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Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is very important because it provides different nutrients and decreases the risk of producing respiratory, gastrointestinal, and in the long term diseases such as obesity and diabetes. According to Duque P, 14% of mothers do not breastfeed their children during the first six months of life, this may be due to health problems of the child and the mother. Objectives: To determine the factors associated with the abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding in women from 18 to 35 years of age at the IESS Centro Materno Infantil y Emergencias, March-August 2022. Methods: Observational-analytical and cross-sectional design, where the factors associated with the abandonment of EBF were analyzed through the application of a structured questionnaire of 19 items. Results: The factors influencing the abandonment of EBF were known among them were the majority residents of the rural area (32.8%), occupation (42.9%), marital status (22.7%), level of secondary education completed (30.8%), type of delivery by cesarean section (30.3%), information before or after delivery about breastfeeding (30.8%), the reason for abandoning breastfeeding, which were: sore nipples (20.2%), low milk (27.8%), maternal illness (UTI, respiratory problems). Conclusions: Exclusive breastfeeding abandonment was 56.1%. Therefore, more educational strategies on breastfeeding by health professionals are required.

As of the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, warnings began to be made about the presence of a possible pattern of general cognitive impairment and executive functions among those who have suffered it. The objective of this study was to carry out a systematic integration of empirical studies on this relationship. A systematic review of the electronic literature was carried out in Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect, according to the PRISMA guidelines. 35 studies were collected between case studies, cohort studies and experimental investigations. It was found that, there is no clear neuropsychological functioning pattern in those affected by COVID-19, the idea of a predominant affectation on executive functioning, attention, memory, lexical fluency is reinforced, to which is added certain affectation of other elements of language. It is recommended to continue investigating the presence of long-term neuropsychological sequelae from COVID-19 and expanding the target populations to asymptomatic, symptomatic outpatients, and patients with persistent COVID-19., Desde o início da pandemia por COVID-19, iniciou-se um alerta sobre a presença de um possível padrão de deficiência cognitiva geral e de funções executivas em particular, entre os que padecem da mesma. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática dos estudos empíricos sobre as afetações da COVID-19 na cognição e na linguagem. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura eletrônica no Google Scholar, PubMed e ScienceDirect, de acordo com as diretrizes da PRISMA. Foram recompilados 35 estudos entre estudos de caso, estudos de coorte e investigações de corte experimental. Foi encontrado que, não há um padrão de funcionamento neuropsicológico claro nos afetados por COVID-19 e se reforça ideia de uma deficiência predominante sobre o funcionamento executivo, a atenção, a memória e a fluidez léxica, ao que se adiciona certa deficiência de outros elementos da linguagem. Recomenda-se seguir pesquisando a presença de sequelas neuropsicológicas pela COVID-19 a longo prazo e ampliando as populações objetivo para assintomáticos, sintomáticos não hospitalizados e a pacientes com COVID-19 persistente., Desde el inicio de la pandemia por COVID-19 se empezó a alertar sobre la presencia de un posible patrón de deterioro cognitivo general y de las funciones ejecutivas en particular, entre los que la han padecido. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática de los estudios empíricos sobre las afectaciones de la COVID-19 en la cognición y el lenguaje. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura electrónica en Google Scholar, PubMed y SicenceDirect, de acuerdo con las directrices de PRISMA. Se recopilaron 35 estudios entre estudios de caso, estudios de cohorte e investigaciones de corte experimental. Se encontró que, no hay un patrón de funcionamiento neuropsicológico claro en los afectados por COVID-19 y se refuerza la idea de una afectación predominante sobre el funcionamiento ejecutivo, la atención, la memoria y la fluidez léxica, a lo que se añade cierta afectación de otros elementos del lenguaje. Se recomienda seguir investigando la presencia de secuelas neuropsicológicas por COVID-19 a largo plazo y ampliando las poblaciones objetivo a asintomáticos, sintomáticos no hospitalizados y a pacientes con COVID-19 persistente.

Numerous lines of evidence have been presented in the literature that show the patterns of pedodiversity and biodiversity are very similar. One of the most corroborated patterns lies in the fits of the relationships between biodiversity and soil diversity to power laws according to the increase in study area. Several authors have analysed the presence of fractal and multifractal features in pedodiversity and biodiversity analyses. Similarly, it has also been found that valuable information can be extracted from the polygons of soil and vegetation maps, which also have surprising similarities. These approac hes concern information on the spatial distribution of natural resources. However, other more artificial but interesting maps and their comparison have been neglected by such studies. Land systems maps and their georeferenced databases fall into this latter category, and they include most of the soil-forming factors. In this paper a georeferenced land system database and map were analysed and the results compared with those obtained in previous pedodiversity and biodiversity studies, primarily the spatial patterns of the polygons. The results showed that the analysed land system map units followed the same patterns that were previously found in pedod iversity and biodiversity studies; that is, the power law concerning richness–area relationships. The same patterns occur with the number of polygons. Some geographers claim there is a “law” that states that there are far more small things/objects than larger ones across several orders of magnitude in geographic space and thus this regularity conforms to scaling laws, independent of the resource involved. The results obtained corroborate this conjecture irrespective of whether natural resources or artificial cartographies were analysed. This paper represents a first test of land use maps; additional work in this area is needed.

A debate has occurred concerning the laws of scale and the fractal nature of geographical space. Biodiversity and pedodiversity studies show the emergence of fractal structures such as taxa-area relationships. Biodiversity andpedodiversity are natural resources, although some consider pedotaxa to beartificial. The studies carried out to date emphasize that many pedodiversityand biodiversity spatial patterns converge at the same regularities. Many ofthese studies used natural resources maps and their digital databases. Information is extracted from the taxa types contained in each polygon and the areascovered. However, the structure of the maps (number, area, fragmentation, etc.) has rarely been a matter of study. When map structure was studied,intriguing similarities were observed in pedodiversity and biodiversity analyses. To understand whether these similarities also appear in other types of spatial entities that are more artificial, a review of geospatial analyses that studied topics such as urban maps, land system maps, etc., was under taken.The main variables in these maps are manmade and/or combinations of natural resources data layers. Regularities detected in the geospatial information ofthese latter topics also seem to conform to results obtained when analysing natural resources maps such as soils, rock types, landforms, plant communities, etc. Thus, some geographers consider the idea that there are far moresmall things/objects than larger ones across several orders of magnitude ingeographic space to be a law. Some geographers also contend that the classical“Gaussian thinking”and its statistical tools should be replaced by a“Paretianthinking”and its related statistical tools. This paper analyses the above topicsas well as the lack of adequate data and types of cognitive maps we use in ourmodern scientific society, supporting the conjecture that that we should include Paretian thinking in our research at least in the same way we use Gaussian thinking

A debate has occurred concerning the laws of scale and the fractal nature of geographical space. Biodiversity and pedodiversity studies show the emergence of fractal structures such as taxa-area relationships. Biodiversity and pedodiversity are natural resources, although some consider pedotaxa to be artificial. The studies carried out to date emphasize that many pedodiversity and biodiversity spatial patterns converge at the same regularities. Many of these studies used natural resources maps and their digital databases. Information is extracted from the taxa types contained in each polygon and the areas covered. However, the structure of the maps (number, area, fragmentation, etc.) has rarely been a matter of study. When map structure was studied, intriguing similarities were observed in pedodiversity and biodiversity analyses. To understand whether these similarities also appear in other types of spatial entities that are more artificial, a review of geospatial analyses that studied topics such as urban maps, land system maps, etc., was undertaken. The main variables in these maps are manmade and/or combinations of natural resources data layers. Regularities detected in the geospatial information of these latter topics also seem to conform to results obtained when analysing natural resources maps such as soils, rock types, landforms, plant communities, etc. Thus, some geographers consider the idea that there are far more small things/objects than larger ones across several orders of magnitude in geographic space to be a law. Some geographers also contend that the classical “Gaussian thinking” and its statistical tools should be replaced by a “Paretian thinking” and its related statistical tools. This paper analyses the above topics as well as the lack of adequate data and types of cognitive maps we use in our modern scientific society, supporting the conjecture that that we should include Paretian thinking in our research at least in the same way we use Gaussian