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Genome-wide analysis of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) genes from the advanced genome project of the Leucinodes orbonalis and the expression analysis provided significant information about the metabolism mediated insecticide resistance. A total of 72 putative CYP genes were identified from the genome and transcriptome of L. orbonalis. The genes were classified under 30 families and 46 sub-families based on the standard nomenclature. In the present study, a novel CYP gene, CYP324F1 was identified and it has not been reported from any other living system so far. Biochemical assays showed enhanced titers (5.81-18.5 fold) of O-demethylase of cytochrome p450 monooxygenase in five field-collected populations. We selected 34 homologous CYP gene sequences, seemed to be involved in insecticide resistance for primer design and quantitative real time PCR studies. Among the many over-expressed genes (>10 fold), the expression levels of CYP324F1 and CYP306A1 were prominent across all the field populations as compared to the susceptible iso-female line. Oral delivery of ds-CYP324F1 and ds-CYP306A1 directed against CYP324F1 and CYP306A1 to the larvae of one of the insecticide resistance populations caused reduced expression of these two transcripts in a dose dependent manner (53.4 to 85.0 %). It appears that the increased titer of O-demethylase is the result of increased transcription level of CYP genes in resistant populations. The data provides insight for identifying the novel resistance management strategies against L. orbonalis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The eggplant shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a monophagous and destructive insect pest of eggplant. L. orbonalis developed multiple insecticide resistance that led to frequent field control failures in many countries. The possible reversal of resistance in L. orbonalis requires an understanding of the expression dynamics of individual genes conferring resistance to insecticides through gene expression analysis. The availability of reference genes (RG) to normalize transcript data of target genes, achieved by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), is mandatory. Hence, the present study investigated the stable expression pattern of nine putative reference genes viz., actin, 28S ribosomal protein S18c, mitochondrial isoform X2 (28SM), calnexin, β-tubulin, 28S ribosomal protein S3 mitochondrial (28SR3), TATA box binding protein (TATA), elongation factor-1α (EF-1α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and ubiquitin 60S ribosomal protein (Ubiquitin) to select the most stable genes that could be used as reference genes for target transcript gene normalization. Different algorithms such as ΔCt, geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper were used to assess gene expression stability. By integrating these data into online RefFinder tool, 28SR3 and GAPDH, were chosen as highly suitable RGs based on their stable expression pattern.

Due to the limitation of Sub-threshold Swing (SS) of 60 mV/dec in CMOS, alternately Tunnel FETs (TFETs) are more attractive in recent years since it has high energy efficiency and better switching performance even at a reduced voltage level. Because it has the benefits of Band to Band Tunneling (BTBT) behavior of operating mechanism and achieved a steep slope characteristic of less than 60 mV/dec. Despite these merits due to the band to band tunneling, the conventional Silicon based TFET is suffered from very low and limited ON-state current due to indirect and large energy gap feature. In the indirect band gap, the conservation of momentum occurs only when the absorption and emission of a photon are required which makes the absorption coefficient lower and limits the flow of electron. To address this problem, in this paper, a Hetero-Junction Tunnel FET (HTFET) devices employing with different lower bandgap materials (InAs/GaSb and InGaAs/InP) are designed by using Silvaco TCAD device simulator. The overall DC and analog/RF performance of HTFET devices are being extracted and investigated suitable for RF energy harvesting applications. The InAs/GaSb HTFET has shown a superior in characteristics by achieving a higher ON-state current of 2.3 mA/μm at Vgs = 1V, OFF current leakage of 4.18 x 10-11 A/μm, SS of 22.18 mV/dec and cut-off frequency range from MHz to GHz in operation. Under very low ambient RF level or sub-milliwatt (< 0 dBm) level conditions, the conventional CMOS based rectifier in RF harvester shows very poor performance and probably fails to convert RF signal into DC output voltage. This is due to the SS limitation of 60 mV/dec. Hence, HTFET based RF harvester is proposed and implemented in the circuit level by using the Keysight ADS software. The result indicates that a two-stage Dickson voltage multiplier design using InAs/GaSb HTFET can able to produce a DC output of 1.9 V, 1.6 μA @ 0 to -10 dBm, maximum efficiency of 59 % @ -14 dBm, operating frequency of 850 MHz at 10 kΩ loads with a sensitivity of 0 to -25 dBm.

Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a polyphagous pest capable of feeding over 80 plant species and was indigenous to the Western Hemisphere. Within a span of 4 years, FAW has established itself throughout most of the regions in Africa and Asia causing significant losses in maize production. Owing to its revamped distribution range, it would be prudent to analyze the ensuing genetic changes and study the emerging phylogeographic patterns across the world. In this regard, we would like to provide a current snapshot of genetic diversity of FAW in India 2 years after the initial introduction and compare it with the worldwide diversity in order to trace the origins and evolutionary trajectories of FAW in India. We have investigated around 190 FAW samples from different regions in India for strain identity and polymorphism analysis on the basis of partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequences. Apart from the ancestral rice and corn strain haplotype, our study demonstrates the presence of 14 more haplotypes unique to India at a haplotype diversity of 0.356. We were also able to record inter-strain hybrid haplotypes of rice and corn strains in India. Regional heterogeneity within Indian populations seems to be quite low representative of extensive migration of FAW within India. Distribution analysis of pairwise differences and rejection of neutrality tests suggest that the FAW population in India might be undergoing expansion. Our data is consistent with the findings suggesting a recent and common origin for invasive FAW populations in Asia and Africa, and does not indicate multiple introductions to India. This study reports the highest genetic diversity for Indian FAW populations to date and will be useful to track the subsequent evolution of FAW in India. The findings would have important ramifications for FAW behavior and composition throughout the world.

The study has made an attempt to explore the co-authorship network and bibliographic coupling with institutions, authors, and countries based on the research output of Nephrology. Using the Web of Science core collection citation database from the Clarivate Analytics, a total number of 2626 literature found by the researcher and the total citations in global level was 11, 993 and the total cited references were 84, 129 and the total authors was 10, 846, a total number of core journals was 595 and institutions (3494), Institution with subdivision (6630), and 108 total countries have participated in the study. The scientometric indicators and computer software applied for the present study to retrieve appropriate results on Nephrology research such as Average citation per paper (ACPP), Exponential growth rate (EGR), VOS viewer mapping software, HistCite software, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft Word to bring out fruitful results.

Background: Trypanosoma brucei is a unicellular parasite which multiplies in mammals (bloodstream form) and Tsetse flies (procyclic form). Trypanosome RNA polymerase II transcription is polycistronic, individual mRNAs being excised by trans splicing and polyadenylation. We previously made detailed measurements of mRNA half-lives in bloodstream and procyclic forms, and developed a mathematical model of gene expression for bloodstream forms. At the whole transcriptome level, many bloodstream-form mRNAs were less abundant than was predicted by the model. Results: We refined the published mathematical model and extended it to the procyclic form. We used the model, together with known mRNA half-lives, to predict the abundances of individual mRNAs, assuming rapid, unregulated mRNA processing; then we compared the results with measured mRNA abundances. Remarkably, the abundances of most mRNAs in procyclic forms are predicted quite well by the model, being largely explained by variations in mRNA decay rates and length. In bloodstream forms substantially more mRNAs are less abundant than predicted. We list mRNAs that are likely to show particularly slow or inefficient processing, either in both forms or with developmental regulation. We also measured ribosome occupancies of all mRNAs in trypanosomes grown in the same conditions as were used to measure mRNA turnover. In procyclic forms there was a weak positive correlation between ribosome density and mRNA half-life, suggesting cross-talk between translation and mRNA decay; ribosome density was related to the proportion of the mRNA on polysomes, indicating control of translation initiation. Ribosomal protein mRNAs in procyclics appeared to be exceptionally rapidly processed but poorly translated. Conclusions: Levels of mRNAs in procyclic form trypanosomes are determined mainly by length and mRNA decay, with some control of precursor processing. In bloodstream forms variations in nuclear events play a larger role in transcriptome regulation, suggesting aquisition of new control mechanisms during adaptation to mammalian parasitism.

The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast indirect aminoacylation pathway utilizes a non-discriminating glutamyl-tRNA synthetase to synthesize Glu-tRNA(Gln) and a glutaminyl-tRNA amidotransferase to convert Glu-tRNA(Gln) to Gln-tRNA(Gln). Here, we show that Plasmodium falciparum and other apicomplexans possess a unique heterodimeric glutamyl-tRNA amidotransferase consisting of GatA and GatB subunits (GatAB). We localized the P. falciparum GatA and GatB subunits to the apicoplast in blood stage parasites and demonstrated that recombinant GatAB converts Glu-tRNA(Gln) to Gln-tRNA(Gln) in vitro. We demonstrate that the apicoplast GatAB-catalyzed reaction is essential to the parasite blood stages because we could not delete the Plasmodium berghei gene encoding GatA in blood stage parasites in vivo. A phylogenetic analysis placed the split between Plasmodium GatB, archaeal GatE, and bacterial GatB prior to the phylogenetic divide between bacteria and archaea. Moreover, Plasmodium GatA also appears to have emerged prior to the bacterial-archaeal phylogenetic divide. Thus, although GatAB is found in Plasmodium, it emerged prior to the phylogenetic separation of archaea and bacteria.

International audience; The energy of the 12 C, 16 O, 20 Ne, 24 Mg and 32 S 4n-nuclei has been determined within a generalized liquid drop model and assuming different planar and three-dimensional shapes of α-molecules : linear chain, triangle, square, tetrahedron, pentagon, trigonal bipyramid, square pyramid, hexagon, octahedron, octogon and cube. The potential barriers governing the entrance and decay channels via α absorption or emission as well as more symmetric binary and ternary reactions have been compared. The rms radii of the linear chains differ from the experimental rms radii of the ground states. The binding energies of the three-dimensional shapes at the contact point are higher than the ones of the planar configurations. The alpha particle plus A-4 daughter configuration leads always to the lowest potential barrier. The binding energy can be reproduced within the sum of the binding energy of n α particles plus the number of bonds multiplied by 2.4 MeV or by the sum of the binding energies of one alpha particle and the daughter nucleus plus the Coulomb energy and the proximity energy.

1p.Abstracts of the 9th European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health

International audience; A Liquid Drop Model previously used to describe smoothly the transition between two-(or three) body and one-body shapes in entrance and exit channels of nuclear reactions has been used to determine the potential barriers governing the evolution of the light nuclei : 8Be, 12C, 16O, 20Ne, 24Mg and 32S.

Histochemical determinations of copper, zinc, and iron in intradermal pigmented nevi and melanomas revealed the presence of copper and iron in melanoma but not in nevi. Zinc was not detected in either melanomas or nevi. However, melanin was removed from the tissues prior to staining; therefore, it is possible that zinc was also removed by the procedure. Although the function of copper and iron in the melanoma cell is not known, they may be components of abnormal enzymes.