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In seismotectonic studies, seismic reflection data are a powerful tool to unravel the complex deep architecture of active faults. Such tectonic structures are usually mapped at the surface through traditional geological surveying, whilst seismic reflection data may help to trace their continuation from the near surface down to hypocentral depths. On seismic reflection data, seismic attributes are commonly used by the oil and gas industry to aid exploration. In this study, we propose using seismic attributes in seismotectonic research for the first time. The study area is a geologically complex region of central Italy, struck during 2016–2017 by a long-lasting seismic sequence, including a Mw 6.5 main shock. Three vintage seismic reflection profiles are currently the only ones available at the regional scale across the epicentral zone. These represent a singular opportunity to attempt a seismic attribute analysis by running attributes like the “energy” and the “pseudo-relief”. Our results are critical, as they provide information on the relatively deep structural setting, mapping a prominent, high-amplitude regional reflector interpreted as the top of basement, which is an important rheological boundary. Complex patterns of high-angle discontinuities crossing the reflectors have also been identified by seismic attributes. These steeply dipping fabrics are interpreted as the expression of fault zones belonging to the active normal fault systems responsible for the seismicity of the region. Such peculiar seismic signatures of faulting are consistent with the principal geological and tectonic structures exposed at surface. In addition, we also provide convincing evidence of an important primary tectonic structure currently debated in the literature (the Norcia antithetic fault) as well as several buried secondary fault splays. This work demonstrates that seismic attribute analysis, even if used on low-quality vintage 2D data, may contribute to improving the subsurface geological interpretation in areas characterized by limited and/or low-quality subsurface data but with potentially high seismic hazard.

Many countries have assigned an indispensable role for carbon capture and storage (CCS) in their national climate change mitigation pathways. However, CCS deployment has stalled in most countries with only limited commercial projects realised mainly in hydrocarbon-rich countries for enhanced oil recovery. If the Paris Agreement is to be met, then this progress must be replicated widely, including hydrocarbon-limited countries. In this study, we present a novel source-to-sink assessment methodology based on a hubs and clusters approach to identify favourable regions for CCS deployment and attract renewed public and political interest in viable deployment pathways. Here, we apply this methodology to Spain, where fifteen emission hubs from both the power and the hard-to-abate industrial sectors are identified as potential CO2 sources. A priority storage structure and two reserves for each hub are selected based on screening and ranking processes using a multi-criteria decision-making method. The priority source-to-sink clusters are identified indicating four potential development regions, with the North-Western and North-Eastern Spain recognised as priority regions due to resilience provided by different types of CO2 sources and geological structures. Up to 68.7 Mt CO2 per year, comprising around 21% of Spanish emissions can be connected to clusters linked to feasible storage. CCS, especially in the hard-to-abate sector, and in combination with other low-carbon energies (e.g., blue hydrogen and bioenergy), remains a significant and unavoidable contributor to the Paris Agreement’s mid-century net-zero target. This study shows that the hubs and clusters approach can facilitate CCS deployment in Spain and other hydrocarbon-limited countries., Funding was provided by the Grup Consolidat de Recerca “Geologia Sedimentària” (2017SGR-824) and the DGICYT Spanish Project PGC2018-093903-B-C22. XS acknowledges funding by the China Scholarship Council for a PhD scholarship (201806450043). JA is funded by MICINN (Juan de la Cierva fellowship - IJC2018-036074-I). EGR acknowledges funding provided by MICINN (“Ramón y Cajal” fellowship RYC2018-026335-I). VV acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program through the Starting Grant GEoREST (www.georest.eu) (Grant agreement No. 801809). IDAEA-CSIC is a Centre of Excellence Severo Ochoa (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Project CEX2018-000794-S). NH is funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) funded research project “HyStorPor” (EP/S027815/1). SH and AC are funded by EPSRC EP/P026214/1 UKCCSRC 2017, and EU project 837754 - STRATEGY CCUS. DVM is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (“Beatriz Galindo Senior” fellowship BEAGAL18/00259). GJ is funded by the University of Strathclyde Faculty of Engineering.

Zn2Cys6 transcription factors are unique to fungi and are involved in different regulatory functions. In this study, we have identified the Penicillium digitatumPdMut3 gene, which encodes a putative Zn (II) 2Cys6 DNA-binding protein. Elimination of PdMut3 in Pd1 strain caused increased virulence during citrus infection. The transcription of the PdMut3 gene showed a higher expression rate during fungal growth and less transcription during fruit infection. Furthermore, the deletion of the gene in the wild-type isolate of P. digitatum did not produce any modification of the sensitivity to different fungicides, indicating that the gene is not associated with resistance to fungicides. In contrast, PdMut3 null mutants showed a reduction in growth in minimal media, which was associated with severe alterations in conidiophore development and morphological alterations of the hyphae. Mutants showed greater sensitivity to compounds that interfere with the cell wall and an invasive growth block. Thus, PdMut3 might have an indirect role in fungi virulence through metabolism and peroxisomes development., This work was supported by funds of AGL2008-04828-C03 and AGL2011-30519-C03-02 projects from the Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain). M. de Ramón-Carbonell was the recipient of a fellowship from Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA).

Among blue carbon ecosystems, seagrass meadows have been highlighted for their contribution to the ocean carbon cycle and climate change mitigation derived from their capacity to store large amounts of carbon over long periods of time in their sediments. Most of the available estimates of carbon stocks beneath seagrass meadows are based on the analysis of short sediment cores in very limited numbers. In this study, high-resolution seismic reflection techniques were applied to obtain an accurate estimate of the potential size of the organic deposit underlying the meadows of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica (known as ‘matte’). Seismic profiles were collected over 1380 km of the eastern continental shelf of Corsica (France, Mediterranean Sea) to perform a large-scale inventory of the carbon stock stored in sediments. The seismic data were ground-truthed by sampling sediment cores and using calibrated seismo-acoustic surveys. The data interpolation map highlighted a strong spatial heterogeneity of the matte thickness. The height of the matte at the site was estimated at 251.9 cm, being maximum in shallow waters (10–20 m depth), near river mouths and lagoon outlets, where the thickness reached up to 867 cm. Radiocarbon dates revealed the presence of seagrass meadows since the mid-Holocene (7000–9000 cal yr BP). Through the top meter of soil, the matte age was estimated at 1656 ± 528 cal yr BP. The accretion rate showed a high variability resulting from the interplay of multiple factors. Based on the surface area occupied by the meadows, the average matte thickness underneath them and the carbon content, the matte volume and total Corg stock were estimated at 403.5 ± 49.4 million m3 and 15.6 ± 2.2 million t Corg, respectively. These results confirm the need for the application of large-scale methods to estimate the size of the carbon sink associated with seagrass meadows worldwide., This work would not have been possible without the participation of the oceanographic research vessel L'Europe (IFREMER) and its crew (GENAVIR), provided by the Flotte Océanographique Française for the CoralCorse, PosidCorse and Carbonsink surveys. This research was financially supported by the Office Français de la Biodiversité (AAMP/15/065 and UCPP 2510-AFB/2018/274), the Collectivité de Corse (PADDUC-CHANGE program; 17-DESR-SR-87), the Office de l’Environnement de la Corse (UCPP 2019-156) and the Direction Régionale de l’Environnement, de l’Aménagement et du Logement de Corse (2015073–0001). This research was part of the Interreg Italy-France Marittimo 2014–2020 cooperation program - GIREPAM project (E76J16001050007). The authors would like to express their gratitude to PhD researcher C. Luzzu (Biosurvey Company), and researchers from the University of Palermo for their contributions to the seismic acquisition during Sismat survey as well as the University Grant program of the Information Handling Services company (IHS Inc. www.ihs.com) by providing the access to the Kingdom PAKaged Suite + software.

The Zinkgruvan mining area is located on the south-eastern part of the Bergslagen district, one of the three major mineral producing regions in Sweden. In this study, we present the results from three (P1, P2 and P8) reflection seismic profiles each approximately 3000 m-long crossing the Zinkgruvan Zn-Pb-Ag-(Cu) mining area. P1 was acquired using cabled geophones with 10 m receiver and source interval and crossed major geological features. The other two profiles (P2 and P8) were acquired by wireless recorders with 20 m receiver and 10 m source interval and ran perpendicular to P1. Through a special data processing workflow adapted to this dataset, good quality seismic sections were obtained along these profiles, although a high noise level due to high voltage electric power lines was present. The interpretations were constrained by (1) seismic P-wave velocity and density data from a series of downhole logging measurements, (2) 3D forward reflection traveltime modelling in both pre- and post-stack domains, and (3) other geophysical and geological observations available from the site. Despite the notably complex geology, the processed seismic sections clearly reveal a series of horizontal to gently dipping reflections associated with known geological formations. Results indicate that most structures and lithological contacts dip or plunge to the northeast, including the targeted Zinkgruvan Formation. The results from this seismic survey are encouraging regarding the potential of the seismic method for base-metal exploration in Sweden and in particular in the Bergslagen district. It shows the high resolving power of the reflection seismic methods for imaging complex geological structures in a cost-effective and environmentally-friendly way., EIT-RawMaterials is gratefully thanked for funding this up-scaling project 17024.

An optimal strategy for building realistic geological models must combine different geophysical techniques, each with its advantages and limitations. However, dealing with multiple geophysical datasets to derive a geological interpretation is not straightforward since geophysical parameters are not always functionally related. In this work, we propose an innovative approach consisting of using machine learning techniques to jointly interpret three geophysical datasets (a pseudo-3D resistivity model, a 3D velocity model, and 4 well-logs). These datasets, among others, were acquired to characterize the suitability of an evaporitic sequence for hosting a temporary storage facility of hazardous radioactive waste, which was planned in Villar de Cañas (Spain). Our strategy consisted of integrating both models in a single 3D bi-parametric grid that nested the velocity and resistivity values in each node. We then used a supervised learning algorithm to lithologically classify each node according to a training set based on the borehole data, which acts as ground truth. The training set is composed of classifiers that lithologically label resistivity-velocity pairs. However, the very shallow nodes lack classifiers due to the poor well-log coverage at the top part of the evaporitic sequence. To fill this gap, we computed an unsupervised cluster analysis that provided new classes to complete the training set. Finally, the supervised classification was applied, providing a new 3D lithology model that is far more consistent with the geology than the models derived from each parameter independently. The 3D model also revealed geological features previously unknown, notably the existence of an inactive fault. The proposed method can be applied to integrate and jointly interpret any kind of multidisciplinary datasets in a wide range of geoscientific problems, including natural resource exploration, geological storage, environmental monitoring, civil engineering practice, and hazard assessment., This work has been supported by projects ref: CGL2014-56548-P, CGL2016-81964-REDE supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, 2017 SGR 1022 Generalitat de Catalunya and, by ENRESA, the latter also facilitated access to log and resistivity data acquired and processed by industry partners (thanks and acknowledgments to INYPSA, EPTISA, ByA-Peñarrolla, and AGS). The instrumentation for the seismic acquisition was provided by different sources: the seismic data recording system consisted of 10 GEODE (Geometrics) and was provided by the GIPP-GFZ Potsdam (Germany). The acoustic energy used as a source was generated by a 250 kg accelerated weight drop provided by the Instituto Tecnico Superior, Univ. Lisbon, (Portugal) and a 90 kg accelerated weight drop provided by the Univ. of Oviedo, (Spain). JA is funded by MICINN (Juan de la Cierva fellowship - IJC2018-036074-I).

In Spring 2011 (11th of May), the vicinity of Lorca city (Murcia, SE Iberian Peninsula) was hit by two main seismic shocks that reach a maximum magnitude of 5.2 Mw. The earthquake caused serious widespread damage in the city and its surroundings. Similar events have affected the area regularly in the past (for example: on May 6,1977, 4.2 mg). These events are distributed along a relatively broad band (roughly NE-SW oriented) parallel to the coast, associated to the activation of the Alhama de Murcia Fault (AMF), an oblique-slip (reverse-strike-slip) fault system located in the Eastern Betics Shear Zone. The current study aims to characterize the shallow subsurface across some of the surface outcrop of a few of the main faults that lie within this seismogenic strike-slip fault system. Six normal-incidence seismic reflection profiles were acquired in the area crossing the AMF and the Carrascoy fault, among others). This study focuses on the determination of the shear-wave velocity depth model by applying Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW), using the shot records of the seismic reflection profiles. The 1D velocity-depth functions acquired were pasted together to obtain the final 2D velocity models. The hand-picked dispersion curves were inverted using two different approaches to address the consistency of the inversion schemes. The final models reveal relevant differences across the different fault zones, reflecting the heterogeneity and lateral variability that characterizes a complex seismogenic zone, a most probably, diffuse plate boundary.This research is supported by: Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR) grant 2017SGR1022 (GREG); EU (H2020) 871121 (EPOS-SP); EIT-RawMaterials 17024 (SIT4ME), CGL2013-47412-C2-1-P.

Hardware and software innovations taking place since the commercial development of seismic reflection imaging in the 60¿s and early 70¿s have resulted in various improved powerful seismic imaging solutions. Overall, these have been very successful in contrasting geological environments pursuing a wide variety of different targets. The innovative advances in seismic processing may constitute critical tools when analyzing seismic data acquired in highly heterogeneous geologic environments as they can efficiently increase the resolution power. In addition, they can become relevant when using modern acquisition instrumentation and strategies. Furthermore, these new developments significantly increase the value of legacy seismic reflection data. Currently, reassessing controlled source seismic data is becoming a critical issue mostly due to the increasing difficulties for acquiring new profiles posed by environmental regulations and high prices. However, the knowledge of the subsurface is an asset for our society, for example: land-use planning and management; natural risk assessments; or exploration and exploitation for geo-resources. Here we present examples of analysis schemes such as seismic attribute analysis and Common Reflection Surface stacking applied on a number of old seismic reflection profiles (Deep lithospheric transects as well as high resolution profiles) in an effort to bring up their validity. Results indicate how these leading edge methods contribute to significantly improve the quality of vintage seismic data, significantly reducing reflector uncertainties and easing their interpretation., This research is supported by: Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR) grant 2017SGR1022 (GREG); EU (H2020) 871121 (EPOS-SP); EIT-RaewMaterias 17024 (SIT4ME).

The Iberian Central System represents an outstanding topographic feature in the central Iberian Peninsula. It is an intraplate mountain range formed by igneous and metasedimentary rocks of the Variscan Iberian Massif that has been exhumed since the Eocene in the context of the Alpine orogeny. The Iberian Central System has been conventionally interpreted as a thick-skinned pop-up mountain range thrust over the Duero and Tajo foreland basins. However, its lithospheric structure and the P-wave velocity distribution are not yet fully resolved. In order to place geophysical constraints on this relevant topographic feature, to identify lithospheric discontinuities, and to unravel the crustal deformation mechanisms, a wide-angle seismic reflection and refraction experiment, CIMDEF (Central Iberian Mechanism of DEFormation), was acquired in 2017 and 2019. It is a NNW-SSE oriented 360-km long profile that runs through the Duero basin, the Iberian Central System and the Tajo basin. First results based on forward modeling by raytracing show an irregularly layered lithosphere and allow to infer the depth extent of the northern Iberian Central System batholith. The crust is ~ 31 km thick under the Duero and Tajo basins and thickens to ~ 39 km under the Iberian Central System. A conspicuous thinning of the lower crust towards the south of the Iberian Central System is also modeled. Along this transect, a continuous and high amplitude upper mantle feature is observed and modeled as the reflection of an interface dipping from 58 to 62 km depth featuring a P-wave velocity contrast of 8.2 to 8.3 km/s. Our preliminary results complement previous models based on global-phase seismic and noise interferometry and gravity data, provide new constraints to validate the accuracy of passive seismic methods at lithospheric scale, and contribute with a resolute P-wave velocity model of the study area to unravel the effect of the Alpine reactivation on the central Iberian Massif.This project has been funded by the EIT-RawMaterials 17024 (SIT4ME) and the MINECO projects: CGL2016-81964-REDE, CGL2014-56548-P.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación. Se aborda por qué el conocimiento sobre las religiones en la escuela es una contribución fundamental para la educación de los alumnos y cuáles son sus aportaciones específicas. La enseñanza de la religión permite desarrollar la inteligencia espiritual y comprender tanto el mundo actual como su patrimonio cultural, artístico, espiritual y religioso. También desarrolla el sentido de la justicia mediante el conocimiento de la contribución de las religiones en favor de la paz, los derechos humanos y la ecología, y promoviendo el compromiso de los alumnos como ciudadanos del mundo. Biblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín, 5 - 3 planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; biblioteca@mecd.es ESP

The dimensions, the geographical position and the complex geological history of the Iberian Peninsula makes it a unique and singular target to study its crustal and upper mantle structure and geodynamical evolution using geophysical methods. The lithospheric structure beneath Iberia has been investigated since the 1970’s using deep multichannel seismic reflection and refraction/wide-angle reflection profiling. Gravimetric and magnetic data were acquired following the deployment of permanent and temporary stations, mostly during the 1990’s. Beginning in the late 1990’s, the progressive use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) instruments contributed to monitor the present-day motions. During the last decades, numerous geological and geophysical surveys have investigated the Iberian lithosphere and upper mantle in the onshore and offshore regions, the most recent ones related to the TopoIberia project. The approach developed in this contribution is twofold. Firstly, we summarize the available geophysical information over Iberia, from focusing on the upper crust to the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary and the transition zone marking the bottom of the upper mantle. Results of GNSS data, potential fields, controlled source seismic profiles, magnetotelluric data, body and surface wave tomography, receiver functions and 2D and 3D lithospheric modeling are reviewed and compared. Secondly, we focus on the areas of greater geodynamic interest and the regions where inconsistencies within the geophysical results, or contradictions in their tectonic interpretation exist, identifying the major questions that are still under debate. Besides shedding light to the state of knowledge and pointing out present-day research challenges, this review provides a tool for the integration of the diverse geophysical datasets with the surface geology and geodynamical processes that are interpreted to have built the complex geology of the Iberian Peninsula., The authors acknowledge funding from the Generalitat de Catalunya, grant/awards number AGAUR 2017SGR1022, and AGAUR 2017SGR847, the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities grant numbers RTI2018-095594-B-I00, PGC2018-095154-B-100 and PGC2018-094227-B-I00 and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness grant numbers CGL2017-84901-C2 and PIE-CSIC-201830E039. IP is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities and University of Salamanca grant BEAGAL18/00090. AV acknowledges funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S).

The ongoing India-Asia collision has led to the formation of the northern Himalayan gneiss domes belt in southern Tibet. The domes are the result of the ongoing convergence and were formed by geological processes that may include crustal thickening, metamorphism, partial melting, and exhumation of middle crustal rocks to the surface. A combination of compressional, extensional, and diapiric processes has been invoked to explain the formation and evolution of these domes. Differentiating among these competing hypotheses requires well-defined geophysical images of the internal structure of the domes. The Mabja dome is the largest dome within the northern Himalayan gneiss domes belt. A 70-km long deep seismic reflection profile across Mabja dome was acquired in 2016. The seismic data could provide new information about the structural elements beneath the domes to the depth of 25 Km. We address the structure of the Mabja dome by conducting an integrated analysis of shallow crustal velocity structure and a normal-incidence seismic reflection image of deeper crust. Our work suggests that the Mabja dome is underlain by shear zones at depths of 10–15 km and two high-velocity bodies at depths of 3 km possibly representing the eclogitic-facies rocks or mafic intrusions. We propose that the dome formation may have been controlled by collision-induced north-south shortening expressed by thrust stacking of middle crustal rocks, which led to the doming of the upper-crustal rocks. The proposed mechanism inferred for Mabja dome can be applied to interpret the widespread domes throughout the southern Tibet and other related structures in orogenic mountain belts. © 2021. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved., The authors thank Professor Jinyi Li, Rizheng He, Dr Yuanzhi Yao and Zhigang Shi, and three anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments that have greatly improved the manuscript. The authors also thank Professor Daniel Koehn and Denise De Nil for providing us FWT code. The study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (41704089, 42074097,41590863), China Geological Survey projects (DD20190016) and National Key R&D Program of China (2107YFC0601301).

Near Surface Geoscience Conference & Exhibition Online 2020, This work explores the first results of the seismic data acquired in the Sotiel-Coronada mine as part of the SIT4ME (Seismic Imaging Techniques for Mineral Exploration) project. In this experiment, a multi-source seismic data-set was acquired at the end of 2018 in the Sotiel- Coronada area of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) (southwest Spain). In the seismic experiment presented, 653 seismic receivers were deployed distributed in a pseudo 3D grid and six crooked lines across the study area. The sensors recorded c. 900 vibration points produced by a 32 Tn vibrotruck. Here, we present the stack results of the 2D seismic sections. Data from over 100 wells have been incorporating to aid in the structural interpretation. The preliminary interpretation reveals the complexity of this highly faulted ore-bearing area. Correlations between well log data information and 2D seismic profiles, suggest the location of a potentially mineralized area. The SIT4ME project has been funded by EIT Raw Materials (17024).

3rd Conference on Geophysics for Mineral Exploration and Mining, 7-8 december, 2020 - online, The Zinkgruvan mining area is located in the south-eastern part of the Bergslagen district, one of the three most mineral prospective regions in Sweden. In this study, we present the results from two recently acquired approximately 6000 m-long reflection seismic profiles crossing the Zinkgruvan mining area. Profile P1 was acquired using cabled geophones with 10 m receiver and source interval and crossed a major NE-plunging fold. Profile P2 was acquired perpendicular to P1, used wireless recorders with 20 m receiver and 10 m source intervals. Despite the notably complex geology, the processed seismic sections clearly reveal a series of moderately-to-steeply dipping reflections associated with the mineral-bearing Zinkgruvan formation. The results from this seismic survey are encouraging regarding the potential of the seismic method for mineral exploration purposes and its high resolving power on complex geological structures in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way.

The deep structure of the Carrascoy Fault (CAF) is characterized by utilizing the analysis of surface waves identified in shallow high-resolution seismic reflection data. The Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) is used to unravel the 2-D Vs wave velocity model and image the depth geometry of the fault system. The study area includes segments of the fault located in the deformation zone in southeastern Iberian Peninsula. Two approaches have been used to achieve a well-constrained velocity model in the CAF fault zone. Conventional seismic reflection processing workflow has been used to clean the seismic data and increase its S/N ratio. And Occam's approach has been used to invert the digitized surface wave dispersion curves. 1D shear wave velocity-depth profiles were estimated in shot and CDP/CMP domains. Relatively well-resolved 2D velocity-depth models were obtained by the composite of the 1D Velocity-depth functions. These composite results of the 2D-velocity models are able to constrain the depth geometry of the fault zone down to 200 m depth. The fault zone is indicated by a relatively broad low-velocity anomaly that correlates with the fault¿s surface expression in CMP number 1201-1281. The low velocities would then be related to fracturing and associated local weathering that would reduce the shear modulus value., We would thank for the data permission to project of InterGEO (CGL2013-47412- C2-1-P) ICTJA-CSIC•The Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia is thanked for main author’s PhD scholarship •JA is funded by MICINN (IJC2018-026335-I). We thank the GIPP-GFZ, (Germany) and•Lisbon University (Portugal) for the instrumentation provided

Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) comprises a large family of fungal transporters. In this work four Penicillium digitatum MFS transporters named PdMFS2-5 were identified and functionally characterized through gene elimination and gene overexpression with aim of unveil the similarities and differences among members of the same family during pathogen-fruit interaction. Fungal mutants in which each of the MFS transporters were individually deleted, displayed a clear effect on their infective capacity during citrus fruit infection especially in two of them. In contrast, the observed effect on fungicide sensitivity limits PdMFS2 and PdMFS3 as transporters underlying fungicide resistance. Moreover, overexpression transformants confirmed P. digitatum MFS transporters function and PdMFS2 and PdMFS3 were able to confer fungicide resistance to P. digitatum strains originally fungicide sensitive. Gene transcription rate depended on each MFS transporter being PdMFS4 the one with higher gene expression. Transcriptional profiling was similar regardless the P. digitatum strain. The gene expression analysis showed an increase of PdMFSs transcription in all overexpression transformants, particularly in Pd27 strain. Expression analysis carried out during P. digitatum-citrus fruit interaction confirmed the contribution of all PdMFSs, excepting PdMFS5, in fungal virulence. These results indicate that MFS fungal transporters might be part of different processes and can replace other genes functions giving them a very high degree of versatility.

The Iberian Central System, formed after the Alpine reactivation of the Variscan Iberian Massif, features maximum altitudes of 2500 m. It is surrounded by two foreland basins with contrasting elevation: the Duero Basin to the north, located at 750-800m, and the Tajo Basin to the south, lying at 450-500 m. The deep crustal structure of this mountain range seems to be characterized by the existence of a moderate crustal root that provides isostatic support for its topography. New seismic data are able to constrain the geometry of this crustal root, which appears to be defined by a northward lower-crustal imbrication of the southern Central Iberian crust underneath this range. Contrarily to what was expected, this imbrication also affects the upper crust, as the existing orogen-scale mid-crustal Variscan detachment was probably assimilated during the Carboniferous crustal melting that gave rise to the Central System batholith. In addition, the lower crust might have thinned, allowing coupled deformation at both crustal levels. This implies that the reactivated upper-crustal fractures can reach lower-crustal depths, thus allowing the entire crust to sink. This new model can explain the differences in topography between the Central System foreland basins. Also, it provides further constraints on the crustal geometry of this mountain range, as it seems to be that of an asymmetric Alpine-type orogen, thus hindering the existence of buckling processes as the sole origin of the deformation. The results presented here have been achieved after autocorrelation of seismic noise along the CIMDEF (Central Iberian Massif DEFormation Mechanisms) profile. Although the resolution of the dataset features limited resolution (0.5-4 Hz, stations placed at similar to 5 km), this methodology has allowed us to pinpoint some key structures that helped to constraint the deformation mechanisms that affected Central Iberia during the Alpine orogeny., This research has been supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (grant nos. CGL2014-56548-P and CGL2016-81964-REDE), the Consejeria de Educacion, Junta de Castilla y Leon (grant no. SA065P17), and the Generalitat de Catalunya (grant no. 2017-SGR-1022).

EGU2020: Sharing Geoscience Online, 4-8 may 2020, Sub-Moho reflectors have been identified in seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection recordings in western Iberia since the late `80s. These control source seismic wide-angle shot records have energy large enough to illuminate the uppermost mantle showing strong sub-Moho arrivals at distant offsets (>180 km) with amplitudes significantly higher than the Pn and a relatively long coda. The kinematics and wavelet characteristics of these features are probably produced by an increase in P-wave velocity, and forward modeling indicates that these arrivals reflect off an interface in the 60-80 km depth range beneath the Iberian Massif. The waveform and time length of this arrival suggests that it can result from the interaction of the seismic energy with a ~10 km thick heterogeneous layer. To test this hypothesis, we used a 2D second-order finite-difference acoustic and elastic full wave-field scheme with a layer consisting of randomly distributed bodies smaller than ¿ of the wavelength of the seismic waves in thickness and ¿Vp=±0.2 km/s at the considered depth range. Resulting synthetic shot gathers reproduce well the observed amplitudes and codas as a result of the constructive interference caused by the tuning effect produced by this gradient heterogeneous zone. The contrast in physical properties and depth level of this feature are consistent with the top of the phase transition from spinel to garnet lherzolite, the so-called Hales discontinuity. Some of the available gathers show a second and deeper reflection. Detailed analysis of the reflected wave-forms suggests that the reflected wavelet has reversed polarity, a feature suggesting. a velocity decrease with depth. Finite difference acoustic and elastic full wave-field modeling places this discontinuity around 90 km depth beneath the Ossa-Morena Zone (south Iberian Massif). A lateral change is observed beneath the Centro-Iberian Zone (central Iberian Massif) where it is imaged at 103-110 km depth on the southeast and shallows up to 80 km depth on the northeast. The indicated depth would be consistent with the depth location of the LAB, which is relatively well constrained for the target area by other geophysical observations., Funding resources: EU EIT-RawMaterials Ref: 17024_20170331_92304; MINECO: CGL2016-81964-REDE CGL2014-56548-P: JCYL: SA065P17).

High-resolution (HR) 3D seismic acquisition is expensive and often not available due to a variety of reasons. This work builds an optimized workflow to convert a dense 2D HR seismic grid into a 3D seismic volume. The task has been developed within a broader project, NUREIEVA, which aims at characterizing a metal-rich onshore and shallow marine mine tailings deposit in Portmán Bay, Murcia, Spain, which developed from 1957 to 1990. Hence, in the framework of the NUREIEVA project a very dense set of 2D HR seismic lines was acquired. The geophysical equipment used to capture the submarine extent, thickness and internal structure of the mine tailings deposit was a hull-mounted Kongsberg TOPAS PS18 single-channel parametric source. The seismic grid thus acquired consisted of 1309 2D lines, with an approximate distance between lines of 10 m, covering an area of 7.45 km2. The parametric source yielded a vertical resolution of 15 cm, which is very high if compared with conventional seismic reflection data. In order to visualize the internal architecture of the mine tailings deposit in all directions, it is desirable to convert the dense 2D network of lines into a full 3D data volume. Such a data volume is intended to assist reaching faster deposit delimitation and more accurate volumetric calculations. For this purpose, a new optimized 2D to 3D conversion processing flow including a 3D interpolation scheme has been designed. Given the specific characteristics of the input data, a number of challenges had to be addressed, namely: (i) a very high vertical resolution that differs by at least two orders of magnitude from the horizontal resolution; (ii) a large data volume (2 TB), which involves extensive computing time; (iii) the heterogeneity in the acquisition parameters. Because of this, the lines had to be processed previously to the 3D interpolation to homogenize the imaging characteristics and signal content. This new methodology can be now applied for obtaining a 3D volume to any case where a single channel dense 2D seismic grid is available. Furthermore, the new methodology, duly adapted to each particular scenario, represents a low cost alternative to conventional HR 3D seismic and could prevent further seismic shooting in areas when 2D data is already available.

The high degree of human activities in urban environments produces large background vibrations that makes it difficult to use data acquired in these areas for classical seismology. Seismometers installed within cities have been typically been used for the study of seismic hazard or for monitoring civil engineering problems. However, with the development of monitoring techniques based on the interpretation of the so-called seismic ambient noise, these data have gained scientific interest. Our objective is to discuss an additional utility of seismometers deployed within a city; its use as a tool to connect society with Earth sciences. Many citizen activities, from traffic to music concerts, produce vibrations that can be recorded seismically, and our experience shows that these records attract the attention of the media and social networks. With the emergence of low-cost and easy-to-use instruments in recent years, more citizens can now record ground motion and become interested in the interpretation of the recorded seismograms. The installation of permanent seismic networks in educational centers has proven to be a good approach to introduce students to Earth sciences at the national level and can also be developed at the urban scale using this new instrumentation. In this contribution we will first review the previous results related to the identification of the sources of vibration in urban areas and then present a new ongoing project based on the deployment of a seismic network in educational centers located in the city of Barcelona., This is a contribution of the SANIMS project (RTI2018-095594-B-I00), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, with additional support from the Generalitat de Catalunya grant 2017SGR1022.

Two sterol 14α-demethylase genes from Penicillium digitatum, PdCYP51A and PdCYP51B, were evaluated and revealed that 95% of Imazalil (IMZ)-resistant isolates carried a 195-bp insertion in the PdCYP51B promoter. We functionally characterized both sterol 14α-demethylases by overexpression. Molecular analysis of overexpression mutants showed that the introduction of PdCYP51B insertion is more stable than the five-tandem repeat PdCYP51A sequence previously described that confers DMI fungicide resistance. The both enhancers can coexist in P. digitatum isolates that initially contained the 195-bp PdCYP51B insertion but the introduction of 195-bp PdCYP51B enhancer promoted the loss of the five-tandem repeat of PdCYP51A. The incorporation of 195-bp PdCYP51B resulted in an increase of DMI fungicide resistance in mutants from already resistant isolates and confers resistance to DMIs in mutants from sensitive isolates. Transcription evaluation of the both genes showed noticeable induction in all overexpression mutants, except for those coming from the five-tandem repeat PdCYP51A sequence, whereas PdCYP51A expression dropped dramatically. Only PdCYP51B exhibited up-regulation during citrus infection compared to axenic growth, and the role of PdCYP51B in fungal virulence was further reinforced since strains with low virulence showed increased infectivity in overexpression mutants. This study suggested the predominant role of the PdCYP51B enhancer in the acquisition of DMI resistance and fungal virulence, by replacing homologues genes with same putative function., This work was supported by grants for projects AGL2005-04921-C02-02, AGL2008-04828-C03, and AGL2011-30519-C03-02, from the Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain).

3rd Conference on Geophysics for Mineral Exploration and Mining, Deep mineral resources need to be discovered and accessed to ensure the ever increasing needs of minerals in our society. Seismic methods have proven their capacity to image important targets in deep, crystalline environments, but their use is not yet a standard within conventional mineral exploration activities. The EIT-RawMaterials Programme has funded the “Seismic Imaging for Mineral Exploration - SIT4ME” project, aimed to develop seismic imaging approaches for mineral exploration within crystalline settings, at a reduced cost. The aim of this transnational initiative is to test the efficiency of seismic methods to image target ore structures by comparing control and natural source seismic data-sets in two real case-studies, the Zinkgruvan mine in Sweden and the Sotiel mine in Spain. This work describes the main objectives and activities carried out as part of the project, and outlines the expected outcomes of this initiative.

EGU2020: Sharing Geoscience Online, 4-8 may 2020, The general objectives of the ¿Seismic Ambient Noise Imaging and Monitoring of Shallow Structures¿ (SANIMS) project, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Research and Innovation (Ref.: RTI2018-095594-B-I00), are focused into the application and development of methods based on ambient noise seismic data recorded by dense networks to image and monitor natural and human-altered environments. To achieve this objective, temporal seismic networks have been installed since late 2019 in two very different settings; the Cerdanya Basin, a sedimentary basin located in the eastern Pyrenees and the city of Barcelona. Regarding the Cerdanya Basin, a relatively unaltered setting, a network of up to 25 broad-band stations has been installed for a period of one year. Additionally, a high resolution grid of seismic nodes will be deployed for 2 months in the central part of the basin, with interstation distances of 1.5 km. In order to constraint the uppermost crustal structure using ambient noise, vertical component recordings will be processed using the phase cross-correlation and time-frequency domain phase-weighted stacking to extract fundamental mode Rayleigh waves. The surface waves will then be used to measure inter-station group and phase velocity dispersion curves that will be inverted using the Fast Marching Surface Tomography method. Depending on data quality, we will also process the horizontal components to extract Love waves for joint inversions with Rayleigh waves to constrain radial anisotropy and/or the application of new strategies to perform attenuation tomography. Regarding areas strongly altered by human activity, we have deployed a network of 15 short-period stations within the city of Barcelona, in most of the cases installed in the basement of secondary schools, for a duration of 9-12 months. The objective of this deployment is twofold; acquire new valuable scientific data and introduce the students in an Earth Science research project. Although the Barcelona area has been investigated using MHVSR methods by different authors, the new data acquired by the SANIMS project will expand the available data and will allow to analyze the time variability of the measurements. This new dataset will also be used to analyze the applicability of the methods based on Rayleigh wave ellipticity inversion of ambient noise and earthquake data to provide S-velocity depth profiles. Under the assumption of an isotropic horizontally layered medium, the ellipticity inversion is not affected by the directivity of the diffusive noise wave field and seems therefore to be a good option to determine local S-velocity depth profiles in areas with little lateral inhomogeneities and uneven distribution of noise sources. We expect that the use of ambient noise methods will allow to map the basement and to obtain new higher resolution ambient noise tomographic images of the upper crust in the Cerdanya Basin and to better constrain the subsoil properties of Barcelona, hence improving the existing seismic hazard maps. Besides, comparing the results in both areas will allow to compare the performance of the different methods based on ambient noise in quiet and noisy areas.

EGU2020: Sharing Geoscience Online, 4-8 may 2020, The European Plate Observation System (EPOS, https://www.epos-ip.org/) is an e-infrastructure of ESFRI, the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (https://www.esfri.eu/), aimed at facilitating and promoting the integrated use of data, data products, services and facilities from internationally distributed research infrastructures for Solid Earth Science. This e-infrastructure is greatly committed to tackle viable solutions for Solid Earth challenges. It is a long-term plan that integrates research infrastructures of different European countries into a single inter-operable platform through different thematic core services (e.g., Seismology, Satellite data, Volcano Observations, Multi-Scale Laboratories). The Spanish EPOS node is coordinated by CSIC (the Spanish National Research Council) that hosts its own institutional repository, the DIGITAL.CSIC. CSIC has adopted the European open data mandate and supports that data archives follow the FAIR principles of data management: Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. Therefore, data are broadly accessible to reuse for other researchers, industry, teaching, training and for the general public. Following these principles, the Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera is updating and enlarging its database (https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/101879, last access January 2020). These datasets include, among other, geophysical data acquired in the Iberian Peninsula since the 90¿s. They comprise seismic studies of the structure of the crust in different geological settings, both on and offshore, and ranging from continental to exploration scale. These projects have been funded by public calls as well as from industry-funded research projects. As an example, these datasets contain data addressing the characterization of the shallow subsurface for the development of CO2, radioactive waste geologic storage sites, and to assess geologic hazards in the nearby of active faults. These datasets provide access to data that are relevant to assess sustainable and secure exploration and exploitation of the subsurface, a key societal challenge., This work is a contribution of Project EPOS Sustainability Phase (EPOS SP), funded by the European Commission (Grant Agreement no: 871121 - EPOS SP-H2020-INFRADEV-2018-2020/H2020-INFRADEV-2019-2).

EGU2020: Sharing science Online, 4-8 may 2020, Mineral resources are used in large quantities than ever before because they are fundamental to our modern society. To this front and facing an up-scaling challenge, the EIT Raw-Materials funded project SIT4ME (Seismic Imaging Techniques for Mineral Exploration) was launched involving several European institutions. As part of the project, a dense multi-method seismic dataset was acquired in the Zinkgruvan mining area at the Bergslagen mineral district of Sweden, which hosts one of the largest volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VMS) deposits in the country. In November 2018, a dense multi-method seismic dataset was acquired in the Zinkgruvan mining area, in a joint collaborative approach among Swedish, Spanish and German partners. A combination of sparse 3D grid and dense 2D profiles in an area of approximately 6 km2 was acquired using a 32t seismic vibrator (10-150 Hz) of TU Bergakademie Freiberg, enabling reasonable pseudo-3D sub-surface illumination. For the data acquisition, a total of approximately 1300 receiver positions (10-20 m apart), using different recorders, and 950 source positions were surveyed. All receivers were active during the data acquisition allowing a combination of 2D and semi-3D data to be obtained for various imaging and comparative studies. The main objective of the study, apart from its commercial-realization approach, was also to provide information useful for deep-targeting and structural imaging in this complex geological setting. The main massive-sulphide bearing horizon, Zinkgruvan formation, is strongly reflective as correlated with the existing boreholes in the mine. Careful analysis of the seismic sections suggests a dominant northeast-dipping structure, consistent with the general plunge of the main Zinkgruvan fold that has been suggested in the area., EIT-RawMaterials is gratefully thanked for funding this up-scaling project 17024.

EGU2020: Sharing Geoscience Online, 4-8 may 2020, Controlled source seismic data acquisition experiments have produced a vast amount of Deep Seismic Sounding (DSS) data since its development in the late 50¿s. These datasets provide critical information on the structure and nature of the crust and the lithosphere, which constitutes a fundamental research tool within Solid Earth Sciences. The DSS datasets are unique and constitute the output of an expensive (in time, effort and cost) scientific process, which evidences the need for their preservation, both the recently acquired and the legacy data. Furthermore, the new developments in processing and imaging techniques generate new possibilities for re-use of the vintage datasets. The availability and accessibility of these datasets, therefore, is of foremost importance for scientists, decision-makers and the general public. The research community, aware of the value of these data, has pushed forward Open Data policies based on the FAIR principles of data management (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable). In this respect, a long-term plan has been launched by the European Plate Observation System (EPOS, https://www.epos-ip.org/) e-infrastructure. The focus is to streamline the integrated use of scientific data, data products and services. In close link with EPOS, the Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Research Infrastructure Alliance for Europe (SERA, http://www.sera-eu.org/home, a Horizon 2020 project) includes a working package to set up a network on DSS data and products management. This initiative ensures the traceability of the data allowing that third parties can freely access, exploit and disseminate the data by means of permanent, international identifiers: a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) or handle. Furthermore, the current aim is to go beyond the FAIR principles by linking the data with its related peer-reviewed publications, other scientific contributions and technical reports, facilitating its re-use. A prototype DSS data exchange system has been developed jointly between the DIGITAL.CSIC (the Spanish National Research Council) services and the Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera-CSIC (https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/101879, last access January 2020). Within the platform, each dataset includes the acquired raw data and a metadata file. The metadata provides information of the nature of the data itself, list of authors, the context of the data (time and location of the experiments), funding agencies and other relevant legal aspects. The technical information includes the acquisition parameters, data processing and format of the data (SEGY standard in this case - www.seg.org-, broadly used in the geophysics community). In the developed storage protocol, a permanent identifier is assigned once it has been checked that the data meets all the described requirements. This permanent identifier ensures that any visit or download is accounted for. This information is entered into a statistics referencing database and can also be used as a measure of the impact of the data and/or data product., This work is funded by the European Commission (Grant Agreement no: 676564-EPOS IP, Call H2020-INFRADEV-2014-2015/H2020-INFRADEV-1-2015-1, SERA 730900).

Reprocessing of multi-channel seismic reflection data acquired over the northern margin of the Gulf of Cádiz (SW Iberian margin) places new constraints on the upper crustal structure of the Guadalquivir-Portimão Bank. The data presented have been processed with optimized stacking and interval velocity models, a better approach to multiple attenuation, preserved amplitude information to derive the nature of seismic reflectivity, and accurate time-to-depth conversion after migration. The reprocessed data reveal a bright upper crustal reflector just underneath the Paleozoic basement that spatially coincides with the local positive free-air gravity high called the Gulf of Cádiz Gravity High. To investigate the nature of this reflector and to decipher whether it could be associated with pieces of mantle material emplaced at upper crustal levels, we calculated its reflection coefficient and compared it to a buried high-density ultramafic body (serpentinized peridotite) at the Gorringe Bank. Its reflection coefficient ratio with respect to the sea floor differs by only 4.6% with that calculated for the high-density ultramafic body of the Gorringe Bank, while it differs by 35.8% compared to a drilled Miocene limestone unconformity. This means that the Gulf of Cádiz reflector has a velocity and/or density contrast similar to the peridotite at the Gorringe Bank. However, considering the depth at which it is found (between 2.0 and 4.0 km) and the available geological information, it seems unlikely that the estimated shortening from the Oligocene to present is sufficient to emplace pieces of mantle material at these shallow levels. Therefore, and despite the similarity in its reflection coefficient with the peridotites of the Gorringe Bank, our preferred interpretation is that the upper crustal Gulf of Cádiz reflector represents the seismic response of high-density intracrustal magmatic intrusions that may partially contribute to the Gulf of Cádiz Gravity High., This research was funded by projects WE-ME (PIE-CSIC-201330E111) and MITE (CGL2014-59516-P).

The postharvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum is responsible for green mold decay on citrus fruit causing important economic losses. To examine possible elements involved in fungal pathogenesis/virulence and fungicide resistance, identification and functional characterization of PdSte12, a particular type of C2H2 fungal transcription factor was carried out. PdSte12 was functionally inactivated through homologous recombination. The deletant fungal strains (ΔPdSte12) failed to cause green mold decay on citrus fruit. ΔPdSte12 mutants exhibited reduced growth and impaired conidiogenesis during fungal infection towards citrus fruit. Additionally, PdSte12 was characterized via overexpression transformants, showing higher infectivity rate in a low virulence P. digitatum strain, providing evidence of PdSte12 ’s role in virulence. Moreover, fungicide sensitivity evaluation showed that PdSte12 was not involved in fungicide resistance as other transcription factors are. These results indicate that the PdSte12 transcription factor controls invasive growth and asexual reproduction as the major virulence function.

© The Author(s)., A new Penicillium digitatum major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter (PdMFS1) was identified and functionally characterized in order to shed more light on the mechanisms underlying fungicide resistance. PdMFS1 can play an important role in the intensification of resistance to fungicides normally used in P. digitatum postharvest treatments. In the PdMFS1 disrupted mutants, a slight effect in response to chemical fungicides was observed, but fungicide sensitivity was highly affected in the overexpression mutants which became resistant to wide range of chemical fungicides. Moreover, P. digitatum knock-out mutants exhibited a lower rate of fungal virulence when infected oranges were stored at 20 °C. Disease symptoms were higher in the PdMFS1 overexpression mutants coming from the low-virulent P. digitatum parental strain. In addition, the gene expression analysis showed an induction of PdMFS1 transcription in all overexpression mutants regardless from which progenitor came from, and four-time intensification of the parental wild type strain during citrus infection reinforcing PdMFS1 role in fungal virulence. The P. digitatum MFS transporter PdMFS1 contributes not only to the acquisition of wide range of fungicide resistance but also in fungal virulence during citrus infection., This work was supported by funds of AGL2005-04921-C02-02, AGL2008-04828-C03 and AGL2011-30519-C03-02 projects from the Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain). M.d.R.-C. was recipient of a fellowship from Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA). M.L.-P. was supported by a “Formación de Personal Investigador” scholarship (BES-2006-12983).

A multidisciplinary study has been carried out in Hontomín (Spain) to determine the basement structural setting, its geometry and the geometry of the sedimentary succession of an area aimed to be the first Spanish pilot plant for CO2 storage. An integration of coincident 3-D seismic results, borehole data and unpublished microgravity data were used to reproduce the deep structure and topography of the basement and to quantify the thickness of the Triassic Keuper evaporites. The subsurface structure is characterized by a half-graben setting filled with Keuper evaporites (up to 2000m thick), forming an extensional forced fold. All data sets clearly identify two main fault systems, compartmentalizing the main structural domain into three differentiated blocks. These faults have been interpreted to be reactivated normal faults that have led to the formation of the Hontomín dome.

The difficulties of seismic imaging beneath high velocity structures are widely recognised. In this setting, theoretical analysis of synthetic wide-angle seismic reflection data indicates that velocity models are not well constrained. A two-dimensional velocity model was built to simulate a simplified structural geometry given by a basaltic wedge placed within a sedimentary sequence. This model reproduces the geological setting in areas of special interest for the oil industry as the Faroe-Shetland Basin. A wide-angle synthetic dataset was calculated on this model using an elastic finite difference scheme. This dataset provided travel times for tomographic inversions. Results show that the original model can not be completely resolved without considering additional information. The resolution of nonlinear inversions lacks a functional mathematical relationship, therefore, statistical approaches are required. Stochastic tests based on Metropolis techniques support the need of additional information to properly resolve sub-basalt structures.

Publicado en la revista como Special Issue:Abstracts of the International Symposium on Deep Earth Exploration and Practices, 24–26 Oct 2018, Beijing, China, The Iberian Peninsula and its margins have been extensively studied by multi-seismic data acquisition experiments since the early 70’s. Relatively old seismic refraction (form the 70’s to the late 80’s) and more modern (early 90’s to present day) spatially dense wide-angle seismic reflection transects have constrained the distribution of P and S wave velocity and the depth and geometry of the main crustal and lithospheric interfaces. Deep normal incidence high resolution seismic reflection surveys imaged: the crustal architecture; the distribution of deformation and help determine the evolution of the most relevant geologic features within Iberia and its margins. Deep seismic imaging started with the Spanish-French collaboration across the Pyrenees (ECORS-Pyrenees), and it was soon after followed by the ESCI program in the mid-80’s. Similar to other Deep Continental Seismic Reflection Programs (ECORS, DEKORP, BIRPS in EU and LITHOPROBE, COCORP in Canada and USA), ESCI acquired a series of on-land and marine seismic transects that revealed the internal architecture of key orogenic belts within Iberia, namely the Betic Cordillera and the northern part of the Iberian Massif (Iberian part of the European Variscan orogen). Later, the EUROPROBE initiative fostered detailed studies of the central and southern part of the Iberian Massif. Two 300 km long transects (IBERSEIS and ALCUDIA) imaged this orogen in SW Iberia. The resulting seismic profiles sampled three major tectonic blocks which collided in the late Paleozoic: form south to north these are: the South Portuguese, the Ossa-Morena and, the Central Iberian blocks. These terranes and their sutures show characteristic seismic fabrics. These seismic signatures reveal a distribution of the deformation that gives valuable insights into the evolution of the orogen, e.g. thickening and thinning mechanisms, igenous activity and strike slip tectonics. The upper and lower crusts appear to be decoupled along an interface that runs through the entire seismic transects. Deformation seems to have been accommodated in different ways at upper and crustal levels in the three tectonic blocks. Furthermore, the northern part of the southernmost transect (the IBERSEIS transect) images a 1-2 s thick high amplitude reflective sill-like structure located at mid crustal levels. It has been interpreted as a mafic sill intrusion along a mid-crustal decollement. The Central Iberian Zone, imaged by the ALCUDIA transect, reveals thick and highly reflective lower crust, the reflection fabric consists of relatively continuous, sub-horizontal to arcuate events, suggesting that deformation is mostly associated with ductile deformation. The Moho features a laterally variable seismic signature (highly reflective beneath the Central Iberian Zone, discontinuous and diffuse below the Ossa-Morena Zone and, sharp and well defined to the south of the South Portuguese Zone). Along the entire transect, the Moho is subhorizontal and located at an average depth of 31-35., Research supports: CGL2014-56548-P, CGL2016-81964-REDE; SIT4ME EIT-KIC-RawMaterials; 2017-SGR-1022

The main objective of this study is to improve the geophysical characterization resulting from a shallow 3D high resolution travel-time tomography survey (500 x 500 m). This survey was acquired in Villar de Cañas (Cuenca, Spain) in late 2013 and early 2014. Lithology down to 150 m depth at this site is characterized by endorheic sediments, mainly siltstone and gypsum. After processing the tomography data, the velocity model showed a good correlation with geology models and borehole data except for the siltstone-gypsum transition. The model involves two lithological limits: the “transition layer - massive gypsum layer” (well resolved by a relatively high velocity contrast) and the “siltstone layer - transition layer” (constrained only in the central part of the model by a relatively low velocity contrast). As electrical resistivity is able to characterize shale-gypsum transitions, we complemented the seismic data with results from a collection of 2D ERT surveys, for which we build a new 3D grid with 2 parameters by node: velocity and resistivity. In order to derive a geological interpretation, we applied a statistical classification method (Linear Discriminant Analysis) to the new bi-parametric grid, using reference classes from well logs. This process resulted in a final 3D lithological model with less ambiguity and thus with a better definition of the two limits under discussion. Our study shows that the integration of seismic and electric methods significantly improves geological characterization in a gypsiferous context. Seismics, electrics and well logging have been shown as a good set for shallow subsoil exploration. However, the integration of the results of these techniques in order to derive a geological interpretation is complicated beyond a qualitative (subjective) correlation. In this study, we propose a quantitative joint interpretation of three separate geophysical datasets (a velocity model, a resistivity model and well logs) to characterize geological transitions in a shallow gypsiferous context in Villar de Cañas (Cuenca, Spain). We integrated the two models in a new 3D grid, and in order to derive a geological joint interpretation, we applied a supervised statistical classification method, LDA. The algorithm was fitted using a training set compiled from the well logs. Thus, every node is lithologically classified according to its velocity-resistivity relationship, resulting in a new 3D lithological model. This new model integrates both seismics and electrics resolution capacities, showing better agreement with geology profiles and topwells than those techniques separately., Research supports: CGL2014-56548-P, CGL2016-81964-REDE; SIT4ME EIT-KIC-RawMaterials; 2017-SGR-1022

Science has grown from our need to understand the world around us. Seismology is no different, with earthquakes and their destructive effect on society providing the motivation to understand the Earth's seismic wavefield. The question of when seismology as a science really began is an interesting one, but it is unlikely that there will ever be a universally agreed-upon date, partly because of the incompleteness of the historical record, and partly because the definition of what constitutes science varies from person to person. For instance, one could regard 1889 as the true birth of seismology, because that is when the first distant earthquake was detected by an instrument; in this case Ernst von Rebeur-Paschwitz detected an earthquake in Japan using a pendulum in Potsdam, Germany (Ben-Menahem, 1995). However, even the birth of instrumental seismology could be contested; the so-called Zhang Heng directional “seismoscope” (detects ground motion but not as a function of time) was invented in 132 CE (Rui and Yan-xiang, 2006), and is said to have detected a four-hundred mile distant earthquake which was not felt at the location of the instrument Needham, 1959, Dewey and Byerly, 1969. Prior to instrumental seismology, observations of earthquakes were not uncommon; for instance, Aristotle provided a classification of earthquakes based on the nature of observed ground motion (Ben-Menahem, 1995).

[EN] EPOS (European Plate Observation System) (https://www.epos-ip.org/) is now established as the only European multidisciplinary and global research infrastructure in Earth Sciences. It integrates several hundred national observatories for the observation and measurement of the internal and dynamic structure of the planet, and in particular in Europe, distributed in 25 European countries, including Spain. The EPOS project, included in the 2008 ESFRI Roadmap, has been recognized by ESFRI in 2016 as a priority project for its implementation, because of its strategic relevance in the European Research Area., [ES] EPOS (European Plate Observation System) (https://www.epos-ip.org/) se constituye actualmente como la única Infraestructura europea de Investigación multidisciplinar y global en Ciencias de la Tierra. Integra varios cientos de observatorios nacionales para la observación y medición de la estructura interna y dinámica del planeta, y en particular en Europa, distribuidos en 25 países de Europa, entre ellos España. El proyecto EPOS, incluido en la Hoja de Ruta ESFRI de 2008, ha sido reconocido por ESFRI en 2016 como proyecto prioritario para su implementación, por su relevancia estratégica en el ERA (European Research Area)., Este trabajo ha sido sufragado por los proyectos EPOS Implementation Phase (EPOS IP) (Grant agreement no:676564-EPOS IP) del EU VII Framework Program, ESFRI y Red Temática “EPOS ESPAÑA” (CGL2016- 81965-REDT) y Clúster de cálculo y servicio en remoto del nodo español de EPOS Espacio (UCMA15-EE3294), del Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, España.

Tunneling in urban areas demands an accurate characterization of the shallow subsurface to minimize risks during excavation. Unexpected high water inflows constitute a major problem because they may result in the collapse of the tunnel face and affect surface structures. Such collapses interrupted boring tasks and led to costly delays during the construction of the Santa Coloma Sector of L9 (Line 9) of the Barcelona Subway. A method for predicting groundwater inflows at tunnel face scale was implemented. A detailed 3D geological and geophysical characterization of the area was performed and a quasi-3D numerical model with a moving tunnel face boundary condition was built to simulate tunnel aquifer interaction. The model correctly predicts groundwater head variations and the magnitude of tunnel inflows concentrated at the crossing of faults and some dikes. Adaptation of the model scale to that of the tunnel and proper accounting for connectivity with the rest of the rock massif were crucial for quantifying the inflows. This method enables us to locate the hazardous areas where dewatering could be implemented., This work was funded by UTELinia9 (FCC, Ferrovial-Agroman, OHL, COPISA y COPCISA). Additional funding was provided by GISA Gestió d'Infrastructures S.A. (Generalitat de Catalunya). Other financial support was provided by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (HEROS project: CGL2007-66748 and MEPONE project: BIA2010-20244); Spanish Ministry of Industry (GEO-3D Project: PROFIT 2007–2009); and the Generalitat de Catalunya (Grup Consolidat de Recerca: Grup d'Hidrologia Subterrània, 2009-SGR-1057).

The Slt2 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase homologue of Penicillium digitatum, the most relevant pathogen-producing citrus green mould decay during postharvest, was identified and explored. The P. digitatum Slt2-MAPK coding gene (PdSlt2) was functionally characterized by homologous gene elimination and transcriptomic evaluation. The absence of PdSlt2 gene resulted in significantly reduced virulence during citrus infection. The ΔPdSlt2 mutants were also defective in asexual reproduction, showing impairment of sporulation during citrus infection. Gene expression analysis revealed that PdSlt2 was highly induced during citrus fruit infection at early stages (1 dpi). Moreover, PdSlt2 deletion altered gene expression profiles. The relative gene expression (RGE) of fungicide resistance- and fungal virulence-related genes showed that PdSlt2 acts as negative regulator of several transporter encoding genes (ABC and MFS transporters) and a positive regulator of two sterol demethylases. This study indicates that PdSlt2 MAPK is functionally preserved in P. digitatum and highlights the relevant role of the PdSlt2 MAP kinase-mediated signalling pathway in regulating diverse genes crucial for infection and asexual reproduction.

A putative sucrose transporter PdSUT1 included in the same clade that Sut1p from Schizosaccharomyces pombe was identified in Penicillium digitatum, the major citrus postharvest pathogen. PdSUT1 gene was characterized using target gene disruption and gene overexpression. The ΔPdSUT1 mutants generated by gene elimination showed reduction in fungal virulence during citrus fruit infection assayed in mature fruit at 20°C. However, the overexpression mutants did not increased disease severity neither in the mutants coming from a high virulent nor from a low virulent P. digitatum progenitor strains. Moreover, fungicide sensitivity was affected in the deletant mutants but not in the overexpression transformants. The expression analysis of several genes involved in fungicide resistance showed an intensification of MFS transporters and a decrease of sterol demethylases transcriptional abundance in the ΔPdSUT1 mutants compare to the parental wild type strain. PdSUT1 appear not to be directly involved in fungicide resistance although can affect the gene expression of fungicide related genes. These results indicate that PdSUT1 contribute to P. digitatum fungal virulence and influence fungicide sensitivity through carbohydrate uptake and MFS transporters gene activation.