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Mexican goat production systems face infection risks from Brucella melitensis, small ruminant lentivirus (SRLv) and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP); agents that cause great economic losses and directly affect public health (brucellosis and paratuberculosis [PTb]). Currently, there are no diagnostic tests applicable at large scale nor epidemiological information regarding the seroprevalence for these infectious diseases. For this study, a multiplex antibody assay (Luminex®) was used to retrospectively study the seroprevalence of brucellosis, SRLv, and PTb in the sera of 983 goats from nine Mexican states. Sera were obtained between 2014 and 2019. Antibodies against all three infectious diseases were detected in almost all tested samples. The estimated seroprevalence values ranged from 37% to 78% for brucellosis, 21% to 65% for SRLv, and 0% to 13% for PTb. The multiplex assay (Luminex®) is a simple, accessible, efficient, and cost-effective seroprevalence monitoring tool for brucellosis, SRLv, and PTb, and can be used as a largescale approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research / Revue Canadienne de Recherche Vétérinaire is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) infect sheep and goats resulting in significant economic losses. This study evaluated for the first time the predicted conformational structure of the SRLV-capsid-protein 25 (SRLV-p25) and analyzed the antigenicity of recombinant protein (SRLV-rp25) in mice by coupling to an immunostimulatory complexes based on glycyrrhizinic acid liposomes (GAL) and tested plasma from goats and sheep naturally infected. Analysis in silico and conformational structure of SRLV-p25 (genotype B-FESC-752) showed similar characteristics to other lentiviral capsids. The efficient expression of SRLV-rp25 was confirmed by Western blot. The humoral immune responses in mice showed an increased level of antibodies from day 21 to 35 of the SRLV-r p25-GAL and SRLV-rp25-ISCOM® groups and the cellular immune response showed no significant difference in IL-10 levels (P > .05), however, a significant difference (P < .001) was observed when comparing SRLV-rp25-GAL with SRLV-rp25 groups. Immunoreactivity toward SRLV- r p25 revealed 61% of positive samples from naturally infected goats and sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research / Revue Canadienne de Recherche Vétérinaire is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Worldwide, many emerging porcine parvoviruses (PPVs) have been linked to porcine circovirus‐2 (PCV2) associated disease (PCVAD), which includes post‐weaning multi‐systemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), PCV2‐related reproductive failure (PCV2‐RF), as well as other syndromes. To determine the DNA prevalence of PPVs and their relationship with PMWS and PCV2‐RF in Mexico, 170 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues were selected from archival collections to detect PPVs using a nested polymerase chain reaction. The tissues were composed of 50 PMWS cases, 20 age‐matched tissues from healthy pigs, 56 PCV2‐related reproductive failure (PCV2+‐RF) cases, and 44 PCV2‐‐RF cases. Overall, PPV2 and PPV6 were the most prevalent species (90.0% and 74.7%, respectively). In 8–11 week old pigs, the highest prevalence was for PPV6 and PPV3. Concerning reproductive failure, the PCV2‐affected farms had a significantly higher prevalence for PPV6 (61.6%) and PPV5 (36.4%) than the PCV2‐unaffected farms (35.0% and 5.0%, respectively). The concurrent infection rate was high, being significant for PPV2/PPV4 and PPV1/PPV5 within the PMWS cases and for PPV6/PPV5 among the PCV2+‐RF tissues. PPV5 showed a significant relationship with PMWS, whereas PPV5 and PPV6 were significant for PCVAD. The prevalence and coinfection rate of PPVs in Mexico were markedly higher than that described in other countries, denoting that PPV5 and PPV6 might have a potential role in PCVAD in Mexico. It is concluded that it is likely that the density population of pigs in Mexico is contributing to high PPV inter‐species and PCV2 coinfections which might lead to a different pathogenic outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline leukemia and immunodeficiency viruses (FeLV and FIV) are retroviruses with worldwide distribution that infect different species of felines, including domestic cats. Infections caused by feline retroviruses can cause various syndromes that can lead to the death of the host. The identification and segregation of infected cats is the most important measure for the control of infections caused by feline retroviruses, with viral genetic variability and the phase of infection being key points for the use of different diagnostic tools. The objective of this study was to genotype feline retroviruses present in naturally infected domestic cats. Detection of retroviral infections was performed with lateral flow immunochromatography and endpoint PCR assays in 50 domestic cats with different clinical-haematological characteristics. The FeLV genetic sequences corresponded to subgroup A and were shown to be related to sequences previously reported in America. Phylogenetic analysis of the FIV sequences revealed the presence of the B subtype in the infected cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Acadêmica: Ciência Animal is the property of Revista Academica: Ciencia Animal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The illegal trafficking of exotic birds such as parrots is now the third most lucrative business in the world and has been a problem for several years. As a result of this trafficking, there has been an increase in the emergence of exotic diseases. Herpesvirus is a pathogen of psittacines that has not been identified in Mexico to date. Through the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and pathological analyses, the present study demonstrates the presence of herpesvirus in endemic and exotic psittacines in Mexico. The study was based on 50 birds, with clinical signs of herpervirus infection, and 45 clinically healthy birds. DNA samples were obtained from proctodaeal cells of the healthy birds, collected through the use of an enema; additionally, the liver, kidneys, brain, large intestines, and lungs of five birds exhibiting clinical signs suggestive of herpesvirus infection, were collected and fixed in buffered formalin for histopathological examination. PCR assays revealed herpesvirus infection in 8 clinically healthy birds, including four exotic species, and one endemic species. On necropsy, four of the five birds with clinical signs of herpesvirus infection showed lesions caused by herpesvirus, and the presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies in various tissues. Thus, these results demonstrate that there is a high risk of herpesvirus infection in endemic Mexican psittacines, which could significantly impact the health of these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) subclinical infection promotes persistent lymphocytosis (PL), which is related to susceptibility and progression to lymphoma. Moreover, lymphocyte counts directly correlate with BLV antibody titers and proviral load, and cell immune responses are considered atypical due to immune suppression. In order to determine the relationship of PL, antibody titers, and proviral load with interleukin (IL)-12, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β expression in a 3-month interval, 58 cows were selected (30 BLV + and 28 BLV - ) from a high-prevalence dairy herd to complete 3 monthly blood samplings for the assessment of PL, BLV antibody titers, BLV proviral load, and IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β expression. At sampling conclusion, the BLV-infected cows were grouped according to PL, BLV proviral load, and BLV antibody titers as follows: BLV + PL + ( n = 16) and BLV + PL - ( n = 14); high proviral load (HPL) ( n = 18) and low proviral load (LPL) ( n = 13); high antibody titers (HAT) ( n = 17) and low antibody titers (LAT) ( n = 14). The BLV + PL + cows showed significantly higher proviral load and antibody titers than the BLV + PL - group; however, the former suggested spread presumably unrelated to lymphoma outcome, because HPL was observed in PL - cows in the last sampling. Consistent with the data, a higher antibody response strongly indicated BLV susceptibility since it was linked to PL + occurrence and a cytokine profile compatible with immune suppression. Furthermore, a reversion to lower antibody titers was observed in cows with HPL far ahead of time, most likely due to long-term immune suppression. In addition, high expression of IL-10 and TGF-β was associated with reduced IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4 expression alongside PL, HAT, and HPL in BLV-infected cows, suggesting an IL-10- and TGF-β-induced immune suppression. The IL-10 expression was increasing throughout, implying disease progression, as described. In conclusion, the proliferative expansion of lymphocytes known as PL might enhance a regulatory-rich cell population (Bregs and/or Tregs) that secretes IL-10 and TGF-β, leading to immune suppression. Further studies must be conducted regarding the types of regulatory cells involved in BLV-induced immune suppression., (Copyright and/or publishing rights held by the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association.)

Genus Iotatorquevirus consists of 2 species, Torque teno sus virus 1a and Torque teno sus virus 1b, which are ubiquitous in swine populations, and are widely reported in association with porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD). To evaluate the relationship with PCVAD, 100 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples were used to detect both Iotatorquevirus species by nested PCR and sequencing. Sixty-eight PCVAD cases were selected as well as 32 porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) non-affected cases. Overall, 33 of the 100 cases were positive for Torque teno sus virus 1a and 8 of 100 were positive for Torque teno sus virus 1b. Only 24 of 68 (35%) PCVAD cases were positive for Torque teno sus virus 1a; 39% (9/23) of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, and 33% (15/45) of PCV2-associated reproductive failure cases. Among PCV2 non-affected cases, 28% were positive for Torque teno sus virus 1a and 6% were positive for Torque teno sus virus 1b. Torque teno sus virus 1b was not detected in PCV2-associated reproductive failure cases. Regardless of the PCV2-status, a lower frequency of both Iotatorquevirus species was found than depicted in other reports and there was no statistical relationship with PCVAD (χ 2 < 0.01). Given the worldwide genomic variability of Iotatorquevirus species, it is feasible that species prevalent in Mexico share a lower nucleotide sequence identity, leading to different pathogenic potential.