nov. run to C. chapadensis or C. bequaerti in the key of Curran (1930; couplet 9, p. 6), based on the gena and face separated by a very broad brownish vitta. This work covered most species belonging to the C. vagum group. Copestylum enriquei sp. nov. would be identified as C. musicanum in an unpublished draft key by F.C. Thompson (couplet 13), as it has the tibiae much darker than the femora, terminalia large, cercus elongate, hook-like, extending over the fourth sternum. Using the key of Ricarte et al. (2015; couplet 3, p. 52), C. enriquei sp. nov. keys out close to C. araceorum and C. willistoni, based on the terga 3���4 with yellow marks or completely black, however, C. enriquei sp. nov. lacks a median vitta on the face. Copestylum enriquei sp. nov. is also morphologically similar to C. tenorium from which it differs by the diagnostic characters listed in Table 1 (See also ���Taxonomic notes��� under each species in Ricarte et al. 2015 and keys). Distribution. The male holotype was collected between 21 December 2016 and 04 February 2017 in a canopy Malaise trap (Rafael & Gorayeb 1982) in a pristine rainforest patch of a conflict territory of limited access and political unrest in Caquet��, Colombia (Fig. 4A). The type locality is located at the eastern slope of the Colombian Oriental Cordillera at an altitude of 716 meters above sea level (m a.s.l). Two additional female specimens (paratypes) were collected in two sampling events on 28 May 1963 and between 31 August and 14 September 2001 in a nature reserve and primary forest in Northeastern Suriname (Para and Brokopondo) between 35 and 189 m a.s.l. (Fig. 4B). Copestylum enriquei sp. nov. is probably endemic to the Amazonian rainforest of Colombia and Suriname on the Guyana shield. Biology. Copestylum enriquei sp. nov. is only known from pristine patches in the lowlands of the Amazonian rainforest of Colombia and Suriname (Fig. 4B). The specimens were collected using a canopy Malaise trap and sweeping net, which could suggest that the species is associated with both canopy and ground levels in conserved forest., Published as part of Montoya, Augusto Le��n, Parada-Mar��n, Henry Mauricio & Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, 2022, Description of a new flower fly species of the Copestylum vagum group (Diptera Syrphidae) from pristine Amazonian rainforests of Colombia and Suriname, pp. 401-415 in Zootaxa 5091 (3) on pages 404-409, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5848269, {"references":["Reemer, M. (2016) Syrphidae (Diptera) of Surinam: Eristalinae and synthesis. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 159, 97 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 15902002","Parada-Marin, H. M., Montoya, A. L. & Ramos-Pastrana, Y. (2021) New record of Cepa apeca (Diptera, Syrphidae, Eristalinae, Merodontini) in the Andean-Amazonian region of Colombia and expansion of its geographic range. Acta Amazonica, 51, 162 - 165. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 4392202003841","Curran, C. H. (1930) New species of Volucellinae from America (Syrphidae, Diptera). American Museum Novitates, 413, 1 - 23.","Ricarte, A., Marcos-Garcia, M. A., Hancock, E. G. & Rotheray, G. E. (2015) Neotropical Copestylum Macquart (Diptera: Syrphidae) breeding in fruits and flowers, including 7 new species. PLOS ONE, 10 (11), e 0142441. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0142441"]}

Copestylum araceorum Ricarte & Rotheray in Ricarte et al. 2015 Examined material. COLOMBIA, Caquetá, Florencia, Aguas Negras,1.660 84,-75.605501, 936m, Bosque Primario, Indi-Wasi Punto 4, Van Someren-Rydon (VSR), 04.iv.2013, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA –00000037388); Brasil, 1.652 222, -75.626389, 900 m, Bosque Primario, Indi-Wasi Punto 2, VSR, 3.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♀, LEUA –00000037397); …, Bosque Dosel, Cartagena G 5, Malaise, 3.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♀, LEUA –00000037394); …, Bosque secundario denso, Caraño Pescado, VSR, 3.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA –00000037419); …, Bosque Piso, 3er Túnel C 4, Malaise, 3.x.2014, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA – 00000037390); …, Cultivo, San Pacho B 4, Malaise, 21.xi.2013, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♀, LEUA –00000037410); La Viciosa, 1.497 722, -75.656972, 643 m, Cultivo, San Pacho B 2, Malaise, 18.iii.2013, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♀, LEUA –00000037392); …, Bosque secundario denso, Paraíso Banana, VSR, 01.xi.2012, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♀, LEUA –00000037407); Las Brisas, 1.753 889, -75.747639, 365 m, Bosque secundario denso, Caraño Manual, Red Entomológica, 2,xi.2016- 7.xii.2016, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA –00000037403); …, Paraíso Pescado, VSR, 7-21.xii.2016, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA –00000037398); …, Paraíso, 1.747 611, -75.629669, 900 m, Bosque Primario, Indi-Wasi Punto 2, VSR, 25.iv.2013, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (3 ♂, LEUA –00000037402); …, 663 m, Bosque secundario denso, Paraíso Banana, VSR, 25.iv.2013, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♀, LEUA – 00000037418); …, Paraíso Pescado, VSR, 01.xi.2012, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA –00000037400); …, Caraño Pescado, VSR, 15.vii.2014, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA –00000037408); …, Villaraz Manual, Red Entomológica, 01.xi.2012, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA –00000037409); …, San José del Fragua, Bellavista, 1.306 530, -76.009137, 2040 m, Bosque Piso, 3er Túnel B 3, Malaise, 1-15.ii.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA –00000037412).

Copestylum tenorium Ricarte & Rotheray in Ricarte et al. 2015 Examined material. COLOMBIA, Caquetá, Cartagena del Chaira, Tigrera Alta, 1.284 797, -74.817023, 365 m, Bosque secundario denso, Caraño Pescado, VSR, 21.xii.2016 - 04.i.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA – 00000037396); …, Bosque secundario denso, Paraíso Pescado, VSR, 1-15.ii.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♀, LEUA –00000037399); …, Bosque Piso, San José G 8, Malaise, 26.x.2016 - 09.xi.2016, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA –00000037422); Florencia, San Francisco, 1.706 750, -75.610167, 663 m, Bosque secundario denso, Paraíso Pollo, VSR, 7-21.xii.2016, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♀, LEUA –00000037389); …, Paraíso Salicilato, VSR, 9-23.xi.2016, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♀, LEUA –00000037401); …, Villaraz, 1.733 486, -75.674972, 900 m, Bosque secundario denso, Villaraz Pescado, VSR, 30.iv.2011, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA –00000037420); …, Bosque Piso, Cartagena F 1, Malaise, 30.iv.2011, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA –00000037421); San José del Fragua, PNN Alto Fragua Indi-Wasi, 1.286 722, -76.142806, 936 m, Bosque Primario, Indi-Wasi Punto 4, VSR, 26.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (15 ♂, 9♀, LEUA –00000037376); …, Bosque Primario, Indi-Wasi Punto 2, Malaise, 26.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA –00000037377); …, Bosque secundario denso, Aguas negras Pescado, VSR, 26.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♀, LEUA –00000037382); …, Bosque secundario denso, Paraíso Pescado, VSR, 26.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA –00000037383); …, Bosque secundario denso, Caraño Pescado, VSR, 26.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♀, LEUA –00000037384); …, Bosque Primario, Indi-Wasi Punto 4, VSR, 26.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA –00000037385); …, Bosque secundario denso, Macagual Pescado, VSR, 26.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA –00000037386); …, Bosque Dosel, Cartagena G 8, Malaise, 26.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA –00000037387); …, Bosque Primario, Indi- Wasi Punto 2, VSR, 26.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (2 ♀, LEUA –00000037391); …, Bosque Primario, Indi- Wasi Punto 5, VSR, 24.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA –00000037404); …, Bosque secundario denso, Macagual Pescado, VSR, 24.x.2017, Y. Ramos Pastrana Leg (1 ♂, LEUA –00000037406).