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Este libro pretende aportar información sobre la polinización y la importancia de los polinizadores para los arándanos en Sudamérica, principalmente en Argentina, Brasil y Chile.

Este livro visa fornecer informações sobre a polinização e a importância dos polinizadores para o mirtileiro na América do Sul, principalmente na Argentina, no Brasil e no Chile.

This book aims to provide information on pollination and the importance of pollinators for blueberries in South America, mainly in Argentina, Brazil and Chile.

As abelhas s?o respons?veis pela poliniza??o de 80% das plantas cultivadas ou silvestres, sendo polinizadores exclusivos de 65% delas. A agricultura mundial tem evolu?do muito nos ?ltimos anos com o uso de m?ltiplas tecnologias como drones e intelig?ncia artificial. Por?m, ela ? ainda muito dependente de produtos controversos como os agrot?xicos. Estes produtos protegem as plantas de pragas e doen?as, mas podem causar efeitos secund?rios na biodiversidade silvestre de polinizadores, como as abelhas, das quais muitas culturas agr?colas dependem em algum n?vel. At? mesmo a a??o de produtos considerados n?o prejudiciais ?s abelhas, como fungicidas e herbicidas, est?o sendo questionados ultimamente pois a exposi??o desde abelhas adultos ? alimenta??o provida aos imaturos parece prejudicar esses insetos. Diante disso, este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da exposi??o cr?nica, via oral e t?pica, dos fungicidas agr?colas Mancozebe e Piraclostrobina para oper?rias imaturas de abelhas-sem-ferr?o, utilizando como modelo experimental Scaptotrigona bipunctata. Tamb?m foi avaliado a associa??o do fungicida Carbendazim com o inseticida Clorpirif?s em machos imaturos desta mesma esp?cie. As abelhas foram expostas a diferentes doses do fungicida (produto comercial), calculadas a partir da dose de campo indicada para culturas de citros. Para o ingrediente ativo Mancozebe utilizou-se: a) 1,545 ng; b) 2,175 ng; c) 41,29 ng; d) 45,71 ng; e) 960 ng de ia /?L de dieta) e um controle sem fungicida. Para Piraclostrobina utilizou-se: a) 1,30 x 10 ? 4 ?l; b) 3,25 x 10 ? 3 ?l e c) 6,5 x 10 ? 3 de ?l i.a./larva. O efeito do fungicida foi avaliado por meio de curvas de sobreviv?ncia de Kaplan-Meier e Anova de um fator. Nossos resultados indicam uma curva dose-dependente para o fungicida Mancozebe, e para a Piraclostrobina observou-se que a dose intermedi?ria foi 3,6 vezes mais letal ?s abelhas jovens quando comparadas ?s outras doses testadas. Ao observarmos as abelhas sobreviventes destaca-se que ambos os produtos causaram deforma??es nas asas e abd?men dos indiv?duos. Para verificar os efeitos da exposi??o ao fungicida e inseticida nos machos, avaliou-se a partir de morfometria geom?trica potenciais altera??es na genit?lia. Detectamos uma diferen?a significativa na forma da genit?lia dos machos expostos. Com isso, nosso trabalho traz evid?ncias dos efeitos causados por fungicidas agr?colas aos imaturos de abelhas-sem-ferr?o. Portanto, ? question?vel a sua indica??o como produto n?o-prejudicial ?s abelhas. Al?m disso, recomenda-se deixar claro que o efeito positivo no combate a doen?as f?ngicas pode adversamente comprometer a poliniza??o das culturas dependentes desse servi?o ecossist?mico. Bees are responsible for the pollination of 80% of cultivated or wild plants, being exclusive pollinators of 65% of them. World agriculture has evolved a lot in recent years with the use of multiple technologies such as drones and artificial intelligence. However, it is still very dependent on controversial products such as pesticides. These products protect plants from pests and diseases, but can cause indirects effects on wild biodiversity from pollinators such as bees, on which many agricultural crops depend to some degree. Even the action of products considered not harmful to bees, such as fungicides and herbicides, are being questioned lately because the exposure of adult bees to the food provided to the immature ones seems to harm these insects. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure, oral and topical, of agricultural fungicides Mancozebe and Pyrclostrobin on immature workers of stingless bees, using as an experimental model Scaptotrigona bipunctata. The association of the fungicide Carbendazim with the insecticide Chlorpyrifos in immature males of the same species was also evaluated. The bees were exposed to different doses of the fungicide (commercial product), calculated from the field dose indicated for citrus crops. For the active ingredient Mancozeb were used: a) 1.545 ng; b) 2.175 ng; c) 41.29 ng; d) 45.71 ng; e) 960 ng ai/?L of diet) and a control without fungicide. For Pyraclostrobin were used: a) 1.30 x 10 ? 4 ?l; b) 3.25 x 10 ? 3 ?l and c) 6.5 x 10 ? 3 ?l a.i./larva. The effect of the fungicide was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier and one-way Anova survival curves. Our results indicate a dose-dependent curve for the fungicide Mancozebe, and for Pyraclostrobin it was observed that the intermediate dose was 3.6 times more lethal to young bees when compared to the other doses tested. When observing the surviving bees, it is highlighted that both products caused deformations in the individuals wings and abdomen. To verify the effects of exposure to the fungicide and insecticide in males, potential changes in the genitalia were evaluated using geometric morphometry. We detected a significant difference in the shape of the exposed males genitalia. Thus, our work brings evidence of the effects caused by agricultural fungicides on immature stingless bees. Therefore, its indication as a non-harmful product to bees is questionable. In addition, it is recommended to clarify that the positive effect in combating fungal diseases can adversely affect the pollination of crops dependent on this ecosystem service. Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES

A poliniza??o ? um importante servi?o ecossist?mico respons?vel pela produ??o e qualidade de 33% das culturas agr?colas. No ?mbito agr?cola, as abelhas s?o os principais agentes polinizadores, sendo Apis mellifera, a principal esp?cie manejada para a poliniza??o de culturas. Dentre estas destaca-se o cultivo da macieira, a qual ? uma esp?cie que apresenta muitas cultivares com alto grau de incompatibilidade, sendo necess?ria a presen?a de cultivares chamadas de polinizadoras nos pomares, as quais fornecem p?len para a poliniza??o cruzada. O sistema de plantio de macieira mais comum no Brasil consiste em linhas da cultivar comercial alternadas com linhas da cultivar "polinizadora", sendo comum o uso de col?nias de A. mellifera para assegurar a poliniza??o cruzada. Esta disserta??o divide-se em dois artigos cient?ficos, o primeiro intitulado ?Avalia??o de sistemas de plantio de macieiras em rela??o ? performance polinizadora de Apis mellifera?, cujo objetivo foi avaliar a efici?ncia de dois sistemas de plantio com rela??o ? performance polinizadora de A. mellifera. O estudo foi conduzido em um pomar de ma?? 'Gala', que apresentava dois sistemas de plantio: (1) convencional, que consiste em tr?s linhas da cultivar comercial ('Gala') e duas linhas da cultivar "polinizadora" ('Fuji'); (2) plantio com 'flor?feras?, que consiste na planta??o de ?rvores de ma?? selvagem a cada seis metros na linha da cultivar comercial. Frutos desses sistemas foram analisados em rela??o ao peso, n?mero e distribui??o de sementes nos carpelos. Seguimos 121 abelhas durante o v?o de forrageamento: 14% delas cruzaram entre as linhas do pomar e 94% coletaram n?ctar. Houve correla??o entre o peso dos frutos e n?mero de sementes e os frutos do sistema com flor?feras apresentaram mais sementes (6 ? 2) do que os frutos do sistema convencional (5 ? 2). Estes resultados indicam que o sistema de plantio com flor?feras foi relativamente melhor considerando o comportamento de forrageamento de A. mellifera. E o segundo artigo intitulado ?Atratividade dos recursos florais de macieira para Apis mellifera?, cujo objetivo foi comparar a oferta de recursos florais entre as cultivares de Malus domestica ?Fuji?, ?Fuji Suprema?, ?Gala? e ?Imperial Gala? e avaliar a taxa de visita??o de A. mellifera. Em um pomar de cole??es, foi avaliado a abund?ncia floral, o volume do n?ctar e seu teor de S?lidos Sol?veis Totais (?Brix) e o n?mero de gr?os de p?len por flor para as quatro cultivares. Al?m disso, em um pomar experimental, foi verificada a taxa de visita??o de A. mellifera nas flores das cultivares ?Gala? e ?Fuji? e calculado um modelo linear generalizado misto para verificar qual a cultivar mais atrativa. ?Gala? foi mais atrativa para as abelhas, apresentando maior abund?ncia de flores, volume de n?ctar e quantidade de gr?os de p?len por flor. Comparando os recursos florais das cultivares analisadas (?Fuji?, ?Fuji Suprema?, ?Gala? e ?Imperial Gala?), ?Imperial Gala? pode ser considerada a cultivar mais atrativa. Pollination is an important ecosystem service responsible for the production and quality of 33% of agricultural crops. In the agricultural context, the bees are the main pollinators, and Apis mellifera, the main species managed for pollination of crops. Among these it highlights the cultivation of apple, which is a species that has many varieties with a high degree of incompatibility, requiring the presence of ?pollinazier? varieties of calls in the orchards, which provide pollen for cross-pollination.The apple planting system usually in Brazil consists of alternating rows of the commercial cultivar with lines of the "pollinator" cultivar, being common the use of Apis mellifera colonies to ensure cross-pollination. This thesis is divided into two papers, the first entitled "Evaluation of apple trees planting systems with respect to the pollinaton performance of Apis mellifera" whose objective was to evaluated the efficiency of two planting systems with respect to the pollination performance of Apis mellifera. The study was conducted in an 'Gala' apple orchard that presented two planting systems: (1) conventional, consisting of three lines of the commercial cultivar ('Gala') and two rows of the ?pollinizer? cultivar ('Fuji'); (2) planting with ?crab-apples?, which consists in planting wild apple trees every six meters in the line of the commercial cultivar. Fruis from these systems were analysed in relation to weight, seed number and distribution among carpels. We followed 121 bees during foraging flight: 14% of them crossed between the lines of the orchard and 94% collected nectar. There was correlation between fruit weight and number of seeds, and the fruits of the? crab-apple? system had more seeds (6 ? 2) than the fruit of conventional system (5 ? 2). These results indicate that the planting system with ?crab-apples? is better considering the foraging behavior of honey bees. The second article entitled "Attractiveness of floral resources of apple to Apis mellifera" whose objective was to compare the offer of floral resources between cultivars of Malus domestica 'Fuji ', 'Fuji Suprema ', ' Gala' and ' Imperial Gala' and to evaluate the visitation rate of Apis mellifera. In a collection orchard it were evaluated the floral abundance, the nectar volume and its soluble solids content (Brix) and the number of pollen grains per flower for the four varieties. Besides this, in an experimental orchard, the visitation rate of Apis mellifera in ?Fuji? and ?Gala? was verified and a linear mixed model calculated to verify which cultivar was the most attractive. ?Gala? was the most attractive for the bees, presenting higher abundance of flowers, volume of nectar and amount of pollen grains per flower. Comparing the flower resources of all cultivars, ?Imperial Gala? can be considered the most attractive. was to compare the offer of floral resources between cultivars of Malus domestica 'Fuji ', 'Fuji Suprema ', ' Gala' and ' Imperial Gala' and to evaluate the visitation rate of Apis mellifera. In a collection orchard it were evaluated the floral abundance, the nectar volume and its soluble solids content (Brix) and the number of pollen grains per flower for the four varieties. Besides this, in an experimental orchard, the visitation rate of Apis mellifera in ?Fuji? and ?Gala? was verified and a linear mixed model calculated to verify which cultivar was the most attractive. ?Gala? was the most attractive for the bees, presenting higher abundance of flowers, volume of nectar and amount of pollen grains per flower. Comparing the flower resources of all cultivars, ?Imperial Gala? can be considered the most attractive. Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES