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Reviews on Online Social Networks (OSNs) became crucial in decision making. People of all walks of life are using them to make decisions especially while purchasing products or services. The decision making paradigm has been shifted from traditional offline approach to technology-driven approach. The former has limitations in information while the latter is abundant in information. Dependence on the ratings or reviews on products online became higher than ever due to the availability of information and other advantages like saving time and effort. Digitalization in various countries in the contemporary era is also one of the reasons on the increased reliance on the online reviews. Through the technology –driven approach has many advantages; it also carried evil of probability of making inaccurate decisions due to the intentional spreading of fake reviews known as astroturfing. There is organized effort and an astroturfing group (group of fake reviewers) works behind spread of fake reviews to promote or demote services. In this context, this paper reviews the present state of the art of astroturfing (spreading fake reviews), detection of astroturfed reviews and astroturfing groups. The insights provided in this paper are useful to know different aspects of fake review detection research.

Introduction: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/neu is a critical target for gastric carcinoma treatment utilizing trastuzumab. Helicobacter pylori is a well known causative agent of gastric carcinoma. Aim: To study association of HER2/neu expression with the presence of H. pylori infection in resected carcinoma stomach patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 85 gastrectomies received in the department from January 2010 to September 2014 was done. HER2/neu was studied using Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Giemsa stain was used to detect presence of H. pylori. Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used, to test the correlation between the various parameters. A p-value

Introduction: Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer worldwide, which appears over sun-exposed skin as slow-growing, locally invasive lesion that rarely metastasizes. Many phenotypic presentations are possible. BCCs are more common in males and tend to occur in older people. Majority is found on the head and neck. Many histopathological subtypes have been defined including nodular, micronodular, cystic, superficial, pigmented, adenoid, infiltrating, sclerosing, keratotic, infundibulocystic, metatypical, basosquamous and fibroepitheliomatous. Mixed patterns are common. Aim: The aim was to study morphological spectrum of BCC in a tertiary care hospital in southern Karnataka. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 100 cases of BCCs reported in the Department of Pathology over a 9-year period from 2006 to 2014. Results: The mean age of presentation was 62 years. There was slight female preponderance (56%). The most common location was face (65%) and the most common presentation was ulceration (45%). f the 100 BCCs, 50% were nodular, 13% infiltrating, 6% basosquamous, 4% superficial, 3% keratotic, 3% multinodular and 1% mixed. Conclusion: BCC, besides being the commonest cutaneous cancer, is also known for its numerous histological patterns which are shown to have prognostic implications. This study reveals the frequency of the various histological patterns of BCC in southern Karnataka, where it has been rarely studied before.

Multiplication of complex numbers finds numerous applications in science and engineering. At the implementation level, the parameters affecting the performance are speed, area and power consumption. Hence, an attempt is made in this paper to improve the speed of complex multiplier by using Vedic mathematical techniques. Vedic mathematics contains 16 sutras which are mathematical short hands for range of operations covering basic arithmetic, algebraic and trigonometric operations to more complex calculus operations. Traditionally, the complex multiplier suffers from low speed due to more number of partial product generations and carry propagation. Out of 16 sutras only two sutras are used for multiplication, i.e. one for general case, and another for special case. The proposed system is designed around the general case multiplication sutra. The modeling of the solution is done using the Simulink block sets and functional verification is performed using Xilinx ISE tool.

Tuberculosis of the nose is very rare. When it does occur, it almost always arises secondary to primary pulmonary tuberculosis. Nasal tuberculosis is most common in women older than 20 years. We report the case of a 16-year-old girl who presented with epistaxis, fever, submental swelling, and enlargement of multiple cervical and axillary lymph nodes. The patient was diagnosed with tuberculous granuloma of the nose and tuberculous lymphadenopathy. She was successfully treated with a 6-month regimen of standard antituberculous therapy.

Kikuchi's disease is an idiopathic self-limiting necrotizing lymphadenitis. Clinically, it mimics tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy. The disease is diagnosed by histopathologic study. The only specific treatment that has been reported is empiric steroid therapy. We report a case of tuberculosis that was originally thought to be Kikuchi's disease in a 24-year-old man. When the patient's condition worsened during a course of steroid therapy, he underwent surgical exploration, which revealed the presence of tuberculous lymphadenitis. The patient was switched to antituberculosis drug therapy, and his improvement was dramatic.

B. Suresh Kumar Shetty1, Ramdas Naik2 , Adithi S. Shetty3, Sharadha Rai4, Ritesh G. Menezes5 and Tanuj Kanchan1 1Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, 2Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, 3Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore, Nitte University, 4Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, 5Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Srinivas Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Mangalore, India

Tuberculosis of the nose is very rare. When it does occur, it almost always arises secondary to primary pulmonary tuberculosis. Nasal tuberculosis is most common in women older than 20 years. We report the case of a 16-year-old girl who presented with epistaxis, fever, submental swelling, and enlargement of multiple cervical and axillary lymph nodes. The patient was diagnosed with tuberculous granuloma of the nose and tuberculous lymphadenopathy. She was successfully treated with a 6-month regimen of standard antituberculous therapy.

Mediastinal cysts are rare and classified into thymic cysts, bronchogenic cysts, enteric cysts, pericardial cysts, lymphatic cysts and other rare types. We describe a case of foregut cyst of esophageal type in a 22 day old male infant. The CT scan showed a cystic lesion. Excised cyst was bilocular and was filled with clear fluid. Microscopically, the cyst was lined by columnar epithelium with well formed lamina propria and double layered muscularis. In view of presence of double layer of muscularis and absence of gastric glands, intestinal epithelium or cartilage, it was classified as esophageal cyst. We report this case of esophageal cyst because of its rarity.

Dermoid cysts are malformations that are rarely seen in the oral cavity. An intraoral dermoid cyst grows slowly, but may enlarge and interfere with deglutition and speech, or can pose a critical risk to the airway and therefore require immediate surgical intervention. Dermoid cysts may develop above or below the mylohyoid muscle, causing a submental or submandibular swelling. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice and recurrence is rare. An intraoral approach for the treatment of large lesions presenting above the mylohyoid muscle provides good cosmetic and functional results. We report a case of a 26-year-old female who developed an epidermoid cyst presenting as a large sublingual swelling causing speech and swallowing difficulties. The lesion was surgically excised using an intraoral approach. Microscopic examination revealed a dermoid cyst of the epidermoid type. This case shows that dermoid cysts may be successfully diagnosed and managed using a series of simple yet effective clinical procedure.

Paraganglioma is a rare tumor of the cerebellopontine angle. We report a case of a 55-year-old female presented with otalgia and decreased hearing in the left ear, hoarseness of voice, difficulty in swallowing, nasal regurgitation, and tinnitus. The tumor was excised by left retromastoid and posterior fossa craniectomy approach. Intra-operative crush smear and histopathological examination revealed a paraganglioma. Post-surgery the patient was treated with fractionated radiotherapy.

Melanocytomas are rare melanocytic tumors of the central nervous system. We report a rare case of melanocytoma in the cerebellum of a 35-year-old male patient. Computed tomography scan showed a cystic lesion with an enhancing solid component arising from the cerebellum. The lesion was resected and a histological diagnosis of melanocytoma of the cerebellum was made.

One hundred and eighty three cases of Rhinosporidiosis diagnosed histopathologically in the Department of Pathology, K. M. C., Mangalore were Studied. Nasal mucosa was the commonest site and males were more affected than females. Most of the cased were found in the second to third decade. This is the first study of histopathologically proved cases in the Indian literature which tempted us to publish this series.