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The kinetics of U(VI) ion transport from an aqueous donor phase to an aqueous acceptor phase were investigated using a recently designed system, the multi-dropped liquid membrane system (MDLM). Equilibrium and kinetic studies were performed involving the extraction of U(VI) from an aqueous nitrate medium into tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO). The influences of temperature, carrier, and donor phase concentrations were investigated. U (VI) was extracted from the donor phase to the acceptor in 45 min with an extraction efficiency of about 99.62% under optimum conditions. The interface reactions' kinetic parameters (k(1), k(2), C-B(max), t(B)(max), Jd(max), Ja(max)) were estimated on the assumption of two successive, irreversible first-order reactions. This study investigated the conditions of transport by TOPO in the extraction of U(VI) ions in the MDLM system and obtained successful results.

Cavex CA37 is a dental material used for positive tooth impressions. After the mold is taken, it hardens through a fast-chemical reaction with air, then becomes waste after usage. In this study, natural sepiolite and Cavex CA37 are mixed at certain ratios to obtain a composite SCX-37 biosorbent that is used for the biosorption of UO2+ (2) ions from a synthetic aqueous solution. Parameters affecting biosorption, such as solution pH, ambient temperature, contact time, and UO2+ (2) ion concentration, are investigated. The biosorption of UO2+ (2) ions on SCX-37 reaches equilibrium in 120 min with 97.56% efficiency at 30 degrees C and pH 4. The isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, and D-R) and thermodynamic values of the biosorption of UO2+ (2) ions on the SCX-37 biosorbent are calculated according to the obtained data. It is determined that there is a high correlation between experimental results and all three isotherm models. The adsorption capacity is found to be 41.39 mg g(-1). The biosorption of UO2+ (2) ions onto the SCX37 biosorbent is a chemisorption process with an adsorption energy of 40.50 kJ mol(-1).

Surfactants are indisputably more important today, in terms of their use in industry and daily life, as well as the tasks they perform. In recent years, due to the driving force of environmental concerns, orientations to alternatives of surfactants that cause less or no harm to the environment have accelerated. One of these trends is the synthesis of alkyl polyglycosides (APG) and their use in the detergent industry. In this study, different acidic catalysts were used for the synthesis of APGs and the highest yield was achieved with sulfuric acid. APGs with different carbon numbers were obtained using octanol, decanol, dodecanol, and octanol/cetyl alcohol (w/w 80/20). The FTIR spectra of the structures of APG products obtained with these fatty alcohols and some commercial APG products were compared, and their structures were elucidated. In addition, the foam quality of the obtained APGs and the hydrophilicity properties they impart to the textile material were compared with some commercial surfactants, and the results were interpreted and evaluated. © 2022 Pamukkale University. All Rights Reserved.

This research is related to the effect of alginate-containing composite biosorbent on the sorption capacity of heavy metal Cd2+ ions. The study aims to determine the character and optimization of the sorption of Na-alginate-containing composite biosorbent on the sorption of heavy metal Cd2+ metal ions in an aqueous solution. Optimum conditions of parameters such as biosorbent amount, pH value effect, concentration effect, contact time, and temperature that affect the sorption of Cd2+ ions were determined. Langmuir, Freundlich, D-R isotherms were applied to the obtained data, and it was noted that the sorption Cd2+ ions are better explained with Freundlich and D-R models. The thermodynamic parameters (?Go, ?Ho, ?So) for Cd2+ sorption onto composite biosorbent were also determined given from the temperature dependence. The results suggested that composite biosorbent is suitable as a sorbent material for recovery and sorption of metal ions from aqueous solutions. © 2022 TUBITAK. All rights reserved.

Bu çalışmada, yeni tasarlanmış bir sıvı membran sistemi kullanılarak, Zn2+, Cd2+, Mo6+, Pb2+, Cu2+ ve Fe3+ iyonlarının taşınması ve taşınımı etkileyen faktörler incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, literatürde mevcut diğer sıvı membran tekniklerinden farklı yeni bir yöntem uygulanmıştır. Bu yöntem, donör ve akseptör fazdan ligand taşıyıcısı içeren organik fazın damlacıklar halinde geçirilmesiyle küçük bir farklılık göstermekle beraber, hacimli sıvı membran sistemi ile benzerdir. Sistem “Çok Damlalı Sıvı Membran Sistemi” (ÇDSM) olarak adlandırılmıştır. Bu tekniğin avantajları arasında basit yapı, hareketli parça azlığı, hafif ve taşınabilir olması, esnek çalışma, yüksek membran kapasitesi ve yüksek ayırma faktörü sayılabilir. Bu yeni yöntem ile çalışma süresi, kontaminasyon riski, kullanılan reaktif miktarları ve üretilen atık miktarlarının azaltılması amaçlanmaktadır. Sistem Zn2+, Cd2+, Mo6+, Pb2+, Cu2+ ve Fe3+ iyonlarının sulu çözeltilerden taşınması için uygulanmış ve başarılı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Her bir metal iyonu için uygun donör, taşıyıcı ve akseptör çözeltiler ile optimum taşınım koşulları (donör ve akseptör faz derişimleri ile pH’ları, organik faz derişimi, sıcaklık, akış hızı) belirlenmiştir. Ard arda tersinmez I. mertebe reaksiyon varsayımıyla k_1, k_2, C_B^mak, t_B^mak kinetik parametreleri, fazlar arası kütle aktarımı kanunları ile J_d^mak, J_a^mak değerleri ve aktivasyon enerjisi (E_a) değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Sonuçlar, mevcut deneysel çalışmalarda kullanılan ÇDSM sisteminin, ağır metal endüstrilerinin neden olduğu ağır metal iyonlarını gidermek için mükemmel bir alternatif ve ekonomik süreç olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.

In this study, the transport and mechanism of Fe(III) ions in acidic solution were investigated by using TOPO as carrier dissolved in kerosene with multi-drop membrane system. The parameters which are important in the transport of Fe(III) ions and their effects on the extraction process have been studied. These parameters are the effects of concentration of HCl solutions of donor phase, concentration of NaCl solutions of acceptor phase, concentration of TOPO solution of organic phase, transfer rate of organic phase, and temperature of the system. The optimum conditions for extraction of Fe(III) ions was conducted as 2.00 M of HCl and 100 mgL-1 Fe(III) ions for donor phase, 1.5x10-2 M of TOPO, 2.00 M NaCl of acceptor phase, 50 mLmin-1 of flux rate at 298.15 K. Over time, the reduction curves of the Fe(III) ions in the donor phase showed good agreement with the experimental data on the organic and acceptor phases. The activation energy was determined as 25.79 kJmol-1 and the extraction of Fe(III) ions was carried out by an intermediated-controlled process.

Antep pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) shells an abundant and low cost natural resource in Turkey was used to prepare activated carbon by physiochemical activation and carbon dioxide (CO2) atmosphere as the activating agents at 700°C for 2 h. The adsorption equilibrium of U(VI) from aqueous solutions on such carbon has been studied using a batch system. The parameters that affect the U(VI) adsorption, such as particle size of adsorbent, contact time, of pH of the solution, and temperature, have been investigated and conditions have also been optimized. The equilibrium data for U(VI) ions’ adsorption onto activated carbon well fitted to the Langmuir equation, with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 8.68 mg/g, The Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherms have been applied and the data correlated well with Freundlich model and that the adsorption is physical in nature (Ea =15.46 kJ/mol). Thermodynamic parameters [ΔHs =11.33 kJ/mol, ΔS=0.084 kJ/molK, ΔG (293.15 K)=−13.29 kJ/mol] showed the endothermic heat of adsorption and the feasibility of the process.

This study covers the transportation of Cu(II) ions by multi-dropped liquid membrane (MDLM) system and tri- n -octylamine (TNOA) as carrier in kerosene. Batch experiments are held to obtain optimum conditions for the transportation of Cu(II) ions such as volume of donor, organic, and acceptor phase 100 ml, pH of donor phase 9.00, temperature 298.15 K, concentration of H 2 SO 4 in acceptor phase 1.00 mol·L − 1 , concentration of TNOA in organic phase 5.00 × 10 − 3 mol·L − 1 and rate of peristaltic pump 50 ml·min − 1 . Optimum circumstances of this extraction are as follows: pH of donor phase is 9.00, concentration of TNOA is 5.00 × 10 − 3 mol·L − 1 , 1.00 mol·L − 1 H 2 SO 4 as acceptor phase, and flux rate is 50 ml·min − 1 . Cu(II) ion transportation is consecutive first order irreversible reaction. Activation energy is found as 5.22 kcal·mol − 1 (21.82 kJ·mol − 1 ), this process is called as diffusion controlled system. Selective transportation of Cu(II) ions with alkaline, alkaline earth, and different heavy metal ions at optimum conditions of single Cu(II) extraction was conducted. According to the selective transportation Cu(II) ions with alkaline and alkaline earth metal ions, Na + , K + , and Ba 2 + ions are not detected in the acceptor phase, but 12.00% of Ca 2 + ions is transported from donor phase to acceptor phase. At the end of the simultaneous extraction of Zn(II), Fe(III), and Mo(VI) with Cu(II) ions, 2.20% of Mo(VI), 0.80% of Fe(III) and 3.60% of Zn(II) are detected in the acceptor phase.

Natural sepiolite has been tested as a potential sorbent for the removal of Th(IV) from aqueous solutions by batch technique. Effects of various parameters on the adsorption process have been investigated. Under optimum conditions, Th(IV) was adsorbed with high adsorption efficiency. The results indicated that sorption of Th(IV) on sepiolite was strongly affected by pH values and temperature. The adsorption patterns of thorium on the sepiolite adsorbent followed the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms. The thermodynamic data (ΔH°, ΔS°, ΔG°) are calculated from the temperature-dependent sorption isotherms. The results suggest that sorption process of Th(IV) on sepiolite is spontaneous and endothermic.

The thermal decomposition kinetics of UO 2 C 2 O 4 ·3H 2 O were studied by TG method in a flowing nitrogen, air, and oxygen atmospheres. It is found that UO 2 C 2 O 4 ·3H 2 O decomposes to uranium oxides in four stages in all atmosphere. The first two stages are the same in the whole atmosphere that correspond to dehydration reactions. The last two stages correspond to decomposition reactions. Final decomposition products are determined with X-Ray powder diffraction method. Decomposition mechanisms are different in nitrogen atmosphere from air and oxygen atmosphere. The activation energies of all reactions were calculated by model-free (KAS and FWO) methods. For investigation of reaction models, 13 kinetic model equations were tested and correct models, giving the highest linear regression, lowest standard deviation, and agreement of activation energy value to those obtained from KAS and FWO equations were found. The optimized value of activation energy and Arrhenius factor were calculated with the best model equation. Using these values, thermodynamic functions (ΔH * , ΔS * , and ΔG * ) were calculated. © 2011 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.

In this report, Mo(VI) ions are transported from an aqueous donor phase into an aqueous acceptor phase by a newly designed method called as multi dropped liquid membrane (MDLM) system prepared by dissolving TNOA as carrier in kerosene. During the extraction of Mo(VI) ions by the liquid membrane system; 100ppm Mo(VI) solutions as donor phase, buffer solution(pH:9.5) and Na2CO3 in different concentrations as acceptor phase and TNOA diluted by kerosen as organic phase are used. In our experimental work, the effect of temperature by using buffer solution and Na2CO3 in the acceptor phase and effect of concentration of acceptor phase on the extraction of Mo(VI) ions were investigated. Appropriate conditions for Mo(VI) transportation were as follows: pH of donor phase is 2.00, concentration of TNOA is 0.005M, 1.00M Na2CO3 as acceptor phase, and flux rate is 50mL/min. Besides, Mo(VI) ion transportation is consecutive first order irreversible reaction and the transportation of Mo(VI) ions is diffusion controlled process. The kinetic parameters (k1, k2, Rmmax, tmax, Jdmax, Jamax) were calculated for the interface reactions assuming two consecutive, irreversible first-order reactions. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.

An investigation on the separation of U(VI) from aqueous solutions via a multi dropped liquid membrane (MDLM) and its model is presented. A new method that is more advantageous than other liquid membrane techniques is applied. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid was used as a highly selective carrier for the transport of U(VI) ions through the MDLM. Maximum percentages of U(VI) extraction and stripping achieved were 98.9 % using 1.459 × 10-3 M D2EHPA as the extractant, 1 M NH4HCO3 as the stripping solution. The influences of pH and temperature on donor and acceptor phases, the influence of carrier phase concentrations and membrane's flow velocity were investigated. For the description of relationships of U(VI) concentration in particular phases with time, a model based on the assumption of consecutive first-order reactions was proposed. The kinetic parameters (k 1, k 2, R m max, t max, J d max, J a max) were calculated for the interface reactions assuming two consecutive, irreversible first-order reactions. The activation energy value was calculated as 10.2 kcal mol-1 for extraction. The value of calculated activation energy indicates that the process is chemically controlled by U(VI) ions. The experiments have demonstrated that D2EHPA derivative is a good carrier for U(VI) transport through MDLM in the study. © 2015 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.

Eloxal waste is obtained during the production of aluminium tube and decorative profile. It is composed mainly of aluminium oxide, aluminium hydroxide and other substances. In this study, ability of using eloxal as an additive for rapid hardening of Portland cement is investigated. For this purpose eloxal whose alkalinity was removed by partial refining with water. Then, it was dried following its mixture with Portland cement at different ratios. The development of hydration of cement mixes was examined by using setting times, flexural-compressive strengths, volume expansion, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. It was observed that, setting times were slightly shortened gradually whereas the flexural and compressive strengths were increased for cements which was prepared by adding eloxal to Portland cement at various ratios up to 4% in weight. It is preferred to add 4% eloxal in weight to Portland cement. Therefore, which eloxal can be used in Portland cement acts as an additive where rapid setting and high strength is required. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Thermal decomposition of U(C 2 O 4 ) 2 · 6H 2 O was studied using TG method in nitrogen, air, and oxygen atmospheres. The decomposition proceeded in five stages. The first three stages were dehydration reactions and corresponded to removal of four, one, and one mole water, respectively. Anhydrous salt decomposed to oxide products in two stages. The decomposition products in nitrogen atmosphere were different from those in air and oxygen atmospheres. In nitrogen atmosphere UO 1.5 (CO 3 ) 0.5 was the first product and U 2 O 5 was the second product, while these in air and oxygen atmospheres were UO(CO 3 ) and UO 3 , respectively. The second decomposition products were not stable and converted to stable oxides (nitrogen: UO 2 , air-oxygen: U 3 O 8 ). The kinetics of each reaction was investigated with using Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods. These methods were combined with modeling equations for thermodynamic functions, the effective models were investigated and thermodynamic values were calculated. © 2013 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.

In this study, the effect of pH, contact time, temperature, and initial metal concentration on U(VI) adsorption on thermally activated bentonite (TAB) was investigated. Graphical correlation of various adsorption isotherm models like, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich have been carried out for TAB. Various thermodynamic parameters, such as, Gibb's free energy, entropy and enthalpy of the on-going adsorption process have been calculated. In order to reveal the adsorptive characteristic of bentonite samples, surface area, FT-IR, and DTA-TG spectra analyses were carried out. The results show that TAB samples can be an alternative low cost adsorbent for removing U(VI) ions from aqueous solutions. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This paper discusses the sorption properties for U(VI) by alginate coated CaSO4·2H2O sepiolite and calcined diatomite earth (Kieselguhr) (ACSD). The removal of U(VI) from aqueous solution by sorption onto ACSF in a single component system with various contact times, pH, temperatures, and initial concentrations of U(VI) was investigated. The sorption patterns of uranium on the composite adsorbent followed the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkhevic (D-R) isotherms. The Freundlich, Langmuir, and D-R models have been applied and the data correlated well with Freundlich model and that the sorption was physical in nature (sorption energy, E a = 17.05 kJ/mol). The thermodynamic parameters such as variation of enthalpy ΔH, variation of entropy ΔS and variation of Gibbs free energy ΔG were calculated from the slope and intercept of lnK 0 vs. 1/T plots. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH ads = 31.83 kJ/mol, ΔS ads = 167 J/mol·K, ΔG o ads (293.15 K) = −17.94 kJ/mol) showed the endothermic heat of sorption and the feasibility of the process. The thermodynamics of U(VI) ion/ACSD system indicates the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the process. It was noted that an increase in temperature resulted in a higher uranium loading per unit weight of the adsorbent.

The adsorption of uranium (VI) from aqueous solutions onto natural sepiolite has been studied using a batch adsorber. The parameters that affect the uranium (VI) sorption, such as contact time, solution pH, initial uranium(VI) concentration, and temperature, have been investigated and optimized conditions determined. Equilibrium isotherm studies were used to evaluate the maximum sorption capacity of sepiolite and experimental results showed this to be 34.61 mg · g-1. The experimental results were correlated reasonably well by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the isotherm parameters (Qo and b) were calculated. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH° = -126.64 kJ · mol-1, ΔS° = -353.84 J · mol-1 · K-1, ΔG° = -21.14 kJ · mol-1) showed the exothermic heat of adsorption and the feasibility of the process. The results suggested that sepiolite was suitable as sorbent material for recovery and adsorption of uranium (VI) ions from aqueous solutions. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ulva sp. and sepiolite were used to prepare composite adsorbent. The adsorption of uranium(VI) from aqueous solutions onto Ulva sp.-sepiolite has been studied by using a batch adsorber. The parameters that affect the uranium(VI) adsorption, such as solution pH, initial uranium(VI) concentration, and temperature, have been investigated and the optimum conditions determined. The adsorption patterns of uranium on the composite adsorbent followed the Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms. The Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) models have been applied and the data correlate well with Freundlich model. The sorption is physical in nature (sorption energy, E = 4.01 kJ/mol). The thermodynamic parameters such as variation of enthalpy ΔH, variation of entropy ΔS and variation of Gibbs free energy ΔG were calculated from the slope and intercept of lnK d vs. 1/T plots. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH ads = −22.17 kJ/mol, ΔS ads = −17.47 J/mol·K, ΔG o ads (298.15 K) = −16.96 kJ/mol) show the exothermic heat of adsorption and the feasibility of the process. The results suggested that the Ulva sp-sepiolite composite adsorbent is suitable as a sorbent material for recovery and biosorption/adsorption of uranium ions from aqueous solutions.

The algae-clay composite adsorbent was tested for its ability to recover U(VI) from diluted aqueous solutions. Macro marine algae (Ulva sp.) and clay (Na bentonite) were used to prepare composite adsorbent. The ability of the composite adsorbent to adsorp uranium(VI) from aqueous solution has been studied at different optimized conditions of pH, concentration of U(VI), temperature, contact time. Parameters of desorption were also investigated to recover the adsorbed uranium. The adsorption patterns of uranium on the composite adsorbent followed the Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. The thermodynamic parameters such as the enthalpy ΔH, entropy ΔS and Gibbs free energy ΔG were calculated from the slope and intercept of lnKd vs. 1/T plots. The results suggested that the Ulva sp.-Na bentonite composite adsorbent is suitable as sorbent material for recovery and biosorption/ adsorption of uranium ions from aqueous solutions. © 2005 Akadémiai Kiadó.

Removal of Pb2+ and Ni2+ from aqueous solutions by sorption onto natural bentonite was investigated. Experiments were carried out as a function of particle size, the amount of bentonite, pH, concentration of metals, contact time, and temperature. The adsorption patterns of metal ions onto followed the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. This included adsorption isotherms of single-metal solutions at 303 K by batch experiments. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH,ΔS,ΔG) for Pb2+ and Ni2+ sorption onto bentonite were also determined from the temperature dependence. The adsorptions were endothermic reactions. The results suggested that natural bentonite is suitable as a sorbent material for recovery and adsorption of metal ions from aqueous solutions. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The adsorption of some textile dyes by diatomite was investigated using Sif Blau BRF (SB), Everzol Brill Red 3BS (EBR), and Int Yellow 5GF (IY). Adsorption of these textile dyes onto diatomite earth samples was studied by batch adsorption techniques at 30 degreesC. The adsorption behavior of textile dyes on diatomite samples was investigated using a UV-vis spectrophotometric technique. The effect of particle size of diatomite, diatomite concentration, the effect of initial dye concentrations, and shaking time on adsorption was investigated. Adsorption coverage over the surface of diatomite was Studied using two well-known isotherm models: Langmuir's and Freundlich's. These results suggest that the dye uptake process mediated by diatomite has a potential for large-scale treatment of textile mill discharges. According to the equilibrium studies, the selectivity sequence can be given as IY > SB > EBR. Values of the removal efficiency of the dyes ranged from 28.60 to 99.23%. These results show that natural diatomite holds great potential to remove textile dyes from wastewater. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Pamukkale Univ, Dept Chem, Fac Sci & Arts, Denizli, Turkey.

Bu tez çalışması Pamukkale Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeler Koordinatörlüğü tarafından 2012FBE024 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir. Alkil poliglikozidler üzerinde uzun süredir araştırmalar yapılan fakat sanayiye kazandırılması bu duruma ters şekilde çok uzun süre almış kimyasal maddelerdir. Yüzey aktif maddelerin günümüzde sanayi ve günlük hayattaki kullanım şekilleri ve yerine getirdikleri görevler tartışılmaz şekilde önem taşımaktadır. Son yıllarda çevresel kaygıların da itici güç görevi üstlenmesi sonucu birçok kimyasalın çevreye daha az zarar veren ya da hiç zarar vermeyen alternatiflerine yönelim hız kazanmıştır. Alkil poliglikozidleri bu yönelimin bir ürünü olarak ele almak çok doğru bir yaklaşım olur. Bu tez çalışmasında Alkil poliglikozidlerin keşfi, gelişimi, elde metotları, kimyasal özellikleri hakkında bilgiler derlenmiş ve laboratuvar ortamında elde edilen bazı türlerinin elde edilme yöntemleri ile beraber özelliklerinin incelenmesi ve grubu oldukları Yüzey Aktif Maddelerin diğer üyeleriyle karşılaştırılmalı olarak değerlendirilmelerine yer verilmiştir. Deneysel çalışmalarda öncelikle en uygun katalizör için araştırmalar yapılmış, en verimli katalizörün sülfürik asit olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sentez çalışmalarında oktanol, dekanol, dodekanol ve oktanol/setil alkol (w/w 80/20 oranında) kullanılmıştır. Bu yağ alkolleri ile elde edilen ürünlerin FTIR analizleri yapılarak ticari bazı APG ürünleri ile karşılaştırılmış ve yapıları araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca elde edilen ürünlerin köpük kalitesi ve tekstil materyaline verdikleri hidrofilite davranışları ticari bazı yüzey aktif maddelerle karşılaştırılmış, sonuçlar yorumlanarak değerlendirmeleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Alkyl polyglycosides that have been started to research long time ago but their usage in industrial area has started in the near past. Surface active agents have very important usage areas both for daily life and industrial applications. Recently, environmental concerns have become a driving force for searching of environmental friendly alternatives of many chemicals. Therefore, describing development of Alkyl polyglycosides as a result of this tendency will not be wrong. In this thesis, information about discovery of Alkyl polyglycosides, their development, production methods, chemical properties are compiled. Additionaly, production systems of some kind of Alkyl polyglycosides in laboratory, investigation of their properties and comparison of their features with the some other surface active agents are explained. In experimental part, firstly determination of the catalyst, which gave the highest yield, was performed and it was found that sulphuric acid is the most suitable material as catalyst of APG synthesis. The main reagents of the experiments were octanol, decanol, dodecanol and oktanol/cetil alcohol mixture (w/w 80/20 respectivelty). The products which were synthesized by these reagents and some other technical APG products were characterized by FTIR. Moreover products were compared with some technical surfactants with respect to their foam properties and hidrofility improvement characterstics on a textile material.

Atık su arıtımında, kimya mühendisliğinde, hidrometalurjide, biyoteknolojik ve biyomedikal uygulamalarda sıvı membran prosesleri önemli bir yer tutmaktadır.Günümüzde çevre kirliliğine ve özellikle su kirliliğine neden olan bazı metallerin ve bileşiklerin uzaklaştırılması için kullanılan ayırma ve saflaştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan sıvı membran proses; ekstraksiyon ve sıyırma işlemlerini tek bir basamakta birleştirdiği için çözücü ihtiyacını azaltmakta, çevre kirliliğine neden olmamakta ve daha ekonomik olarak gerçekleşmektedir.Toryum ve uranyum metallerinin çevreye ve insan sağlığına vermiş olduğu zararlar nedeniyle seçimli olarak ayrılması ve arıtılması işlemleri hem bilimsel açıdan hem deendüstriyel uygulamalar açısından yararlı olmaktadır. Bulundukları ortamda eser miktarda ve radyoaktif olmaları nedeniyle gerek uranyum ve gerekse toryumun iyonlarının geri kazanılması veya çevreye olan etkilerinin giderilmesi açısından endüstriyel önemi oldukça büyüktür.Bu çalışma da toryum (Th4+) iyonların sulu fazdan organik faza, ardından organik fazdan tekrardan sulu faza ekstraksiyonun özellikleri; ekstraksiyon yöntemi, donor fazın pH'sı, akseptör faz türü, TOPO reaktif taşıyıcı derişimi, sıcaklık, akış hızı ve seçimlilik gibi parametreler incelenmiştir. Sıvı membran tekniği kullanılarak belirlenen en etkin ekstraksiyon şartlarında toryum iyonlarının ekstraksiyon uygulaması için danışman öğretim üyeleri tarafından modellenen sistemin kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Liquid membrane processes have a great importance for wastewater treatment, chemical engineering, hydrometallurgy, biotechnological and biomedical applications.Liquid membrane process, one of the seperation and purification techniques which are used for removal of the some metals and compounds causing environment and water pollution reduces the quantity of requirement of the solvents, prevents the environment pollution and becomes more economical as it combines extraction and stripping processes in one step.As thorium and uranium metals damage the environment and people?s health, selective seperation and refining processes will be useful for both the aspects of scientific and industrial applications. Because of trace amount and their radioactive structure, the industrial effects of recovering of both uranium and thorium or reducing the dangerous environmental effects, have a great importance.In this study, the function of transporting of thorium(IV) ions from aqueous solutions to the organic solutions and following, from organic solutions to aqueous solutions; the parameters such as extraction technique, the pH of feed phase, stripper phase type, concentration of TOPO reagent, temperature, flow rate and selectivity were investigated. The use of modelled system by supervisors is analyzed for the constant recovery application of thorium(IV) ions at the most effective extraction conditions decided by the use of liquid membrane technique 85