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En los últimos años en Europa existe una creciente preocupación por cambiar el actual sistema alimentario hacia un modelo más sostenible y saludable. En este contexto, en 2015 surge el Pacto de Políticas Alimentarias Urbanas de Milán, un movimiento municipalista que persigue desarrollar sistemas alimentarios sostenibles, inclusivos, resilientes, seguros y diversificados. En España, tras la aprobación del Plan de Contratación Pública Ecológica en 2019, las compras públicas alimentarias basadas en criterios de sostenibilidad cobran importancia. El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer un sistema de indicadores objetivos que midan la sostenibilidad de los procesos de compra pública alimentaria. El fin último será poder valorar los impactos que genera esta nueva forma de compra pública en un determinado territorio desde un punto de vista económico (viabilidad presupuestaria, rentabilidad empresarial agraria y agroalimentaria, etc.), social (generación de empleo, reparto de la renta, etc.), ambiental (reducción de emisiones, uso eficiente del agua, disminución de residuos, etc.) y de mejora en la salud. En esta fase del trabajo, el sistema de indicadores propuesto se ha sometido a validación a través de un procedimiento de participación pública en el que han formado parte distintos agentes vinculados directamente con este tipo de iniciativas.

Water reuse is a strategic priority for Water Authorities in Europe to reduce the pressure on water resources. However, its implementation is lagging behind expectations largely due to financial concerns. In this context, there is a special interest to identify in which specific Wastewater Treatment Plants it would be interesting to add a Water Regeneration Plant, taking account of potential existing clients in the vicinity and the implied costs and benefits. This paper proposes a methodology to quantify the infrastructure and operation costs of project implementation, and the benefits generated by the additional water offer. An algorithm designs the distribution network, allowing for a quick infrastructure cost analysis. The methodology is applied to the Upper Guadiana in Central Spain, where irrigation led to the overexploitation of the local aquifers and the subsequent restrictions on water use. Taking account of the existing Wastewater Treatment Plants, candidate reuse projects are classified according to their benefit/cost ratio, showing large differences according to the location and potential use of the regenerated water. The methodology allows for a quick assessment of the costs and benefits implied in different reuse projects and scenarios, providing science-based evidence to support water policy decisions.

En el periodo de programación 2014- 2020, la UE se está enfrentando a nuevos retos. La forma de afrontarlos parte del uso de nuevos instrumentos, que se pretende que actúen de forma coordinada. Es el caso de los grupos operativos (GO en adelante), creados en el marco de la European Innovation Partnership (en adelante, EIP) (en español, AEI) como instrumentos para la innovación en la agricultura y el medio rural bajo los principios de crecimiento sostenible, inteligente e integrador, establecidos en la Estrategia Europa 2020. Fil: Gomez Ramos, Almudena. Universidad de Valladolid; España Fil: Losada, Rocío. Universidad de Valladolid; España Fil: Nogueira, Maria Elena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina

The Water Framework Directive requires a public participation into the new water planning process. This paper develops an analysis of the public opinion about the irrigated agriculture in Castilla y León as a previous step for the design of an active and successful participation process. In order to do so, a survey has been conducted addressing environmental and social effects of irrigated agriculture and the different instruments available for public management of these agricultural systems. The results show how regional public opinion considers positively the irrigated agriculture because of its contributions to social welfare. However, it is thought that the budget burden required for the transformation and the maintenance of these kind of agricultural systems could be used more efficiently in other public policies. As a consequence, regional society refuses policies based on transforming new areas into irrigation. Opposite, it is demanded a more strict regulatory policy that minimizes its environmental impact in the region.

Las especies forestales con fines alimenticios juegan un papel fundamental en la alimentacion de las poblaciones rurales del Africa subsahariana en periodos de carencia. Es importante conocer como es la relacion entre la gestion de estas especies y las caracteristicas socioeconomicas de la poblacion para poder establecer un modelo de gestion sostenible de estos recursos forestales que tenga presente a la poblacion local. Este estudio aborda este objetivo mediante la recogida de informacion directamente de los usuarios localizados en determinadas zonas del Norte de Benin, la cual ha sido analizada mediante analisis cluster y de correspondencias simple. El trabajo concluye indentificando las especies mas demandadas por la poblacion local afectodos por problemas de seguridad alimentaria. Food tree species play an essential role in feeding rural populations in sub-Saharan Africa during periods of scarcity. It is important to understand the relationship between the management of these species and the socioeconomic characteristics of the population consuming them in order to establish a model for sustainable management of these forest resources. The study addresses this goal by collecting information directly from users in a few selected study sites located in the northern part of the Benin. The information has been processed and analyzed by cluster and simple correspondence analysis. The paper identifies those species most demanded by the local population affected by high food insecurity.

[EN] The new water planning process promoted by the Water Frame Directive strengthens the need to achieve environmental objectives for each water mass through an assessment of a program of measures. The current study applies this WFD’s principle to the environmental recovery of an aquifer too deteriorated due to the pressure caused by nitrate pollution. This work applies cost-efficiency analysis to value direct and indirect costs caused by some measures for both the area and the province. Results show the importance of measures devoted to promote fertilization efficiency once complementary measures are implemented., [ES] El nuevo proceso de planificación promovido por la Directiva Marco del Agua refuerza la necesidad de alcanzar los objetivos ambientales de las masas de agua mediante un programa de medidas. Este trabajo traslada este principio a la recuperación del acuífero Bajo Almanzora (Almería), masa muy modificada debido a la presión proveniente de la contaminación por nitratos. El trabajo aplica el análisis coste-eficacia a las medidas valorando los costes directos e indirectos en la comarca y en la provincia. Los resultados muestran la importancia de implementar medidas que promuevan la eficiencia en la fertilización una vez que se han aplicado las medidas complementarias.

El nuevo proceso de planificación promovido por la Directiva Marco del Agua refuerza la necesidad de alcanzar los objetivos ambientales de las masas de agua mediante un programa de medidas. Este trabajo traslada este principio a la recuperación del acuífero Bajo Almanzora (Almería), masa muy modificada debido a la presión proveniente de la contaminación por nitratos. El trabajo aplica el análisis coste-eficacia a las medidas valorando los costes directos e indirectos en la comarca y en la provincia. Los resultados muestran la importancia de implementar medidas que promuevan la eficiencia en la fertilización una vez que se han aplicado las medidas complementarias.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate through a cost-effectiveness approach water use transactions implemented under Water law framework. These measures complement others proposed by Water Plan of the Mediterranian-andallucian Basin. This water transfers were planned in order to improve the environmental conditions of the water body belonging to low Basin of almanzora river. The analysis was developed including uncertainty related with the availability of resources under various water scarcity scenarios. The results show that water use transactions’, from a cost effectiveness approach, has a more favorable assessment than the measures which are explicitly outlined in the river Basin Plan. Furthermore, the study also incorporates a reflection about the suitability of this approach in front of others that consider not just the economic costs, but also others variables, such as social and environmental cost concerned in implementing such measures. el objetivo de este trabajo será valorar mediante el análisis coste eficacia las cesiones de derechos de uso de agua que se han desarrollado en el marco de la actual ley de aguas como medidas básicas que complementan las que actualmente propone el Plan Hidrológico de las Cuencas Mediterráneas andaluzas. Dichas cesiones han sido desarrolladas para mejorar el estado ambiental de las masas de agua correspondientes a la cuenca baja del río almanzora. el análisis se desarrolla teniendo presente la incertidumbre en la disponibilidad de los recursos a partir de la consideración de distintos escenarios hídricos. los resultados muestran que las cesiones de aguas tienen, desde el punto de vista del análisis coste-eficacia, una valoración más favorable que las medidas consideradas explícitamente en el Plan de las cuencas. el estudio además incorpora una reflexión sobre la idoneidad de este tipo de análisis frente a la consideración de otras variables que permitan considerar además/a parte de los costes económicos, los costes sociales y ambientales que conlleva la aplicación de dichas medidas. l’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer la rentabilité de la cession des droits d’utilisation de l’eau, développé sous la loi actuelle de l’eau. Ces sont mesures de base qui complètent celles qui sont actuellement proposées dans le Plan Hydrologique du Bassin Méditerranéen andalou, et ces sont développés pour améliorer l’état environnemental des plans d’eau pour le bassin inférieur du fleuve almanzora. l’analyse est développée en tenant compte de l’incertitude quant à la disponibilité des ressources, de l’examen des scénarios d’eau différents. les résultats montrent que les transferts d’eau avent une mieux relation coût-efficacité que celles qui sont explicitement dans le plan du bassin. l’étude comprend aussi une réflexion sur l’adéquation de cet type d’analyse à la contrepartie d’autres variables à considérer en plus les coûts économiques, comment les coûts sociaux et environnementaux impliqués dans la mise en oeuvre de telles mesures.

Droughts affect irrigated agricultural production, reducing economic output and creating social stress. The economic consequences of droughts begin at the farm level, reaching the macro level along the production chain value. To the extent that crop markets adjust to the supply shocks and because droughts do not affect all sectors at the same time and with the same severity, it is instructive to conduct economic evaluations of drought effects at both micro- and macro-economic levels. The objective of this paper is to estimate the impact of water availability variations on the crops’ market values, the total value added of the agricultural sector and farm employment. We run regression models for these three economic variables and 14 provinces in Spain, comprising more than 50% of the Spanish irrigated area. Results show that the macro economic variables are only sensitive to water availability in the provinces where aridity and water stress are more severe. The value of the harvests obtained in irrigated land is largely explained by water availability. The time trend explains the largest percentage of variance of the three economic variables, including micro and macro.

The importance of water scarcity in irrigated agriculture in Spain provides the rationale for this paper, which analyses and evaluates the risk of water shortage on the economic result of this kind of agriculture. The main objective is to monitor this risk on a real-time basis. For this aim, we first estimated a number of regression models that explain irrigated agricultural productivity based on crop price indices, a time trend and water availability. These models, which correct for auto-correlation, yield good explanatory power. Second we carried out ex ante simulations of agricultural productivity using fitted distribution functions of water balance. The risk model framework provides the basis for a real time drought management system through a variety of distribution functions of expected economic results, which can be revised on a monthly basis before the beginning of the irrigation season. The results of the simulation show how this kind of risk model can be used to anticipate the effects of droughts and complement the hydrological models used to manage water storage in years of scarcity. Different risk profiles are identified. For example, in Genil-Cabra we found that the resilience of the system after a drought period is very high, whereas in La Plana de Castellón the risk of irrigation area abandonment is increasing year by year. In Genil-Cabra the estimated losses were 60 million euros in 2007. The models were applied to some of the most agriculturally relevant irrigation districts in Spain.

Because the topic of drought is of great interest to Southern Californians, a free public event ¿ "A World with Less Water: Discussion on Drought Policy" ¿ was held on the last day of the symposium. Sponsored by the Rosenberg International Forum on Water Policy, this public event was advertised widely throughout the region. A panel made up of water policy makers discussed drought issues, answered questions from the audience, and provided a thoughtful discussion about what can be done to avoid and ameliorate drought, both in California and worldwide.

The objective of this paper is to carry out a foresight analysis of the agricultural sector in Castilla y León (Spain) for 2020. The methodology used to build the various scenarios is prospective analysis. We first performed a structural analysis in order to identify the key driving forces that characterize the evolution of the sector in this region (agricultural production, demand for agricultural products and institutional framework). We then carried out a morphological analysis that generated a range of “partial scenarios” from which we finally built four “global scenarios”. These last scenarios characterize the possible trends in the variables of change previously identified. Lastly, the common key parameters of each global scenario were quantified by means of the Delphi method. The characterization of scenarios has a double practical interest. First of all, they can explain the cause-effect relationships of the processes of change that affect agriculture in this region of Spain. Secondly, they are a powerful tool to stimulate an in-depth reflection of how the design and implementation of current agricultural policies will affect the already fragile agricultural sector of Castilla y León. This study thus aims to support decision-making processes at regional level.

This paper analyses the demands from the society of Castilla y León (Spain) regarding its agricultural sector through the valuation of the relevance of its productive and non-productive functions. Additionally, it assesses the level of social satisfaction concerning the performance of these functions by irrigated agriculture in this region. For this purpose primary data colleted through a survey has been used. Results obtained show that the average citizen does not perceive a higher utility from irrigated agriculture compared with the whole agricultural sector. For these agricultural systems the social function is the element of multifunctionality considered most relevant regarding the perceived social welfare. Resumen Este trabajo analiza las demandas de la sociedad castellana y leonesa en relación a la agricultura mediante la valoración de la importancia de sus funciones productivas y no productivas. Asimismo, trata de cuantificar el nivel de satisfacción social del desempeño de dichas funciones por el regadío de la región. Para tal fin se ha utilizado información primaria procedente de una encuesta. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el ciudadano medio de Castilla y León no percibe una utilidad diferencial del regadío respecto del resto del sector agrario. La función social del regadío es el elemento que más posiciona a los ciudadanos en cuanto a su contribución al bienestar social percibido. Palabras clave: multifuncionalidad, demanda social, percepción pública, agricultura de regadío, Castilla y León

Reservoir management and intertemporal water allocation are critical issues in semiarid regions where agriculture has to confront highly variable rainfall patterns. In this paper, we derive and propose an economic drought management index (EDMI) to evaluate water institutions' performance to cope with drought risk. The EDMI is based on the optimal conditions of a stochastic dynamic optimisation problem that characterises reservoir management. The index's main advantages are its ease of interpretation and breadth of scope, as it incorporates information on hydrological processes, structural constraints, water institutions' rules, and the economic benefits of water use. An empirical application is developed to assess the institutional rules governing water allocation in two different supply systems in Andalusia (southern Spain)

The beef cattle sector is adapting to increasing demand-side requirements. Customers are looking for a differentiated product of constant quality in a market that is beginning to be dominated by major distribution companies. In this background, mechanisms to differentiate production are being implemented to co-ordinate both production and marketing processes and integrate livestock farmers into the commercial system. Extensive cattle systems carry an important weight in Spain because of their social and environmental values. However, their structure and level of profitability are obstacles to their adaptation to new market trends. This situation calls for instruments that are able to bring the farmer into this adaptation process and to add value to and differentiate products. These instruments can be promoted by institutions or by the private sector through quality labels based on the product’s geographical origin. This paper aims to characterise the process of adaptation of Spanish extensive cattle systems through three case studies representing three kinds of extensive farming system located in the country’s northern, central and southern mountain ranges. A logit model based on a survey of farmers was developed to identify which variables have a greater influence on the decision to participate in quality labels based on geographical origin. The study concludes that the three mechanisms, which are based on a brand linked to their geographical origin, present important differences. Some factors as the institutional or regional context explains these differences and determine the degree of acceptance of each one of these mechanisms between the livestock farmers.

El sector de vacuno de carne está sufriendo un proceso de reajuste para adaptarse a una demanda que exige un producto diferenciado y de calidad homogénea en un mercado dominado cada vez más por la gran distribución. En este contexto se desarrollan los mecanismos de diferenciación de la producción que tratan de coordinar los procesos de producción con la comercialización, insertando al ganadero en este proceso. El presente trabajo estudia la relación entre los mecanismos de diferenciación y las características de los sistemas de producción de carne de vacuno, incidiendo sobre las causas que llevan a la explotación a insertarse o no en alguno de ellos. Para ello se ha analizado el caso de la Comunidad Foral de Navarra en la que se desarrolla desde hace más de diez años la Indicación Geográfica Protegida (IGP) "Ternera de Navarra" con objeto de apoyar y promocionar la carne de vacuno producida en la región. Estas conviven en el caso navarro con pequeñas marcas privadas de calidad promovidas en su mayoría por ganaderos. La metodología seguida, basada en un modelo probabilístico tipo Logit, desarrollado a partir de encuestas dirigidas a ganaderos de la región, ha permitido identificar qué variables propias del empresario y la explotación inciden más en la probabilidad de insertarse o no en la IGP. Los resultados del trabajo muestran como la IGP es un importante instrumento de protección de determinados sistemas ganaderos de alto valor estratégico para la región a través de comercialización y promoción de su producción. Puede ser considerada por tanto, como un instrumento de desarrollo rural a través de la valorización de la producción de zonas desfavorecidas. Las marcas comerciales conviven con la IGP mediante la integración de explotaciones mayores y de carácter intensivo, más competitivas y adaptadas a las exigencias del mercado. Palabras clave: sector vacuno, mecanismos de diferenciación, modelo logit, Indicación Geográfica Protegida. Beef cattle sector is readapting to increasing requirements from the demand, which looks for a differentiated product, with constant quality, in a market beginning to be dominated by great distribution companies. Mechanisms to differentiate production are been implemented in this context, co-ordinating both production and marketing processes and integrating livestock farmers into the commercial system. This paper study the relation between these mechanisms and the characteristics of the livestock systems, addressing the causes explaining the voluntary integration of farmers in them. The research area selected was the Comunidad Foral de Navarra due to the existence since more than ten years ago of the Protected Geographic Indication (PGI) "Ternera de Navarra", created to support and promote beef meat from Navarra. In addition to the PGI there also exist differentiation mechanisms represented by small private quality labels implemented by farmers. The development of a Logit model based on a survey to farmers has allowed to identify which are those variables with greater influence in the decision of integration into the PGI. Additionally, results show how this Indication is an important instrument to support some specific livestock systems trough the marketing and promotion of their production. So, the PGI can be considered as a rural development instrument that increased the added value of certain products in less favoured areas, while private labels focus on integrating greater and more intensive farms, more competitive and better adapted to market exigencies.