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This thesis critically examines the allegations against Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, with the intention of challenging his revered status and advocating for a reevaluation of his place in Indian history. By analyzing historical evidence, personal accounts, and letters, the research aims to highlight Gandhi's exploitative behavior towards young girls and his troubled relationship with his wife, Kasturba. The thesis argues for the depreciation of Gandhi's respect and the removal of his whitewashed image from India's historical narrative. It explores the power dynamics, emotional consequences, and ethical considerations surrounding Gandhi's actions, aiming to expose the discrepancies between his public image and his problematic personal life. The study also emphasizes Gandhi's disdain for his wife, Kasturba, and the unhappiness that characterized their relationship, drawing on publicly available sources. This thesis aims to challenge the revered status of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, by examining allegations of his homosexual encounters and racist attitudes. Drawing on Joseph Lelyveld's book "Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and his Struggle With India," the research investigates Gandhi's relationship with Hermann Kallenbach, a German-Jewish architect and bodybuilder, during his time in South Africa. The thesis explores the intimate nature of their connection as revealed in Kallenbach's letters and examines Gandhi's decision to leave his wife, Kasturba, for Kallenbach. Additionally, the research investigates Gandhi's alleged racist views towards black individuals, as documented in his letters and writings from the time. By critically analyzing these aspects of Gandhi's life, ultimately, the thesis strives to agitate for a critical reassessment of Gandhi's legacy and advocate for the recognition of his flaws in order to provide a more accurate representation of India's history. Trackback URL :https://www.whatsappuniversity.org/mohandas-racist-sexual-predator-gay-ndhi

This research paper explores the detrimental impacts of IIT JEE (Joint Entrance Examination) and NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) cram coaching on young teens in India. The highly competitive nature of these entrance exams and the pressure to secure seats in prestigious engineering and medical colleges have led to a culture of intense preparation, starting at an early age. This paper delves into the academic, social, and psychological consequences faced by students who undergo extensive coaching for these exams. Through an analysis of existing literature, case studies, and interviews with experts, the paper highlights the negative effects, including the loss of childhood, compromised social skills, mental health issues, burnout, and unemployability. The research aims to shed light on the need for a balanced and holistic approach to education that prioritizes overall well-being and skill development rather than excessive exam preparation.

This research paper delves into the controversies surrounding Enid Blyton's novels, focusing on issues of language, censorship, and their broader impact on society. The study examines the removal of Blyton's books from library shelves, the implementation of trigger warnings, and the historical context of her works. It explores the tensions between freedom of speech, cultural considerations, and the evolving perspectives on literature. By analyzing public responses and the influence of nostalgia, the paper seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the Enid Blyton controversy and its implications. Recommendations are presented for libraries and readers to navigate these controversies while promoting inclusivity, critical analysis, and open discussions. Trackback URL :https://www.whatsappuniversity.org/the-controversy-surrounding-enid-blyton-novels-language-censorship-and-societal-impact

This research paper analyses the conclusions of the CRS investigation.into the evening of June 2 2023 when three trains — Kolkata-Chennai Coromandel Express, Bengaluru-Howrah Superfast Express and a goods train — were involved in one of the worst railway tragedies in the country in the last three decades that left at least 293 dead and nearly 1,100 injured in Balasore

This research paper critically analyzes the drawbacks of the UK's 11-plus exam and its relationship with private tuition. It explores the increasing popularity of private tuition in the UK, its impact on education and social mobility, and the need for comprehensive research in this area. The study adopts a mixed-method approach, combining interpretivism and post-positivism, to address key research questions related to the popularity of private tuition, its disproportionate benefits for students from affluent backgrounds, the academic performance of students receiving private tuition, and its impact on social mobility. The research findings highlight the surge in popularity of 11+ plus onlineprivate tuition, the unequal access based on socioeconomic background, the higher academic performance of students receiving private tuition, and the challenges it poses to social mobility. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of equitable access to quality education and the need for targeted interventions to address educational inequalities. Trackback URL :https://www.whatsappuniversity.org/private-tuition-and-social-mobility-in-the-uk-examining-the-drawbacks-of-the-11-plus-exam

The studies of multifaceted problems of gneiss-charnockite rocks in the Schirmacher region of East Antarctica suggest a retrograde clockwise isobaric cooling P-T history of the terrain involving an early granulite phase, a late granulite phase, and a retrograde amphibolite phase metamorphism in the region. Also, a good correlation between fluid and mineral data is observed. The high-density CO2 fluids fall well within the P-T box estimated by mineral thermobarometers, envisaging a pervasive influx of deep-seated CO2 rich fluid from the mantle resulting in the formation of the granulites, followed by decrease CO2 density fluids along with progressive influx of hydrous fluids leading to the generation of retrograde amphibolite facies rocks. The geochemical studies helped trace two-phase evolution of the region (basic magmatism around ~1200 Ma) involving a depleted mantle source implying an accretion of the juvenile crust during the late Mesoproterozoic period and major felsic magmatism around ~880 Ma involving partial melting of mafic-intermediate crust.

Yttrium (Y)zoning in garnet and the stability of accessory allanite in metapelites from a greenschist to amphibolite facies inverted metamorphic sequence in the Main Central Thrust Zone (MCTZ) and the overlying Higher Himalayan Crystalline Sequence (HHCS) along the Alaknanda Valley in NW Himalaya have been studied. Garnet porphyroblasts from the garnet grade MCTZ metapelites commonly show chemical zoning with a Y-rich core (~3311 ppm) and Y-poor rim (b.d.). Phase diagram modelling for an MCTZ sample shows that the garnet zoning developed during prograde metamorphism in the P–T ranges of ~5.3–7.3 kbar and ~500–585 °C. Accessory allanite (up to 3.45 wt% Y2O3) occurs as inclusion in the rim of garnet porphyroblasts and also in the matrix in most of the MCTZ samples. The Y depletion in the rim of zoned garnets from the MCTZ has possibly resulted from sequestration of Y by allanite, which became a stable phase after the formation of the garnet core. Alternatively, the Y zoning has developed by strong partitioning of the element into garnet with the result that it is mostly incorporated in a narrow core and there is little Y available towards the later part of garnet growth. High-Y annulus occurs in a relatively inclusion-free zone of garnet porphyroblast from an MCTZ rock which has likely developed due to a decrease in the growth rate of the crystal. A garnet from the HHCS metapelites with localised resorption of the rim exhibits weak Y zoning marked by a slight increase in Y at the rim which is attributed to back-diffusion of the element during resorption. With increasing structural level across the MCTZ, the ΣLREE content of allanite first increases then decreases which is complemented by variation in the Al content of the mineral. This compositional variation of allanite appears to be linked to the modal abundance of garnet in rocks.

Non-Gaussian impulsive noise impacts the equalizers and signal detectors directly in the wireless system. The major problem in the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-related applications is the blind source equalization and separation, where the users transmit multiple digital signals in a linear channel that is received using the array of antennas. The noise in the received signals is impulsive in nature, which is mitigated in the research by implementing the Robust Maximum Likelihood Algorithm (RMLA) for handling the degradation of the performance in the wireless system. The constant modulus cost function formulated using RMLA is used for modeling the equalizer to adaptively suppress the influence of the impulsive noise. The effectiveness of the proposed RMLA based impulse noise mitigation is evaluated based on the evaluation metrics, such as Bit Error Rate (BER), Mean Square Error (MSE), and Symbol Error Rate (SER) corresponding to the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and dissimilar antenna array size. The proposed RMLA based BE method provided minimum BER values of 0.0021, 0.0044, 0.0142, and minimum MSE value of 0.0006, 0.0012, and 0.0037 with the Rayleigh channel, minimum BER values of 0.0006, 0.0012, and 0.0013, and minimum MSE value of 0.0003 with the Rician channel.

Impulse noise is a major performance degrading factor, as it impairs the communication systems, such as mobile radio system, digital subscriber line system, and power line. Various Constant Modulus algorithms (CMA) were introduced to reduce the average of constant modulus error between the constant modulus and the equalizer output power in the impulsive noise environment. However, the existing blind learning methods generate large mis-adjustment and slow convergence rate in the impulse noise of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system. To solve the impulse noise problem, the blind equalization method named Robust Adaptive Autoregressive weighted constant modulus algorithm (RAAWCMA) is introduced in this research work for MIMO system. Due to the feasibility and simplicity of stable convergence property, the proposed Robust Adaptive Autoregressive weighted constant modulus algorithm for blind equalization is utilized to solve the complexity of impulse noise in MIMO system. The proposed blind equalization method increases the performance of equalization by adjusting the weight vector based on the samples of output error. Moreover, the maximum average value obtained by the proposed algorithm is revealed based on the evaluation metrics, like Bit Error Rate, Symbol Error Rate, and Mean Square Error which acquire the values of 0.0005, 0.0005, and 0.0001 with the Rayleigh channel, and 0.0004, 0.0004, and 0.0001 with the Rician channel using six antennas.

Introduction: The application of specific instructions significantly improves energy, performance, and code size of configurable processors. The design of these instructions is performed by the conversion of patterns related to application-specific operations into effective complex instructions. This research was presented at the icitkm Conference, University of Delhi, India in 2017.Methods: Static analysis was a prominent research method during late the 1980’s. However, end-to-end measurements consist of a standard approach in industrial settings. Both static analysis tools perform at a high-level in order to determine the program structure, which works on source code, or is executable in a disassembled binary. It is possible to work at a low-level if the real hardware timing information for the executable task has the desired features.Results: We experimented, tested and evaluated using a H.264 encoder application that uses nine cis, covering most of the computation intensive kernels. Multimedia applications are frequently subject to hard real time constraints in the field of computer vision. The H.264 encoder consists of complicated control flow with more number of decisions and nested loops. The parameters evaluated were different numbers of A partitions (300 slices on a Xilinx Virtex 7each), reconfiguration bandwidths, as well as relations of cpu frequency and fabric frequency fCPU/ffabric. ffabric remains constant at 100MHz, and we selected a multiplicity of its values for fCPU that resemble realistic units. Note that while we anticipate the wcet in seconds (wcetcycles/ f CPU) to be lower (better) with higher fCPU, the wcet cycles increase (at a constant ffabric) because hardware cis perform less computations on the reconfigurable fabric within one cpu cycle.Conclusions: The method is similar to tree hybridization and path-based methods which are less precise, and to the global ipet method, which is more precise. Optimization is evaluated with the Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (dpso) algorithm for wcet. For several real-world applications involving embedded processors, the proposed technique develops improved instruction sets in comparison to native instruction sets.Originality: For wcet estimation, flow analysis, low-level analysis and calculation phases of the program need to be considered. Flow analysis phase or the high-level of analysis helps to extract the program’s dynamic behavior that gives information on functions being called, number of loop iteration, dependencies among if-statements, etc. This is due to the fact that the analysis is unaware of the execution path corresponding to the longest execution time.Limitations: This path is executed within a kernel iteration that relies upon the nature of mb, either i-mb or p-mb, determined by the motion estimation kernel, that is, its’ input depends on the i-mb and p-mb paths ,which also contain separate cis leading to the instability of the worst-case path, that is, adding more partitions to the current worst-case path can result in the other path becoming the worst case. The pipeline stalls for the reconfiguration delay and continues when entering the kernel once the reconfiguration process finishes.

The geochemistry of the mafic xenoliths from Baspa valley of Himachal Pradesh, India has been investigated to characterize their protoliths on the basis of immobile elements, especially trace elements including REE. The mafic xenoliths occur within the Kinnaur Kailash granite (KKG) and their geochemistry show that they have tholeiitic nature with basaltic composition. Compositionally, they range from ‘depleted’ to ‘enriched’ MORB as observed on the binary diagrams of Ti vs V and Zr vs Ti and on ternary diagrams of Zr-Ti-Y and Th-Zr-N. Likewise, they match with various enriched or ‘transitional’ MORB types as evident from their Zr vs Nb binary plot. Their enriched character when compared with N-MORB, E-MORB and OIB rocks on chondrite and primordial mantle normalized plots reveals that it is intermediate to that of E-MORB and OIB. The geochemistry of the rocks suggest that the enriched components are probably derived by melting of a mantle source with E-MORB or OIB rather than due to the crustal contamination. The study carried out emphasize that the mafic xenoliths have developed in rift environment, and that they are not volcanic rocks of island arc related to subduction tectonics. It is visualized that the mafic xenoliths were formed as cumulate rocks from the tholeiitic magmas that were rising to lower crust levels in a rift environment, which at a later stage got entrapped as restitic material in the host Kinnaur Kailash granite formed in a collision environment, and propose a change of regime from rift related to collision environment prior to Palaeozoic period.

With the rapid advances in integrated circuit(IC) technologies, number of functions on a chip was increasing at a very fast rate, with which interconnect density is increasing especially in functional logic chips. The on-chip noise affects are increasing and needs to be addressed. In this paper we have implemented a convolution encoder using a technique that provides higher noise immunity. The encoder circuit is simulated in Tanner 15.0 with data rate of 25Mbps and a clock frequency of 250MHz

As the technology advances leakage power is a major concern to be addressed. MTCMOS technique has been the finest technique to decrease significant power in standby mode, giving decent performance in active mode. MTCMOS entails additional design exertion to address the design challenges. An improved performance self-sleep circuit that avoids the necessity of distribution of sleep signal is presented. This circuit helps to simplify the implementation of MTCMOS sleep-wake up scheduling. This work goals the tests and intricacies associated to sleep signal distribution in a distributed MTCMOS design. The self-sleep circuit that consumes low power, occupies less area with less delay has been designed. In a 90nm technology, at 2-Giga Hertz clock frequency, the self-sleep circuit gives good performance in active mode and eliminates the sleep distribution network overheads, providing fast transitions between active to-standby-to-active modes.

The main aim in the design of any encryption algorithm is to provide security against unauthorized attacks. With the fast progression of digital data exchange information security has become an important issue in data communication. Encryption algorithms play an important role in information security system. These algorithms consume a significant amount of computing resources such as CPU time, memory, and battery power. The data encryption algorithms should provide security and also should not be slow in performance because it is a common practice to embed encryption algorithms in other applications. Embedding of encryption algorithms in other applications also precludes a hardware implementation, and is thus a major cause of degraded overall performance of the system. Advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm is used for protection against various classes of wireless attacks but it consumes more core area and power. Hence, we propose a development of pipelined Blowfish algorithm as an alternative security algorithm. In this paper the pipelined blowfish algorithm with memory based S box(with different memory sizes) has been developed and simulated using Xilinx Ise 14.2 using Verilog HDL using Zynq7000. The memory-based method is used to optimize the performance of Blowfish. The performance is analyzed in terms of its area, power and throughput.

Application specific instruction-set processors (ASIP) is a customised processor for user specific application. Though a significant research has been done on this, still it is most promising technology, due to lack of efficient methodologies for designing the processor configuration according to the applications. Again ASIP solution explores the trade-off between the dedicated hardware design and flexibility among software. It endeavours to fulfil the functionality of an algorithmic with low power costs and less complexity. In this paper, an approach is considered to design a processor for image de-noising. The design of suitable filter is an important task for the transmission and real-time processing. Designing ASIPs requires a suitable design of custom data path simultaneously modify the instruction-set, decoder including the compiler. We present an ASIP based on custom architecture design using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) as a filter. It starts with the general purpose data path like MIPS. It customises the data path iteratively for better power utilisation, usable area and performance. All the experiments have been synthesised using Xilinx FPGA and also verified in Spartan board. The subjective evaluations of the filter is analysed through various figures. Further it is implemented in HDL to support the customised processor.

With the rapid advances in integrated circuit(IC) technologies, number of functions on a chip was increasing at a very fast rate, with which interconnect density is increasing especially in functional logic chips. The on-chip noise affects are increasing and needs to be addressed. In this paper we have implemented a convolution encoder using a technique that provides higher noise immunity. The encoder circuit is simulated in Tanner 15.0 with data rate of 25Mbps and a clock frequency of 250MHz

In this paper, we propose a novel technique for Instantaneous Frequency (IF) estimation of multi component non stationary signals using Fourier Bessel Series and Time- Varying Auto Regressive (FB-TVAR) model. In the proposed technique, the Fourier-Bessel (FB) expansion decomposes the multi-component non stationary signal into a number of monocomponent signals and TVAR model is used to model each mono-component signal. In TVAR modeling approach the time varying parameters are expanded as a linear combination of basis functions. In this paper, the TVAR parameters are expanded by a discrete cosine basis functions. The maximum likelihood estimation algorithm for model order selection in TVAR models is also discussed. The Instantaneous Frequency (IF) is extracted from the time-varying parameters by calculating the angles of the estimation error filter polynomial roots. The estimation of the TVAR parameters of a multicomponent signal requires the inversion of a large covariance matrix, while the projected technique (FB-TVAR) requires the inversion of a number of comparatively small covariance matrices with better numerical stability properties. Simulation results are presented for Multi component discrete Amplitude and Frequency modulated (AM-FM) signal

Embedded Processor are application specific and are used in various field for faster processing. ASIPs are more popular as compared to ASICs processors. Different approaches are used for the ASIP design. In this paper, ASIP is designed based on Pipelining architecture. Considering the execution time in efficient pipelining architecture is proposed. For the proposed pipelining architecture, Clock Gating technique is taken care. The architecture is implemented for Arm processor and verified with I core processor with VLIW architecture. The experiment is carried in VHDL platform. The efficacy of the proposed technology is shown in result section along with the RTL logic diagram.

A fast and power-efficient full Adder plays key role in electronics trade especially performing arithmetic operations in microprocessors, digital signal processing (DSP) and image processing. Full Adder is such a significant element which contributes substantially to the total power consumption of the network. In this paper, 1-bit Full Adder has been designed which is then analyzed. The leakage power consumption has been done in the circuit using different technologies such as 120nm and 180nm. The designed circuit has shown a incredible reduction in the consumed power of 97.8% and an increase of 12.7% in consumed area compared to GDI full adder in 120nm foundry. By using DSCH2 and MICROWIND2 tools, the designed 1-bit complete adder are compared in phrases of leakage power consumption and surface area.

Selection of an appropriate substrate is very important in the design process of microstrip patch antenna. As permittivity of a substrate is a vital parametric quantity by which various limitations of strip antenna can be overcome. The present paper is an attempt of a comprehensive study of various dielectric materials used in the design and analysis of a microstrip slot antenna and to investigate the effects on radiation features of proposed microstrip slot antenna. The proposed design is simulated at 2.45 GHz frequency. All the selected dielectric materials are having zero loss tangents.

Water distribution has to be thought from the source to the consumer's tap. A correct distribution system has to be wellplanned and designed beforehand, and adapted maintenance performed while in use. Municipal water distribution systems form a major portion of the investment in urban infrastructure and a critical component of public works. The goal is to design water distribution systems to deliver potable water over spatially extensive areas in required quantities and under satisfactory pressures. In addition to these goals, cost-effectiveness and reliability in system design are also important. The role of Direct Metered Area (DMA) management is to divide the distribution network into manageable areas or sectors into which the flow can be measured to determine whether bursts are present. In this study an attempt has been made to create water distribution network model in H2OMAP Water for a pilot study of Adikmet DMA area for continuous water supply. The results of the study indicate that a good correlation between the observed field data and simulated data has been observed. It is seen from the results that a good correlation between observed and simulated pressure shows the developed model has a good accuracy and well suited for simulation of continuous water supply distribution system. The calibrated WDN also helps in better understanding of leakages in the network.

In this paper Time-varying Auto regressive model (TVAR) based approach for instantaneous frequency (IF) estimation of the nonstationary signal is presented. Time-varying parameters are expressed as a linear combination of constants multiplied by basis functions. Then, the time-varying frequencies are extracted from the time-varying parameters by calculating the angles of the estimation error filter polynomial roots. Since there were many existing basis functions that could be used as basis for the TVAR parameter expansion, one might be interested in knowing how to choose them and what difference they may cause. The performance of different basis functions in TVAR modeling approach is tested with synthetic signals. Our objective is to find an efficient basis for all testing signals in the sense that, for a small number of basis (or) expansion dimension, the basis yields the least error in frequency. In this paper, the optimal basis function of TVAR Model for the instantaneous frequency (IF) estimation of the test signals was obtained by comparing IF estimation precise and anti-noise performance of several types basis functions through simulation.

In this paper Time-varying Auto regressive model (TVAR) based approach for instantaneous frequency(IF) estimation of the frequency modulated signal in noisy environment is presented. Covariance method is applied for least square estimation of timevarying autoregressive parameters. Time-varying parameters are expressed as a linear combination of constants multiplied by basis functions. Then, the time-varying frequencies are extracted from the time-varying parameters by calculating the angles of the estimation error filter polynomial roots. The experimental results are presented for IF estimation, prediction and power spectrum estimation of non stationary signals. we have also discussed the spectral resolution ability of TVAR Model. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that TVAR is an effective solution to non-stationary signal analysis and has strong capability in signal time-frequency feature extraction.

In this paper, the direction of arrival (DOA) angle estimation of signals impinging on 3- D array of sensors in cubical arrangement is studied. The results thus obtainedwere compared with the direction of arrivals obtained with a combination of two uniform square arrays which were considered in parallel to form a structure as cube. MUSIC algorithm (Multiple Signal Classification) was used to estimate the directions of arrival (DOA) of the signals .Also in this paper cubical array geometry for low signal to noise ratio was tested and the results compared were with that of the two parallel square arrays .Experimental results demonstrate that the cubical geometry has better detection capability as compared to two 2-D square arrays with the same or even a higher SNR.

This work involves implementation of 8x8 SRAM using Multi Threshold CMOS (MTCMOS) technique which reduces the leakage power by placing sleep transistor either between ground and pull-down network or VDD and pull up network. SRAM is designed using D-Latch. As reduction in the leakage power is more by using PMOS sleep transistor compared to NMOS sleep transistor, this design is implemented using MTCMOS technique with PMOS as sleep transistor. The design can be used where low power is the constraint, as it offers 86% of power savings.

The Shyok valley in the northern Ladakh is a linear NW-SE trending suture zone (Shyok Suture Zone) and separates two distinct terranes, the southern continental margin of Eurasian Plate to north, and Ladakh magmatic arc to south. The crustal growth in the Shyok Suture Zone (SSZ) can be explained by two stage melting process involving the generation of orthogneiss (OG) with mafic enclaves (ME) (pre-collision), and temporal evolution towards increasingly more evolved felsic magmas during reworking processes (post-collision). In this paper, the geochemistry of various ME and host OG that fall within the Shyok‐Darbuk corridor of the suture zone are discussed. The field, petrographic and geochemical data suggest that the ME and host OG are genetically related. The ME has formed by low degree of partial melting of a garnet-bearing source or from the partial melting of a basaltic source with a clinopyroxene‐garnet eclogite as residue. The LILE and LREE enrichment of ME have been influenced by mantle‐magma interaction during the passage of the hydrous primary arc-magma through the overlying lithosphere. The likely interpretation for the genetic linkage of ME and host OG is explained through the mixing of coeval mafic (enclave) and felsic melts, resulting in hybrid magma. Besides, several geochemical lines of evidence suggest that fractional crystallization of the resultant hybrid magma had played a complementary role in the evolution of these rocks.

Nanobiotechnology emerged as integration of nanotechnology and biotechnology for developing bioactive, biosynthetic and eco -friendly technology for synthesis of nanomaterials. Nanostructures have great demand in areas such as chemistry, catalysis, electronics, energy, and medical applications. Metallic nano-particles are normally synthesized by wet chemical synthesis techniques using the toxic and inflammable chemicals. Present research work on preparation of silver nano-particles by green nano synthesis method and has advantages over conventional methods involving chemical agents which can cause environmental toxicity. The synthesis technique is a cost effective and environment friendly technique for green nano synthesis of silver nano-particles from varying concentrations of AgNO3 solution and extract of Carica papaya fruit of different concentrations which acts as reducing and capping agent. Characterizations has been done using UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, XRD, particle size analyser and SEM with EDX. Antimicrobial activity was done using Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas.