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El turismo es un sector que ha venido cogiendo cada vez más importancia en las últimas décadas, convirtiéndose en uno de los principales motores económicos a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, este crecimiento no siempre se ha traducido un uso sostenible de los recursos naturales y culturales, ni en beneficios equitativos para todas las partes involucradas. En este contexto, el Foro Económico Mundial ha propuesto la transición del Índice de Competitividad Turístico al Índice de Desarrollo Turístico como una herramienta para evaluar de una forma más completa el desarrollo turístico de los destinos.

The growth and governance of tourism depend on the crucial aspects of competitiveness, sustainability, and development, which have garnered significant research interest. Traditionally studied separately, the interplay of these concepts is now explored collectively in an interesting debate on the ability to ensure the sustainability of an activity that is clearly expanding. This study seeks to explore the coherence or contradictions between these three elements, questioning whether sustainability could constrain competitiveness and tourism development. Focusing on Spanish regions, the findings suggest a general congruence between competitiveness, sustainability, and development, albeit with varying degrees of association between them.

This article proposes and theoretically develops the Real Estate Growth Hypothesis concept. It empirically investigates the connection between the expansion of tourism and the progress of real estate in Calp, an established tourist hotspot situated on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. Using annual data for the period 1967-2019 and a time series methodology that considers the possible nonlinearity of the relationship, the article draws conclusions from local and long-term perspectives. The results indicate that tourism causes real estate development, but only in the case of positive shocks. In view of this result, practical implications are outlined, and suggestions are made for managing tourist destinations.

This article examines whether tourism development improves life quality and boosts Kazakhstan's economy. To investigate this, we employed time series analysis, specifically cointegration and Granger non-causality tests, to variables representing Kazakhstan's quality of life, tourism development, and economic growth. The results show that quality of life and tourist development in Kazakhstan are cointegrated. Moreover, the analysis identifies univocal links extending from quality of life to tourism development, indicating a Granger causality between quality of life and tourism development but not vice versa. Kazakhstan's economic expansion does not affect tourism or quality of life.

Esta tesis doctoral tiene como fin realizar una revisión de los principios económicos del turismo desde una perspectiva de la economía de la innovación, analizar el potencial impacto de la aplicación de IA en la industria turística a todos los niveles, y el estudio del mercado turístico más disruptivo de las últimas décadas: la economía de plataforma, ejemplificada en el caso de estudio de Airbnb. En este Capítulo I se establece el hilo conductor de los apartados de los que consta esta tesis en formato compendio, inspirada en diversos trabajos, entre los que se incluyen los publicados por el doctorando en esta etapa predoctoral. Para ello se presenta el diseño de la investigación, explicando detalladamente todo el proceso realizado para lograr el planteamiento de la tesis y la consecución de los objetivos y se dedica un breve apartado para presentar las principales conclusiones de la tesis. El Capítulo II de esta investigación está dedicado a la revisión de la evolución del concepto de innovación y su importancia en la teoría económica. Para ello nos basaremos en referentes teóricos que han estudiado el papel de la tecnología y la innovación en el crecimiento económico, como Schumpeter, Solow, Romer o Lucas. Con ello se pretende comprender el impacto que están teniendo los cambios disruptivos que vivimos en la economía, para posteriormente aplicarlos a la transformación de la estructura de la industria turística. En el Capítulo III se realiza un análisis aplicado de la innovación y del impacto de las nuevas tecnologías en el sector turístico. En él se estudiará el estado de la innovación del sector, realizando importantes aclaraciones sobre la capacidad que tiene la industria para adaptar o desarrollar tecnologías disruptivas. Además, se explicarán los principios digitales que están transformando la industria turística y el nuevo ciclo de investigación derivado de la aparición del Big Data y que está protagonizado por técnicas basadas en algoritmos de Machine Learni

Este estudio analiza cómo la evolución del índice del Foro Económico Mundial ha cambiado el panorama turístico internacional, abordando las principales razones por las que España ha perdido el liderazgo en competitividad turística conforme al Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI). Este es una actualización del Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), referente de medición de competitividad turística mundial, que ve modificada su metodología y composición, añadiendo la sostenibilidad como quinta y nueva dimensión. El análisis del desempeño del destino España en los distintos componentes del nuevo índice aporta información relevante para la construcción del futuro turístico español. Las necesidades actuales de los destinos, como la atención a los problemas de masificación o la volatilidad de la demanda, son aspectos que ahora computan para medir la competitividad. Este paso hacia la sostenibilidad acompaña a iniciativas de Naciones Unidas o del propio Gobierno de España, que han tratado de alinear el futuro del sector turístico a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible., This study analyzes the main reasons why Spain has lost its leadership in tourism competitiveness according to the Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI) of the World Economic Forum. This is an update of the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), a benchmark for measuring global tourism competitiveness, which has modified its methodology and composition, adding sustainability as a fifth and new dimension. The analysis of Spain’s performance in the different components of the new index provides relevant information for the construction of Spain’s tourism future. The current needs of destinations, such as attention to the problems of over tourism or the volatility of demand, are aspects that are now considered in measuring competitiveness. This step towards sustainability accompanies initiatives by the United Nations and the Spanish government itself, which have sought to align the future of the tourism sector with the Sustainable Development Goals.

The competitiveness of tourism destinations depends on their degree of development or maturity. This article uses cluster analysis methods to establish the position in the life cycle of destinations in a pool of 154 countries. The article also explores their evolution between 2007 and 2017 doing a static comparative exercise. The position in the life cycle is determined by using confidence intervals for the means of the main variables. Following a recent and innovative methodology, thresholds are proposed that could potentially allow for a change of phase in the life cycle. Moreover, the article examines the main determinants of the competitiveness of the different destination groups as a function of their life-cycle position.

One of the justifications for promoting tourism development is the capacity that it has to generate spillover effects on traditional economic activities. However, the strength of these spillover effects depends, largely, on the complementary or competitive nature of the traditional sector with respect to the resources used by tourism. Using time series analysis techniques, this paper examines the relationship existing between tourism development and the local fisheries sector. The results suggest that fisheries have been benefiting from growth in tourism, not so much in terms of an increase in the volume of catches but rather due to an increase in their value.

El congreso busca poner en valor las investigaciones del talento joven, que se encuentra inmerso en sus primeros trabajos relacionados con la innovación, la digitalización, la ciencia de datos o la inteligencia artificial. Con ello se pretende dar visibilidad a la investigación novel, compartir conocimientos y fomentar colaboraciones entre estudiantes, profesores y grupos de investigación.

Butler’s TALC (Tourism Area Life Cycle Model) is a descriptive model that has become one of the most influential and widely referenced approaches in the analysis of tourism area development. However, from an empirical point of view, and despite many attempts, the model encounters difficulties when making it operational. This article advocates the use of statistical confidence intervals as a useful tool for determining the various stages through which destinations evolve.

This study takes the first step in analysing the impact of climate change on international tourist arrivals to Kazakhstan from 121 origin countries for the period 2000–2018. Despite this interest, little effort has been made to examine the relationship between time-variant climate variables and tourism demand. The study captures the destination choice of tourists based on temperature in the origin and destination countries over time by incorporating time-variant climate variables. The results reveal that the optimal temperature of international tourists visiting Kazakhstan is obtained at 7°C. Moreover, international tourists prefer to travel to Kazakhstan at a moderate temperature, that is neither too hot nor too cold.

The most widely used indicator for measuring the COVID-19 pandemic is the 14-day rate, calculated as the ratio per 100.000 inhabitants between the number of confirmed cases in the last 14-day period and the registered population of a destination. However, this indicator is not appropriate for the reality of tourist destinations where, in the absence of mobility restrictions, seasonal fluctuations of the population are experienced. This article calls for the adaptation the indicator so that it contemplates the population increases that occur during the peak season.

La competitividad de los destinos turísticos depende de su grado de desarrollo o madurez. En este contexto, es clave determinar el grado de madurez en el ciclo de vida del destino. Este artículo propone una metodología basada en una combinación de técnicas estadísticas clásicas (análisis de conglomerados e intervalos de confianza) para determinar la posición en el ciclo de vida de los destinos. La metodología se pone a prueba en un conjunto de 154 países. Utilizando intervalos de confianza para las medias de las principales variables, se proponen umbrales que podrían permitir un cambio de fase en el ciclo de vida., The competitiveness of tourism destinations depends on their degree of development or maturity. In this context, it is key to determine the degree of maturity in the destination’s life cycle. This article proposes a methodology based on a combination of classic statistic techniques (cluster analysis and confidence intervals) to determine the position in the life cycle of destinations. The methodology is tested in a pool of 154 countries. Using confidence intervals for the means of the main variables, thresholds are proposed that could potentially allow for a change of phase in the life cycle.

The search for sustainable alternative food sources has led to the expansion of aquaculture, with the proliferation of marine farms in more and more places, some of them very touristic. The installation of these farms in the waters of consolidated Sun and Beach tourist destinations represents a planning challenge, which requires consideration of the potential environmental and economic impacts of those activities on tourism attractions. This article critically analyzes the implementation of marine farms in the Costa Blanca (Alicante), one of the most consolidated Sun and Beach tourist destinations in the Mediterranean. The case study shows that the environmental impact studies and other documentation accompanying these projects do not include tourism aspects, which represents a deficiency that jeopardizes the economic and social sustainability of the projects.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the determinants of inbound tourism to Asia. The research will focus on a combination of economic and non-economic variables applying a gravity model to a panel of 46 Asian countries of destination and 197 countries of origin for the period 1995-2016. The findings show that moderate levels of corruption, good quality institutions, a shared common language, religion, and border could boost international tourist arrivals to Asia. Politically unstable Asian destinations are most likely to lose tourist arrivals from Europe. Good quality institutions, strong colonial ties, language closeness, common religion and borders increase the number of international tourist arrivals to Asia from Europe, Africa, North and South America and the Pacific. A surge in rainfall and temperature would not change the willingness of tourists to travel to Asia from Europe.

Los estudios que abordan el turismo accesible no son recientes, sin embargo, aquellos que abordan los efectos de la accesibilidad sobre la competitividad de los destinos turísticos y, en particular, aquellos que vinculan la accesibilidad con la innovación son escasos y relativamente nuevos. La accesibilidad se entiende como las condiciones con las que deben disponer los entornos, productos y servicios para ser disfrutados por todos, incluyendo a las personas con alguna discapacidad transitoria, permanente, personas con obesidad o mayores, entre otras. De este modo, la accesibilidad es un derecho, un tema de agenda pública para garantizar la inclusión plena de las personas con algún requerimiento de accesibilidad en la sociedad, y también se considera como un eje de las ciudades y destinos inteligentes. La existencia de accesibilidad turística supone la eliminación de barreras físicas, comunicacionales, actitudinales, entre otras, las cuales afectan la participación de las personas con requerimientos de accesibilidad y sus núcleos familiares en los destinos turísticos. Diversos estudios indican que las personas con requerimientos de accesibilidad no viajan debido a la ausencia de condiciones en los destinos, la ausencia de información confiable y disponible sobre los servicios accesibles y las malas experiencias previas. Sin embargo, cuando viajan, los turistas con requerimientos de accesibilidad suelen gastar más de la media; viajan en temporada baja evitando los lugares masificados; prefieren viajan dentro del país y a los destinos de sol y playa. De este modo, la accesibilidad se vuelve un determinante en la elección del destino para las personas con requerimientos de accesibilidad y sus núcleos familiares, y una oportunidad para los destinos de convertir esa accesibilidad en una ventaja competitiva frente al resto de los destinos. En este marco, esta tesis por compendio de publicaciones partió de la hipótesis, por un lado, de considerar a la accesibilidad como un

La situación provocada por la pandemia causada por el COVID-19 ha hecho replantearse todo el sistema educativo en muy poco tiempo. En el ámbito universitario en concreto, la transformación de las clases presenciales a un sistema online o dual, incluidos los procedimientos de evaluación, se han desarrollado por necesidad, en ocasiones sin una adecuada planificación. Como consecuencia de lo anterior, el trabajo que queremos analizar el sistema de evaluación de las asignaturas relativas a la economía del turismo en un escenario pre-COVID comparativamente con lo ocurrido a raíz de la pandemia y el paso a un sistema de evaluación online. Los datos nos permiten valorar los resultados de las adaptaciones tanto curriculares como de procedimiento que se han llevado a cabo como consecuencia del COVID-19, identificar fortalezas y debilidades tanto de uno como de otro sistema y proponer elementos de mejora y consolidación de las prácticas que hayan tenido mejores resultados, que redunden en un sistema de evaluación de competencias online justo, proporcionado y transparente, que garantice la medición de la adquisición de las competencias indicadas en cada una de las guías docentes.

This article explores the determinants of tourist arrivals to Central Asia using traditional gravity models and panel data analyses of 108 countries for the period 2008–2018. The research focuses on relevant variables such as income, relative price, travel costs, or the so-called economic determinants. The results reveal that tourism in Central Asia is considered to be more distance elastic and price inelastic. Tourists from North and South America regions are more travel costs elastic compared with Asia and the Pacific. Sharing a common language and border greatly increases the volume of tourism in Central Asia. The political instability in the destination has a negative effect on tourism flows. Conversely, political instability at the country of origin in the case of Asia and the Pacific significantly increases outbound flows especially to Central Asia, suggesting a different reason for travel.

This note explores the immediate impact that the COVID-19 crisis has had on tourist and non-tourist employment in Spain as a result of the state of alarm and period of confinement decreed from March 14th. The employment and self-employment series drawn from the Social Security affiliation data corresponding to the period between January 2017 and April 2020 are examined using the classical Box–Jenkins method (ARIMA) and the more recent Bayesian Structural Time-Series Models.

In recent years, tourism literature has been incorporating tourist satisfaction as a determinant of competitiveness and expenditure in destinations. It was expected a direct relationship between the variables: the better the experience, the greater the expenditure. However, previous literature has not found a strong relationship between them. This study attempts to address this gap by analysing a data survey from Calp, a consolidated destination on the Spanish Mediterranean coastline, using a static comparative exercise between different tourism seasons. As a novel theoretical contribution, seasonality and the different items of expenditure are included in the analysis. In accordance with the previous literature, the result obtained does not confirm a close relationship between satisfaction and expenditure. Some managerial implications are also suggested.

Competitiveness, sustainability and innovation have been studied by the tourism literature at least since the 1990s. In spite of the advances made in the comprehension of these concepts, the dynamic nature of the industry continually generates new practical challenges for the public and private agents of the sector and scientific challenges for tourism researchers. Currently, globalization and digital progress, the emergence of new marketing platforms, the increased saturation of certain destinations and the COVID-19 pandemic are significantly affecting the competitiveness and sustainability of tourism activity. This calls for a scientific review of what we know about the competitiveness and sustainability of the sector and an analysis of its feasibility in this new competitive environment that is constantly and intensely transforming, even more so in the post-COVID19 era. The objective of this article is to conceptually analyze the state of this question, using Spain as a case study, as it has been the global leader in tourism competitiveness in recent years. The high level of consolidation of the Spanish tourism sector enables us to make a more in-depth analysis of the implications of these phenomena and to extract practical lessons for destinations that are in the more initial phases of their life cycles.

This note explores the differences existing in the level of per capita income and employment creation in residential and hotel-based tourist destinations. The exercise is conducted on a pool of 136 tourist destinations of the Spanish coastline, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands. The results point out that in terms of income and employment generation no model clearly outperforms the other.

En este proyecto se analiza el impacto económico del sector de la inteligencia artificial en la Comunidad Valenciana. Para ello se analizan los diferentes tipos de sub-sectores en los que puede dividirse esta tecnología. Se observa un déficit notable en las tipologías que más valor añadido representan, y se apuntan soluciones y propuestas de mejora para la Generalitat Valenciana.

La industria turística más tradicional está experimentando una penúltima revolución industrial que requiere no solo de un proceso de adaptación continua por parte de los agentes implicados, sino también de un análisis de sus consecuencias. El sector turístico en España supone un pilar fundamental en su economía y empleo, sin embargo, nos encontramos ante un sector que no crea su propia innovación, haciendo que la especialización turística española sea vulnerable y dependiente. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar el estado actual del turismo español y el reto tecnológico al que se enfrentan sus ventajas comparativas cuando se ven amenazadas por los nuevos competidores disruptivos que basan su modelo de negocio en las nuevas tecnologías de inteligencia artificial y en la economía de plataforma, siendo estos agentes disruptivos los que tienen la capacidad de cambiar la oferta y la demanda del sector., The traditional tourist industry is experiencing a penultimate industrial revolution that requires not only a process of continuous adaptation by the agents involved, but also an analysis of its consequences. The tourism sector in Spain is a fundamental pillar in its economy and employment. However, we are facing a sector that does not create its own innovation, making Spanish tourism specialization vulnerable and dependent. This work aims to analyse the current state of Spanish tourism and the technological challenge faced by its comparative advantages when threatened by the new disruptive competitors that base their business model on new artificial intelligence technologies and on the platform economy, having these agents the ability to change the supply and demand of the sector.

One of the most challenging tasks for tourism scientists is the prediction of potential overtourism situations in the tourist destinations. Until now, some efforts have been proposed for the purpose of establishing early warning systems. However, none of the attempts has tried to make use of a powerful prediction tool that is currently available: machine learning techniques. This article seeks to fill this gap in the existing literature by proposing the use of machine learning techniques in order to predict overtourism issues on a sample of Spanish tourist cities specialized in both, urban and sun and beach tourism products.

The tourism industry is undergoing accelerated changes that pose significant challenges for both destination and business managers as well as for researchers of the tourism phenomenon. Two of these challenges that are particularly relevant are the emergence of the sharing economy and its influence on the degree of overtourism perceived in the tourist destinations. This paper addresses the subject through the use of machine learning techniques. The findings show that machine learning techniques are especially well-suited tools for dealing with these kinds of tourism issues. The findings also show that for the Spanish case, tourism competitiveness is a key predictor of overtourism.

Before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the problem of tourist destination saturation or overtourism was a hot research topic among tourism researchers. The debate was focused on the definition and measurement of the phenomenon and on establishing the conceptual models that explain it. The objective of this note is to propose the use of Newton's Second Motion Law to model the growth of destinations and its derivation in potential issues of overtourism. This theory allows to incorporate more adequately relevant concepts in this context such as resistance to growth than other standard theories in the existing literature.

This study establishes a classification of the tourist destinations of the Region of Valencia in Spain. A cluster analysis has been conducted on a wide range of indicators related to the tourism activity of the destinations, which has then been applied a set of 60 coastal destinations and 482 inland municipalities in the region. Spatial reference frameworks are essential for applying and developing tourism planning and promotion policies. The results obtained reveal their sensitivity to the configurations generated by these data analysis techniques, the variables used in the analysis and the group of destinations taken as a reference for the classification. They also confirm the exceptionality of the case of Benidorm and the existence of tourism dynamics and processes that are manifested unequally across the territory. The latest advances within this technique are applied which will improve the robustness of the results.

Different tourism development models have different implications in terms of their economic, social and environmental impact. This article analyses the sustainability of tourism development models and, specifically, the extent to which private vehicles are used in view of the urban configuration arising from the implementation of either a more intensive model (holiday) or a more extensive one (residential). To do this, the degree of motorization has been analysed in a sample of tourist destinations on the Spanish Mediterranean coast, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands. The results obtained indicate that residential destinations uses more intensively the private vehicles than holiday ones.

The disruption in destinations caused by the emergence of new forms of tourist distribution within the framework of the sharing economy gives rise to new challenges in terms of competitiveness, regulation and even investment. This article studies the determining factors that influence consumer decisions in the choice of rental accommodation using both ordinary least square models (OLS) and quantile regression (QR) estimation techniques. The results show the greater interpretative capacity of the QR, which reveals certain overlooked patterns of the relationship between some of the characteristics of the properties, the hosts or the socioeconomic environment and the price paid by the users. These results can facilitate decision making in the destinations by companies, society and the public sector.

The literature on the competitiveness of tourist destinations establishes as its ultimate objective the well-being of the resident population. In Spain, the principal tourism product (sun and beach) has given rise to two basic types of destinations - those where there is a clear predominance of registered accommodation (mainly hotels) and those that are characterised by a supply largely made up of rental apartments and housing (non-registered, or sometimes known as the residential or second home model). The debate on the issue has been focusing on the different economic, social, cultural or environmental impacts that the two tourism models have on the territory. This article explores the economic aspect of the debate, comparing the differences existing in terms of income and employment in a pool of coastal destinations in the Region of Valencia, one of the leading tourism regions of the sun and beach tourism product in Spain and Europe. This comparison is done by way of Null Hypothesis Significance Testing and regression analysis. The results obtained indicate the neutrality of the composition of the accommodation supply on income and employment of destinations.