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The composition of sediment fluxes caused by erosion can vary greatly both spatially and temporally, causing different impacts on water bodies. The erosion process is mainly driven by soil and rainfall characteristics as well as land use. The aim of this research is to evaluate the combined effect of these factors in a mountain agroforestry system, analysing the relationship of the sediment composition generated after flooding events with soil and rainfall characteristics and the impact of land use. The analyses were based on data recorded in three catchments with Mediterranean climate. The sediments were collected after 21 seasonal campaigns and their characteristics were assessed taking into account rainfall characteristics and the main land uses in each catchment. The results confirm the differences in soil particle mobilization after high and low intensity events and the higher impact of croplands compared to other dominant land uses. The amount of sediments trapped in the catchment with the largest area of cropland almost doubled sediment collected in the other catchments. Clay and soil organic carbon in the sediments were lower than in the original sources, likely due to the lower content in the soils more susceptible to erosion and the washing out of the finer material by runoff under high amount/intensity precipitation. Differences were observed between catchments and between rainfall events in the export of stable elements, with a general sediment enrichment in Al, Be, B, Cu, Mn, S, Sr and Zn, reaching the highest values for Be, Sr and Zn. The elemental enrichment differed according to rainfall characteristics thus Cu, Zn or Mn were higher after low intensity events, while other elements like Be were enriched after high intensity events. These variable patterns evidence the complex interplay of involved factors and the key role of elemental bounds to particle sizes and organic matter.

Soil water availability during the vine growth cycle can affect yield and grape quality. The objective was to evaluate the effect of soil water holding capacity (AWC) and available soil water (ASW) throughout the growing cycle on the nutritional status, vigor, production, and composition of grapes and wine. The study was conducted in the municipality of Uruñuela in the DOCa Rioja (Spain). The soils of four rainfed vineyard plots were characterized to determine AWC and its impacts on vine, grape, and wine composition. The N, P, and K foliar content, vigor, grape yield, berry weight, and composition of must and wine were analyzed in those vineyard plots during the period 2010–2014. The ASW was simulated in each plot and each year analyzed, considering the soil properties and the weather conditions, after model calibration in one plot in which soil water content was registered. The results showed that AWC influenced ASW along the growing cycle, so vines suffered from water stress in some periods of the vegetative cycle. Plots with higher AWC had higher ASW from fruit set to ripening and lower water stress during this period, which explains the higher N, P, and K foliar content, vigor and grape yield, and lower polyphenol and anthocyanin content in grapes and wines. The period where water availability had the most influence on the quality of the grapes was from veraison to ripening, during which ASW increased berry weight and acidity and decreased anthocyanins and polyphenolic compounds.

BACKGROUND: This research aims to analyse the influence of climatic conditions on phenology and grape composition ofMacabeo, which is one of the white varieties authorized in Rioja DOCa. Phenological dates forflowers separated and harvest,and grape composition were evaluated for the period 2008–2020 infive plots, located at different elevations (457–650 m a.s.l.). Grape parameters were related to temperature and water deficit recorded along the growing cycle. RESULTS: High variability in the weather conditions were recorded during the period analysed, with differences in the averagegrowing season maximum temperature of up to 2.5°C among years and about 2°C among locations. Differences in the averagegrowing season precipitation of about 200 mm among years and up to 60 mm among locations were recorded. That high var-iability could explain the differences in grape composition observed among years and among zones. The lowest sugar contentswere recorded at the highest elevation, while acidity in that area was the highest. Although the relationship was only significantin one plot, probable volumetric alcoholic degree increased with increasing maximum temperature. Titratable acidity and malicacid decreased with increasing maximum temperature, the change being higher in the plots located at the highest elevation.Both titratable acidity and malic acid were significantly affected by water deficits recorded during the growing season, andin particular that recorded afterfloowering. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that under warmer scenarios a decrease in titratable acidity and in malic acid might beexpected for this variety, but with differences among zones located at different elevations.

o ensure sustainable agricultural management, there is a need not only to quantify soil erosion rates but also to obtain information on the status of soil water content and soil loss under different soil types and land uses. A clear understanding of the temporal dynamics and the soil moisture spatial variability (SMSV) will help to control soil degradation by hydrological processes. This study represents the first attempt connecting cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNS) with soil erosion research, a novel approach to explore the complex relationships between soil water content (SWC) and soil redistribution processes using two of the most powerful nuclear techniques, CRNS and fallout 137Cs. Our preliminary results indicate that CRNS captured soil moisture dynamics along the study toposequence and demonstrated the sensitivity of neutron sensors to investigate the effect of parent material on soil water content. The Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of the comprehensive data from seven CRNS surveys revealed that one dominant spatial structure (EOF1) explains 89.2% of SMSV. The soil redistribution rates estimated with 137Cs at the nine locations along the hillslope, together with local factors related to soil properties (SOC, soil depth, hydraulic conductivity) and land use showed significant correlations with EOF. This study provides strong field evidence that soil type significantly affect SMSV, highlighting the key impact on soil erosion and sedimentation rates. Nevertheless, more research is needed to investigate the specific contributions of soil properties to the spatial variability of soil moisture and their subsequent effects on soil redistribution dynamics of interest for soil management.

Recent land use changes, the absence of soil protection between crop periods, and extreme precipitation events have been highlighted as major influential factors in the fluctuations of sediment export in the last decades at the catchment scale worldwide. In this regard, soil erosion and fine-particle export are two of the major concerns of soil nutrient loss and water-quality decrease (e.g., increasing turbidity and vector of chemicals). However, while rainfall effects have been well-monitored, recent land use changes and management need additional approaches to evaluate their effect. In Mediterranean mountainous environments, in addition to forest management, agricultural practices during different cropland stages likely increase sediment and particle-bound chemicals in the drainage system. Moreover, most catchments lack instrumentalization. Thus, there is a gap in the knowledge on the processes influencing the sediment exported in ungauged catchments. To evaluate the processes involved, remote sensing and seasonal sampling of suspended sediments were examined for 5 years in a representative agroforestry system in three sub-catchments (SBCs) with different proportions of land uses. Temporal trends of NDVI, EVI, MSAVI, SAVI, and NDWI indices were analyzed for monitoring the vegetation status. With this information, we attempt to evaluate the soil response in terms of particle size export to land use change, vegetation status, and precipitation distribution in fine-grained sediment-reaching streams. Our findings not only highlight the significant effect of heavy precipitation events and vegetation cover on the grain-size fraction of the exported sediment but also reveal the existence of more complex factors influencing the export dynamics. A silt-increasing trend due to the increase of individual heavy precipitations from 2017 onward despite the total precipitation amount not increasing was detected. It is shown that indices such as NDVI and NDMI help detect small ch

Grape development and its quality are highly dependent on soil and weather conditions. Under the progressive warming, which can affect the suitability of typical varieties grown in a given area, the knowledge of the vine response to changes in climate is essential to stablish strategies to maintain the viticulture sector. This research presents an analysis of phenology and grape composition of the Carignan cultivar, during a 13-year period, at two locations in Rioja DOCa. Based on the results obtained and the projected changes in climate under climate change scenarios (RC4.5 and RCP8.5), the response of this cultivar was evaluated. Differences in the phenological dates of up to 18, 29 and 40 days, for flowering, veraison and harvest, respectively, were observed between the warmest and the coolest years. An advance of up to 5, 8 and 11 days, respectively, for the mentioned stages, is projected under the RCP4.5 scenario by 2050, which could be near 1.5*times higher under the RCP8.5 scenario. These advances will be mainly driven by the temperatures recorded in the previous period. Grape acidity was mainly driven by water availability, in particular during ripening, which imply a slight projected reduction due to precipitation changes but not significant effect due to increasing temperatures. The phenolic composition could be positively affected by increasing temperatures and increasing water deficits, since this variety does not always reach a complete maturity at present. Thus, under the projected warming scenarios, the suitability of Carignan in Rioja DOCa was confirmed.

[ES] La talla baja idiopática (TBI) se diagnostica tras haber descartado otras causas de hipocrecimiento. Tras aprobarse el uso de la hormona de crecimiento para su tratamiento en algunos países ha surgido la controversia de si este uso está justificado.

Weather conditions affect vine development and grape composition, although the response may be different depending on the variety and altitude. Under scenarios of climate change, the knowledge of the relationships between grape composition and climate is therefore important to know the suitability of a given cultivar. In this research, the variability of the grape composition of two red varieties with different phenological timings (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo and Graciano) cultivated in Rioja DOCa (Spain) and the climatic variables that have a higher effect on the response of each of them were analysed. Grape composition of both cultivars at technical maturity (considered when a probable volumetric alcoholic degree (PVAD) = 13° was reached) was analysed during the period 2008-2020 in areas located at different elevations and related to the weather conditions recorded in those areas. The results show the effect of temperature and water availability in different periods during the growing cycle on grape composition and the potential benefits of cultivating at a higher elevation, under higher water availability. The anthocyanins were affected by the maximum temperatures recorded in the period before veraison and during ripening (period veraison to technical maturity), decreasing their concentrations with increasing temperatures. In addition, higher water availability gave rise to an increase in acidity. Graciano is shown as a variety more suitable than Tempranillo to be cultivated under warmer conditions.

The aim of this research was to predict the changes in vine phenology under future climate change of two red varieties, cultivated under rainfed conditions, and how grape composition can be affected. The research was conducted in Rioja Designation of Origin (DOCa), a viticultural area located in north central Spain, where red varieties represent near 90 % of the cultivated vineyards. The research focuses on 'Tempranillo' and 'Grenache', which represent about 85 % and 10 %, respectively, of cultivated red varieties in the area. The analysis included data related to vineyards located at different elevations and with different climatic conditions, recorded during the period 2008-2018. Phenological dates related to separated flowers (stage H), veraison (stage M) and maturity of the two varieties as well as the grape composition during the ripening period and at maturity were evaluated. The future scenarios were based on the predicted temperature and precipitation changes under two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios ¿RCP4.5 and RCP8.5-, which were simulated with an ensemble of models. Projections for 2050 and 2070 were made based on the observed phenological dates and the heat accumulation needed to reach each stage along the growing cycle. An advance of all phenological stages was projected, higher for veraison and maturity than for the earlier stages, and without large differences between both varieties but with differences at different elevations. Veraison is expected to be advanced up to 11 days for 2050 and up to 12 days for 2070 under the RCP4.5 scenario, while under the RCP8.5 scenario, the advance by 2070 could be up to 20 days for both varieties. For maturity, the advance could be up to 27 days for 'Tempranillo' and 25 days for 'Grenache', with differences between the cooler and the warmer areas. These changes resulted in a shortening of the periods between phenological stages, giving rise to maturity under warmer conditions. Based on the varia

The objective of this research was to analyse the potential effect of climate change on phenology and berry composition of the variety Tempranillo cultivated in areas of the Rioja DOCa (Spain) with different climatic characteristics. Three zones were selected within the DOCa, which were located at elevations between 325 and 650 m a.s.l. Phenology and the evolution of berry composition during ripening was analysed for the period 2008-2018. This information included the dates of the phenological stages H (separated flowers), M (veraison) and maturity (based in a fixed value of the probable alcoholic degree (PVAD)) and as well as pH, total acidity, malic acid, total anthocyanins, total polyphenols index and colour intensity, recorded in two plots at each location. The climatic conditions recorded during the period of study were evaluated from meteorological stations located close to the vineyards. The average predicted changes in temperature (maximum and minimum) and in precipitation, under two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) emission scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and simulated using an ensemble of 10 models were analysed by 2050 and 2070 for each zone. These data were obtained using the MarkSim™ DSSAT weather file generator. The relationship found at present between climate characteristics and the phenology and grape composition were considered in order to project the changes under climate change. The results indicated projected increase of temperature higher in the warmer than in the cooler area, and changes in average precipitation, which although being small will contribute to increase water deficits. The results predict that all evaluated phenological stages will suffer an advance, which will be higher for veraison and maturity than for the stage related to flowering. The advance of the stage H, M and maturity for the three zones by 2050 could be up to 5, 8, and 12 days, respectively under the RCP4.5 emission trajectory, and up to 8, 12 and 15, respecti

To assess the effects of extreme storms in rainfed agriculture catchments on soil organic carbon removal, surface soil samples from different land uses were collected in a medium-sized catchment at the foot of Santo Domingo range. The study area was mostly cultivated at the beginning of the 19th century but changed to rangeland and afforestation forest in the last 50 years. The remaining cropland area is mostly rainfed agriculture that leaves soils unprotected in periods when erosive storms occur (autumn convective rainfalls).

Teaching word formation is an aspect which is not often studied in language classes, but it is intended to be acquired implicitly by the students. This brings an incorrect word use and word production both in speaking and writing skills. This article has the aim of disclosing the effects of two teaching methodologies to learn suffixes in adjectives. The study was carried out with the participation of two groups of Intermediate English Language University Students. Explicit Instruction was used with one group while implicit instruction was applied with the other one through the hypertext tool, in order to use technology in the language classroom. Results of the study showed that the best effect, to learn suffixes, is found in an explicit instruction methodology despite the technological influence on the current students. Therefore, it can be sustained that, word formation teaching is an aspect which should not be pretended to be acquired totally through an implicit way., La enseñanza de la formación de palabras es un aspecto que difícilmente se estudia como un tema en específico en la clase de lenguas; normalmente, se pretende que los estudiantes lo adquieran implícitamente. Esto resulta en una producción y los usos incorrectos de las palabras. El artículo tiene el propósito de dar a conocer los efectos de dos métodos didácticos para aprender los sufijos en adjetivos. El estudio se llevó a cabo en dos grupos de estudiantes universitarios de lengua inglesa a nivel intermedio. Los resultados mostraron que el mejor efecto para el aprendizaje de los sufijos para la formación de adjetivos se encuentra en un método de instrucción explícita a pesar de la influencia tecnológica en los estudiantes actuales. Se puede entonces corroborar que, la enseñanza de la formación de palabras es un aspecto que no se debe pretender que los estudiantes lo adquieran completamente de manera implícita.

The aim of this research was to analyse the effect of rainfall intensity and slope on soil and nutrient losses by hydric erosion in soils with different hydrological characteristics. This research was carried out on soils collected from slopes with different land uses/covers (LU/LC) -forest, scrub, agricultural, afforested and barren land-, from a mountain area (Sierra de Santo Domingo in the South Pyrenean region), where intensive farming and land use changes including land abandonment and changes in soil cover have occurred. Soils were placed on erosion boxes (30 cm × 20 cm) and compacted to a bulk density similar to that measured in the field (slope values ranged between 10 and 20%). Soil properties such as organic matter content, soil texture and N and P contents were analysed (values used as concentration in the original soil). Soils were subjected to simulated rainfall with intensity values usually recorded in the area during storms. Runoff volumes were collected at 10 min intervals from the time that runoff was generated. The steady infiltration rate as well as the average runoff rates and soil losses were evaluated for each land use. In the runoff samples, sediment concentration and nutrients (N and P) were analysed using different aliquots. The comparative analysis of the results obtained under simulated rainfall in plots with soils from different land uses allowed determining the differences in contribution of each land use to soil and nutrient losses when they are subjected to similar rainfall intensities. The results showed that the maximum runoff rates were reached in agricultural soil and barren land after 40 min at low intensity and after about 20 min at high intensity. However, in soils under forest, scrub and afforestation, runoff rates were much lower for the same rainfall intensity and duration period. Soil sealing was the main factor reducing infiltration in the agricultural and in barren LU/LC soils, while in the other cases runoff was mainly pr

Several decades of intensive rainfed farming in Mediterranean mountains and later land abandonment has led to rapid land use and land cover changes. During recent centuries, the conversion of rangelands into croplands has increased the surfaces prone to erosion. In the southern Pre-Pyrenees, the process was reversed during the middle of the twentieth century, allowing the recovery of vegetation and subsequent variation in land cover. This work aims to assess how land use changes after generalised land abandonment affect some major soil properties related to soil quality. For this purpose, 98 replicate bulk soil samples were collected in a 23 km2 catchment that was mostly cultivated at the beginning of the last century. Soil samples were distributed over areas representing the main land uses (agricultural land, natural forest, pine afforestation and scrubland). Bulk density, stoniness, grain size, pH, carbonates, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), water retention capacity and magnetic properties (low frequency magnetic susceptibility (LF) and frequency dependence (FD)) were analysed in the samples from different land use areas. A past scenario was recreated using estimated data from the SPEROS-C model in order to evaluate changes in SOC over time. Furthermore, a multitemporal analysis of the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index of Landsat images was performed between 1972 and the present in order to assess the dynamics of revegetation. After land abandonment, 16.5% of the area remained as croplands, but afforestation and natural revegetation occupied 83.5% of the catchment. The highest mean value for SOC was found in the pine afforested area and the highest TN mean value was found in the natural forest. The lowest mean values for SOC and TN were recorded on the agricultural land. These results show the impact of soil changes produced by land use changes in fragile Mediterranean mountain agroecosystems.