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espanolEl comercio y la civilidad se encontraron anudados en la prensa colonial portena como una estrategia identitaria para demostrar que en Buenos Aires se encontraba a la par de las ciudades euro-peas y que tambien reinaban las ideas ilustracion francesa mediadas por los intelectuales catolicos es-panoles. El comercio era un signo de civilidad, ya que implicaba el dialogo entre las partes, asi como el pago de impuestos reales a diferencia del contrabando. La prensa portena cuestiono el contrabando como una practica ligada a la barbarie urbana que habia que desterrar asi como fomento la civilidad y el comercio como la forma de habitar la ciudad en favor de la felicidad del pueblo. EnglishTrade and civility were found to be knotted in the Buenos Aires colonial press as an identi-ty strategy to show that Buenos Aires was on par with European cities and that the ideas of French enlightenment mediated by Spanish Catholic intellectuals also reigned. Trade was a sign of civility, as it involved dialogue between the parties, as well as the payment of real taxes as opposed to smuggling. The Buenos Aires press questioned contraband as a practice linked to the urban barbarism that had to be banished as well as promoting civility and commerce as the way to inhabit the city in favor of the happiness of the people.

This article analyses the impact of external factors on niche evolution and, in particular, the change from a technical niche into a socio-technical niche. When we review the literature on niche evolution, we find that discussions on the impact of external factors on niche evolution are not clear, particularly, on new financial sponsors’ expectations. Therefore, this paper attempts to answer the following research question: Do changes in public financial resources contribute to transforming a technical niche into a socio-technical niche? We analysed an agricultural innovation niche case based on Butiá Native Fruits (e.g. Butiá odorata and others species), developed mainly by Temperate Climate Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) to understand whether and how external factors might contribute to an evolution of a niche. We found that new financial sponsors’ expectations can cause an important change in the evolution of a niche. Before the existence of a new external finance sponsor, the technical network niche was composed of research organisations and researchers working on isolated projects. However, after a new external finance sponsor was found, the network or organisations moved into experimental activities, upscaling, and outscaling, and began to incorporate multilevel organisations and people. Consequently, a more complex, coordinated organisation was created that incorporated social co-production, democracy, and participation, and the niche progressed towards a socio-technical niche.

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) is a heterogeneous collection of neurons that play important roles in modulating feeding and energy expenditure. Abnormal development or ablation of the PVH results in hyperphagic obesity and defects in energy expenditure whereas selective activation of defined PVH neuronal populations can suppress feeding and may promote energy expenditure. Here, we characterize the contribution of calcitonin receptor–expressing PVH neurons (CalcRPVH) to energy balance control. We used Cre-dependent viral tools delivered stereotaxically to the PVH of CalcR2Acre mice to activate, silence, and trace CalcRPVH neurons and determine their contribution to body weight regulation. Immunohistochemistry of fluorescently-labeled CalcRPVH neurons demonstrates that CalcRPVH neurons are largely distinct from several PVH neuronal populations involved in energy homeostasis; these neurons project to regions of the hindbrain that are implicated in energy balance control, including the nucleus of the solitary tract and the parabrachial nucleus. Acute activation of CalcRPVH neurons suppresses feeding without appreciably augmenting energy expenditure, whereas their silencing leads to obesity that may be due in part due to loss of PVH melanocortin-4 receptor signaling. These data show that CalcRPVH neurons are an essential component of energy balance neurocircuitry and their function is important for body weight maintenance. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms by which CalcRPVH neurons modulate energy balance might identify novel therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of obesity.

Most recognition is based on identifying features, but specialization for face recognition in primates relies on a different mechanism, termed ‘holistic processing’ where facial features are bound together into a gestalt which is more than the sum of its parts. Here, we test whether individual face recognition in paper wasps also involved holistic processing using a modification of the classic part-whole test in two related paper wasp species: Polistes fuscatus, which use facial patterns to individually identify conspecifics, and Polistes dominula, which lacks individual recognition. We show that P. fuscatus use holistic processing to discriminate between P. fuscatus face images but not P. dominula face images. By contrast, P. dominula do not rely on holistic processing to discriminate between conspecific or heterospecific face images. Therefore, P. fuscatus wasps have evolved holistic face processing, but this ability is highly specific and shaped by species-specific and stimulus-specific selective pressures. Convergence towards holistic face processing in distant taxa (primates, wasps) as well as divergence among closely related taxa with different recognition behaviour (P. dominula, P. fuscatus) suggests that holistic processing may be a universal adaptive strategy to facilitate expertise in face recognition.

This article analyses the impact of external factors on niche evolution and, in particular, the change from a technical niche into a socio-technical niche. When we review the literature on niche evolution, we find that discussions on the impact of external factors on niche evolution are not clear, particularly, on new financial sponsors’ expectations. Therefore, this paper attempts to answer the following research question: Do changes in public financial resources contribute to transforming a technical niche into a socio-technical niche? We analysed an agricultural innovation niche case based on Butiá Native Fruits (e.g. Butiá odorata and others species), developed mainly by Temperate Climate Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) to understand whether and how external factors might contribute to an evolution of a niche. We found that new financial sponsors’ expectations can cause an important change in the evolution of a niche. Before the existence of a new external finance sponsor, the technical network niche was composed of research organisations and researchers working on isolated projects. However, after a new external finance sponsor was found, the network or organisations moved into experimental activities, upscaling, and outscaling, and began to incorporate multilevel organisations and people. Consequently, a more complex, coordinated organisation was created that incorporated social co-production, democracy, and participation, and the niche progressed towards a socio-technical niche. Este artículo analiza el impacto de los factores externos en la evolución de un nicho y, en particular, el cambio de un nicho técnico a un nicho socio-técnico. Cuando revisamos la literatura sobre la evolución de nichos, encontramos que las discusiones sobre el impacto de los factores externos no son claras, particularmente sobre las expectativas de los agentes que financian los proyectos. Por lo tanto, este artículo intenta responder a la siguiente pregunta de investigación: si los cambios en las expectativas de los agentes financieros externos del proyecto pueden contribuir a transformar un nicho técnico en un nicho socio-técnico. Analizamos un caso de nicho de innovación agrícola basado en el fruto nativo de butiá (butiá odorata y otras especies), desarrollado principalmente por la Empresa Brasileña de Investigación Agropecuaria - EMBRAPA Clima Templado, para comprender si los factores externos pueden contribuir a la evolución del nicho y cómo lo hacen. Descubrimos que las nuevas expectativas de los agentes financieros pueden causar un cambio importante en la evolución del nicho. Antes de la existencia de un nuevo agente financiero, la red del nicho se caracterizaba como técnica, compuesta por organizaciones de investigación e investigadores que trabajaban en proyectos de experimentación aislados. Sin embargo, ante la nueva expectativa de un agente financiero externo, se descubrió que la red comenzó a desarrollar, además de actividades experimentales, vínculos con organizaciones en diferentes niveles del sistema de innovación (Upscaling), y procesos horizontales de construcción de conocimiento (Outscaling). También se creó una organización coordinadora más compleja que incorporó la coproducción social del conocimiento, con democracia y participación, y el nicho ha progresado hacia un nicho socio-técnico. Este artigo analisa o impacto de fatores externos na evolução de um nicho e, em particular, a mudança de um nicho técnico para um nicho sociotécnico. Quando revisamos a literatura sobre evolução de nichos, identificamos que as discussões sobre o impacto de fatores externos na evolução de nichos não são claras, particularmente, sobre as expectativas dos agentes financiadores de projetos. Logo, este artigo tenta responder à seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: Mudanças nas expectativas dos agentes públicos de financiamento de projetos contribuem para transformar um nicho técnico em um nicho sociotécnico Nós analisamos um caso de nicho de inovação agrícola baseado na fruta nativa de butiá (butiá odorata e outras espécies), desenvolvido principalmente pela Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA Clima Temperado, para entender se e como fatores externos podem contribuir para a evolução do nicho. Descobrimos que expectativas novas dos agentes financiadores podem causar uma mudança importante na evolução do nicho. Antes da existência de um novo agente financiador, a rede do nicho era caracterizada como técnica, composto por organizações de pesquisa e pesquisadores trabalhando em projetos isolados de experimentação. No entanto, com a mudança do agente financiador externo foi constatado que a rede passou a desenvolver, além de atividades experimentais, ligações com organizações de diferentes níveis do sistema de inovação (Upscaling), além de processos horizontalizados de construção do conhecimento (Outscaling). Também foi criada uma organização coordenadora mais complexa que incorporou coprodução social, democracia e participação, e o nicho progrediu em direção a um nicho sociotécnico.

La enfermedad renal crónica de causa no tradicional (ERCnT) es de etiología multifactorial y no se conoce con exactitud el factor que la provoca. Se asocia a factores como trabajo agrícola, estrés térmico, deshidratación y exposición a químicos. Este estudio transversal describe las condiciones laborales de pacientes con ERCnT que asisten a terapia de hemodiálisis en Unaerc (previo al inicio del tratamiento), y los factores que pudieron predisponer la enfermedad. Se utilizó un diseño de muestreo no probabilístico por cuotas, obteniendo una muestra de 107 pacientes sin antecedentes de diabetes mellitus y < 60 años. Los resultados mostraron que el 76.6 % (82/107) fueron de género masculino, el 26.2 % (28/107), diagnosticados entre 31-40 años y el 38.3 % (41/107) provenían del departamento de Guatemala. El 24.3 % (26/107) y el 15.9 % (17/107) se dedicaban a trabajos agrícolas y al comercio, respectivamente. La mayoría (26.9 %; 7/26) de los trabajadores agrícolas se dedicaban al corte de caña de azúcar; el 57.9 % (62/107) trabajaban para una institución, donde solamente un 17.8 % (19/107) tenían contrato escrito. El 43 % (46/107) trabajaban 6 días/semana, el 57.9 % (62/107) realizaban jornadas de > 8 h/día y el 56.1 % (60/107) no tenían horas extras remuneradas. El 68.2 % (73/107) ganaba menos del salario mínimo y el 70.1 % (75/107) no recibía prestaciones laborales. El 36.4 % (39/107) estuvo expuesto a químicos, el 91.5 % (98/107) se exponía 8 h/día al sol. Solamente 83.2 % (89/107) descansaba durante la jornada laboral.

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) is a brain region crucial for energy homeostasis. Abnormal PVH development or damage leads to hyperphagic obesity and energy expenditure deficits underscoring the importance of PVH neuronal activity in energy balance control. Application of salmon calcitonin (sCT) to the PVH suppresses feeding and calcitonin receptor (CalcR) is highly expressed in the PVH of rodents suggesting that CalcR-expressing PVH neurons contribute to energy homeostasis. In situ hybridization reveals that many CalcRPVH neurons express melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), a receptor required for normal feeding behavior. To investigate the physiologic roles of CalcRPVH neurons, we generated CalcR-2a-Cre knock-in mice to manipulate CalcR-expressing cells. Deletion of MC4R from CalcR expressing cells using Cre-loxP technology resulted in profound obesity in both male and female mice by 16 weeks of age. This weight gain was attributable to hyperphagia, as cumulative food intake of the MC4R deleted mice was significantly greater than the controls and energy expenditure measurements acquired through CLAMS analysis were not significantly different. To determine the brain regions engaged by CalcRPVH neurons, we used anterograde Cre-dependent viral tracing reagents injected into the PVH of CalcR-Cre mice, and found that CalcRPVH neurons project to brain regions implicated in energy balance control, including the nucleus of the solitary tract and the parabrachial nucleus. To assess the acute effects of activating CalcRPVH neurons, we used DREADD technology to chemogenetically activate CalcRPVH neurons. CalcRPVH neuron activation suppressed feeding but had no significant effect on energy expenditure. To determine if the activity of CalcRPVH neurons is required for energy homeostasis, we silenced them using Cre-dependent tetanus toxin virus. Male mice with tetanus toxin silenced CalcRPVH neurons were obese 7 weeks following injection in part due to greater cumulative food intake; CLAMS analysis revealed no differences in energy expenditure. Mice with silenced CalcRPVH neurons as well as mice with CalcR deleted from the PVH had normal anorectic responses to sCT, suggesting sCT-induced anorexia does not require CalcRPVH neurons or CalcR expression in the PVH. Taken together, these findings suggest CalcRPVH neurons are an essential component of feeding and energy homeostatic circuitry.

The models presented below were implemented in R with the following generic code: Model=glmer(Choice~Factor1+Factor2+(1|Random factor), family=binomial (link="logit"), dataset). Each model is compared to a simplified model (dropping factors or interactions sequentially) with the following formula: anova(model1,model2), thus providing the p-value presented in the tables below. A significant p-value indicates that dropping the factor has a significant impact on the model fit. The model providing the best fit (lowest AIC) is highlighted in bold characters. The final models reported in the manuscript are the statistically significant models with the highest explanatory power (i.e. the lowest AIC value). When appropriate posthoc analysis on the factor of interest were run from the best model with the following code: summary(glht(model, linfct = mcp(factor = "Tukey"))).

During initial training, wasps were placed in a small box with six identical stimuli on the walls. In half of the trials, the wasp saw incorrect stimuli and the oor of the box was mildly electried. In half of the trials, the wasp saw correct stimuli and the oor of the box was not electried. During testing, wasps were placed in a rectangle with the correct stimulus on one end and the incorrect stimulus on the other end. Learning was tested by measuring whether the wasp approached the correct or incorrect stimulus over 10 trials.