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Introduction: Oral cancer as a malignancy ranks the fifth most common cause of death in Indonesia and is one of the six incidents in the Asian continent with 274,300 new cases each year. Oral cancer is the second largest in the world with an incidence of 7.6 million deaths in 2014. One of the herbal ingredients is Moringa oleifera which has high nutritional content in all parts. This material makes them effective as a treatment for cancer, including oral cancer. Objective: To explore the benefits of Moringa oleifera as a herbal treatment for oral cancer. Methods: In this systematic review, the articles search was performed on Google Search and Pubmed. Studies published on 2010-2020. 130 were articles assessed, including 115 articles from the electronic databases, 0 from the manual hand search. 60 records screened, 50 records excluded, 40 full-text articles assessed for eligibility and 15 full text articles included. Result: There are 15 articles about Moringa oleifera as a herbal treatment for oral cancer. Conclusion: Based on 15 articles show that Moringa oleifera has potential as herbal treatment for oral cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Antibiotics in the field of dentistry are widely used both for the treatment of infection (therapeutic) and for infectious diseases prophylaxis. Antibiotics, which are widely used in the field of dentistry, according to their high level of empiric use may cause various problems that can lead to irrational use of antibiotics. The incidence of antibiotic resistance is of particular concern in selecting antibiotics and drug dosage adjustments must be made appropriate and correctly in children. Objective: To know the impact of using antibiotics in the field of pediatric dentistry. Method: Scientific evidence and clinical cases were drawn from the literature to support this review and information on the use of dental antibiotics was collected. Results/Discussion: The use of antibiotics in dentistry can be done both before the procedure and after the procedure. The administration of drugs in children was based on the dosage of several kinds of antibiotics. Each type of antibiotic with advantages for its beneficial action as well as its side effects. Conclusion: The literature review proves that the impact of using antibiotics in the field of dentistry is very broad. Each drug has its own side effects based on the needs and complaints of children who need medication to prevent infection. The accuracy of using or administering antibiotics is supported by the knowledge and expertise of the doctor or dentist in diagnosing the disease and able to determine the right dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dental practice during the COVID-19 pandemic became an obstacle for dentists to treat dental patients. This is due to the spread of the COVID-19 virus which poses challenges in providing dental care. Teledentistry was originally a new field of dentistry based on electronic, telecommunications, Internet, and imaging technologies to connect patients living in rural areas. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, teledentistry services are very useful for all groups with the aim of avoiding direct contact with patients. Objective: To explore the benefits of teledentistry as a solution in the field of dentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In this systematic review, the articles search was performed on Google Search and Pubmed. Studies published on 2020. 130 were articles assessed, including 115 articles from the electronic databases, 0 from the manual hand search. 60 records screened, 50 records excluded, 40 full-text articles assessed for eligibility and 15 full text articles included. Results: There are 15 articles about teledentistry as a solution in dentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Conclusion: : Based on 15 articles show that consultation through teledentistry is a solution as dental health services and is very useful in this COVID-19 pandemic situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this review is to conduct a detailed analysis of the literature on the use of myofunctional oral therapy tools for the treatment of Class II skeletal malocclusions. From March to May 2020, a comprehensive and systematic search was performed on the Medline (PubMed) and Google Scholar databases for works published since January 2010, using the following terms in the search: oral myofunctional tools; Class II skeletal malocclusions in children; treatment of class II bone malocclusion in children. Additional manual searches from other sources are also carried out. Only scientific articles in English are considered for this review. An electronic and manual search resulted in the identification of 61 articles. Based on the inclusion criteria, a full text copy of 30 articles was selected for analysis. Specific analysis was then made of 16 articles describing the effects produced using tools to treat Class II skeletal malocclusion and masticatory muscle dysfunction. Literature findings indicate that the myofunctional oral therapy allows the treatment of several problems associated with the development of class II malocclusions. Although therapy induces mainly dentoalveolar changes that result in significant overjet reduction, this therapy also shows a positive effect on masticatory and perioral muscles. This method has been proven effective in obtaining significant corrections for class II skeletal malocclusions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents about 90% of all malignant neoplasms of the oral cavity. Oral cancer is the cause of death among children ages 1-14 years. Gene therapy provides modern medicine and had great potential as a recent therapeutic modality. Gene therapy can potentially attack cancerous cells while respecting normal tissue. It may be useful as treatment for recurrence disease such as oral squamous cell carcinoma. Objective: To review materials about gene therapy as a treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: Scientific evidence and clinical cases were drawn from the literature to support this review and information about the gene therapy as a treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma was collected. Results: Gene therapy is introducing new genetic material into target cells while causing no damage to surrounding healthy cells and tissue. It has been defined as the genetic modification of cells of a patient in order to fight a disease. Gene therapy includes both the transfer of new genetic material and the manipulation of existing genetic material. Conclusion: Gene therapy has potential as a recent treatment in cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bad habits often found in children such as bruxism may have a profound effect on the health of teeth, periodontium, masticatory muscles and TMJ temporomandibular joints. Excessive masticatory muscle activity can result in disruption of local blood flow and micro circulation, and the pain due to ischemia, bruxism increases excessive strength resulting in an abnormal burden on the mastication system causing changes in some elements of the stomatognathic system resulting in an imbalance that causes stomatognathic system dysfunction. Objective: To review the relationship between bruxism and temporomandibular disorders. Method: Scientific evidence and clinical cases taken from the literature to support this review and information about the relationship of bruxism with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in children is collected. Results/Discussion: There were several relationships of bruxism with temporomandibular disorders such as joint sounds, myalgia and temporomandibular pain. Conclusion: Brusixm in children is usually influenced by psychological factors such as stress or excessive anxiety. Parafunctional habits such as bruxismn will produce excessive strength so that abnormal loads in the mastication system cause changes in some elements of the stomatognathic system, causing an imbalance that causes stomatognathic system dysfunction such as TMJ pain, joints and myalgia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bran is byproduct of the rice milling process and rice waste. Out of 32 million tons of rice obtained by rice bran as a byproduct of around 2,5 million tons. White rice bran (Oryza sativa L.) has many bioactive ingredients, one of which is a phenol compound. Phenol compound are known to have antibacterial activity. Porphyromonas gingivalis (p.gingivalis) is one of Gram negative anaerobic that contribute to the occurrence of periodontal disease, so that materials that have antibacterial properties are very necessary to be given to inhibit the growth of these bacteria. Objectives: Knowing the inhibitory effect of white rice bran extract (Oryza sativa L.) with ethanol and aquadest solvents to P.gingivalis bacteria at concentrations of 12,5%, 25%, 50%, 75% and to determine the difference in the effectiveness of white rice bran extract (Oryza sativa L. ) with ethanol and aquadest solvents to P.gingivalis bacteria. Methods: This research was laboratory experiment with post test only control group design with diffusion method Kirby Bauer. In this research with 6 repetitions with extract at concentrations of 12,5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, positive control (Chlorhexidine), and negative control (aquadest). The measuring instrument in this research was using caliper with millimeters (mm). Analysis data was using Krusskal Wallis continued by Mann Whitney test. Results: The results showed that white rice bran extract at concentrations of 12,5%, 25%, 50%, 75% with ethanol and aquadest solvents are significantly influence (Krusskal Wallis test showed p value = 0,000 (p<0,005) to inhibit the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Conclusions: white rice bran extract at concentrations of 12,5%, 25%, 50%, 75% with ethanol and aquadest solvents can inhibit the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria and inhibit zone that ethanol result is more then aquadest solvent. The inhibition zone produced by white rice bran extract with ethanol solvent is almost the same as the chlorhexidine inhibition zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis is a directly infectious disease caused by Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). In Indonesia, Pulmonary Tuberculosis has been a significant public health problem with the number of sufferers, around 10% of the total number of people. Based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017 that 10 million people fall ill with TB, and Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Objective: This study aims to assess the knowledge and attitudes of the community about pulmonary tuberculosis in the working area. Method: This study used an observational cross-sectional research design to find out the description of people's knowledge and attitudes about Tuberculosis and conducted in the working area of Salotungo Health Center, Malaka Health Center, and Panincong Health Center, Soppeng District, South Sulawesi. Primary data was obtained through 110 respondents by filling out questionnaires and giving responses by answering questions about knowledge and attitudes about efforts to prevent transmission of pulmonary TB disease. Result: Among all the respondents, it can be seen based on sociodemographic characteristics. Out of 110 respondents, most of them are female as many as 67 respondents, while men are 43 respondents. An overview of the features of respondents from this study also shows where they got information about pulmonary TB. Respondents consider the environment to be wrong, and the factor of malnutrition is not something that can aggravate the patient's condition. It showedthat the respondent's correct answers, below 50%, respectively. Conclusion: Useful knowledge is expected to prevent and cope with pulmonary TB disease. The higher the education then it will contribute to shaping good attitudes and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Stunting is one form of undernutrition that is measured based on the 2005 WHO standard deviation. Stunting can be assessed by measuring height and age of H / A according to the WHO child growth standard i.e if the z-score of H / A <-2 SD. Dental caries is a decay process that occurs due to the process of dissolving tooth surface minerals and continues to develop go to the inner layer of tooth. Gingivitis is an inflammatory reaction from gingiva. Stunting can affect caries due to internal factors and external factors. Stunting does not affect the occurrence of gingivitis if nutrition is improved. Objective: Find incidence of dental caries and gingivitis with stunting in children in Makassar city (Tamalanrea district). Materials and Method: Observational analytic approach (crosssectional study). Samples were selected from secondary data of tamalanrea health center as many as 208 people, each 104 people in the stunting and normal nutrition groups as a comparison. Results: Based on the results of the study the average def-t index in normal children was 5.37 while in stunting children was 7.37. From this data it can be seen that the def-t index in stunting children is higher than in normal children whereas gingivitis in normal children is 0.0% and stunting is 0.0%. Conclusion: There is a relationship between stunting with the level of dental caries in children and there is no gingivitis in both stuntingand normal children in Tamalanrea Health Center, Tamalanrea District, Makassar City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Gene has an important role in calcium and bone metabolism because is required in mineralization of normal bone, calcium absorption, organizing calcium and phosphate homeostasis, and regulating the secretion of parathyroid hormone. Genetics research found that BsmI polymorphism region in VDR gene relates to osteoporosis, other bone diseases, and cartilage metabolism in particular allele. The aim of this research is to analyze polymorphism of VDR (825G/T) gene in the eighth intron of beta thalassemia major on Sundanese population. In this case-control study, SNP 825G/T of 66 beta thalassemia major patients (case group) and 15 controls (control group) were evaluated using PCR-RFLP with restriction of enzyme BsmI. Vitamin D and calcium level were analyzed using ELISA. Genotype distributions and allele frequencies were analyzed chisquared test. This study found that the vitamin D level was significantly lower on case group than on control group (vitamin D 56.1 pmol/L 80.30%; p<0.001), and calcium level was significantly higher on case group than on control group (>8.5 mg/dL; p=0.025). Genotype frequency 825 VDR on case group was compared with control group, and there was no BB genotype in control group. There is only one case on case group (OR, 2.63; 95%CI, 0.73-9.64). B allele is significant in both case and control groups. There was no significant difference between case and control groups (OR, 2, 95%CI, 0.71-5.92). There was a significant difference in level of vitamin D and calcium, and also in allele frequency between on case and control groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abdominal pain is common in children that can manifest as acute or chronic. In some cases, are requires immediate management. The most difficult challenge is to make diagnosis to identify the cause. Objective: This study is aimed to demonstrate the evidence of the use of abdominal ultrasonography (AUS) to determine the cause of pain in relation to surgical decision. Methods: Patients with acute abdominal pain were referred for AUS. Prospective cross- sectional method was done in 268 children aged 5 to 15 years old, in which 116 of them are male. Patients who did not require surgery and outpatients were asked to make a response whether the improvement during and after the treatment. Patient who were required surgical, will be confirmed by histopathology. Results: No abnormalities (53.73%). The abnormal findings were: enterocolitis (13.43%), mesenteric adenitis (12.68%), constipation (6.72%), appendicitis (6.34%), cystitis (5.97%), adrenal tumor (0.07%) and intussusception (0.04%). Findings shows, the use of AUS to deter mine the cause were able to reduce surgical decision from 27.98% to 7.46%. Thus, ultrasonography changed the management plan in 20.52%of patients. Conclusion: The AUS is useful for evaluation abdominal pain in children. An accurate diagnosis is important to prevent unnecessary surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Periodontitis is defined as an inflammatory disease in the supporting tissues of teeth which is caused by microorganisms of certain groups. Objective: This study aims to know the inhibition power of bandotan leaf extract (Ageratum conyzoides L.) against the growth of bacteria causing periodontitis (Porphyromonasgingivalis). Method:The type of study used in this research is experimental laboratory. The design of this study used is post test only control group design used the method of dilution and disk-diffusion method. Results: The activities of bacteria can only be observed with the method of diffusion to see the inhibition zone. An extract of bandotan leaf (Ageratum conyzoides L.) with the concentration of 100% has the largest inhibition zone namely 16,25±0,66 mm and the inhibition zone is larger than control positive namely metrodinazole used as a comparison antibiotic from the extract of bandotan leaf (Ageratum conyzoides L.). This research has proven that the extract of bandotan leaf extract (Ageratum conyzoides L.) are effective as inhibitory properties against Porphyromonasgingivalis. Conclusion: The extract of bandotan leaf (Ageratum conyzoides L.) is effective as the inhibition power against Porphyromonasgingivalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is one of the most common caries in children. One reason is the bacterium Streptococcus mutans. Choosing the right diet can suppress the growth of Streptococcus mutans. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer from white shrimp waste as an antibacterial and can be combined with food or drinks including chewable lozenges. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of chewable lozenges from white shrimp waste (Litopenaeus vannamei) in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans bacteria in ECC cases. Research Methods: This type of research uses field and laboratory experimental research designs with pretest-posttest control group design. A sample of 30 children consisted of 3 groups, namely 10 children chewing xylitol candy, 10 children chewing chewable lozenges chitosan 2.5%, and 10 children chewing chewable lozenges chitosan 5%. Then, bacterial samples isolated from caries teeth before and after chewing chewable lozenges. Then, counted the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies using the colony counter method with the CFU unit. Data processing and analysis using SPSS version 25.0 for windows. Results: The paired t-test results showed a significant decrease in the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies before and after chewable lozenges chitosan 2.5%. The average difference between groups before and after treatment of chewable lozenges was -17.9 CFU with a standard deviation of 20.306. The paired t-test results showed a significant decrease in the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies before and after chewable lozenges chitosan 5%. The average difference between groups before and after treatment of chewable lozenges was -15.4 CFU with a standard deviation of 9.24. Data test results obtained p = 0.021 (p <0.05). This shows a significant decrease in the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies in cases of early childhood caries. Conclusion: Chewable lozenges chitosan 2.5% effective in reducing the number of Streptococcus mutans bacterial colonies in cases of early childhood caries in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allium sativum is a plant which have a medicinal properties. The use of natural ingredients known to provide significant benefits, especially those from plants grown by the community and cultivated by government institutions. Natural ingredients such as garlic is a plant that is widely grown in the area of Indonesia so easily available at an affordable price. Previous research shows garlic has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans. The purpose of this study was determine antibacterial effect of garlic extract against Streptococcus mutans. The research method was experimental research to examine the antibacterial activity of the local varieties Ciwidey garlic, local single clove garlic, and garlic imports bought at the market in Indonesia. Third onions extract are made by maceration and would be examined for minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration by using a microplate reader. The results showed local varieties of local single clove garlic have 9:38% for MIC and 18.75% for MBC, imported garlic 4.69% MIC and 18.75% MBC, while the Ciwidey local garlic have 9:38% for MIC. Conclusion is local single clove garlic and garlic imports have minimum capability and minimum bactericidal concentration inhibition while garlic varieties local Ciwidey only have minimum inhibition concentration ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Riskesdas showed an increase in the prevalence of dental caries in Indonesia, which was 43.4% in 2007 to 53.2% in 2013. Not only among adults affected by caries but also children. One of the caries that often occurs in children under five. Early Childhood Caries. To overcome this, a solution using herbal plants, one of which is the ant nest (Myrmecodia pendans) which can reduce the number of Streptococcus mutans bacteria as the main bacteria that causes caries. Chewing lozenges is one preparation that can be used as an alternative to antibacterial treatment in the mouth. Objectives: aims to determine the effectiveness of ether extract from ant nests (Myrmecodya pendans) as an antibacterial Streptococcus mutans in the preparation of chewing lozenges in the case of early childhood caries. Materials and Research Methods: This study used field and laboratory experiments with a pretest-posttest control group research design. The sample consisted of 30 children consisting of 3 groups, namely 10 children chewing xylitol market, 10 children chewing chewable moisturizing tablets 3.75%, and 7.5%. Data processing and analysis using SPSS version 22.0 for windows. Results: The results of the paired t-test showed a significant reduction in the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies before and after chewing the ant nest of chewable tablets, 3.75% and 7.5%. From the paired t test results obtained p-value of 0.004. This shows that the pvalue obtained is smaller than 0.05 so it can be concluded that the treatment of chewable nest tablet concentration of 7.5% has a significant effect in reducing the number of bacteria in the mouth. Conclusion: The extract of the ant nest lozenges saffron (Myrmecodia pendans) etiquette was 7.5% more effective than the chewed lozenges nest (Myrmecodia pendans) 3.75%, so in this study the nesting lozenges chewable tablets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Malocclusion is a relationship of the maxilla and mandible which deviates from the standard from which is accepted as the normal form. There is a high prevalence of malocclusion in children, especially in preschool children. The American Academy of Orthodontists (AAO) recommends that children have an orthodontic examination by the age of 7. One of the therapies for malocclusion in children with orthodontic problems is the use of myofunctional devices. Myofunctional devices can restore orofacial disorders to normal anatomy. Objective: To review the alternative selection of myofunctional devices in the treatment of child malocclusion. Methods: Literature searches are obtained from several sources of literature related to the topic discussed, creating a table of synthesis of information from literature/journals used as references, conduct a literature review then analyze the similarities and differences from the literatures. Results: There are various myofunctional appliances that can be used in the therapy of pediatric malocclusion, both removable and fixed. Removable myofunctional appliances that can be used include activators, twin-block, bionators and Frankel function regulators, while fixed myofunctional appliances that can be used such as Herbst and Jasper Jumper. Conclusion: This study showed that the use of myofunctional devices is proven to be effective in use in children of growing and developing age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chitosan.is obtained.from deacetylation of chitin bases, and.acetamide.groups are converted into primary amino groups during deacetylation. Chitosan is a biopolymer that has great use in various dental studies. It has been found that chitosan is effective as an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory, for example toothpaste, mouthwash. and root canal irrigation from chitosan. So this systematic review reviews some of the literature on the potential of chitosan as an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory in the oral cavity. Methods: In this systematic review, the articles search was performed on Google Search and Pubmed. Studies published from 2011 to 2020. 155 were articles assessed, including 155 articles from the databases electronic, 0 from the manual search. 96 records screened, 61 records excluded, 35 full-text articles assessed for eligibility and 17 full text articles included. Result: There are 12 articles about antibacterial of chitosan and 5 articles about anti-inflammatory chitosan. Conclusion: Based on 17 articles show that chitosan is very potential as a herbal plant that can be antibacterial and anti-inflammatory in the oral cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writing this review aims to review herbal medicines used in Pediatric Dentistry (IKGA) on how to use herbal ingredients in the dental care of children, the benefits of the herbal ingredients themselves, and their effectiveness in caring for children's teeth. A comprehensive and systematic search was carried out on PubMed and the Google Scholar database for works published from January 1999 to 2020, using the following terms in the search: pediatric dentistry and herbal medicines. Additional manual searches from other sources are also carried out. Only scientific articles in English and Indonesian are considered for this review. Electronic and manual search results in 234 article identification. Based on the inclusion criteria, a full text copy of 71 articles was selected for analysis. Specific analysis was then made from 39 articles describing herbal medicines that can and have the potential to be used in Pediatric Dentistry to be very important for researchers and child health practitioners. Herbal medicines are expected to be an alternative solution when chemicals that are commercially used in the field of pediatric dentistry do not have advantages and good effectiveness when compared with herbal medicines to be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The on going COVID-19 epidemic has spread very quickly. World Health Organization (WHO) declared a public health emergency of international concern on 30th January 2020 and called for collaborative efforts from all countries to prevent the rapid spread of COVID-19. In pandemic conditions like today, dentists can be the first people to contact with an infected person; these people can become carriers and infect others. COVID-19 transmission during dental treatment can occur through aerosol inhalation or direct contact with saliva, contaminated instruments and surface, especially for children patient in pediatric dentistry. Objective: To review the impact of COVID-19 in pediatric dentistry. Literature Review: In the dental environment associated with pediatric dental care, oral fluids from patients or contaminated dental instruments or environmental surfaces create a potential pathway to spread the virus. Dental care procedures which include the use of instruments such as high-speed turbine handpieces and scalers for oral hygiene are associated with the formation of aerosols and large droplets of saliva and blood from patients. Discussion: For children able to split, pre-procedural mouth rinse with 0.5%-1% hydrogen peroxide should be used, as it has non specific virucidal activity against corona viruses. Dentists should avoid or minimize operations that can produce droplets or aerosols. Conclusion: On the other hand, if faced with a dental emergency, immediate intervention is needed, adherence to the strict protection protocols of each individual involved and environmental disinfection is very important to minimize the risk of cross infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) defines Early Child Caries (ECC) is the presence of one or more lesions (cavitary or noncavicous lesions), tooth loss (due to caries), or teeth restored in primary teeth in children aged 71 months below. This study aims to examine the relationship between social and behavioral variables and risk factors for Early Childhood Cariers in preschool children and play groups in Wajo, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. In total of 1732subejct research children aged 3-5 years old were examined using prevalence (caries percentage). A questionnaire filled directly by the child's parents produced information about social variables and oral health behaviors, and cognitive and socioeconomic factors. Caries rate in Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi is still quite high (74.1%). Percentage of caries in children who used bottle milk is quiet lareg amounting to 79.1%, children who drankk milk and kept using bottle milk 78.5%, and only consuming breast milk alone caries number only equal to 64,7%. Biopsycosocial statistic data as risk factor to early child caries: History of breast milk (breast milk) / supporting milk drick (breast milk) (p <0.001), the use of milk bottles and breastfeeding frequency (p = 0.005), history of children's habits maintaining dental hygiene including age of children starting to brush their teeth and the habit of brushing their teeth before bed (p <0.001), parental education history (p <0.003) about pediatric dental health (p = 0.005). Caries in Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi is still quite high (74.1%). History of breastfeeding / supporting breastfeeding drink, history of children's habits maintaining dental hygiene including age of child initiating tooth brushing and brushing habits of children before bed, parental education history, and mother's knowledge about dental health of children are considered as risk factors of early childhood cariers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child orthodontic of treatment system today has given satisfactory results, but there are still difficult cases that proved to handle. This is because there are still some bad habits that accompany myofungsional on a child, such as sucking fingers, posture problems and the placement of the tongue when swallowing, and abnormal breathing patterns. Overjet is a horizontal relationship between maxillary and mandibular incisors. Normal range from overjet is 2-4 mm. Increased overjet is marked by maxillary incisor's protrusion. A 6 mm overjet will have impact on psychological and social relationship of children due to the aesthetics of the face profile. Increased overjet has relationship with Class II Angle malocclusion, Class II skeletal sagittal relationship, and mandibular retrognathia. Increased overjet case can be managed by maxillary retraction of labial segment and increasing mandibular labial segment. Case management are based of skeletal and soft tissue pattern and patient's age. Reducing overjet can be based o n using several appliances, such as functional removable appliance to modify dental and skeletal relationship, fixed orthodontic appliances with tipping and bodily movement or using jaw reposition by orthognathic surgery. By using Twin Block functional appliance, we can observe that early treatment can be effective to reduce overjet, to change skeletal pattern, and increasing children psychology such as self - confidence by making aesthetic changes to their faces significantly. This appliances is made with 70o angle to occlusal plane. Maxillary arch lateral expansion can be achieved with expansion screw. Patient will be instructed to use the appliance 24 hours a day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early childhood caries is one of the most common dental caries in children. One possible cause is the bacterium Streptococcus mutans. The most effective method for preventing the accumulation of plaque is brushing with toothpaste. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer as antibacterial and can be combined with toothpaste. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of chitosan shell toothpaste white shrimp (Litopenaeusvannamei) in reducing Streptococcus mutans in cases of early childhood caries. This research uses experimental field and laboratory research design pretest-posttest control group design. A sample of 30 children consisted of 3 groups: 10 children use toothpaste placebo, 10 children use toothpaste chitosan 2.5%, and 10 children use toothpaste chitosan 5%. Then bacteria sampling before and after brushing teeth. They are then taken to the laboratory for counting the number of colonies of Streptococcus mutans using colony counter with units of CFU. Processing and analysis of data using SPSS version 22.0 for Windows. Paired t-test results showed a significant decrease in the number of colonies of Streptococcus mutans before and after brushing with toothpaste chitosan 5%. The number of bacterial colonies on is as much as 120.4 CFU pre and post as much as 11.4 CFU. The test results of data obtained p = 0.000 (p <0.05). This shows a significant reduction of the number of colonies of Streptococcus mutans in the case of early childhood caries. Toothpaste chitosan 5% effective in reducing the number of bacterial colonies of Streptococcus mutans in the case of early childhood caries in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]