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Substance P, a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system, is considered as a biomarker of pain due to its key role in nociception. But recent researches have proved the increased expression of Substance P and its receptors in human breast cancers and their role in its progression. Canine mammary glands and spontaneously occurring neoplasms in them are considered best models for human breast cancers. Hence as a preliminary study, the present research work was undertaken to assess the level of Substance P in dogs with mammary tumours in comparison to healthy dogs. From the dogs brought for ovariohysterectomy and mammary tumour resection, 20 female dogs were selected for the study. Signalment and detailed history regarding each dog were recorded. All the dogs were subjected to thorough preanaesthetic evaluation and were grouped into Group I (mammary tumour) and II (control group) with 10 dogs each. Blood was collected from all the dogs and serum was separated and stored at -20°C for estimation of substance P. The same was performed using sandwich ELISA technique with canine specific Substance P ELISA kit. The values obtained for Group I and II were statistically analysed using independent t- test. The level of substance P was significantly higher in the dogs of Group I when compared to Group II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess effectiveness of transversus abdominis plane block as part of a multimodal anaesthetic protocol in controlling perioperative nociception/ pain in dogs that underwent mammary tumour excision. The study included twelve dogs belonging to different breeds and ages. The dogs were classified according to the American Society of Anaesthetists (ASA) classification of physical status, based on their pre-anaesthetic evaluations and were divided into two groups: I and II, each with six dogs. Dogs in both groups received dexmedetomidine for premedication and diazepam-propofol for induction. Group I dogs were subjected to Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and Group II dogs were given butorphanol. Pain score was assessed using the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (GCMPS-SF) at one hour post-operatively. The pain score was significantly lower in Group I. None of the dogs in Group I required rescue analgesia. TAP block proved beneficial in mitigating nociception and postoperative pain in dogs undergoing mammary tumour excision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 13 corneas affected with pigmentary keratitis were selected for the study. Corneal clarity was assessed by visual examination and direct ophthalmoscope. Central and limbal corneal thickness was recorded with an Ultrasound pachymeter (PachPen). Pigmentation grade and mean pigment density (MPD) were assessed in all corneas. Isolation of bacterial organisms was performed through a corneal swab from all the corneas affected with pigmentary keratitis. Out of the 13 corneal swabs, the major organism isolated was staphylococcus aureus. The mean value of pigmentation grade was 55.3 ± 5.84 and the mean pigment density was 2.3 ± 0.24. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A six-year-old male spitz dog was presented with deep corneal ulcer in left eye and cataractous changes in right eye. Menace response, cotton ball test and pupillary light reflex were found negative for both eyes. Fluorescein dye test was positive for left eye and no improvement was noticed on medical management. Hence, surgical intervention with platelet rich fibrin (PRF) membrane grafting was resorted to for the protection of the ulcer bed. Autologous platelet rich fibrin membrane was grafted over the corneal ulcer bed under general anaesthesia, followed by third eyelid membranoplasty. Topical antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drops were advised for five days post-operatively and the dog had an uneventful recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six clinical cases of obstructive urolithiasis in goats were chosen for this research, with the primary objective of establishing a standardised approach for minimally invasive percutaneous tube cystostomy using a three-way Foley catheter for urinary diversion. Furthermore, the study sought to assess the efficacy of urinary bladder irrigation in promptly reestablishing urethral patency. The diagnosis relied on clinical symptoms, physical examination, haematological and serum biochemical investigations, and ultrasound findings. All the animals underwent minimally invasive percutaneous tube cystostomy using a three-way Foley catheter, introduced with a custom-made forceps. This technique was refined and proven effective for treating cases of caprine obstructive urolithiasis with an intact bladder. Regular irrigation with an acidic Walpole's solution (pH 4.5) aided in the timely dissolution of stones, leading to the swift restoration of urethral patency. On an average, urethral patency was reestablished within 17 days, and the subsequent removal of the catheter resulted in a smooth recovery in four out of six cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A four-year-old and six-year-old Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows were presented to TVCC, Mannuthy with a protruding soft tissue mass from the medial canthus in the left eye. On examination, the lesion was extensively spread which impaired vision and complete loss of architecture of the ocular structures in one animal and medial canthus growth encircled the ocular structures in another animal. The conditions were surgically managed by extirpation of eye ball in one case and surgical excision of mass salvaging eye in the other case. The histopathology of the excised mass revealed the condition was ocular squamous cell carcinoma. The animals had an uneventful recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted for clinical evaluation of a multimodal anaesthetic protocol using butorphanol-dexmedetomidine-midazolam-ketamine-isoflurane and lignocaine continuous rate infusion (CRI) in six cross-bred female cattle. Preanaesthetics used were butorphanol and dexmedetomidine which were administered intravenously at dose rates of 0.05 mg/kg and 1 μg/kg body weight, respectively. Ketamine and midazolam were intravenously administered at dose rates of 4.0 and 0.2 mg/kg body weight respectively, to induce anaesthesia. Isoflurane was used to maintain anaesthesia after endotracheal intubation, at a concentration of 1.05 ± 0.97 per cent concentration in 100 per cent oxygen using a large animal anaesthesia machine. Simultaneously, intravenous lignocaine was administered at a bolus dose of 2 mg/kg body weight followed by a CRI of 3 mg/kg body weight/hour using a volumetric infusion pump. Isoflurane sparing effect of intravenous lignocaine reduced the required concentration of isoflurane for maintenance. The third plane of surgical anaesthesia was maintained and various surgical procedures were done. Recovery was smooth. Other than the mild regurgitation of ruminal fluid in an animal, no anaesthetic complications were noticed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equine ocular setariosis is a serious parasitic condition which causes ocular damage in animals. The present study was aimed to discuss the surgical management and prognosis of ocular setariosis. The affected four horses were presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Mannuthy, with clinical signs like epiphora and corneal cloudiness. The conditions were managed surgically after appropriate anaesthetic administration. All the animals had an uneventful recovery and attained complete corneal clarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nine month old male mongrel dog was presented with bilateral mandibular fracture caused by a wild boar attack. Clinical examination and lateral radiograph of skull, revealed bilateral transverse fracture of rostral extremity of horizontal ramus of mandible. Surgical correction was performed by bilateral inter-fragmentary compression wiring of both sides and the animal made an uneventful recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A four week old male crossbred pup was presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Mannuthy with a history of swallowed bone piece. Direct thoracic radiograph revealed radio-opaque midoesophageal foreign body. Considering the size of the bone piece decided to perform gastrotomy combined with stomach tube passage. The bone piece was successfully retrieved and the animal had an uneventful recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three year old female crossbred cat was presented to University Veterinary Hospital, Mannuthy with distended abdomen and history of draining of pus discharge from vagina. On ultrasonographic examination, hypoechoic contents in dilated uterus were appreciated. The pus from the uterus was subjected to culture and sensitivity which confirmed gram negative rods. The case was surgically managed by ovario-hysterectomy. The animal had an uneventful recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endocrine diseases make up a significant percentage of the chronic diseases in small animal patients. Dogs and cats with endocrinopathies are at risk of developing many serious ocular signs that may jeopard ize their quality of life. Most of the endocrinopathies including diabetes mellitus, Cushing's disease, growth hormone imbalance, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism etc. have ocular manifestations. A better understanding of such ocular manifestations will help in the early diagnosis of the disease condition as well as to undertake the prompt measures for prevention of their occurrence, slowing down the progress or treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nine year old male cross bred dog was presented with a complaint of a progressively growing swelling in the left inguinal region. Clinical examination revealed that only right testis had descended into the scrotum. Ultrasonographic examination was suggestive that the mass is an undescended testis. Bilateral orchiectomy was performed and histopathology of the mass confirmed sertoli cell tumour. The dog had an uneventful recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]