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Actinomycosis, an oral cavity commensal, causes cervicofacial infection in patients associated with an immunosuppression state and local mucosal injuries. Bone involvement by this commensal is rare. In the present case, we report a case of left peri mandibular soft tissue, soft to firm, tender swelling in a 39‐year‐old immunocompetent male diagnosed as Actinomycosis infection on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and cell block preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adult epiglottitis is inflammation of the epiglottis and adjoining supraglottis. Many times, it is misdiagnosed or diagnosed late. We present a 50-year-old male who presented with chief complaints of fever, difficulty in swallowing, and change in voice for 2 days. He was diagnosed with epiglottitis and managed with intravenous antibiotics, analgesics, and steroids. Oxygen supplementation was done. Airway intervention was avoided by vigilant monitoring and timely intervention. Patients presenting with airway risk factors such as tachypnea, tachycardia, decreased oxygen saturation, the "double thumb sign" on X-ray, and epiglottic abscess must be carefully monitored, and an airway management plan must be made. Because of its rapid progression and potential threat to airway, it is important for otolaryngologists to be familiar with this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study highlights the management protocol of a large mastoid cholesteatoma presenting with sudden-onset facial palsy mimicking a complicated otitis media and literature review. Congenital cholesteatoma may affect various regions of the temporal bone, the mastoid process being the least frequently involved. The diagnosis is often missed, specifically when the patient presents with features of mastoiditis. Radiology plays an important role in clenching the diagnosis. Congenital (mastoid) cholesteatoma manifesting with features of complicated otitis media is a rare occurrence and needs familiarity to facilitate early diagnosis and appropriate management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review we have brought forward various nuclear imaging modalities used in the diagnosis, staging, and management of thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, accounting for approximately 3% of all new cancer diagnoses. Nuclear imaging plays an important role in the evaluation of thyroid cancer, and the use of radioiodine imaging, FDG imaging, and somatostatin receptor imaging are all valuable tools in the management of this disease. Radioiodine imaging involves the use of Iodine-123 [I-123] or Iodine-131 [I-131] to evaluate thyroid function and detect thyroid cancer. I-123 is a gamma-emitting isotope that is used in thyroid imaging to evaluate thyroid function and detect thyroid nodules. I-131 is a beta-emitting isotope that is used for the treatment of thyroid cancer. Radioiodine imaging is used to detect the presence of thyroid nodules and evaluate thyroid function. FDG imaging is a PET imaging modality that is used to evaluate the metabolic activity of thyroid cancer cells. FDG is a glucose analogue that is taken up by cells that are metabolically active, such as cancer cells. FDG PET/CT can detect primary thyroid cancer and metastatic disease, including lymph nodes and distant metastases. FDG PET/CT is also used to monitor treatment response and detect the recurrence of thyroid cancer. Somatostatin receptor imaging involves the use of radiolabeled somatostatin analogues to detect neuroendocrine tumors, including thyroid cancer. Radiolabeled somatostatin analogues, such as Indium-111 octreotide or Gallium-68 DOTATATE, are administered to the patient, and a gamma camera is used to detect areas of uptake. Somatostatin receptor imaging is highly sensitive and specific for the detection of metastatic thyroid cancer. A comprehensive search of relevant literature was done using online databases of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library using the keywords "thyroid cancer," "nuclear imaging," "radioiodine imaging," "FDG PET/CT," and "somatostatin receptor imaging" to identify relevant studies to be included in this review. Nuclear imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis, staging, and management of thyroid cancer. The use of radioiodine imaging, thyroglobulin imaging, FDG imaging, and somatostatin receptor imaging are all valuable tools in the evaluation of thyroid cancer. With further research and development, nuclear imaging techniques have the potential to improve the diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer and other endocrine malignancies., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Objectives: Mucormycosis is a rare fungal disease, which was known to affect only immunocompromised hosts, but during the COVID-19 pandemic, a surge in the cases of rhino- orbital-cerebral mucormycosis have been reported; however, the cause is still unknown. As the disease was a rare entity, there was no classification considering the spread and proper management at various stages., Methods: Extensive literature search with the terms "mucormycosis," "invasive fungal sinusitis," "COVID-19 associated mucormycosis," and "mucormycosis in COVID-19" was conducted on Pubmed, Scopus, and Embase database, taking into consideration case histories, revealing the site of involvement and treatment based on the disease's extent., Results: Relevant articles were analyzed, and it was found that there is no specific classification of the disease entity and no proper surgical and medical management guidelines to date, Conclusion: This review is an attempt to elaborate on the pathophysiology of mucormycosis and its spread and propose a classification that will help determine policies for the control and prevention of complications, morbidity, and mortality., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)