Search

Renewable energy will become the foundation for meeting the world's energy needs in the future. However, Indonesia has not done much research on the development and application of technology for sustainable energy. Indonesia has potential energy sources. However, biomass conversion into other forms of energy, such as biogas, will hurt the environment. The development of biomass-based bioenergy is one of the best solution for meeting Indonesia's current and future energy needs. Biogas is biomass-based bioenergy, which is the potential for future energy sources. Minimizing the environment's degradation is a significant aspect of preparing the biomass to biogas conversion model. Furthermore, the production of biogas with automatic monitoring and control will minimize new waste formation. Indonesian government regulatory support and total community participation will increase converting biomass into biogas as renewable energy into electrical energy. The paper analyzes the environmental impact of biomass conversion into biogas and proposed an environmentally friendly conversion model.

This study was aimed to study the potential of biogas (methane) production from vinasse wastewater in real full-scale application using a two-stage sequencing Up-flow High Rate Anaerobic Reactor (UHRAR), with effluent recirculation and substrate modification. Batch experiment was initially conducted prior full-scale application experiment. Batch experiment was done with experimental condition variable: undiluted sample (pH 6) and diluted samples (pH: 5; 6 and 7). pH and methane production were observed for 50 days. Full-scale application was carried out in two-stage UHRAR reactors with volume 60 m3, HRT 40 d and OLR 60.1 – 104 kg COD/m3.d. Observation was lasted for 32 d. Result from batch experiment showed that diluted samples achieved higher COD degradation and methane generation than undiluted sample. The optimum condition occurred at pH 7, with theoretical methane yield of 7.51 – 10.64 L CH4 per kg COD. While in full scale application, at day 32, COD removal was 71% (69.1 kg COD/d removed), with methane production was 36.72 m3 CH4/d. Methane production per COD removed was 0.53 m3 CH4/kg COD.d. Substrate modification and effluent recirculation could improve the substrate biodegradability, maintain microbial diversity and enrich nutrients in the reactor.

Industrial textile wastewater is one of the most heavily polluting in Indonesia. Wastewater from industrial textile contains organic contamination that is very difficult to remove pollutants that remaining even though it has been through the usual wastewater treatment unit installed and bio refractory in nature. Toxic organic compounds discharged from the textile industry, such as colored dyes, heavy metals, and various chemicals, will hurt the environment. These contaminants have been proven toxic to the biotic environment, such as mutagenic, which can increase the incidence of cancer and endocrine disruptor effects. Removal of contaminants from industrial textile wastewater is currently one of the most critical subjects in water pollution prevention. Applications of catalytic ozonation treatment initially, powder catalysts have been employed, and later, the use of activated carbon materials in more advanced catalyst structures reported, and more sophisticated types of catalyst equipment namely carbon nanotube, and nanoparticles. In-depth research on the combination of ozonation and catalytic research of industrial textile wastewater treatment has the potential to become a well-developed approach to treatment industrial textile wastewater. This review provides process principles and characteristics, including the use of various catalysts, variations in reactor design, and application catalytic ozonation in synthetic textile wastewater and real industrial textile wastewater outlined and discussed. Include future research directions of the treatment of industrial textile wastewater in to clean water with drink quality.

The methods of microbial cells preservation were already known by liquid drying, freeze-drying, and freezing. Those methods could preserve bacteria cells in a long period of time but its survivability was relatively low and used relatively high energy during preservation. Immobilization was known as entrapping, attaching or encapsulating bacterial cells in a suitable matrix. This research was conducted to know the suitability of zeolite as immobilization carrier and also as preservation matrix of two halophilic archaea Haloferax chudinovii and Haloferax lucentense. Variable of this research was the type of the carrier which was raw zeolite, 110oC and 300oC heat-activated zeolite carrier, parameters measured in this study was physical and chemical of zeolite such as chemical content, Si/Al ratio, surface area and pore volume, and biochemical assay, bacterial cells numbers after immobilization and bacterial cells after preservation as bacterial response to the immobilization and preservation. Heat activation was significantly affecting the chemical composition, carrier surface area, and pore volume. Highest surface area, pore volume, and Si/Al ratio were obtained in 110oC pretreated zeolite followed by 300oC pretreated zeolite. The bacterial cells obtained after immobilization process was 1,8x107 cfu/g, 3,0 x 107 cfu/g, and 2,1x107 for raw zeolite, 110oC pretreated zeolite and 300oC zeolite respectively. After 4 months preservation, the slight reduction of the bacterial cells was observed. Immobilization halophilic archaeae using zeolite as carrier was proven as low cost and effective preservation method due to relatively simple process and unspecific preservation temperature requirements.

Reuse air limbah industri dapat meningkatkan efisiensi operasi industri dan mencegah dampak pencemaran industri ke lingkungan. Industri farmasi memerlukan model reuse air limbah yang mudah, murah, dan efisien. Penelitian merancang model reuse air limbah dengan verifikasi berdasarkan kinerja, kelayakan, penerapan, dan keberlanjutan. Rekomendasi model reuse air limbah industri farmasi menggunakan pendekatan ozonasi katalitik dapat mengurangi timbulan lumpur, menurunkan biaya operasi dan biaya perawatan, serta mencegah pencemaran lingkungan

Research about Hybrid Upflow-Anaerobic Filter (HU-AF) integrated technology for bioenergy generation from vinasse was conducted. Modification of influent flow system, expansion of filter contact area and addition of gas accumulator for biogas collection were used to enhance the degree of vinasse biodegradation biogas generation, and yet to shorten the hydraulic retention time (HRT). Hybrid Upflow-Anaerobic Filter (HU-AF) integrated technology was a double dome reactor with sequential connection, with up-flow inlet distribution inside the reactor. Total volume of HU-AF was 60 m3. A mixing and a feeding chamber, with volume 3 m3, each were installed before HU-AF reactor. A reservoir chamber with volume of 6 m3 was added after HU-AF reactor. OLR was 2.04 kg COD/day. A methanogenic seed sludge derived from anaerobic lagoon. The experiment was carried out initially by seeding, acclimatization and adaptation of microorganisms inside the reactor. A feeding ratio of vinasse: water = 1:4, and initial pH of 6 were adjusted. Result showed that Full-scale HU-AF integrated technology was able to degrade COD with maximum degradation of COD 55.45% at pH 7.1, and shorten the HRT into 32 days. Biogas production was consisted of 57.21 % methane, 13.98% CO2 and various gases 28.1% (H2S, VOC, CO and H2O). This experiment showed that HRT was shorter than conventional reactor.

This study investigated several parameters for cell-wall disruption from microalgae Chlorella vulgaris during catalytic ozonation over microporous carbon-supported titanium oxide, including flow ozone, catalytic time, and reactor capacity. At the same time, the cell-wall disruption yield and an active compound yield such as chlorophyll and carotenoid were evaluated for each pretreatment. The required delivered flow ozone to achieve 76,47% cell-wall disruption of Chlorella vulgaris was 1 minute at 4 LPM, which produced chlorophyll 56,75% and carotenoid 89,09%. Carbon-supported titanium oxide reduces the required O3 dose and catalytic time for cell-wall disruption; however, it limited chlorophyll yield did not exceed 75,67%. Pretreatment with 1 minute at 1 LPM in 2 liters produced carotenoid yield by approximately 98,18%, though it reduced chlorophyll to 59,45%.

Biomass waste in the form of fiber dregs contains many components of lignocellulose and hemicellulose. Lignocellulose can be used to produce ethanol through enzymatic biotechnology processes. Sago palm fiber industry is one potential industry producing biomass waste in the form of solid waste of fiber dregs (about 30% from the weight of processed raw materials). Solid fiber waste contains crude fiber and lignocellulose compound consists of cellulose (35-50%), hemicellulose ( 20-35%) and lignin (12-20%). This study aimed to utilize solid waste of sago palm fiber as a raw material of bioethanol production through enzymatic biotechnology processes of delignification, saccharification and fermentation which was then purified by distillation process to get ethanol. Delignification, saccharification, and fermentation stages are conducted using Phanerochaete chrysosporus Mushroom, Trichoderma viride fungus, and saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively and then purified by distillation process (one level) to produce ethanol. The process of saccharification and fermentation process were done in an integrated manner (addition of Trichoderma viride and yeast saccharomyces cereviceae fungi done simultaneously). The weight of raw materials of solid waste fiber treated was about 6 kgs. Alcohol content obtained was about ± 4% (distillation). No water, air, and soil pollution inflicted, more added value, and sustainable were the main benefits of biotech process or bioprocess.

Proses oksidasi lanjut (AOP) merupakan teknologi pengolahan air limbah industri tekstil yang sangat potensial. Kelemahan teknologi ini adalah pemakaian H2O2 yang berimplikasi pada biaya operasional dan peningkatan kadar keasaman. Teknologi ozonisasi katalitik terintegrasi katalis Fe2O3 dan Al2O3 dengan difuser mikroadalah alternatif solusi yang murah dan efisien. Ozonisasi katalitik dilakukan dengan variasi dosis katalis 500 g, 1000 g, 1500 g dan flow ozon 1, 2, 3, 4 L/menit dengan volume air limbah 20 L. Optimalisasi proses ozonisasi katalitik dilakukan melalui variasi waktu kontak. Kinerja fungsi katalis diukur berdasarkan umur pemakaian. Indikator kinerja reaktor diukur dengan parameter warna, suhu, TSS, COD, dan BOD5. Kondisi ozonisasi katalitik terbaik untuk dosis katalis 500 g Fe2O3, 500 g Al2O3, waktu ozonisasi katalitik 20 menit dengan flow ozon 2 L/menit.

Latek, kapur dan air merupakan bahan utama dalam proses produksi industri karpet. Komposisi dari ketiga bahan tersebut secara berurutan 30%, 50% dan 20% sehingga karakteristik air limbahnya dominan mengandung COD dan TDS. Integrasi koagulasi-flokuasi dengan filter silika-karbon aktif menjadi pilihan yang tepat sebagai unit pengolah polutan tersebut. Unit koagulasi dibuat dalam bentuk tabung silinder dengan kapasitas 2,5 m3, adapun filter silika-karbon aktif ditempatkan dalam dua tabung vertikal dengan kapasitas masing-masing 50 L . Proses koagulasi-fllokulasi dilakukan dengan sistem bacth menggunakan tawas dan anion yang dilanjutkan dengan sedimentasi dan aerasi. Filter vertikal silika-karbon aktif dioperasikan dengan sistem alir kontinyu secara up flow sebagai tahap akhir dari unit pengolahan. Reduksi COD dan DHL telah mampu mencapai 92% dan 74% dengan dosis tawas 1,96 Kg, kapur 0,857 Kg dan anion 1 g untuk volume limbah 2,45 m3 serta laju alir 6 L/menit di filter silika-karbon aktif.

A rapid catalytic process with low energy requirements gives catalytic ozone the potential to treat industrial textile wastewater in a full-scale application. However, until today, this catalytic ozone technology remains energy-consuming and, as a consequence, expensive. Thus, to overcome the bottleneck related to energy needs, this research aims to design a continuous mode reactor design to treat industrial textile wastewater through catalytic ozone, which integrated solar power plants (PLTS). In this work, a constant mode reactor design combined with an integrated sensor is investigated for industrial textile wastewater. Combining the autonomous and continuous removal of the impurities makes this continuous mode reactor excellent for the treated wastewater on the industrial textile scale.

Large-scale industrial wastewater is a longstanding problem, but considerations of the industrial wastewater treatment progress are unusual, and the design of wastewater treatment required by industry is severely deficiënt. To make industrial wastewater an economically viable source of clean water, we propose a logical approach towards designing a large scale catalytic ozonation reactor for reuse large scale industrial wastewater. ANSYS software is used as a primary tooi to estimate the ozone transfer and catalytic performance of the reactor, and the effects of reactor design are investigated. The ozone transfer of 100 g/h, energy consumption rate of 3 kWh and a catalytic time of 120 seconds are all within acceptable ranges typical to industrial wastewater. It is estimated that a doublé catalytic ozonation reactor of 5 m3 can supply the clean water demand of 100 m3/day.

Combined biological AOP system, or CBA, are increasingly being used in Indonesia to treatment hospital waste water, that are otherwise difficult to treatment in conventional methods. CBA catalytic ozonation are now used for over 579 hospitals, making this tool a major phenomenon for high adopt hospital waste water treatments in Indonesia, and one that has experienced great expansion over the past three years. The question of whether the CBA is a good or a bad tool for the treatment hospital waste water depends on many parameters. To respond to this question, it is necessary to investigate on operating conditions, but it is also very important to gather more data and conduct further research on treatment efficiency and energy. In this paper, we examined and discuss to gain a better understanding of the CBA environmental technology and of its impacts. About 100 CBA Full-scale Hospital waste water treatments have been investigated, and it was in Indonesia from eight provinces. CBA demonstrate good removal efficiency of macro-pollutants from hospital waste water and meet the requirements as per LH R.I. Number 5 Year 2014 on Wastewater Quality Standard and LHK R.I. Number P.68 / Menlhk / Setjen / Kum.1 / 8/2016 Concerning the Quality Standards of Domestic Waste Water. Various parameters of macro-pollutants such as pH, temperature, TDS, TSS, BOD 5, COD, oil fat, and MBAS also amonia nitrogen and total coliform were analysed to identify the performance of CBA. We obtained the average energy consumption per cycle is 0.504 kWh, capacity V m3/hours which treatment cost Rp 1.478/m3 and 60,96%-94,00% removal efficiency of macro-pollutants. CBA catalytic ozonation reported here is very efficient and environmental friendly for treatment hospital waste water.

Aplikasi biosensor BOD pada dasarnya meningkat seiring dengan berkembangnya keperluan manusia dan kemajuan IPTEK. Tetapi secara umum tetap didominasi untuk aplikasi dibidang medis dan lingkungan hidup.Biosensor BOD berdasarkan metabolisme khamir dikembangkan dalam rangka mempersingkat waktu pengukuran nilai BOD untuk monitoring lingkungan. Pengembangan biosensor dibuat melalui imobilisasi khamir pada film tipis dalam matrik agarose dengan Nafion sebagai membran untuk proses pertukaran ion. Khamir diambil dari fermentasi Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Film tipis kemudian dilekatkan pada emas sebagai elektroda kerja. Biosensor BOD dikalibrasi menggunakan larutan yang mengandung glukosa yang setara sebagai sampel standar. Kondisi optimum diamati dengan waktu tunggu pengukuran 20 menit pada potensial 500 mV (vs Ag/AgCl). Untuk analisis glukosa, waktu tunggu adalah 20 menit dengan batas deteksi 1 mg/l. Hubungan linier yang baik diperoleh dari larutan standar glukosa yaitu, 2 0.99 dan estimasi kesalahan pengukuran 2,45%. Nilai BOD yang diperoleh dari biosensor menunjukkan perbandingan yang baik dengan konvensional.

Wastewater from hospital and community health centre facility can contain hazardous chemicals and harmful microbes such as viruses, multi-resistant bacteria to medical contrast agents and chemicals for treatment. Other country has placed pharmaceutical products on substances that be regulated in hospital effluent. The FLASH treatment plant involves physical and biological pre-treatment, followed by Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) based on catalytic ozonation and followed by granulated activated carbon (GAC) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) filtration. Two dominant oxidants are present in ozonation applications: ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radicals (HO,). Hydroxyl radicals are a highly reactive decomposition product of ozone and represent the main oxidant in AOPs. Conventional ozonation, both ozone and hydroxyl radicals can act as oxidants. In AOPs, hydroxyl radicals represent the primary transformation mechanism. Different ozonization types for treating wastewater from hospital and community health centre facility were considered and reviewed, and FLASH as the most common and efficient processes were discussed. In year 2015, 140 FLASH have been applied and gave satisfaction result for 100% effective meet the quality standard from regulation Ministry of Environment of Republic Indonesia for waste water quality standards Number 5/2014. FLASH treatment system could have great significance for hospitals and Community Health Centre Facility in Indonesia that face problems as removing micro pollutant. BUMA FLASH treatment is the first develop hospital wastewater treatment in Indonesia based Catalytic Ozonation Based Advanced Oxidation Process.

Spirulina is one key material in pharmacy and nutraceutical industries. The cell-wall disruption of Spirulina have been studied for many years, resulting in diverse methodologies with a range of yields and grades of quality. In this paper we report the cell-wall disruption and characterization of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis using catalytic ozonation. Various parameters of cell-wall disruption such as flow ozone and catalytic time of the reaction were varied to identify the optimum ones. We obtained the phycocyanin with homogeneous size distribution and high ratio could be obtained at flow ozone of 4 LPM, catalytic time of 1 minute and 89.31% cell-wall disruption yield with 90% phycocyanin yield. The method reported here is very attractive and potential for production of large scale phycocyanin from microalgae for industrial applications.

Extraction of magnesium and sulfate from MgSO4–KCl–H2O solution system of 0.1 M salt concentration has been conducted. The 3–compartment electrolytic cell model was designed to fulfill the purpose. The cell is constructed from aquarium plastic box of 417 mL capacity divided into three compartments. Each compartment is separated by fixed plastic wall. One of the compartment with no electrode (mid compartment) was connected either to anodic (left) and cathodic (right) compartment using double filter paper strip of 2 x 6 (in cm) dimension. Electrolysis was performed in atmospheric environment under the 6 volt external electric potential using 7A Montana power supply. Experimental results show that electrolysis systems provide good separation of magnesium and sulfate from solution. Magnesium in the form of Mg(OH)2 and sulfate as H2SO4 has been obtained in about 92 % yield. Clear solution in the mid compartment show the absence of salt residues; both of cationic and anionic species migrate totally toward cathodic and anodic compartment respectively.