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In this paper, different concentrations of tetravalent manganese-activated lithium meta-silicate red-emitting phosphors, namely Li2SiO3:xMn4+ (x = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 mol), have been prepared by the solid-state reaction method at 950 °C. The structural, thermal, morphological, and optical properties of the sintered phosphors were characterized by powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), raman, UV-Visible and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. Excitation and emission spectra are used to study optical characteristics, which match well with the commercially visible region. The red emission bands for Li2SiO3:0.02Mn4+ peak at approximately 642 nm (λex = 425 nm) and 717 nm (λex = 475 nm), respectively due to the spin-forbidden 2E →4A2 transition. The doping concentrations of xMn4+ in the Li2SiO3 host were investigated, and the correlations between Mn4+ doping concentration and luminescence intensity were examined. The Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) chromatic coordinate graph confirmed the emission color observation in the red region, showed an excellent color purity (CP). In addition, the quantum efficiency (QE) of Li2SiO3:Mn4+ phosphors reached up to 70.51%. The investigation shows that synthesized Li2SiO3:Mn4+ phosphors are beneficial for red Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) used in solid-state lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research used the co-substitution strategy to prepare novel spinel-type Mg 3 Ga 2 SnO 8 ceramics sintered at 1430–1510 °C. Rietveld refinement and SEM showed that the Mg 3 Ga 2 SnO 8 ceramic had a cubic spinel structure with a space group of F d 3 ¯ m (227) , where Mg1 and Mg2/Ga1/Sn1 occupy the tetrahedron and octahedron, respectively. The relative density exhibited a considerable influence on the ε r of Mg 3 Ga 2 SnO 8 ceramics. In addition, the Q × f of the ceramics was closely related to the packing fraction and FWHM. Infrared reflection spectra were used to investigate the intrinsic dielectric characteristics of the ceramics. The P−V−L theory indicated that Sn−O and Ga−O bonds contribute substantially to the ε r and Q × f , respectively. The Mg 3 Ga 2 SnO 8 ceramics had the optimum microwave dielectric properties of ε r = 9.3, Q × f = 189,052 GHz, and τ f = −34.25 ppm/°C when sintered at 1470 °C. Therefore, Mg 3 Ga 2 SnO 8 ceramics exhibit a wide range of possible applications in the field of microwave media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tunability of the transition metal dichalcogenide properties has gained attention from numerous researchers due to their wide application in various fields including quantum technology. In the present work, WS2 has been deposited on fluorine doped tin oxide substrate and its properties have been studied systematically. These samples were irradiated using gamma radiation for various doses, and the effect on structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties has been reported. The crystallinity of the material is observed to be decreased, and the results are well supported by x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy techniques. The increase in grain boundaries has been supported by the agglomeration observed in the scanning electron microscopy micrographs. The XPS results of WS2 after gamma irradiation show evolution of oxygen, carbon, C=O, W–O and SO4−2 peaks, confirming the addition of impurities and formation of point defect. The gamma irradiation creates point defects, and their density increases considerably with increasing gamma dosage. These defects crucially altered the structural, optical and electrical properties of the material. The reduction in the optical band gap with increased gamma irradiation is evident from the absorption spectra and respective Tauc plots. The I–V graphs show a 1000-fold increase in the saturation current after 100 kGy gamma irradiation dose. This work has explored the gamma irradiation effect on the WS2 and suggests substantial modification in the material and enhancement in electrical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mn2(C2H6N6)4(NO3)4·2H2O (Mn) as one of the energetic coordination complexes was chosen for high‐pressure research. In this work, Mn was analyzed by in situ Raman scattering, infrared absorption, and synchrotron angle‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction (ADXRD) technologies up to ~20 GPa at room temperature. The vibrational modes of Mn at ambient pressure were comprehensively resolved based on the experimental results. Detailed spectral analyses revealed that Mn underwent three pressure‐induced phase transitions at 0.5, 2.5, and 5.7 GPa, respectively. ADXRD experiments confirmed the existence of these three phase transitions in Raman and infrared spectra analyses. Based on the analysis of the vibrational spectra and the changes of lattice parameters under pressure, it can be considered that the deformation of the 3‐hydrazino‐4‐amino‐1, 2, 4‐triazole (HATr) ligand led to the first phase transition, and the distortion of the triazole ring induced the second phase transition, and the rearrangement of the hydrogen bonds resulted in the third phase transition. In addition, it can be inferred from Raman spectra and ADXRD data that Mn may have experienced the abnormal expansion during the first phase transition. This work may lay the foundation for further investigating the structure and properties of energetic coordination complexes under pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel type of Li 3 NbO 4 –Li 2 TiO 3 - x MgO (LLM x , x = 1–5) ceramics were prepared using the solid-state reaction method. When the sintering temperature is between 1180 °C and 1300 °C, the solid solution ceramics with cubic rock salt structure are obtained. As the MgO content increases, the ε r value decreases, the τ f value is basically constant, and Q×f exhibits ideal dielectric properties at x = 4 (ε r = 15.26, Q×f = 119,456 GHz (f = 9.97 GHz), τ f = −35.9 ppm/°C). The Raman spectrum analysis was used to examine and understand the vibration mode and intrinsic mechanism of dielectric properties in ceramics. Additionally, a dielectric resonant antenna based on LLM 4 ceramic is fabricated with a resonant frequency of 7.23 GHz (|S 11 | = −45.6 dB), a higher gain and broadband width of 501 MHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolinone (DMI) is low toxicity and has high boiling point, making it an excellent solvent, widely used in the fields of battery and electrodeposition of metals and its alloys. In this study, we found that DMI has good chemical compatibility with metallic magnesium and the electrodeposition of magnesium was studied in the electrolyte composed of DMI and bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide magnesium (Mg(TFSI)2) at room temperature. The results showed that DMI/Mg(TFSI)2 electrolyte has good conductivity and a low overpotential for Mg deposition at room temperature (298 K). The diffusion coefficient of Mg2+ in the electrolyte is 9.66 × 10−10 cm2/s at 298 K. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and Raman spectra demonstrate the magnesium ions will solvate with C = O in DMI molecules and form [Mg(DMI)n]2+ complex ions. Nondendritic magnesium was obtained by potentiostatic electrodeposition at − 0.4 V (vs. Mg), which was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acousto-optic (AO) devices have great application potential in laser technology and network communication. Chalcogenide (ChG) glass is promising for AO devices because of its excellent infrared transparency and high AO figure of merit. Among them, As–S glasses represent the most typical and extensively studied ChG system. However, the correlation between the network structure of As–S glasses in the As-rich and S-rich regions and their AO properties remains to be investigated. In this work, the effect of glass composition and glass structure on the AO properties of As–S glasses was investigated. The gradual formation of homopolar As–As and S–S bonds leads to the weakening of the network crosslinking degree of the glass structure in the vicinity of As-rich and S-rich regions, which results in a reduction in the AO properties. In particular, the presence of long-chain As–S–As bonds in the As 40 S 60 glass primarily causes its superior AO properties. The above results provide an important reference for the further investigation on the correlation between glass composition, structure, and AO properties and the development of As–S based AO media and devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influences of the increasing content of Al 2 O 3 caused by refractory corrosion on the properties and structures of CaO–MgO-(15 wt%-27 wt%)Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 –TiO 2 –FeO molten slags were studied at high temperature from 1923 K to 1798 K. The viscosity experimental results indicated that the slag viscosity first increased and then reduced with increasing the Al 2 O 3 content in TiO 2 -bearing slags, and the Al 2 O 3 content that reflected the inflection of the viscosity variation was about 21 wt%. From the Raman and NMR spectra analysis, when the Al 2 O 3 content in the TiO 2 -containing slag was lower than 21 wt%, Al 2 O 3 was an acidic oxide which could increase the viscosity, and with the Al 2 O 3 content in slags further increased to 27 wt%, Al 2 O 3 would behave as network modifiers to decrease the slag viscosity. From the XPS results, the amount of O2− decreased first and then raised, while the ratio of O0 and O− increased and then decreased with adding Al 2 O 3 to slags. The changing trend of the oxygens had a good accordance with the variation of slag viscosities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of Zn 1- x Cu x ZrNb 2 O 8 (x = 0.000, 0.003, 0.010, and 0.050) ceramics with low dielectric loss and intermediate dielectric constants were synthesized by a conventional solid-phase reaction method. The terahertz dielectric performances of Zn 1- x Cu x ZrNb 2 O 8 (x = 0.000, 0.003, 0.010, and 0.050) ceramics have been investigated by using the Rietveld refinement method, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The microscopic morphology analysis shows that the appropriate amount of Cu2+ content can make the specimen have the most uniform and medium-sized grains, which can minimize the dielectric loss in the terahertz range. Raman mapping reveals that the stress distribution is not uniform in different grains or in different regions of the same grain. The internal stresses affect the interatomic distances and influence the electronic properties, thus increasing the lattice anharmonicity and dielectric losses. In addition, the dielectric constant of the specimen in the terahertz range is mainly determined by the ionic polarization. For Zn 0.997 Cu 0.003 ZrNb 2 O 8 sintered at 1240 °C, low dielectric losses (< 4 × 10−3 @ 0.40 THz) and intermediate dielectric constant (∼22.95 @ 0.40 THz) were obtained, which make it promising for applications in terahertz dielectric filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilizes single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) to explore the structural response of [Cs(18‐Crown‐6)][SbCl6] under high pressure (HP). Notably, the pressure drives large Cs atoms closer to the center of the crown ether cavity, ultimately requiring pressures of 3 GPa for its complete encapsulation. Remarkably, the absence of short contacts in the crystal classifies the material as a "loose crystal" offering a unique model for understanding compression mechanisms. The crystal exhibits highly anisotropic compression behavior with an impressive volume reduction and non‐linear pressure – unit‐cell parameters relationships facilitated by the absence of short CH⋅⋅⋅Cl contacts up to 0.9 GPa. Beyond this pressure, steric repulsion due to shortening H⋅⋅⋅Cl and H⋅⋅⋅H interactions hinders further effective compression, so pressure dependence on unit cell parameters and volume becomes more linear. The behavior of [Cs(18‐Crown‐6)][SbCl6] at different conditions was studied using Raman spectroscopy and supplemented by DFT calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SILAR method of thin film deposition has attracted the scientific community over the years due to its easiness, low cost, availability of room temperature deposition, and more over due to the variation in properties of thin films available by varying deposition parameters. This work is carried out in a way to comprehensively compare two ZnO thin film samples prepared from precursor media with Zinc Acetate (S1) and Zinc Chloride(S2) salts deposited by SILAR method in Perovskite Solar cell applications. The XRD, FTIR, Raman, FESEM, and UV-Visible analysis were carried out for identifying the structural, morphological, and optical quality of these samples. The role of these samples as Electron Transport Layer (ETL) in Perovskite Solar cell were identified using General purpose PhotoVoltaic Device model (GPVDM) simulation software which is well adapted for studying Solar cell architecture. It provided the output Solar cell parameters like Jsc, Voc, FF, PCE, etc and by varying the active layer and Hole Transport Layer (HTL) thicknesses, the optimized efficiency of devices with samples S1 and S2 were obtained as 21.88% and 21.96%.The results showed that SILAR-synthesized ZnO thin films could be potential candidates for ETL applications in Perovskite Solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of Ag2S-CdS/Ag/GNP nanocomposite material was successfully synthesized in the presented work. The structural and physical properties of compounds were studied separately and together. Ag2S-CdS/Ag/GNP nanocomposite materials were studied by Xray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Based on the results, Ag nanowires (NWs) were successfully synthesized, and then it was determined that during the hybridization process, two phases of acanthite Ag2S and the cubic crystal system of Ag2O were formed. Then, Ag2S-CdS NWs were formed from mixed monoclinic Ag2S and hexagonal CdS. In the absorption spectrum of Ag NWs, the main absorbance peaks were observed at 357.3 nm and 380.2 nm. The energy gap (Eg) values of the Ag sample are 3.8 eV. The band gap value of Ag2S (2.5, 3.8, 4.6 eV) and Ag2S-CdS (2.5, 3.8, 4.8 eV) have a triple value due to the formation of a hybrid structure. The Raman spectrum of Ag2S-CdS belongs to longitudinal-optical (LO) phonon modes of zinc-blende phase CdS and for the 1, 2, and 3 times spin-coated samples on the surface of GNP/PVA have observed all characteristic Raman peaks, which belong to NWs at 485.13 cm-1, and 960.22 cm-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide (GO), a graphene derivative, is synthesized through an improved Hummers method, enhancing its solubility, dispersibility, and reactivity by introducing oxygen-functional groups. The process involves oxidizing purified natural graphite flakes, followed by solvothermal treatment. Exfoliation of graphite oxide in distilled water using ultrasonic waves results in the formation of a graphene oxide thin film. This method optimizes the production of GO, harnessing its unique properties for various applications in materials science and nanotechnology. The structural and physicochemical characteristics of the materials were analyzed through X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformation (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). XRD peak indicated a 2θ 0 = 10.050 corresponding to an interlayer spacing of 0.83 nm. FTIR and Raman analyses revealed the introduction of oxygen atoms into the graphite layer, forming various chemical bonds such as C-H, OH, C=O, C-O-C, and COOH with graphene. SEM images illustrated the formation of ultrathin and homogeneous graphene films. The UV-vis spectra of GO exhibited a prominent absorption peak at approximately 239 nm, corresponding to the π − π ∗ transition of atomic C-C bond and at 301 nm, corresponding to the n-π* transition of aromatic C-C bonds. The electrochemical behavior of a glassy carbon electrode modified with GO was explored using the K3[Fe(CN)6] redox couple system. The results indicated that the electron transfer process controlled the electrochemical behavior [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Raman spectroscopy is a rapid method for analysing the molecular composition of biological material. However, noise contamination in the spectral data necessitates careful pre-processing prior to analysis. Here we propose an end-to-end Convolutional Neural Network to automatically learn an optimal combination of pre-processing strategies, for the classification of Raman spectra of superficial and deep layers of cartilage harvested from 45 Osteoarthritis and 19 Osteoporosis (Healthy controls) patients. Using 6-fold cross-validation, the Multi-Convolutional Neural Network achieves comparable or improved classification accuracy against the best-performing Convolutional Neural Network applied to either the raw or pre-processed spectra. We utilised Integrated Gradients to identify the contributing features (Raman signatures) in the network decision process, showing they are biologically relevant. Using these features, we compared Artificial Neural Networks, Decision Trees and Support Vector Machines for the feature selection task. Results show that training on fewer than 3 and 300 features, respectively, for the disease classification and layer assignment task provide performance comparable to the best-performing CNN-based network applied to the full dataset. Our approach, incorporating multi-channel input and Integrated Gradients, can potentially facilitate the clinical translation of Raman spectroscopy-based diagnosis without the need for laborious manual pre-processing and feature selection.

Abstract In this paper, the crystal geometry, electronic structure, lattice vibration, Infrared and Raman spectra of ternary layered borides M3AlB2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta) are studied by using first principles calculation method based on the density functional theory. The electronic structure of M3AlB2 indicates that they are all electrical conductors, and the d orbitals of Ti, Zr, Hf, and Ta occupy most of the bottom of the conduction band and most of the top of the valence band. Al and B have lower contributions near their Fermi level. The lightweight and stronger chemical bonds of atom B are important factors that correspond to higher levels of peak positions in the Infrared and Raman spectra. However, the vibration frequencies, phonon density of states, and peak positions of Infrared and Raman spectra are significantly lower because of heavier masses and weaker chemical bonds for M and Al atoms. And, there are 6 Infrared active modes A2u and E1u, and 7 Raman active modes, namely A1g, E2g, and E1g corresponding to different vibration frequencies in M3AlB2. Furthermore, the Infrared and Raman spectra of M3AlB2 were obtained respectively, which intuitively provided a reliable Infrared and Raman vibration position and intensity theoretical basis for the experimental study.

The corrosion of the alumina‐based refractory in coal slags would increase the Al2O3 contents of the coal slag and the influences of that on coal slag performances need to be further considered. The effects of Al2O3 on viscosities and structures of SiO2‐MgO‐CaO‐Fe2O3‐(10–22 wt%)Al2O3 coal slags were investigated in this work. The viscosity of the coal slag increased first with increasing the content of Al2O3 from 10 wt% to 14 wt% and further declined with the addition of Al2O3 content to 22 wt%. The role of Al2O3 in the present coal slag was identified. Al2O3 mainly behaved as an acidic oxide in coal slags when the Al2O3 content was less than 14 wt%, which polymerized the slag structure and increased the viscosities, and with further addition of Al2O3 to 22 wt%, a part of Al2O3 behaved as network modifiers due to the deficiency of enough metal cations for charge compensation, which could simplify the slag networks and reduce the viscosity. The variations of slag viscosities were consistent with the change tendencies of structures analyzed by spectra techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research offers a comprehensive exploration of the effects of In-doping on the characteristics of CdS nanopowders (NPs). The structural and morphological properties of In-doped CdS nanostructures were investigated, revealing significant changes induced by In-doping. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis verified the formation of CdS phase. Determination of crystallite size (D) demonstrated a decrease from 27.0 nm for undoped CdS to 23.0 nm for CdS doped with 12 % In-doped. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) imaging showed grain-like structures with sizes of 20–35 nm, showing variations in particle size distribution with increasing In-dopant concentration. Photoluminescence (PL) analysis illustrated changes in PL intensity and emission peak wavelengths due to In-doping. PL intensity decreased after In-doping. Additionally, a blue-shift in emission peak wavelengths indicated changes in the bandgap energy of CdS induced by In-doping. UV–Vis spectroscopy assessed the optical properties, revealing shifts in absorption and transmission spectra du to In-doping. In-doping enhanced absorption within the 400–500 nm range while decreasing absorption within 600–1000 nm. Transmission spectra displayed increased transparency after In-doping, attributed to modifications in band structure and morphology. Reflectance spectra initially increased with In-dopant concentration within 400–500 nm, followed by a decrease, suggesting alterations in electronic and structural properties. Estimation of band gap energy (E g) unveiled an increase in E g for In-doped CdS nanostructures compared to undoped CdS, likely due to reduced crystallite size and the Burstein-Moss effect induced by In-dopant ions. Raman analysis revealed a shift in peak positions and changes in intensity after In-doping, with a decrease in the 2LO/LO ratio indicating a deterioration in crystalline quality after In-doping. Overall, this comprehensive investigation provides valuable insights into the structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of In-doped CdS nanostructures, pivotal for their promising applications in optoelectronic devices and photovoltaics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influences of temperature and compositions (TiO 2 and CaO/SiO 2) on thermodynamics properties and structural evolutions of TiO 2 -CaO-Al 2 O 3 -MgO-SiO 2 slags were investigated in this work. The slag viscosities increased with decreasing the temperature and declined with adding TiO 2. With the raising of CaO/SiO 2 ratio, the viscosity decreased under high temperatures, while it increased with the temperature further decreased lower than 1420 °C. The enthalpy change of the slag increased with raising the temperature as well as the TiO 2 content and reduced with the CaO/SiO 2 ratio increasing. Both the liquidus temperature and break point temperature of the slags decreased with adding TiO 2 and increased with raising the CaO/SiO 2 ratio. Temperature had a significant effect on slag structure evolutions, which decreased the slag polymerization degree. With adding TiO 2 and CaO/SiO 2 ratio in slags, the slag structure stability was weakened by increasing the amount of simpler silicate and TiO 6 units and reducing the proportion of complex Ti-O units. Both the temperature and compositions (TiO 2 and CaO/SiO 2) depolymerized the slag structure to decline the viscosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Para-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arenimines with mono- and distally substituted functional groups have been examined in terms of their structure and spectra. The structure and H-bonds of these compounds can be studied by comparing their vibrational and NMR spectra. The spectra of several conformations of the molecules TCA1-4 were calculated. For the molecules TCA3 and TCA4, the most stable conformation is a distorted cone (DC2) with the same imine or phthalimide group orientation, consequently. The least stable conformation is pinched cone (PC). The conformations of molecules TCA2, TCA3, and TCA4 are DC1 and DC2, respectively. H-bonds in the molecules TCA1-4 alter their supramolecular properties. Ionization energy and dipole moment decrease as monosubstituted thiacalixarene (TCA1) transforms into disubstituted TCA2. In this instance, there is an increase in softness, electrophilicity, chemical potential, and electron affinity. An increase in the number of methylene groups in disubstituted thiacalixarenes from TCA4 to TCA2 is accompanied by an increase in ionization energy, electron affinity, and electrophilicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comparative analysis of the structural, morphological, and local electrical properties of CVD graphene films synthesized at atmospheric and low pressure CVD growth conditions was carried out. The use of electrical techniques of scanning probe microscopy, such as Kelvin probe force microscopy, scanning capacitance microscopy, electrostatic force microscopy, and conductive atomic-force microscopy for investigation of heterogeneous graphene coverage was discussed. A significant change in the surface potential values was observed indicating the formation of p-type multilayered graphene domains on single layer graphene at low pressure and n-type multilayered graphene films at atmospheric pressure CVD. The effect of Ar flow rate increasing during cooling stage in the temperature range of 700–200 °C causing graphite formation was described. The employment of surface potential spectroscopy allows to indicate the presence of nonlinear phenomena in heterogeneous graphene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magneto-optical properties of atmospheric air molecules describe how air molecules interact with both magnetic fields and light. Studying these properties is crucial for understanding atmospheric dynamics, enhancing remote sensing for environmental monitoring, developing new materials for sensors and optical devices, refining medical imaging techniques like Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and advancing fundamental scientific knowledge with potential practical applications. The objective of this study is to investigate the magnetic optical properties of air within a weak magnetic field ranging from 0.122 T to 0.986 T using experimental methods. The analysis focuses on the variations in transmittance across the visible spectrum with changes in magnetic field intensity. Results indicate a decrease in transmittance with increasing wavelength, demonstrating a direct correlation between transmittance and magnetic field strength. The magneto-optical properties, specifically transmittance, exhibit a decreasing trend with increasing wavelength, with minimum and maximum transmittance values recorded at 460 nm and 664.755 nm, respectively. Additionally, the transmittance of air spectrum is directly influenced by the applied magnetic field. Moreover, the intensity ratio associated with Raman spectra shift decreases with increasing Raman spectra shift, with higher intensity ratios observed in the presence of a magnetic field compared to non-magnetic conditions. Furthermore, the magnetooptical response tends to shift towards higher wavelengths with increasing magnetic field strength.

Each crystal structure has its own phonon modes, which appear in the Raman spectrum of Raman scattering. In the case of silicon, phonon modes associated with the diamond structure of silicon can be detected. In a Raman spectrum, the position of the lines, their intensity, and the width of the lines are usually measured. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying crystalline materials at the molecular level, and its application in the study of semiconductors and nanomaterials provides important information about their structure and properties. In this study, the spectra of two types of silicon were analyzed: n-Si and p-Si, as well as their doped analogues n-Si and p-Si. The obtained Raman imaging results demonstrated spatially varying nanocrystallinity and microcrystallinity of the samples. The n-Si and p-Si spectra indicate the appearance of a Raman band at 525 cm-1 with a shift of -5 cm-1 and +5 cm-1, respectively, relative to the position of the silicon substrate peak, indicating the presence of tensile strain in the materials. The absence of other impurity peaks indicates the high purity of the n-Si and p-Si samples. The holmium doped Si material exhibits additional peaks in the Raman spectra, which is attributed to the presence of vacancies and defects in the newly formed Si-Ho compositions. The results of the analysis of the spectra indicate the influence of doping silicon with holmium on its structure and properties, forming new bonds and defects.

Cangjie Temple was built to commemorate Cangjie, the legendary inventor of Chinese characters. It stands as one of the few remaining temples in China dedicated to the invention and creation of writing. In this study, the material properties of wooden paintings from the Cangjie temple were characterized using Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Micro-confocal Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). It was confirmed that the pigments of the paintings included cinnabar, lapis lazuli, lead white, Paris green, and carbon black. The proteinaceous glue was used as an adhesive in the pigment samples, with tung oil likely being utilized as a primer for the wooden structures before painting. This study not only provides valuable data support for the conservation and restoration of the architectural features of Cangjie Temple but also provides useful reference for the maintenance and inheritance of similar ancient buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yttria-stabilized zirconia is one of the most widely used solid electrolyte materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) as well as solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). The crystalline, defect structure, and heat conductivity of (ZrO2)1−x(Y2O3)x, crystals where x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 have been studied using Raman and optical spectroscopy and absolutely steady-state longitudinal heat flow method. The studies have shown that the main factors affecting the thermal conductivity of the crystals are the chemical composition, positions of oxygen vacancies relative to the trivalent cations of the stabilizing oxide, vacancy ordering, and the formation of defect complexes. The effect of changes in the local structure of the cubic solid solutions on the pattern of the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity in the crystals has been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new fluoride-containing lanthanoid(III) oxoarsenates(III) with the composition Ln5F3[AsO3]4 (Ln = Eu–Lu) could be obtained through partial metallothermic reduction from mixtures of the corresponding trifluorides (LnF3) and the metals (Ln) with As2O3 upon heating in fused silica ampoules. They all crystallize tetragonally in the space group P4/ncc with lattice parameters ranging from a = 1164.71(8) pm and c = 1097.95(7) pm for Eu5F3[AsO4]4 down to a = 1125.72(8) pm and c = 1061.16(7) pm for Lu5F3[AsO3]4 for Z = 4 as consequence of the lanthanoid contraction. The crystal structure exhibits three positions for the trications occupied by one As3+ and two Ln3+ species. The lanthanoids occur with two different coordination polyhedra consisting of a fluoride-capped oxygen cube [(Ln1)O8F]14− and a bicapped trigonal prism [(Ln2)O6F2]11− of F− and O2− anions. A surprisingly diverse Ln3+ cation coordination for the F− anions is noteworthy, as (F1)− has contact to five, but (F2)− to only two of them. The crystallographically unique As3+ cation is coordinated in a discrete ψ1-tetrahedron [AsO3]3− by three oxygen atoms. The lone-pairs of electrons at the As3+ centers point into empty channels along [001], flanked by four columns of condensed [(Ln1)O8F]14− polyhedra. As rather short oxygen-fluorine distances are present within this structural feature, the absence of (OH)− units apt to replace F− needed to be verified by single-crystal Raman spectroscopy. The composition Ln5F3[AsO3] was also confirmed by electron-beam microprobe (EDXS) measurements and the phase purity of selected samples could be proven by powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The symbiotic relationship between corals and their associated microorganisms is crucial for the health of coral reef eco-environmental systems. Recently, there has been a growing interest in unraveling how the manipulation of symbiont nutrient cycling affects the stress tolerance in the holobiont of coral reefs. However, most studies have primarily focused on coral–Symbiodiniaceae–bacterial interactions as a whole, neglecting the interactions between Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria, which remain largely unexplored. In this study, we proposed a hypothesis that there exists an inner symbiotic loop of Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria within the coral symbiotic loop. We conducted experiments to demonstrate how metabolic exchanges between Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria facilitate the nutritional supply necessary for cellular growth. It was seen that the beneficial bacterium, Ruegeria sp., supplied a nitrogen source to the Symbiodiniaceae strain Durusdinium sp., allowing this dinoflagellate to thrive in a nitrogen-free medium. The Ruegeria sp.–Durusdinium sp. interaction was confirmed through 15N-stable isotope probing–single cell Raman spectroscopy, in which 15N infiltrated into the bacterial cells for intracellular metabolism, and eventually the labeled nitrogen source was traced within the macromolecules of Symbiodiniaceae cells. The investigation into Symbiodiniaceae loop interactions validates our hypothesis and contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the intricate coral holobiont. These findings have the potential to enhance the health of coral reefs in the face of global climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with Group VIB transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), Group IVB TMDs, specifically ZrX2, have exhibited superior carrier mobility, rendering them highly promising for developing innovative electron devices. The application of high‐pressure has been identified as an effective approach for altering the physical properties of TMDs by manipulating their lattice and electronic structures. This subject has attracted considerable attention within the scientific community. In this investigation, in situ high‐pressure Raman scattering and UV‐visible absorption spectra analysis are conducted to examine the lattice and electronic structural changes in multilayer ZrS2. Raman spectroscopy analysis reveals two phase transitions occurring at 3.65 and 10.95 GPa. Concurrently, the optical absorption findings reveal a distinct transformation in both the optical energy gap and Urbach energy at 3.34 GPa, highlighting the accompanying lattice and electronic structural changes in ZrS2 under high‐pressure. Moreover, these lattice and electronic structural changes are found to be irreversible, indicating the potential utility of compressed ZrS2 in optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the effect of titanium doping on the structure, morphology, dielectric and electrical properties of zirconium ferrite Zr1−xTixFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05) nanocrystalline ceramics prepared via sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique confirmed the spinel structure of all samples and that the average crystallite size decreased with Ti doping. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the spherical-shaped morphology with an average grain size of 300 and 200 nm for x = 0 and 0.05, respectively. The Raman study revealed that Ti4+ substitution slightly shifts the Raman modes towards the lower wavenumber. The dielectric studies analyzed using Impedance analyzer show the increase in dielectric parameters such as dielectric constant and dielectric loss with Ti concentration. The complex impedance analysis in the frequency range (10–106 Hz) is analyzed to understand the interactions from the grain and grain boundary phases. The dielectric feedback and impedance analysis studied the electrical properties in the 300–700 K temperature range and frequency range of 20–106 Hz. The AC conductivity increases with applied frequency and decreases with doping concentration. It is found that the Ti concentration increases the activation energy determined using the Arrhenius equation of AC conductivity and is a characteristic of polaron conduction. The Universal power law dependency of AC conductivity indicates charge transport made possible by hopping or tunneling. The temperature-dependent frequency exponent n's observed minimal implies that the major transport mode is significant polaron tunneling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, undoped BaBi2−x−yNb2ErxYbyO9 (BBN), Er3+ doped BBN, and a series of Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped BBN ferroelectric ceramic is synthesized by the solid-state method to study the structural, dielectric, ferroelectric, and energy storage behavior of the prepared ceramic. XRD spectra revealed orthorhombic geometry and Fmmm phase group of each prepared ceramic. SEM micrograph shows dense microstructures similar to square-shaped structures. Two FTIR bands at 619 and 822 cm−1 are observed, displaying the characteristic peaks of the Aurivillius phase. Four Raman bands are detected for undoped BBN, while twelve are visible in Er3+/Yb3+ doped BBN compositions. Further, this work utilizes a comparable method to correlate Nb–O stretching frequencies with their corresponding bond lengths using Herschbach's exponential function. Temperature-dependent dielectric studies show considerable dispersion below and above maximum temperature (Tm), and the dielectric constant (εʹ) decreases with an increase in frequency. The dielectric loss (ɛʺ) curves are quite diffused, and shifts in the maxima with frequency have been observed, thus validating the relaxor behavior of all the prepared BBN compositions. The slimmer PE curves were obtained under moderate electric fields ranging from 75 to 100 kV/cm. The energy storage parameters (W, Wrec, η) are improved with increasing applied electric field. The energy storage efficiency (η) obtained for undoped, Er3+ doped, and Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped BBN ceramics are 78.25%, 83.39%, and 90.87%, respectively. The energy storage parameters revealed good temperature stability from 303 to 415 K, indicating that the synthesized material might aid in developing modern electronic equipment for energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, a solid‐state reaction (SSR) method is used to prepare a cubic phase Li7La3Zr2O12 (C‐LLZO) via a two‐step process from tetragonal phase Li7La3Zr2O12 (T‐LLZO). To identify the tetragonal to cubic phase change region a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the precursor material is carried out. Subsequently, another TGA analysis is carried out for tetragonal sample to identify tetragonal to cubic phase transition regions. TGA of tetragonal sample shows multiple phase transition regions at ≈250°, 400°, and 610 °C. A series of T‐LLZO samples are reheated to obtain C‐LLZO. The T‐LLZO samples reheated at 150 °C, and 650 °C show cubic symmetry, whereas the sample heated at 450 °C and 950 °C show mixed phase. The obtained C‐LLZO samples have lattice constant a = b = c = 12.9389 Å for 150 °C heated sample and a = b = c = 12.9375 Å for 650 °C heated samples with space group Ia‐3d. Considering the TGA of the T‐LLZO sample and XRD analysis of the T‐LLZO samples reheated at different temperatures, the transition at ≈150 °C is attributed to the hydration process of T‐LLZO and 650 °C is due to structural deformation of LLZO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geometries, energies, and vibrational frequencies of various isomers of HVO42−(H2O)n, n = 0–6 are calculated at various levels up to MP2/6−31 + G*. These properties are studied as a function of increasing cluster size. The calculations predict the vibrational frequencies, the full-widths at half-height, and a strong temperature and solvent dependence of the V–O(H) stretching and VOH bending vibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with Group VIB transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), Group IVB TMDs, specifically ZrX2, have exhibited superior carrier mobility, rendering them highly promising for developing innovative electron devices. The application of high‐pressure has been identified as an effective approach for altering the physical properties of TMDs by manipulating their lattice and electronic structures. This subject has attracted considerable attention within the scientific community. In this investigation, in situ high‐pressure Raman scattering and UV‐visible absorption spectra analysis are conducted to examine the lattice and electronic structural changes in multilayer ZrS2. Raman spectroscopy analysis reveals two phase transitions occurring at 3.65 and 10.95 GPa. Concurrently, the optical absorption findings reveal a distinct transformation in both the optical energy gap and Urbach energy at 3.34 GPa, highlighting the accompanying lattice and electronic structural changes in ZrS2 under high‐pressure. Moreover, these lattice and electronic structural changes are found to be irreversible, indicating the potential utility of compressed ZrS2 in optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, a solid‐state reaction (SSR) method is used to prepare a cubic phase Li7La3Zr2O12 (C‐LLZO) via a two‐step process from tetragonal phase Li7La3Zr2O12 (T‐LLZO). To identify the tetragonal to cubic phase change region a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the precursor material is carried out. Subsequently, another TGA analysis is carried out for tetragonal sample to identify tetragonal to cubic phase transition regions. TGA of tetragonal sample shows multiple phase transition regions at ≈250°, 400°, and 610 °C. A series of T‐LLZO samples are reheated to obtain C‐LLZO. The T‐LLZO samples reheated at 150 °C, and 650 °C show cubic symmetry, whereas the sample heated at 450 °C and 950 °C show mixed phase. The obtained C‐LLZO samples have lattice constant a = b = c = 12.9389 Å for 150 °C heated sample and a = b = c = 12.9375 Å for 650 °C heated samples with space group Ia‐3d. Considering the TGA of the T‐LLZO sample and XRD analysis of the T‐LLZO samples reheated at different temperatures, the transition at ≈150 °C is attributed to the hydration process of T‐LLZO and 650 °C is due to structural deformation of LLZO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the impact of rare earth element samarium "Sm" substitution on Ba 4 Co 2 Sm x Fe 36-x O 60 U-type hexaferrites was studied in detail. Five compositions with step size x = 0.00, 0.025, 0.050, 0.075 and 0.1 were synthesized. These five series were prepared using the sol-gel auto-combustion method and the samples were sintered for 6 h at 1250 °C. The synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR, Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy and vector network analyzer (VNA). The structure crystallography of Ba 4 Co 2 Sm x Fe 36-x O 60 was examined via XRD. The impact of Sm3+ substitution was assessed across all lattice parameters. Lattice constants 'a' and 'c' were found between 5.886 and 5.881 Å and 113.179 to 113.037 Å, respectively. FTIR was used to learn more about the crystal structure and atomic vibrations between 400 and 1000 cm−1 wave number, where higher frequency bands appear at 570 cm−1 (tetrahedral site) and the lower frequency band occurred at 424 cm−1 due to the metal-oxygen stretching vibration (Fe-O) bond at the octahedral site. Each spectrum supported a U-type hexagonal structure i.e. an investigation of the chemical and intermolecular bonds via Raman spectra. XPS confirms the presence of elements in materials. Different dielectric parameters were observed in the 1 MHz to 6 GHz range of all prepared samples. Cole-Cole graphs of prepared materials highlighted the influence of grain boundaries. A solitary semicircle in the impedance of a specific section of grain boundaries was evidenced through Cole-Cole plots. Dielectric properties strongly depend on electron hopping between Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. The optimized parameters suggest the utility of these materials in microwave devices, multilayer chip inductors and high-frequency electrical circuit applications to reduce skin effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C-axis textured granular thin films of PdCoO2 were deposited at a repletion rate of 3 Hz by pulsed laser deposition technique. A narrow temperature window of 400–500 °C and a high in-situ oxygen pressure of 2 mbar are required to stabilize the rhombohedral [S.G. R 3 ¯ m (166)] phase of PdCoO2. X-ray photoemission spectrum confirms Pd is +1 oxidation state whereas the majority of Co ions are in +3 with a minor fraction in the +4 oxidation state. Raman spectrum shows peaks at 704 cm−1 and 512 cm−1 corresponding to A1g and Eg modes of Pd–O allowed for this system along with an additional low intense peak at 690 cm−1 arising from a weaker Pd–O which shares its oxygen with Co4+in Pd1+–O–Co4+. Magneto-transport studies using six probe geometry show that the films are metallic with a resistivity of 24.09 µΩ cm and a carrier concentration of 2.66 × 1022 cm−3 at room temperature with a high mobility of 9.74 cm2/Vs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each crystal structure has its own phonon modes, which appear in the Raman spectrum of Raman scattering. In the case of silicon, phonon modes associated with the diamond structure of silicon can be detected. In a Raman spectrum, the position of the lines, their intensity, and the width of the lines are usually measured. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying crystalline materials at the molecular level, and its application in the study of semiconductors and nanomaterials provides important information about their structure and properties. In this study, the spectra of two types of silicon were analyzed: n-Si and p-Si, as well as their doped analogues n-Si and p-Si. The obtained Raman imaging results demonstrated spatially varying nanocrystallinity and microcrystallinity of the samples. The n-Si and p-Si spectra indicate the appearance of a Raman band at 525 cm-1 with a shift of -5 cm-1 and +5 cm-1, respectively, relative to the position of the silicon substrate peak, indicating the presence of tensile strain in the materials. The absence of other impurity peaks indicates the high purity of the n-Si and p-Si samples. The holmium doped Si material exhibits additional peaks in the Raman spectra, which is attributed to the presence of vacancies and defects in the newly formed Si-Ho compositions. The results of the analysis of the spectra indicate the influence of doping silicon with holmium on its structure and properties, forming new bonds and defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High radiation resistance, chemical inertness, the ability to operate at elevated temperatures, high mobility and efficiency of charge-carrier collection are important properties of diamond for designing detectors and spectrometers of ionizing radiation. Currently, diagnostics of neutrons and neutral particle fluxes based on diamond detectors for the ITER thermonuclear reactor are justified and developed. This work presents the results of a Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy study of the electronic quality of synthesized epitaxial diamond films obtained by vapor deposition in a hydrogen and methane mixture in the ARDIS reactor on boron-doped single-crystal diamond substrates. To confirm their electronic quality, detectors have been made from films selected by spectrometric methods and the charge collection efficiency and energy resolution have been measured when irradiated with alpha particles from a 241Am source and 14.7 MeV fast neutrons from the ING-07T2 neutron generator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous redox-active organic materials-base electrolytes are sustainable alternatives to vanadium-based electrolyte for redox flow batteries (RFBs) due to the advantages of high ionic conductivity, environmentally benign, safety and low cost. However, the underexplored redox properties of organic materials and the narrow thermodynamic electrolysis window of water (1.23 V) hinder their wide applications. Therefore, seeking suitable organic redox couples and aqueous electrolytes with a high output voltage is highly suggested for advancing the aqueous organic RFBs. In this work, the functionalized phenazine and nitroxyl radical with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing group exhibit redox potential of -0.88 V and 0.78 V vs. Ag, respectively, in "water-in-ionic liquid" supporting electrolytes. Raman spectra reveal that the activity of water is largely suppressed in "water-in-ionic liquid" due to the enhanced hydrogen bond interactions between ionic liquid and water, enabling an electrochemical stability window above 3 V. "Water-in-ionic liquid" supporting electrolytes help to shift redox potential of nitroxyl radical and enable the redox activity of functionalized phenazine. The assembled aqueous RFB allows a theoretical cell voltage of 1.66 V and shows a practical discharge voltage of 1.5 V in the "water-in-ionic liquid" electrolytes. Meanwhile, capacity retention of 99.91% per cycle is achieved over 500 charge/discharge cycles. A power density of 112 mW cm-2 is obtained at a current density of 30 mA cm-2. This work highlights the importance of rationally combining supporting electrolytes and organic molecules to achieve high-voltage aqueous RFBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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By combination of the transient Raman spectroscopic measurement and the density functional theoretical calculations, the structural evolution and stability of TATB under shock compression was investigated. Due to the improvement in synchronization control between two-stage light gas gun and the transient Raman spectra acquisition, as well as the sample preparation, the Raman peak of the N–O mode of TATB was firstly observed under shock pressure up to 13.6 GPa, noticeably higher than the upper limit of 8.5 GPa reported in available literatures. By taking into account of the continuous shift of the main peak and other observed Raman peaks, we did not distinguish any structural transition or any new species. Moreover, both the present Raman spectra and the time-resolved radiation of TATB during shock loading showed that TATB exhibits higher chemical stability than previous declaration. To reveal the detailed structural response and evolution of TATB under compression, the density functional theoretical calculations were conducted, and it was found that the pressure make N–O bond lengths shorter, nitro bond angles larger, and intermolecular and intra-molecular hydrogen bond interactions enhanced. The observed red shift of Raman peak was ascribed to the abnormal enhancement of H-bound effect on the scissor vibration mode of the nitro group.

Abstract Establishing the biogenicity of sedimentary surface textures with unresolved microbial origin is critical to any environmental and geobiological interpretation of clastic settings. Here, some Ediacaran wrinkle structures and associated carbonaceous greywacke samples containing mat fragments rich in ‘bacteriomorph acritarchs’ are investigated. Their biogenicity was evaluated with transmitted light and scanning electron microscopy, epifluorescence and Raman spectroscopy, and confirmed by the presence of distinct cyanobacterial biomarkers. The comparison of results yielded by these techniques validates the use of Raman spectroscopy on Neoproterozoic kerogen (organic‐walled microfossils and amorphous organic material) under low metamorphic conditions. Raman spectrographs also allowed recognition of associated rare‐earth element‐rich phosphate (monazite) and subsidiary metal sulphide concentrations, and interpreted as a result of biosorption and/or mat trapping under normal oxic conditions. These microbial mat features represent cyanobacterial bloom‐forming Bavlinella acritarchs, which characterise eutrophic episodes in a semi‐enclosed retroarc basin sandwiched between an active Cadomian arc and West Gondwana.

In the current investigation, pure polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and PVDF-MgO nanocomposite (NC) thin films are fabricated via solvent casting method using PVDF as a polymer matrix with different proportions of magnesium oxide (MgO) (0.5–2 wt%). The structural, morphological and optical properties of the prepared polymer NCs are studied by using XRD, FTIR, SEM, Raman and UV–Vis spectroscopy techniques. The α and β phases are detected in XRD measurements. MgO powder peaks are in good agreement with the reported literatures. The average crystallite size, lattice strain, and dislocation density of the prepared thin films are estimted by using Williamson-Hall (W-H) plot. SEM micrographs reveals the fluorine-containing carbon chain network that forms the spherulite and fiber-like structure in the PVDF/MgO NCs films. The Raman and FTIR spectra of PVDF/MgO and pure PVDF films are also evaluated. UV–Vis spectroscopy is used to examine the absorbance, transmittance, and reflectance spectra of pure PVDF and PVDF/MgO NCs thin films. The dipole polarization interaction causes the absorption coefficient, direct band gap, indirect band gap, optical activation energy, and skin depth of pure PVDF and PVDF/MgO thin films to decrease, whereas increasing the dielectric constant at high frequency value, refractive index, loss, optical conductivity, and dielectric constant per effective mass of NCs films. Optical dispersion parameters are estimated by the single oscillator model. The obtained results can be employed in the possible applications in supercapacitors. The method used for the preparation of thin films are inexpensive and eco-friendly.

In this study, Mg1-xCoxFe2O4 (0

This research aims to deepen the understanding of the relationship between conductivity and morphology in polypyrrole (PPy) via a comparison of the bipolaron to polaron ratios with a focus on the C-H deformation area. PPy samples were synthesized with different surfactants: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and tween 80 (TW). This study revealed that SDS significantly altered the bipolaron and polaron in the C-H deformation region and showed higher conductivity than other surfactants. Notably, the morphological shifts to a sheet-like structure when using ammonium sulfate (APS) contrasted with the particle-like form observed with ferric chloride (FeCl3). These results showed that if the oxidant changed, the bipolaron and polaron ratios in C-H deformation were unrelated to PPy morphology. However, this work showed a consistent relationship between SDS use, the bipolaron and polaron ratios in the C-H deformation, and the conductivity properties. Moreover, the natural positive charge of PPy and negatively charged SDS molecules may lead to an electrostatic interaction between PPy and SDS. This work assumes that this interaction might cause the transformation of polaron to bipolaron in the C–H deformation region, resulting in improved conductivity of PPy. This work offers more support for the future investigation of PPy characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent work investigates the relationship between the characteristics of the Raman spectra and the oxidation temperature of thermal-treated graphite samples in air at various temperatures ranging from 200°Cto 800 °C. Our findings indicate that thermal oxidation of graphite in air leads to the enhancement of the 2D vibration pattern while reducing the intensity of the D vibration pattern. Moreover, we report that chemical reduction begins at 550 °C. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that thermal oxidation causes a decrease in the disorder within the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy-based powders produced from the combination of concentrated milk, whey, and maltodextrin (main constituents) were used as ingredients during infant formula production. The relation between the composition of each treatment and physicochemical properties of the powders were evaluated. In work, dairy-based powders were obtained by a mixture of concentrated milk and whey. Increasing the ratio whey/milk in the mixture before drying increases the concentration of lactose into dairy based powders and reduces total protein and fat content. Besides, the addition of maltodextrin and inulin reduced powder agglomeration increased the average hydrodynamic diameter of the particles, and the theoretical glass transition temperature, exhibited strong spectral contributions to Raman spectroscopy. It was possible to infer changes in the bands by Raman spectroscopy between the formulated products, the main changes were related to the presence of lactose, maltodextrin, and inulin. Inulin is a better option than maltodextrin for drying dairy-based powders mainly because of its nutritional benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]