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677 results on '"Ram, U."'

11. Fixed Points for Ciric-G-Contractions in Uniform Spaces Endowed with a Graph

Author

Aghanians, Aris, Fallahi, Kamal, Nourouzi, Kourosh, and Verma, Ram U

Subjects
Mathematics - General Topology, 47H10, 05C40
Abstract

In this paper, we generalize the notion of $\lambda$-generalized contractions introduced by \'Ciri\'c from metric to uniform spaces endowed with a graph and discuss on the existence and uniqueness of fixed points for this type of contractions using the basic entourages., Comment: 12 pages

Published
2013

12. Utilization of Granular Activated Carbon for Sustainable Environmental Contaminants Remediation.

Author

MESHRAM, YOGITA K., KHOPE, RAM U., and DESHMUKH, RESHAL A.

Subjects
POLLUTANTS, ACTIVATED carbon, ENVIRONMENTAL remediation, LANGMUIR isotherms, ADSORPTION capacity
Abstract

An environment eco-friendly adsorbents such as filtrasorb-816 and filtrasorb-820 were used in this work. For the evaluation of the adsorption of manganese from the aqueous phase, granular activated carbons were used in conjunction with organic ligands such as 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid. The phenomenon of adsorption characteristics of manganese in an aqueous phase was studied at a constant temperature of 25 ±1°C and pH 5. Granular activated carbons were characterized by SEM analysis. Experimental data were tested by using Pseudo-first and Pseudo-second-order kinetic models. From the results, it was investigated that Pesudo-second-order data is more favorable than the pseudo-first-order for this system. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms models were used to describe the equilibrium characteristics of adsorption of Mn2+ onto activated carbon but the R² value of the Langmuir isotherm model was higher than other isotherms and hence it is the best fit. From this study, it was found that F-820 has more adsorption capacity to scavenge Mn2+ than F-816 from aqueous phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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20. Assessment of the Outcomes of Laparoscopic Versus Open Appendectomy: A Cross-sectional Study

Author

Dutta Ram U and Ganesh Agarwal

Subjects
General Medicine
Abstract

Introduction: We conducted a cross-sectional study in two institutions for reviewing the postoperative complications of laparoscopic appendectomy vs open appendectomy for complicated appendicitis. The primary objectives were detection of surgical site infection and reoperation within 30 days postoperatively. The secondary objectives were reducing the length of hospital stay, increasing patient satisfaction level, and identifying other diseases and postoperative complications like pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis, bedsores, and enterocutaneous fistulas. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 683 patients that met the inclusion criteria and their clin- ical data and hospital costs. The patients were divided into two groups: open appendectomy (OA) group and laparo- scopic appendectomy (LA) group. The collected clinical data included demographic data, co-morbidities, initial laboratory findings, operation time, intraoperative findings (acute, gangrenous or perforated appendix), time to soft diet, postoperative hospital stay, amount of analgesics and postoperative complications. Results: The laparoscopic group required fewer doses of paren- teral and oral analgesics in the operative and post- operative periods compared with the open appendectomy (P

Published
2021

21. Phthalimide conjugation turns the AIE-active tetraphenylethylene unit non-emissive: its use in turn-on sensing of hydrazine in solution and the solid- and vapour-phase

Author

Vishnu Priya Murali, Akhil A. Bhosle, Mainak Banerjee, Viraj G. Naik, Ram U. Gawas, Dharmendra Das, Sharanabasava D. Hiremath, Raghunath Acharya, Kaustabh Kumar Maiti, and Amrita Chatterjee

Subjects
Detection limit, Phthalic anhydride, Aqueous solution, General Chemical Engineering, Inorganic chemistry, Hydrazine, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, Tetraphenylethylene, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Phthalimide, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Gabriel synthesis, 0210 nano-technology, Selectivity
Abstract

Hydrazine is a vital precursor used in several pharmaceuticals and pesticide industries and upon exposure can cause severe health hazards. Herein, a new AIEgen, tetraphenylethylene phthalimide (TPE-PMI), is synthesized in a one-step solvent-free mechanochemical approach exploiting the simple condensation between TPE-NH2 and phthalic anhydride and used for the selective and sensitive detection of hydrazine. TPE-PMI with an AIE-active TPE-moiety is non-emissive in the solid phase by design. Hydrazine performs the cleavage of TPE-PMI in a typical “Gabriel synthesis” pathway to release AIE-active TPE-NH2 in an aqueous solution to emit blue fluorescence. A gradual rise in fluorescence intensity at 462 nm was due to the increasing hydrazine concentration and TPE-PMI showed a linear relationship with hydrazine in the concentration range from 0.2 to 3 μM. The selectivity study confirmed that the probe is inert to amines, amino acids, metal anions, anions and even common oxidants and reductants. The detection limit is 6.4 ppb which is lower than the US Environmental Protection Agency standard (10 ppb). The practical utilities of TPE-PMI were successfully demonstrated through quantitative detection of hydrazine vapour on solid platforms like paper strips and TLC plates. Furthermore, on-site detection of hydrazine in the solid phase was demonstrated by spiking the soil samples with measured quantities of hydrazine and quantitation through image analysis. This cost-effective sensing tool was successfully utilized in in vitro detection of hydrazine in live HeLa cells.

Published
2021

23. Evaluation of efficacy of commercial denture cleansing agents to reduce the fungal biofilm activity from heat polymerized denture acrylic resin: An in vitro study

Author

Mithilesh M Dhamande, Ashok J Pakhan, Ram U Thombare, and Shyam L Ghodpage

Subjects
Acrylic resins, Candida albicans, denture cleanser, Dentistry, RK1-715
Abstract

Aims: To compare and evaluate Candida removing effects of three most commonly available varieties of commercial denture cleansers from heat polymerized acrylic resins. To compare and evaluate Candida lytic effects of denture cleansers. To assess the effect of time on ability of denture cleansers in reducing Candidal biofilm. Materials and Methods: A specially designed metal mold was fabricated to obtain wax plates of uniform dimensions which were used to fabricate heat cure acrylic resin plates. A square-shaped window of dimension 15 mm and thickness of 1.5 mm was provided in metal mould to simulate thickness of denture base. All samples used in this study were prepared using this mould. Candida albicans colonies were then cultured on this acrylic resin plates by colonization assay. Yeast removing test for samples was performed using microscope and yeast lytic test was performed using photo colorimeter. Results: Denture cleanser D2 showed the highest Candida removing activity when compared with cleansers D1, D3, and control solution. Denture cleansers D2 showed increased yeast lytic ability when compared with denture cleansers D1, D3, and control solution. More time span shared a definite influence on yeast lytic ability of denture cleansers. Conclusions: The effect of cleansing agents on removal of colonized yeasts particularly fungal biofilm from acrylic resins was assessed for clinical implications. The observation indicated superior performance of cleanser D2 when compared with D1 and D3 even though they all belong to same chemical group of alkaline peroxide. The increased effectiveness may be due to presence of sodium lauryl sulphate in formula of D2.

Published
2012
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24. The e -Optimality Conditions for Multiple Objective Fractional Programming Problems for Generalized - Invexity of Higher Order

Author

Ram U Verma

Subjects
Generalized invexity of higher order, multiple objective fractional subset programming, e-efficient solution, semi-parametric sufficient e-optimality conditions, Mathematics, QA1-939
Abstract

Motivado por investigaciones recientes en la literatura, se introduce un marco general para una clase de funciones -invex n-set de orden superior y se exploran algunos resultados sobre condiciones de epsilon-optimalidad para objetivos multiples fraccionales de subconjuntos de programación. Los resultados obtenidos son de naturaleza general, dado que generalizan y unifican resultados sobre invexity generalizada e invexity generalizada de orden superior en el contexto de la programacion multiple fraccionaria.Motivated by the recent investigations in literature, a general framework for a class of -invex n-set functions of higher order is introduced, and then some results on the e-optimality conditions for multiple objective fractional subset programming are explored. The obtained results are general in nature, while generalize and unify results on generalized invexity as well as on generalized invexity of higher order to the context of multiple fractional programming.

Published
2012

25. Linear Convergence Analysis for General Proximal Point Algorithms Involving (H,η)- Mo notonicity Frameworks

Author

Ram U Verma

Subjects
General cocoerciveness, Variational inclusions, Maximal monotone mapping, (H,r) - monotone mapping, Generalized proximal point algorithm, Generalized resolvent operator., Mathematics, QA1-939
Abstract

General framework for the generalized proximal point algorithm, based on the notion of (H,r)- monotonicity, is developed. The linear convergence analysis for the generalized proximal point algorithm to the context of solving a class of nonlinear variational inclusions is examined, The obtained results generalize and unify a wide range of problems to the context of achieving the linear convergence for proximal point algorithms.Se desarrolla un marco general para el algoritmo de punto proximal generalizado, basado en la noción de (H,r)- monotonia. Se examina el analisis de convergencia lineal para el algoritmo de punto proximal generalizado en el contexto de la resolucion de una clase de inclusiones no lineales variacional. Los resultados obtenidos generalizan y unifican una amplia gama de problemas en el contexto de lograr la convergencia lineal de los algoritmos punto proximal.

Published
2011

26. Generalized frameworks for first-order evolution inclusions based on Yosida approximations

Author

Ram U. Verma

Subjects
Generalized first-order evolution inclusions, variational problems, maximal monotone mapping, A-maximal relaxed monotone mapping, generalized resolvent operator, general Yosida approximations, Mathematics, QA1-939
Abstract

First, general frameworks for the first-order evolution inclusions are developed based on the A-maximal relaxed monotonicity, and then using the Yosida approximation the solvability of a general class of first-order nonlinear evolution inclusions is investigated. The role the A-maximal relaxed monotonicity is significant in the sense that it not only empowers the first-order nonlinear evolution inclusions but also generalizes the existing Yosida approximations and its characterizations in the current literature.

Published
2011

27. Generalized first-order nonlinear evolution equations and generalized Yosida approximations based on H-maximal monotonicity frameworks

Author

Ram U. Verma

Subjects
Generalized first-order evolution equations, variational problems, maximal monotone mapping, relative H-maximal monotone mapping, relative H-maximal accretive mapping, generalized resolvent operator, general Yosida approximations, Mathematics, QA1-939
Abstract

First a general framework for the Yosida approximation is introduced based on the relative H-maximal monotonicity model, and then it is applied to the solvability of a general class of first-order nonlinear evolution equations. The obtained results generalize and unify a wide range of results to the context of the solvability of first-order nonlinear evolution equations in several settings.

Published
2009

28. Management of perforated duodenal ulcer at a tertiary care hospital

Author

Dutta Ram U and Ganesh Agarwal

Subjects
General Medicine
Abstract

Introduction: Multiple etiologies are associated with duodenal perforations such as peptic ulcer disease, iatrogenic causes and trauma. Computed tomography with intravenous and oral contrast is the most valuable imaging technique to identify duodenal perforation. In some cases, surgical exploration may be necessary for diagnosis. Materials and Methods: The case files of all the patients were retrospectively ana- lyzed for patient particulars, intra-operative findings, surgery performed, post-operative stay, morbidity and mortality. The groups were then compared with each other in terms of age, leak rates, hospital stay, morbidity, mortality and the surgery performed. Statistical analysis was done using the chi-square and the t- test by an inde- pendent comparison of each group singly against another by a statistician who was blinded to the study. A p value of < 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: The majority of patients came under the ‘small’ perforation group, but there were 38 patients (23.46 %) with large perforations as per our definition. These patients had a higher age of presentation (47.18 years) than the patients with smaller perforations (39.46 years). Giant perforations, or perforations greater than 3 cms in size were seen only 2 cases, accounting for a small percentage (1.28 %) of all cases seen. Conclusion: The type of treatment should be individualized and depends on the mechanism of injury, the timing, location and extent of the injury and the clinical state of the patient.

Published
2021

30. Dimensional Changes of Alginate Dental Impression Materials-An Invitro Study

Author

Manisha M Kulkarni and Ram U Thombare

Subjects
accuracy, cast distortion, dimensional stability, marieflex, velplast, zelgan, Medicine
Abstract

Background: Dentists are always looking ahead for more dimensionally stable material for accurate and successful fabrication of prosthesis in this competitive world. Arrival of newer materials and increased material market puts dentists in dilemma for selection of material. Aim: The study evaluated the effect of variations in time of pour and temperature on dimensional stability of three brands of commercially available alginates. Materials and Methods: Velplast, Marieflex & Zelgan alginate impression materials were evaluated by measuring dimensional accuracy of the master cast. A die was prepared and mounted on the apparatus for the ease of impression making. The prepared casts were categorized into five groups and made up of three brands of alginate impression material with variation in time of pour viz: immediate, 20&40 minutes interval and with varying temperature of 250 C, 300 C & 400 C. Results: Impressions showed least distortion at varying degrees of temperature for 20 minutes, but the values obtained by storing of alginate impressions for 20 minutes at 300 C were found to be nearly accurate than the values obtained by storing of impression at 400 C. However, storing showed shrinkage of impressions. Conclusion: Marieflex showed better accuracy in comparison with other two materials. Maintenance of temperature and humidity play key role during storage & transport to prevent distortion. But the study suggests immediate pouring which will minimize the distortion. The manipulation instructions, temperature of mixing water, environment & water powder ratio also plays key role in minimizing the distortion.

Published
2015
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31. Past, present, and future of global health financing: A review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995-2050

Author

Chang, A, Cowling, K, Micah, A, Chapin, A, Chen, C, Ikilezi, G, Sadat, N, Tsakalos, G, Wu, J, Younker, T, Zhao, Y, Zlavog, B, Abbafati, C, Ahmed, A, Alam, K, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almalki, M, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ammar, W, Andrei, C, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Azzopardi-Muscat, N, Bagherzadeh, M, Barnighausen, T, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Belay, Y, Belete, H, Berbada, D, Berman, A, Beuran, M, Bijani, A, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, L, Catala-Lopez, F, Chauhan, B, Constantin, M, Crowe, C, Cucu, A, Dalal, K, De Neve, J, Deiparine, S, Demeke, F, Do, H, Dubey, M, Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeili, R, Fakhar, M, Fazaeli, A, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Fukumoto, T, Fullman, N, Galan, A, Gamkrelidze, A, Gezae, K, Ghajar, A, Ghashghaee, A, Goginashvili, K, Haakenstad, A, Bidgoli, H, Hamidi, S, Harb, H, Hasanpoor, E, Hassen, H, Hay, S, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Heredia-Pi, I, Herteliu, C, Hoang, C, Hole, M, Rad, E, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Ilesanmi, O, Irvani, S, Jakovljevic, M, Jalali, A, James, S, Jonas, J, Jurisson, M, Kadel, R, Matin, B, Kasaeian, A, Kasaye, H, Kassaw, M, Karyani, A, Khabiri, R, Khan, J, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kohler, S, Koyanagi, A, Krohn, K, Leung, R, Lim, L, Lorkowski, S, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mansourian, M, Mantovani, L, Massenburg, B, Mckee, M, Mehta, V, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Kostova, N, Miller, T, Mirrakhimov, E, Mohajer, B, Darwesh, A, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Morrison, S, Mousavi, S, Muthupandian, S, Nagarajan, A, Nangia, V, Negoi, I, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, S, Nosratnejad, S, Oladimeji, O, Olgiati, S, Olusanya, J, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, S, Pana, A, Pereira, D, Piroozi, B, Prada, S, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Ram, U, Ranabhat, C, Ranta, A, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rezaei, S, Roro, E, Rostami, A, Rubino, S, Salahshoor, M, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santos, J, Milicevic, M, Jose, B, Savic, M, Schwendicke, F, Sepanlou, S, Sepehrimanesh, M, Sheikh, A, Shrime, M, Sisay, S, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Srinivasan, V, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Torre, A, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tran, K, Undurraga, E, Valdez, P, Van Boven, J, Vargas, V, Veisani, Y, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollmer, S, Vu, G, Wolfe, C, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yousefifard, M, Zaman, S, Zangeneh, A, Zegeye, E, Ziapour, A, Chew, A, Murray, C, Dieleman, J, Chang A. Y., Cowling K., Micah A. E., Chapin A., Chen C. S., Ikilezi G., Sadat N., Tsakalos G., Wu J., Younker T., Zhao Y., Zlavog B. S., Abbafati C., Ahmed A. E., Alam K., Alipour V., Aljunid S. M., Almalki M. J., Alvis-Guzman N., Ammar W., Andrei C. L., Anjomshoa M., Antonio C. A. T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Awasthi A., Ayanore M. A., Azari S., Azzopardi-Muscat N., Bagherzadeh M., Barnighausen T. W., Baune B. T., Bayati M., Belay Y. B., Belay Y. A., Belete H., Berbada D. A., Berman A. E., Beuran M., Bijani A., Busse R., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Camera L. A., Catala-Lopez F., Chauhan B. G., Constantin M. -M., Crowe C. S., Cucu A., Dalal K., De Neve J. -W., Deiparine S., Demeke F. M., Do H. P., Dubey M., Tantawi M. E., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeili R., Fakhar M., Fazaeli A. A., Fischer F., Foigt N. A., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Galan A., Gamkrelidze A., Gezae K. E., Ghajar A., Ghashghaee A., Goginashvili K., Haakenstad A., Bidgoli H. H., Hamidi S., Harb H. L., Hasanpoor E., Hassen H. Y., Hay S. I., Hendrie D., Henok A., Heredia-Pi I., Herteliu C., Hoang C. L., Hole M. K., Rad E. H., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Ilesanmi O. S., Irvani S. S. N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., James S. L., Jonas J. B., Jurisson M., Kadel R., Matin B. K., Kasaeian A., Kasaye H. K., Kassaw M. W., Karyani A. K., Khabiri R., Khan J., Khan M. N., Khang Y. -H., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kohler S., Koyanagi A., Krohn K. J., Leung R., Lim L. -L., Lorkowski S., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Mansourian M., Mantovani L. G., Massenburg B. B., Mckee M., Mehta V., Meretoja A., Meretoja T. J., Kostova N. M., Miller T. R., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mohajer B., Darwesh A. M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A. H., Morrison S. D., Mousavi S. M., Muthupandian S., Nagarajan A. J., Nangia V., Negoi I., Nguyen C. T., Nguyen H. L. T., Nguyen S. H., Nosratnejad S., Oladimeji O., Olgiati S., Olusanya J. O., Onwujekwe O. E., Otstavnov S. S., Pana A., Pereira D. M., Piroozi B., Prada S. I., Qorbani M., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Ram U., Ranabhat C. L., Ranta A., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Rezaei S., Roro E. M., Rostami A., Rubino S., Salahshoor M., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Santos J. V., Milicevic M. M. S., Jose B. P. S., Savic M., Schwendicke F., Sepanlou S. G., Sepehrimanesh M., Sheikh A., Shrime M. G., Sisay S., Soltani S., Soofi M., Srinivasan V., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Torre A., Tovani-Palone M. R., Tran B. X., Tran K. B., Undurraga E. A., Valdez P. R., Van Boven J. F. M., Vargas V., Veisani Y., Violante F. S., Vladimirov S. K., Vlassov V., Vollmer S., Vu G. T., Wolfe C. D. A., Yonemoto N., Younis M. Z., Yousefifard M., Zaman S. B., Zangeneh A., Zegeye E. A., Ziapour A., Chew A., Murray C. J. L., Dieleman J. L., Chang, A, Cowling, K, Micah, A, Chapin, A, Chen, C, Ikilezi, G, Sadat, N, Tsakalos, G, Wu, J, Younker, T, Zhao, Y, Zlavog, B, Abbafati, C, Ahmed, A, Alam, K, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almalki, M, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ammar, W, Andrei, C, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Azzopardi-Muscat, N, Bagherzadeh, M, Barnighausen, T, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Belay, Y, Belete, H, Berbada, D, Berman, A, Beuran, M, Bijani, A, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, L, Catala-Lopez, F, Chauhan, B, Constantin, M, Crowe, C, Cucu, A, Dalal, K, De Neve, J, Deiparine, S, Demeke, F, Do, H, Dubey, M, Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeili, R, Fakhar, M, Fazaeli, A, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Fukumoto, T, Fullman, N, Galan, A, Gamkrelidze, A, Gezae, K, Ghajar, A, Ghashghaee, A, Goginashvili, K, Haakenstad, A, Bidgoli, H, Hamidi, S, Harb, H, Hasanpoor, E, Hassen, H, Hay, S, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Heredia-Pi, I, Herteliu, C, Hoang, C, Hole, M, Rad, E, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Ilesanmi, O, Irvani, S, Jakovljevic, M, Jalali, A, James, S, Jonas, J, Jurisson, M, Kadel, R, Matin, B, Kasaeian, A, Kasaye, H, Kassaw, M, Karyani, A, Khabiri, R, Khan, J, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kohler, S, Koyanagi, A, Krohn, K, Leung, R, Lim, L, Lorkowski, S, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mansourian, M, Mantovani, L, Massenburg, B, Mckee, M, Mehta, V, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Kostova, N, Miller, T, Mirrakhimov, E, Mohajer, B, Darwesh, A, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Morrison, S, Mousavi, S, Muthupandian, S, Nagarajan, A, Nangia, V, Negoi, I, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, S, Nosratnejad, S, Oladimeji, O, Olgiati, S, Olusanya, J, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, S, Pana, A, Pereira, D, Piroozi, B, Prada, S, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Ram, U, Ranabhat, C, Ranta, A, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rezaei, S, Roro, E, Rostami, A, Rubino, S, Salahshoor, M, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santos, J, Milicevic, M, Jose, B, Savic, M, Schwendicke, F, Sepanlou, S, Sepehrimanesh, M, Sheikh, A, Shrime, M, Sisay, S, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Srinivasan, V, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Torre, A, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tran, K, Undurraga, E, Valdez, P, Van Boven, J, Vargas, V, Veisani, Y, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollmer, S, Vu, G, Wolfe, C, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yousefifard, M, Zaman, S, Zangeneh, A, Zegeye, E, Ziapour, A, Chew, A, Murray, C, Dieleman, J, Chang A. Y., Cowling K., Micah A. E., Chapin A., Chen C. S., Ikilezi G., Sadat N., Tsakalos G., Wu J., Younker T., Zhao Y., Zlavog B. S., Abbafati C., Ahmed A. E., Alam K., Alipour V., Aljunid S. M., Almalki M. J., Alvis-Guzman N., Ammar W., Andrei C. L., Anjomshoa M., Antonio C. A. T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Awasthi A., Ayanore M. A., Azari S., Azzopardi-Muscat N., Bagherzadeh M., Barnighausen T. W., Baune B. T., Bayati M., Belay Y. B., Belay Y. A., Belete H., Berbada D. A., Berman A. E., Beuran M., Bijani A., Busse R., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Camera L. A., Catala-Lopez F., Chauhan B. G., Constantin M. -M., Crowe C. S., Cucu A., Dalal K., De Neve J. -W., Deiparine S., Demeke F. M., Do H. P., Dubey M., Tantawi M. E., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeili R., Fakhar M., Fazaeli A. A., Fischer F., Foigt N. A., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Galan A., Gamkrelidze A., Gezae K. E., Ghajar A., Ghashghaee A., Goginashvili K., Haakenstad A., Bidgoli H. H., Hamidi S., Harb H. L., Hasanpoor E., Hassen H. Y., Hay S. I., Hendrie D., Henok A., Heredia-Pi I., Herteliu C., Hoang C. L., Hole M. K., Rad E. H., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Ilesanmi O. S., Irvani S. S. N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., James S. L., Jonas J. B., Jurisson M., Kadel R., Matin B. K., Kasaeian A., Kasaye H. K., Kassaw M. W., Karyani A. K., Khabiri R., Khan J., Khan M. N., Khang Y. -H., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kohler S., Koyanagi A., Krohn K. J., Leung R., Lim L. -L., Lorkowski S., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Mansourian M., Mantovani L. G., Massenburg B. B., Mckee M., Mehta V., Meretoja A., Meretoja T. J., Kostova N. M., Miller T. R., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mohajer B., Darwesh A. M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A. H., Morrison S. D., Mousavi S. M., Muthupandian S., Nagarajan A. J., Nangia V., Negoi I., Nguyen C. T., Nguyen H. L. T., Nguyen S. H., Nosratnejad S., Oladimeji O., Olgiati S., Olusanya J. O., Onwujekwe O. E., Otstavnov S. S., Pana A., Pereira D. M., Piroozi B., Prada S. I., Qorbani M., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Ram U., Ranabhat C. L., Ranta A., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Rezaei S., Roro E. M., Rostami A., Rubino S., Salahshoor M., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Santos J. V., Milicevic M. M. S., Jose B. P. S., Savic M., Schwendicke F., Sepanlou S. G., Sepehrimanesh M., Sheikh A., Shrime M. G., Sisay S., Soltani S., Soofi M., Srinivasan V., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Torre A., Tovani-Palone M. R., Tran B. X., Tran K. B., Undurraga E. A., Valdez P. R., Van Boven J. F. M., Vargas V., Veisani Y., Violante F. S., Vladimirov S. K., Vlassov V., Vollmer S., Vu G. T., Wolfe C. D. A., Yonemoto N., Younis M. Z., Yousefifard M., Zaman S. B., Zangeneh A., Zegeye E. A., Ziapour A., Chew A., Murray C. J. L., and Dieleman J. L.

Abstract

Background: Comprehensive and comparable estimates of health spending in each country are a key input for health policy and planning, and are necessary to support the achievement of national and international health goals. Previous studies have tracked past and projected future health spending until 2040 and shown that, with economic development, countries tend to spend more on health per capita, with a decreasing share of spending from development assistance and out-of-pocket sources. We aimed to characterise the past, present, and predicted future of global health spending, with an emphasis on equity in spending across countries. Methods: We estimated domestic health spending for 195 countries and territories from 1995 to 2016, split into three categories-government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending-and estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2018. We estimated future scenarios of health spending using an ensemble of linear mixed-effects models with time series specifications to project domestic health spending from 2017 through 2050 and DAH from 2019 through 2050. Data were extracted from a broad set of sources tracking health spending and revenue, and were standardised and converted to inflation-adjusted 2018 US dollars. Incomplete or low-quality data were modelled and uncertainty was estimated, leading to a complete data series of total, government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending, and DAH. Estimates are reported in 2018 US dollars, 2018 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars, and as a percentage of gross domestic product. We used demographic decomposition methods to assess a set of factors associated with changes in government health spending between 1995 and 2016 and to examine evidence to support the theory of the health financing transition. We projected two alternative future scenarios based on higher government health spending to assess the potential ability of governments to generate more reso

Published
2019

32. Carga global, regional y nacional de neurológicas. Desórdenes, 1990-2016: un análisis sistemático para el Global Estudio de la carga de enfermedad 2016

Author

Feigin V, Nichols E, Alam T, Bannick M, Beghi E, Blake N, Culpepper W, Dorsey E, Elbaz A, Ellenbogen R, Fisher J, Fitzmaurice C, Giussani G, Glennie L, James S, Johnson C, Kassebaum N, Logroscino G, Marin B, Mountjoy-Venning W, Nguyen M, Ofori-Asenso R, Patel A, Piccininni M, Roth G, Steiner T, Stovner L, Szoeke C, Theadom A, Vollset S, Wallin M, Wright C, Zunt J, Abbasi N, Abd-Allah F, Abdelalim A, Abdollahpour I, Aboyans V, Abraha H, Acharya D, Adamu A, Adebayo O, Adeoye A, Adsuar J, Afarideh M, Agrawal S, Ahmadi A, Ahmed M, Aichour A, Aichour I, Aichour M, Akinyemi R, Akseer N, Al-Eyadhy A, Salman R, Alahdab F, Alene K, Aljunid S, Altirkawi K, Alvis-Guzman N, Anber N, Antonio C, Arabloo J, Aremu O, Arnlov J, Asayesh H, Asghar R, Atalay H, Awasthi A, Quintanilla B, Ayuk T, Badawi A, Banach M, Banoub J, Barboza M, Barker-Collo S, Barnighausen T, Baune B, Bedi N, Behzadifar M, Bejot Y, Bekele B, Belachew A, Bennett D, Bensenor I, Berhane A, Beuran M, Bhattacharyya K, Bhutta Z, Biadgo B, Bijani A, Bililign N, Bin Sayeed M, Blazes C, Brayne C, Butt Z, Campos-Nonato I, Cantu-Brito C, Car M, Cardenas R, Carrero J, Carvalho F, Castaneda-Orjuela C, Castro F, Catala-Lopez F, Cerin E, Chaiah Y, Chang J, Chatziralli I, Chiang P, Christensen H, Christopher D, Cooper C, Cortesi P, Costa V, Criqui M, Crowe C, Damasceno A, Daryani A, De la Cruz-Gongora V, De la Hoz F, De Leo D, Degefa M, Demoz G, Deribe K, Dharmaratne S, Diaz D, Dinberu M, Djalalinia S, Doku D, Dubey M, Dubljanin E, Duken E, Edvardsson D, El-Khatib Z, Endres M, Endries A, Eskandarieh S, Esteghamati A, Esteghamati S, Farhadi F, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Farzaei M, Fatima B, Fereshtehnejad S, Fernandes E, Feyissa G, Filip I, Fischer F, Fukumoto T, Ganji M, Gankpe F, Garcia-Gordillo M, Gebre A, Gebremichael T, Gelaw B, Geleijnse J, Geremew D, Gezae K, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Gidey M, Gill P, Gill T, Gnedovskaya E, Goulart A, Grada A, Grosso G, Guo Y, Gupta R, Haagsma J, Hagos T, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamadeh R, Hamidi S, Hankey G, Hao Y, Haro J, Hassankhani H, Hassen H, Havmoeller R, Hay S, Hegazy M, Heidari B, Henok A, Heydarpour F, Hoang C, Hole M, Rad E, Hosseini S, Hu G, Igumbor E, Ilesanmi O, Irvani S, Islam S, Jakovljevic M, Javanbakht M, Jha R, Jobanputra Y, Jonas J, Jozwiak J, Jurisson M, Kahsay A, Kalani R, Kalkonde Y, Kamil T, Kanchan T, Karami M, Karch A, Karimi N, Kasaeian A, Kassa T, Kassa Z, Kaul A, Kefale A, Keiyoro P, Khader Y, Khafaie M, Khalil I, Khan E, Khang Y, Khazaie H, Kiadaliri A, Kiirithio D, Kim A, Kim D, Kim Y, Kisa A, Kokubo Y, Koyanagi A, Krishnamurthi R, Defo B, Bicer B, Kumar M, Lacey B, Lafranconi A, Lansingh V, Latifi A, Leshargie C, Li S, Liao Y, Linn S, Lo W, Lopez J, Lorkowski S, Lotufo P, Lucas R, Lunevicius R, Mackay M, Mahotra N, Majdan M, Majdzadeh R, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta D, Manafi N, Mansournia M, Mantovani L, Marz W, Mashamba-Thompson T, Massenburg B, Mate K, McAlinden C, McGrath J, Mehta V, Meier T, Meles H, Melese A, Memiah P, Memish Z, Mendoza W, Mengistu D, Mengistu G, Meretoja A, Meretoja T, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski B, Miazgowski T, Miller T, Mini G, Mirrakhimov E, Moazen B, Mohajer B, Mezerji N, Mohammadi M, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani M, Mohammadibakhsh R, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M, Mohammed S, Mohebi F, Mokdad A, Monasta L, Mondello S, Moodley Y, Moosazadeh M, Moradi G, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradinazar M, Moraga P, Velasquez I, Morrison S, Mousavi S, Muhammed O, Muruet W, Musa K, Mustafa G, Naderi M, Nagel G, Naheed A, Naik G, Najafi F, Nangia V, Negoi I, Negoi R, Newton C, Ngunjiri J, Nguyen C, Nguyen L, Ningrum D, Nirayo Y, Nixon M, Norrving B, Noubiap J, Shiadeh M, Nyasulu P, Ogbo F, Oh I, Olagunju A, Olagunju T, Olivares P, Onwujekwe O, Oren E, Owolabi M, Mahesh P, Pakpour A, Pan W, Panda-Jonas S, Pandian J, Patel S, Pereira D, Petzold M, Pillay J, Piradov M, Polanczyk G, Polinder S, Postma M, Poulton R, Poustchi H, Prakash S, Prakash V, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rajati F, Ram U, Ranta A, Rawaf D, Rawaf S, Reinig N, Reis C, Renzaho A, Resnikoff S, Rezaeian S, Rezai M, Gonzalez C, Roberts N, Roever L, Ronfani L, Roro E, Roshandel G, Rostami A, Sabbagh P, Sacco R, Sachdev P, Saddik B, Safari H, Safari-Faramani R, Safi S, Safiri S, Sagar R, Sahathevan R, Sahebkar A, Sahraian M, Salamati P, Zahabi S, Salimi Y, Samy A, Sanabria J, Santos I, Milicevic M, Sarrafzadegan N, Sartorius B, Sarvi S, Sathian B, Satpathy M, Sawant A, Sawhney M, Schneider I, Schottker B, Schwebel D, Seedat S, Sepanlou S, Shabaninejad H, Shafieesabet A, Shaikh M, Shakir R, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsizadeh M, Sharif M, Sharif-Alhoseini M, She J, Sheikh A, Sheth K, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Shiue I, Siabani S, Siddiqi T, Sigfusdottir I, Sigurvinsdottir R, Silberberg D, Silva J, Silveira D, Singh J, Sinha D, Skiadaresi E, Smith M, Sobaih B, Sobhani S, Soofi M, Soyiri I, Sposato L, Stein D, Stein M, Stokes M, Sufiyan M, Sykes B, Sylaja P, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Ao B, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Temsah M, 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R., Patel A.P., Piccininni M., Roth G.A., Steiner T.J., Stovner L.J., Szoeke C.E.I., Theadom A., Vollset S.E., Wallin M.T., Wright C., Zunt J.R., Abbasi N., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Aboyans V., Abraha H.N., Acharya D., Adamu A.A., Adebayo O.M., Adeoye A.M., Adsuar J.C., Afarideh M., Agrawal S., Ahmadi A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Akinyemi R.O., Akseer N., Al-Eyadhy A., Al-Shahi Salman R., Alahdab F., Alene K.A., Aljunid S.M., Altirkawi K., Alvis-Guzman N., Anber N.H., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Arnlov J., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Atalay H.T., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayuk T.B., Badawi A., Banach M., Banoub J.A.M., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Baune B.T., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bejot Y., Bekele B.B., Belachew A.B., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Berhane A., Beuran M., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bijani A., Bililign N., Bin Sayeed M.S., Blazes C.K., Brayne C., Butt Z.A., Campos-Nonato I.R., Cantu-Brito C., Car M., Cardenas R., Carrero J.J., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chaiah Y., Chang J.-C., Chatziralli I., Chiang P.P.-C., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Cooper C., Cortesi P.A., Costa V.M., Criqui M.H., Crowe C.S., Damasceno A.A.M., Daryani A., De la Cruz-Gongora V., De La Hoz F.P., De Leo D., Degefa M.G., Demoz G.T., Deribe K., Dharmaratne S.D., Diaz D., Dinberu M.T., Djalalinia S., Doku D.T., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., Duken E.E., Edvardsson D., El-Khatib Z., Endres M., Endries A.Y., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Farhadi F., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Farzaei M.H., Fatima B., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Feyissa G.T., Filip I., Fischer F., Fukumoto T., Ganji M., Gankpe F.G., Garcia-Gordillo M.A., Gebre A.K., Gebremichael T.G., Gelaw B.K., Geleijnse J.M., Geremew D., Gezae K.E., Ghasemi-Kasman M., Gidey M.Y., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Gnedovskaya E.V., Goulart A.C., Grada A., Grosso G., Guo Y., Gupta R., Haagsma J.A., Hagos T.B., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Haro J.M., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hay S.I., Hegazy M.I., Heidari B., Henok A., Heydarpour F., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Homaie Rad E., Hosseini S.M., Hu G., Igumbor E.U., Ilesanmi O.S., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Jakovljevic M., Javanbakht M., Jha R.P., Jobanputra Y.B., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Jurisson M., Kahsay A., Kalani R., Kalkonde Y., Kamil T.A., Kanchan T., Karami M., Karch A., Karimi N., Kasaeian A., Kassa T.D., Kassa Z.Y., Kaul A., Kefale A.T., Keiyoro P.N., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khazaie H., Kiadaliri A.A., Kiirithio D.N., Kim A.S., Kim D., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kisa A., Kokubo Y., Koyanagi A., Krishnamurthi R.V., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kumar M., Lacey B., Lafranconi A., Lansingh V.C., Latifi A., Leshargie C.T., Li S., Liao Y., Linn S., Lo W.D., Lopez J.C.F., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lucas R.M., Lunevicius R., Mackay M.T., Mahotra N.B., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Manafi N., Mansournia M.A., Mantovani L.G., Marz W., Mashamba-Thompson T.P., Massenburg B.B., Mate K.K.V., McAlinden C., McGrath J.J., Mehta V., Meier T., Meles H.G., Melese A., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengistu D.T., Mengistu G., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Mohajer B., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadi M., Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani M., Mohammadibakhsh R., Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Monasta L., Mondello S., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradinazar M., Moraga P., Moreno Velasquez I., Morrison S.D., Mousavi S.M., Muhammed O.S., Muruet W., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Naderi M., Nagel G., Naheed A., Naik G., Najafi F., Nangia V., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Newton C.R.J., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen L.H., Ningrum D.N.A., Nirayo Y.L., Nixon M.R., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J., Nourollahpour Shiadeh M., Nyasulu P.S., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olivares P.R., Onwujekwe O.E., Oren E., Owolabi M.O., A M.P., Pakpour A.H., Pan W.-H., Panda-Jonas S., Pandian J.D., Patel S.K., Pereira D.M., Petzold M., Pillay J.D., Piradov M.A., Polanczyk G.V., Polinder S., Postma M.J., Poulton R., Poustchi H., Prakash S., Prakash V., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rajati F., Ram U., Ranta A., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Reinig N., Reis C., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaeian S., Rezai M.S., Rios Gonzalez C.M., Roberts N.L.S., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roro E.M., Roshandel G., Rostami A., Sabbagh P., Sacco R.L., Sachdev P.S., Saddik B., Safari H., Safari-Faramani R., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Salamati P., Salehi Zahabi S., Salimi Y., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santos I.S., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarvi S., Sathian B., Satpathy M., Sawant A.R., Sawhney M., Schneider I.J.C., Schottker B., Schwebel D.C., Seedat S., Sepanlou S.G., Shabaninejad H., Shafieesabet A., Shaikh M.A., Shakir R.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharif M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., She J., Sheikh A., Sheth K.N., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shiue I., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Sigfusdottir I.D., Sigurvinsdottir R., Silberberg D.H., Silva J.P., Silveira D.G.A., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Smith M., Sobaih B.H., Sobhani S., Soofi M., Soyiri I.N., Sposato L.A., Stein D.J., Stein M.B., Stokes M.A., Sufiyan M.B., Sykes B.L., Sylaja P., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Te Ao B.J., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Temsah M.-H., Temsah O., Thakur J.S., Thrift A.G., Topor-Madry R., Tortajada-Girbes M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Truelsen T.C., Tsadik A.G., Tudor Car L., Ukwaja K.N., Ullah I., Usman M.S., Uthman O.A., Valdez P.R., Vasankari T.J., Vasanthan R., Veisani Y., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vosoughi K., Vu G.T., Vujcic I.S., Wagnew F.S., Waheed Y., Wang Y.-P., Weiderpass E., Weiss J., Whiteford H.A., Wijeratne T., Winkler A.S., Wiysonge C.S., Wolfe C.D.A., Xu G., Yadollahpour A., Yamada T., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yatsuya H., Yimer E.M., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zare Z., Zhang Y., Zodpey S., Naghavi M., Murray C.J.L., Vos T., Public Health, Feigin, Valery L, Nichols, Emma, Alam, Tahiya, Bannick, Marlena S, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Yisma, Engida, Vos, Theo, GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators, Viðskiptadeild (HR), School of Business (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, Feigin, V, Nichols, E, Alam, T, Bannick, M, Beghi, E, Blake, N, Culpepper, W, Dorsey, E, Elbaz, A, Ellenbogen, R, Fisher, J, Fitzmaurice, C, Giussani, G, Glennie, L, James, S, Johnson, C, Kassebaum, N, Logroscino, G, Marin, B, Mountjoy-Venning, W, Nguyen, M, Ofori-Asenso, R, Patel, A, Piccininni, M, Roth, G, Steiner, T, Stovner, L, Szoeke, C, Theadom, A, Vollset, S, Wallin, M, Wright, C, Zunt, J, Abbasi, N, Abd-Allah, F, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahpour, I, Aboyans, V, Abraha, H, Acharya, D, Adamu, A, Adebayo, O, Adeoye, A, Adsuar, J, Afarideh, M, Agrawal, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, M, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aichour, M, Akinyemi, R, Akseer, N, Al-Eyadhy, A, Al-Shahi Salman, R, Alahdab, F, Alene, K, Aljunid, S, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Anber, N, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Ärnlöv, J, Asayesh, H, Asghar, R, Atalay, H, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayuk, T, Badawi, A, Banach, M, Banoub, J, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Baune, B, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Béjot, Y, Bekele, B, Belachew, A, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berhane, A, Beuran, M, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, Z, Biadgo, B, Bijani, A, Bililign, N, Bin Sayeed, M, Blazes, C, Brayne, C, Butt, Z, Campos-Nonato, I, Cantu-Brito, C, Car, M, Cárdenas, R, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castro, F, Catalá-López, F, Cerin, E, Chaiah, Y, Chang, J, Chatziralli, I, Chiang, P, Christensen, H, Christopher, D, Cooper, C, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Criqui, M, Crowe, C, Damasceno, A, Daryani, A, De la Cruz-Góngora, V, De la Hoz, F, De Leo, D, Demoz, G, Deribe, K, Dharmaratne, S, Diaz, D, Dinberu, M, Djalalinia, S, Doku, D, Dubey, M, Dubljanin, E, Duken, E, Edvardsson, D, El-Khatib, Z, Endres, M, Endries, A, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Esteghamati, S, Farhadi, F, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Farzaei, M, Fatima, B, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Feyissa, G, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fukumoto, T, Ganji, M, Gankpe, F, Garcia-Gordillo, M, Gebre, A, Gebremichael, T, Gelaw, B, Geleijnse, J, Geremew, D, Gezae, K, Ghasemi-Kasman, M, Gidey, M, Gill, P, Gill, T, Girma, E, Gnedovskaya, E, Goulart, A, Grada, A, Grosso, G, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Haagsma, J, Hagos, T, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Hankey, G, Hao, Y, Haro, J, Hassankhani, H, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hegazy, M, Heidari, B, Henok, A, Heydarpour, F, Hoang, C, Hole, M, Homaie Rad, E, Hosseini, S, Hu, G, Igumbor, E, Ilesanmi, O, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Jakovljevic, M, Javanbakht, M, Jha, R, Jobanputra, Y, Jonas, J, Jozwiak, J, Jürisson, M, Kahsay, A, Kalani, R, Kalkonde, Y, Kamil, T, Kanchan, T, Karami, M, Karch, A, Karimi, N, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, T, Kassa, Z, Kaul, A, Kefale, A, Keiyoro, P, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khang, Y, Khazaie, H, Kiadaliri, A, Kiirithio, D, Kim, A, Kim, D, Kim, Y, Kisa, A, Kokubo, Y, Koyanagi, A, Krishnamurthi, R, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kumar, M, Lacey, B, Lafranconi, A, Lansingh, V, Latifi, A, Leshargie, C, Li, S, Liao, Y, Linn, S, Lo, W, Lopez, J, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lucas, R, Lunevicius, R, Mackay, M, Mahotra, N, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Manafi, N, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, März, W, Mashamba-Thompson, T, Massenburg, B, Mate, K, Mcalinden, C, Mcgrath, J, Mehta, V, Meier, T, Meles, H, Melese, A, Memiah, P, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Mengistu, D, Mengistu, G, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Miller, T, Mini, G, Mirrakhimov, E, Moazen, B, Mohajer, B, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, M, Mohammadibakhsh, R, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moodley, Y, Moosazadeh, M, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradinazar, M, Moraga, P, Moreno Velásquez, I, Morrison, S, Mousavi, S, Muhammed, O, Muruet, W, Musa, K, Mustafa, G, Naderi, M, Nagel, G, Naheed, A, Naik, G, Najafi, F, Nangia, V, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Newton, C, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, L, Ningrum, D, Nirayo, Y, Nixon, M, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M, Nyasulu, P, Ogah, O, Oh, I, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Olivares, P, Onwujekwe, O, Oren, E, Owolabi, M, Pa, M, Pakpour, A, Pan, W, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandian, J, Patel, S, Pereira, D, Petzold, M, Pillay, J, Piradov, M, Polanczyk, G, Polinder, S, Postma, M, Poulton, R, Poustchi, H, Prakash, S, Prakash, V, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rajati, F, Ram, U, Ranta, A, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Reinig, N, Reis, C, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaeian, S, Rezai, M, Rios González, C, Roberts, N, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roro, E, Roshandel, G, Rostami, A, Sabbagh, P, Sacco, R, Sachdev, P, Saddik, B, Safari, H, Safari-Faramani, R, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahathevan, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Salamati, P, Salehi Zahabi, S, Salimi, Y, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santos, I, Santric Milicevic, M, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sartorius, B, Sarvi, S, Sathian, B, Satpathy, M, Sawant, A, Sawhney, M, Schneider, I, Schöttker, B, Schwebel, D, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, S, Shabaninejad, H, Shafieesabet, A, Shaikh, M, Shakir, R, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharif, M, Sharif-Alhoseini, M, She, J, Sheikh, A, Sheth, K, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shiue, I, Siabani, S, Siddiqi, T, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silberberg, D, Silva, J, Silveira, D, Singh, J, Sinha, D, Skiadaresi, E, Smith, M, Sobaih, B, Sobhani, S, Soofi, M, Soyiri, I, Sposato, L, Stein, D, Stein, M, Stokes, M, Sufiyan, M, Sykes, B, Sylaja, P, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Te Ao, B, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M, Temsah, O, Thakur, J, Thrift, A, Topor-Madry, R, Tortajada-Girbés, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tran, K, Truelsen, T, Tsadik, A, Tudor Car, L, Ukwaja, K, Ullah, I, Usman, M, Uthman, O, Valdez, P, Vasankari, T, Vasanthan, R, Veisani, Y, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vosoughi, K, Vu, G, Vujcic, I, Wagnew, F, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Weiderpass, E, Weiss, J, Whiteford, H, Wijeratne, T, Winkler, A, Wiysonge, C, Wolfe, C, Xu, G, Yadollahpour, A, Yamada, T, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yatsuya, H, Yimer, E, Yip, P, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Yousefifard, M, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zandian, H, Zare, Z, Zhang, Y, Zodpey, S, Naghavi, M, Murray, C, Vos, T, PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine), Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, Neurologian yksikkö, Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, II kirurgian klinikka, and HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center

Subjects
Dánarmein, Male, Epidemiology, Diseases, Malalties cerebrals, Global Burden of Disease, Disability Evaluation, 0302 clinical medicine, Case fatality rate, Psychology, Konur, Cause of death, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Incidence, Men, Taugavísindi, ddc, 3. Good health, Sálfræði, World health, Muerte, Neurology, GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators, Brain diseases, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Alzheimer disease, Carga global de enfermedades, Nervous system, medicine.medical_specialty, Global burden of diseases, Lífsgæði, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Health Sciences, Humans, Women, education, Trastornos neurológicos, VLAG, Aged, Science & Technology, 3112 Neurosciences, Global Burden of Diseases, 030104 developmental biology, Years of potential life lost, Επιστήμες Υγείας, Dementia, Human medicine, Neurosciences & Neurology, Neurology (clinical), Clinical Medicine, 1109 Neurosciences, Neurological disorders, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, dementia, RC, 0301 basic medicine, Pediatrics, Dánartíðni, Nutrition and Disease, 3124 Neurology and psychiatry, Disease Study, Taugasjúkdómar, Risk Factors, Voeding en Ziekte, Cause of Death, Global health, Prevalence, Causes of death, Public health, Mortality rate, Mental Disorders, Age Factors, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Middle Aged, neurologic disease, Death, Lýðheilsa, Female, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Quality of life, Adult, Population, Clinical Neurology, Sex Factors, medicine, Life Science, Disability-adjusted life year, Medicine [Science], Mortality, Psychiatry, Disease burden, Neurology & Neurosurgery, burden of neurological disorders, Faraldsfræði, business.industry, Klinisk medicin, Causes de la mort, 1103 Clinical Sciences, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Socioeconomic Factors, Karlar, global disease burden, Nervous System Diseases, Cause of death/trends, business
Abstract

Publisher´s version (útgefin grein)., Background Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders.Methods We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach.Findings Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer’s and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable).Interpretation Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies., ROA is funded by the National Institutes of Health (U01HG010273). SMA acknowledges the International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia and Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project. AAw acknowledges funding support from Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, through INSPIRE Faculty scheme. TBA acknowledges partial funding from the Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies. ABa is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. TWB was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor Award, funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. MSBS acknowledges support from the Australian Government Research and Training Program scholarship for a PhD degree at the Australian National University, Australia. JJC is supported by the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation. FCar is supported by the European Union (FEDER funds POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007728 and POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265) and National Funds (FCT/MEC, Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia and Ministerio da Educacao e Ciencia) under the Partnership Agreements PT2020 UID/MULTI/04378/2013 and PT2020UID/QUI/50006/2013. EC is supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT3 140100085). KD is supported by a Wellcome Trust [Grant Number 201900] as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. EF is supported by the European Union (FEDER funds POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007728 and POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265) and National Funds (FCT/MEC, Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia and Ministerio da Educacao e Ciencia) under the Partnership Agreements PT2020 UID/MULTI/04378/2013 and PT2020UID/QUI/50006/2013. SMSI is funded by the Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University and received funding from High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia. YKa is a DBT/Wellcome Trust India Alliance Fellow in Public Health. YJK is supported by the Office of Research and Innovation at Xiamen University Malaysia. BL acknowledges funding from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. WDL is supported in part by U10NS086484 NINDS. SLo is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, grant agreement number 01EA1411A). RML is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia Senior Research Fellowship. AMa and the Imperial College London are grateful for support from the NW London NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care. JJM is supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and the John Cade Fellowship (APP1056929) from NHMRC. TMei acknowledges additional institutional support from the Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena-Halle-Leipzig. IMV is supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigacion (Panama). MOO is supported by SIREN U54 U54HG007479 and SIBS Genomics R01NS107900 grants. AMS was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. MMSM acknowledges the support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia (contract no 175087). AShe is supported by Health Data Research UK. MBS' work on traumatic brain injury is supported by grants NIH U01 NS086090 (PI G Manley) from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and DoD W81XWH-14-2-0176 (PI G Manley) from the United States Department of Defense. RTS is supported in part by grant number PROMETEOII/2015/021 from Generalitat Valenciana and the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIIIFEDER. AGT was supported by a Fellowship from the NHMRC (Australia; 1042600. KBT acknowledges funding supports from the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, Cancer Society of New Zealand, Health Research Council, Gut Cancer Foundation, and the University of Auckland. CY acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81773552) and the Chinese NSFC International Cooperation and Exchange Program (grant number 71661167007)., "Peer Reviewed"

Published
2019

35. A water-soluble AIE-gen for organic-solvent-free detection and wash-free imaging of Al3+ ions and subsequent sensing of F− ions and DNA tracking

Author

Mainak Banerjee, Amrita Chatterjee, Anasuya Ganguly, Ram U. Gawas, Sharanabasava D. Hiremath, and Starlaine C. Mascarenhas

Subjects
Detection limit, Aqueous solution, integumentary system, Chemistry, Metal ions in aqueous solution, Inorganic chemistry, Ionic bonding, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, Tetraphenylethylene, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Fluorescence, Catalysis, 0104 chemical sciences, Ion, chemistry.chemical_compound, Materials Chemistry, Molecule, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

A water-soluble aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active probe (TPE-diBuS) showed selective turn-on fluorescence response and wash-free non-invasive cellular imaging towards Al3+ ions, based on ionic interactions of Al3+ ions with diagonally located sulfonate groups of the tetraphenylethylene derivative (TPE-diBuS) under organic-solvent-free conditions. The high selectivity of the probe towards Al3+ resulted from the strong affinity of sulfonate groups with Al3+, which was confirmed by discerning Al3+ over a range of metal ions in a complex mixture. Density functional theory (DFT) studies also confirmed the highest stability for the TPE-diBuS-Al ensemble over other probe–metal complexes in a model study. The limit of detection (LOD) of the probe was determined as 5.0 × 10−8 M for Al3+. Moreover, taking advantage of its high water solubility and good biocompatibility, wash-free imaging of Al3+ ions was successfully conducted in live human kidney (HK) cells and bright blue fluorescence from intercellular regions of Al3+-contaminated cells was observed. The stronger affinity of fluoride ions towards Al3+ was utilized for subsequent detection of F− ions via a turn-off fluorescence response as the TPE-diBuS-Al ensemble disintegrates into water-soluble non-emissive probe molecules, and the detection limit of F− ions was found to be 6.0 × 10−7 M. Furthermore, in a demonstration study, it was shown that the TPE-diBuS-Al ensemble could subsequently facilitate tracking of DNA in solution by interaction with calf thymus DNA (ctDNA). Simple synthesis, water solubility, high selectivity and low LOD are some of the key merits of the current probe over existing probes for the detection and quantitation of Al3+ ions in water, as well as in biological systems.

Published
2019

36. Water-Dispersible Rhodamine B Hydrazide Loaded TiO2 Nanoparticles for 'Turn On' Fluorimetric Detection and Imaging of Orthosilicic Acid Accumulation In-Vitro in Nephrotoxic Kidney Cells

Author

Narendra Nath Ghosh, Amrita Chatterjee, Anasuya Ganguly, Ram U. Gawas, Starlaine C. Mascarenhas, Mainak Banerjee, and Barun Kumar Ghosh

Subjects
Materials science, 010405 organic chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Aqueous two-phase system, Nanoparticle, chemistry.chemical_element, Bioengineering, General Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Fluorescence, Oxygen, In vitro, 0104 chemical sciences, Nephrotoxicity, Bioavailability, 010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry, chemistry, Toxicity, General Materials Science, Nuclear chemistry
Abstract

Silica (SiO2) is the inevitable form of silicon owing to its high affinity for oxygen, existing as a geogenic element perpetrating multifarious health problems when bioavailable via anthropogenic activities. The hydrated form of silica viz. orthosilicic acid (H4SiO4) excessively displays grave toxicity, attributed to prolonged exposure and incessant H+ ions generating capacity inflicting pulmonary toxicity and renal toxicity silica. The diverse deleterious potency of silica highlights the desirability of selective and sensitive detection of toxic species (mainly orthosilicic acid) bioaccumulation in affected living human cells. In this paper we have reported, the design of water-dispersible turn-on fluorimetric sensing material for the detection of orthosilicic acid in the aqueous phase and in live cells. The sensing material was prepared by adsorbing a suitable rhodamine derivative (i.e., Rhodamine B hydrazide (Rh1)) on water dispersible TiO2 nanoparticles. The function of the sensing system, which is composed of Rh1 and TiO2 (Rh1@TiO2), is accredited to H+ ion (from orthosilicic acid) induced spirolactam ring-opening of the rhodamine derivative generating orange fluorescence and bright pink colouration. The sensing system was efficiently utilized for fluorimetric detection and imaging of orthosilicic acid accumulation in-vitro in human kidney cells (HK cells). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time this sensing system (Rh1@TiO2) is reported for detection of toxic silica species accumulation in-vitro in human kidney cells. The advantages, such as good water dispersibility, the absence of organic solvents during fluorimetric studies, quick turn-on type signal transduction, low-level imaging, which are offered by the synthesized sensing material (Rh1@TiO2), make it a potential candidate to fabricate medical tool for early identification of silicainduced nephrotoxicity, which can help to reduce the burden and risk of chronic kidney disease development.

Published
2018

46. Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050

Author

Micah A, Cogswell I, Cunningham B, Ezoe S, Harle A, Maddison E, McCracken D, Nomura S, Simpson K, Stutzman H, Tsakalos G, Wallace L, Zhao Y, Zende R, Abbafati C, Abdelmasseh M, Abedi A, Abegaz K, Abhilash E, Abolhassani H, Abrigo M, Adhikari T, Afzal S, Ahinkorah B, Ahmadi S, Ahmed H, Ahmed M, Rashid T, Ajami M, Aji B, Akalu Y, Akunna C, Al Hamad H, Alam K, Alanezi F, Alanzi T, Alemayehu Y, Alhassan R, Alinia C, Aljunid S, Almustanyir S, Alvis-Guzman N, Alvis-Zakzuk N, Amini S, Amini-Rarani M, Amu H, Ancuceanu R, Andrei C, Andrei T, Angell B, Anjomshoa M, Antonio C, Antony C, Aqeel M, Arabloo J, Arab-Zozani M, Aripov T, Arrigo A, Ashraf T, Atnafu D, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Awan A, Ayano G, Ayanore M, Azari S, Azhar G, Babalola T, Bahrami M, Baig A, Banach M, Barati N, Barnighausen T, Barrow A, Basu S, Baune B, Bayati M, Benzian H, Berman A, Bhagavathula A, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhaskar S, Bibi S, Bijani A, Bodolica V, Bragazzi N, Braithwaite D, Breitborde N, Breusov A, Briko N, Busse R, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Callander E, Camera L, Castaneda-Orjuela C, Catala-Lopez F, Charan J, Chatterjee S, Chattu S, Chattu V, Chen S, Cicero A, Dadras O, Dahlawi S, Dai X, Dalal K, Dandona L, Dandona R, Davitoiu D, De Neve J, de Sa A, Denova-Gutierrez E, Dhamnetiya D, Dharmaratne S, Doshmangir L, Dube J, Ehsani-Chimeh E, Zaki M, El Tantawi M, Eskandarieh S, Farzadfar F, Ferede T, Fischer F, Foigt N, Freitas A, Friedman S, Fukumoto T, Fullman N, Gaal P, Gad M, Garcia-Gordillo M, Garg T, Ghafourifard M, Ghashghaee A, Gholamian A, Gholamrezanezhad A, Ghozali G, Gilani S, Glavan I, Glushkova E, Goharinezhad S, Golechha M, Goli S, Guha A, Gupta V, Haakenstad A, Haider M, Hailu A, Hamidi S, Hanif A, Harapan H, Hartono R, Hasaballah A, Hassan S, Hassanein M, Hayat K, Hegazy M, Heidari G, Hendrie D, Heredia-Pi I, Herteliu C, Hezam K, Holla R, Hossain S, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc S, Huda T, Hwang B, Iavicoli I, Idrisov B, Ilesanmi O, Irvani S, Islam S, Ismail N, Isola G, Jahani M, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic M, Janodia M, Javaheri T, Jayapal S, Jayawardena R, Jazayeri S, Jha R, Jonas J, Joo T, Joukar F, Jurisson M, Kaambwa B, Kalhor R, Kanchan T, Kandel H, Matin B, Karimi S, Kassahun G, Kayode G, Karyani A, Keikavoosi-Arani L, Khader Y, Khajuria H, Khalilov R, Khammarnia M, Khan J, Khubchandani J, Kianipour N, Kim G, Kim Y, Kisa A, Kisa S, Kohler S, Kosen S, Koteeswaran R, Laxminarayana S, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Kumar G, Kusuma D, Lamnisos D, Lansingh V, Larsson A, Lasrado S, Le L, Lee S, Lee Y, Lim S, Lobo S, Lozano R, Abd El Razek H, Abd El Razek M, Mahdavi M, Majeed A, Makki A, Maleki A, Malekzadeh R, Manda A, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Mansournia M, Arnedo C, Martinez-Valle A, Masoumi S, Maude R, Mckee M, Medina-Solis C, Menezes R, Meretoja A, Meretoja T, Mesregah M, Mestrovic T, Kostova N, Miller T, Mini G, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov E, Mohajer B, Mohamed T, Mohammadi M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammed S, Moitra M, Mokdad A, Molokhia M, Moni M, Moradi Y, Morze J, Mousavi S, Mpundu-Kaambwa C, Muriithi M, Muthupandian S, Nagarajan A, Naimzada M, Nangia V, Naqvi A, Narayana A, Nascimento B, Naveed M, Nayak B, Nazari J, Ndejjo R, Negoi I, Kandel S, Nguyen T, Nonvignon J, Noubiap J, Nwatah V, Oancea B, Ojelabi F, Olagunju A, Olakunde B, Olgiati S, Olusanya J, Onwujekwe O, Otoiu A, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov S, Owolabi M, Padubidri J, Palladino R, Panda-Jonas S, Park E, Kan F, Pawar S, Toroudi H, Pereira D, Perianayagam A, Pesudovs K, Piccinelli C, Postma M, Prada S, Rabiee M, Rabiee N, Rahim F, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rahmani A, Ram U, Ranabhat C, Ranasinghe P, Rao C, Rathi P, Rawaf D, Rawaf S, Rawal L, Rawassizadeh R, Reiner R, Renzaho A, Reshmi B, Riaz M, Ripon R, Saad A, Sahraian M, Sahu M, Salama J, Salehi S, Samy A, Sanabria J, Sanmarchi F, Santos J, Santric-Milicevic M, Sathian B, Savic M, Saxena D, Sayyah M, Schwendicke F, Senthilkumaran S, Sepanlou S, Seylani A, Shahabi S, Shaikh M, Sheikh A, Shetty A, Shetty P, Shibuya K, Shrime M, Shuja K, Singh J, Skryabin V, Skryabina A, Soltani S, Soofi M, Spurlock E, Stefan S, Szerencses V, Szocska M, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Taddele B, Tefera Y, Thavamani A, Tobe-Gai R, Topor-Madry R, Tovani-Palone M, Tran B, Car L, Ullah A, Ullah S, Umar N, Undurraga E, Valdez P, Vasankari T, Villafane J, Violante F, Vlassov V, Vo B, Vollmer S, Vos T, Vu G, Vu L, Wamai R, Werdecker A, Woldekidan M, Wubishet B, Xu G, Yaya S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Yigit V, Yip P, Yirdaw B, Yonemoto N, Younis M, Yu C, Yunusa I, Moghadam T, Zandian H, Zastrozhin M, Zastrozhina A, Zhang Z, Ziapour A, Zuniga Y, Hay S, Murray C, Dieleman J, and Global Burden Dis Hlth Financing

Abstract

Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and $1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34.3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Published
2021

47. Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: A review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2050

Author

Micah, A.E., Cogswell, I.E., Cunningham, B., Ezoe, S., Harle, A.C., Maddison, E.R., McCracken, D., Nomura, S., Simpson, K.E., Stutzman, H.N., Tsakalos, G., Wallace, L.E., Zhao, Y., Zende, R.R., Abbafati, C., Abdelmasseh, M., Abedi, A., Abegaz, K.H., Abhilash, E.S., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M.R.M., Adhikari, T.B., Afzal, S., Ahinkorah, B.O., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, M.B., Ahmed Rashid, T., Ajami, M., Aji, B., Akalu, Y., Akunna, C.J., Al Hamad, H., Alam, K., Alanezi, F.M., Alanzi, T.M., Alemayehu, Y., Alhassan, R.K., Alinia, C., Aljunid, S.M., Almustanyir, S.A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N.J., Amini, S., Amini-Rarani, M., Amu, H., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, C.L., Andrei, T., Angell, B., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Antony, C.M., Aqeel, M., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aripov, T., Arrigo, A., Ashraf, T., Atnafu, D.D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awan, A.T., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Azhar, G.S., Babalola, T.K., Bahrami, M.A., Baig, A.A., Banach, M., Barati, N., Bärnighausen, T.W., Barrow, A., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Benzian, H., Berman, A.E., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhaskar, S., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Bodolica, V., Bragazzi, N.L., Braithwaite, D., Breitborde, N.J.K., Breusov, A.V., Briko, N.I., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Callander, E.J., Cámera, L.A., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Catalá-López, F., Charan, J., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, S.K., Chattu, V.K., Chen, S., Cicero, A.F.G., Dadras, O., Dahlawi, S.M.A., Dai, X., Dalal, K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Davitoiu, D.V., De Neve, J-W, de Sá-Junior, A.R., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Dhamnetiya, D., Dharmaratne, S.D., Doshmangir, L., Dube, J., Ehsani-Chimeh, E., El Sayed Zaki, M., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Farzadfar, F., Ferede, T.Y., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Freitas, A., Friedman, S.D., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Gaal, P.A., Gad, M.M., Garcia-Gordillo, M.A., Garg, T., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Gholamrezanezhad, A., Ghozali, G., Gilani, S.A., Glăvan, I-R, Glushkova, E.V., Goharinezhad, S., Golechha, M., Goli, S., Guha, A., Gupta, V.B., Gupta, V.K., Haakenstad, A., Haider, M.R., Hailu, A., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Harapan, H., Hartono, R.K., Hasaballah, A.I., Hassan, S., Hassanein, M.H., Hayat, K., Hegazy, M.I., Heidari, G., Hendrie, D., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hezam, K., Holla, R., Hossain, S.., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T.M., Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I., Idrisov, B., Ilesanmi, O.S., Irvani, S.S.N., Islam, S.M.S., Ismail, N.E., Isola, G., Jahani, M.A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Janodia, M.D., Javaheri, T., Jayapal, S.K., Jayawardena, R., Jazayeri, S.B., Jha, R.P., Jonas, J.B., Joo, T., Joukar, F., Jürisson, M., Kaambwa, B., Kalhor, R., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S.E., Kassahun, G., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Keikavoosi-Arani, L., Khader, Y.S., Khajuria, H., Khalilov, R., Khammarnia, M., Khan, J., Khubchandani, J., Kianipour, N., Kim, G.R., Kim, Y.J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kohler, S., Kosen, S., Koteeswaran, R., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S.L., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kumar, G.A., Kusuma, D., Lamnisos, D., Lansingh, V.C., Larsson, A.O., Lasrado, S., Le, L.K.D., Lee, S.W.H., Lee, Y.Y., Lim, S.S., Lobo, S.W., Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M.M., Majeed, A., Makki, A., Maleki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Manda, A.L., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M.A., Marrugo Arnedo, C.A., Martinez-Valle, A., Masoumi, S.Z., Maude, Ri.J., McKee, M., Medina-Solís, C.E., Menezes, R.G., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T.J., Mesregah, M.K., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mini, G.K., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mohajer, B., Mohamed, T.A., Mohammadi, M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Moitra, M., Mokdad, A.H., Molokhia, M., Moni, M.A., Moradi, Y., Morze, J., Mousavi, S.M., Mpundu-Kaambwa, C., Muriithi, M.K, Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A.J., Naimzada, M.D., Nangia, V., Naqvi, A.A., Narayana, A.I., Nascimento, B.R., Naveed, M., Nayak, B.P., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Neupane Kandel, S., Nguyen, T.H., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J.J., Nwatah, V.E., Oancea, B., Ojelabi, F.A.O., Olagunju, A.T., Olakunde, B.O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otoiu, A., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S.S., Owolabi, M.O., Padubidri, J.R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Park, E-C, Pashazadeh Kan, F., Pawar, S., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Pereira, D.M., Perianayagam, A., Pesudovs, K., Piccinelli, C., Postma, M.J., Prada, S.I., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M.H.U., Rahman, M., Rahmani, A.M., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C.L., Ranasinghe, P., Rao, C.R., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D.L., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Reiner Jr, R.C., Renzaho, A.M.N., Reshmi, B., Riaz, M.A., Ripon, R.K., Saad, A.M., Sahraian, M.A., Sahu, M., Salama, J.S., Salehi, S., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Sanmarchi, F., Santos, J.V., Santric-Milicevic, M.M., Sathian, B., Savic, M., Saxena, D., Sayyah, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S.G., Seylani, A., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M.A., Sheikh, A., Shetty, A., Shetty, P.H., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M.G., Shuja, K.H., Singh, J.A., Skryabin, V.Y., Skryabina, A.A., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Spurlock, E.E., Stefan, S.C., Szerencsés, V., Szócska, M., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Taddele, B.W., Tefera, Y.G., Thavamani, A., Tobe-Gai, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Tudor Car, L., Ullah, A., Ullah, S., Umar, N., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., Vasankari, T.J., Villafañe, J.H., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V., Vo, B., Vollmer, S., Vos, T., Vu, G.T., Vu, L.G., Wamai, R.G., Werdecker, A., Woldekidan, M.A., Wubishet, B.L., Xu, G., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yiğit, V., Yip, P., Yirdaw, B.W., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yu, C., Yunusa, I., Zahirian Moghadam, T., Zandian, H., Zastrozhin, M.S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Z-J, Ziapour, A., Zuniga, Y.M.H., Hay, S.I., Murray, C. J.L., Dieleman, J.L., Micah, A.E., Cogswell, I.E., Cunningham, B., Ezoe, S., Harle, A.C., Maddison, E.R., McCracken, D., Nomura, S., Simpson, K.E., Stutzman, H.N., Tsakalos, G., Wallace, L.E., Zhao, Y., Zende, R.R., Abbafati, C., Abdelmasseh, M., Abedi, A., Abegaz, K.H., Abhilash, E.S., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M.R.M., Adhikari, T.B., Afzal, S., Ahinkorah, B.O., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, M.B., Ahmed Rashid, T., Ajami, M., Aji, B., Akalu, Y., Akunna, C.J., Al Hamad, H., Alam, K., Alanezi, F.M., Alanzi, T.M., Alemayehu, Y., Alhassan, R.K., Alinia, C., Aljunid, S.M., Almustanyir, S.A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N.J., Amini, S., Amini-Rarani, M., Amu, H., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, C.L., Andrei, T., Angell, B., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C.A.T., Antony, C.M., Aqeel, M., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aripov, T., Arrigo, A., Ashraf, T., Atnafu, D.D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awan, A.T., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M.A., Azari, S., Azhar, G.S., Babalola, T.K., Bahrami, M.A., Baig, A.A., Banach, M., Barati, N., Bärnighausen, T.W., Barrow, A., Basu, S., Baune, B.T., Bayati, M., Benzian, H., Berman, A.E., Bhagavathula, A.S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhaskar, S., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Bodolica, V., Bragazzi, N.L., Braithwaite, D., Breitborde, N.J.K., Breusov, A.V., Briko, N.I., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Callander, E.J., Cámera, L.A., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Catalá-López, F., Charan, J., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, S.K., Chattu, V.K., Chen, S., Cicero, A.F.G., Dadras, O., Dahlawi, S.M.A., Dai, X., Dalal, K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Davitoiu, D.V., De Neve, J-W, de Sá-Junior, A.R., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Dhamnetiya, D., Dharmaratne, S.D., Doshmangir, L., Dube, J., Ehsani-Chimeh, E., El Sayed Zaki, M., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Farzadfar, F., Ferede, T.Y., Fischer, F., Foigt, N.A., Freitas, A., Friedman, S.D., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Gaal, P.A., Gad, M.M., Garcia-Gordillo, M.A., Garg, T., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Gholamrezanezhad, A., Ghozali, G., Gilani, S.A., Glăvan, I-R, Glushkova, E.V., Goharinezhad, S., Golechha, M., Goli, S., Guha, A., Gupta, V.B., Gupta, V.K., Haakenstad, A., Haider, M.R., Hailu, A., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Harapan, H., Hartono, R.K., Hasaballah, A.I., Hassan, S., Hassanein, M.H., Hayat, K., Hegazy, M.I., Heidari, G., Hendrie, D., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hezam, K., Holla, R., Hossain, S.., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T.M., Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I., Idrisov, B., Ilesanmi, O.S., Irvani, S.S.N., Islam, S.M.S., Ismail, N.E., Isola, G., Jahani, M.A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Janodia, M.D., Javaheri, T., Jayapal, S.K., Jayawardena, R., Jazayeri, S.B., Jha, R.P., Jonas, J.B., Joo, T., Joukar, F., Jürisson, M., Kaambwa, B., Kalhor, R., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S.E., Kassahun, G., Kayode, G.A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Keikavoosi-Arani, L., Khader, Y.S., Khajuria, H., Khalilov, R., Khammarnia, M., Khan, J., Khubchandani, J., Kianipour, N., Kim, G.R., Kim, Y.J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kohler, S., Kosen, S., Koteeswaran, R., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S.L., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kumar, G.A., Kusuma, D., Lamnisos, D., Lansingh, V.C., Larsson, A.O., Lasrado, S., Le, L.K.D., Lee, S.W.H., Lee, Y.Y., Lim, S.S., Lobo, S.W., Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M.M., Majeed, A., Makki, A., Maleki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Manda, A.L., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M.A., Marrugo Arnedo, C.A., Martinez-Valle, A., Masoumi, S.Z., Maude, Ri.J., McKee, M., Medina-Solís, C.E., Menezes, R.G., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T.J., Mesregah, M.K., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T.R., Mini, G.K., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mohajer, B., Mohamed, T.A., Mohammadi, M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Moitra, M., Mokdad, A.H., Molokhia, M., Moni, M.A., Moradi, Y., Morze, J., Mousavi, S.M., Mpundu-Kaambwa, C., Muriithi, M.K, Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A.J., Naimzada, M.D., Nangia, V., Naqvi, A.A., Narayana, A.I., Nascimento, B.R., Naveed, M., Nayak, B.P., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Neupane Kandel, S., Nguyen, T.H., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J.J., Nwatah, V.E., Oancea, B., Ojelabi, F.A.O., Olagunju, A.T., Olakunde, B.O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Otoiu, A., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S.S., Owolabi, M.O., Padubidri, J.R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Park, E-C, Pashazadeh Kan, F., Pawar, S., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Pereira, D.M., Perianayagam, A., Pesudovs, K., Piccinelli, C., Postma, M.J., Prada, S.I., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M.H.U., Rahman, M., Rahmani, A.M., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C.L., Ranasinghe, P., Rao, C.R., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D.L., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Reiner Jr, R.C., Renzaho, A.M.N., Reshmi, B., Riaz, M.A., Ripon, R.K., Saad, A.M., Sahraian, M.A., Sahu, M., Salama, J.S., Salehi, S., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Sanmarchi, F., Santos, J.V., Santric-Milicevic, M.M., Sathian, B., Savic, M., Saxena, D., Sayyah, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S.G., Seylani, A., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M.A., Sheikh, A., Shetty, A., Shetty, P.H., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M.G., Shuja, K.H., Singh, J.A., Skryabin, V.Y., Skryabina, A.A., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Spurlock, E.E., Stefan, S.C., Szerencsés, V., Szócska, M., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Taddele, B.W., Tefera, Y.G., Thavamani, A., Tobe-Gai, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Tran, B.X., Tudor Car, L., Ullah, A., Ullah, S., Umar, N., Undurraga, E.A., Valdez, P.R., Vasankari, T.J., Villafañe, J.H., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V., Vo, B., Vollmer, S., Vos, T., Vu, G.T., Vu, L.G., Wamai, R.G., Werdecker, A., Woldekidan, M.A., Wubishet, B.L., Xu, G., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yiğit, V., Yip, P., Yirdaw, B.W., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M.Z., Yu, C., Yunusa, I., Zahirian Moghadam, T., Zandian, H., Zastrozhin, M.S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Z-J, Ziapour, A., Zuniga, Y.M.H., Hay, S.I., Murray, C. J.L., and Dieleman, J.L.

Abstract

Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8·8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·7–8·8) or $1132 (1119–1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this tota

Published
2021

48. Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050

Author

Micah, AE, Cogswell, IE, Cunningham, B, Ezoe, S, Harle, AC, Maddison, ER, McCracken, D, Nomura, S, Simpson, KE, Stutzman, HN, Tsakalos, G, Wallace, LE, Zhao, Y, Zende, RR, Abbafati, C, Abdelmasseh, M, Abedi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abhilash, ES, Abolhassani, H, Abrigo, MRM, Adhikari, TB, Afzal, S, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, MB, Rashid, TA, Ajami, M, Aji, B, Akalu, Y, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alam, K, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alemayehu, Y, Alhassan, RK, Alinia, C, Aljunid, SM, Almustanyir, SA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ, Amini, S, Amini-Rarani, M, Amu, H, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Angell, B, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, CAT, Antony, CM, Aqeel, M, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aripov, T, Arrigo, A, Ashraf, T, Atnafu, DD, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awan, AT, Ayano, G, Ayanore, MA, Azari, S, Azhar, GS, Babalola, TK, Bahrami, MA, Baig, AA, Banach, M, Barati, N, Barnighausen, TW, Barrow, A, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Benzian, H, Berman, AE, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Bodolica, V, Bragazzi, NL, Braithwaite, D, Breitborde, NJK, Breusov, AV, Briko, NI, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Callander, EJ, Camera, LA, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Catala-Lopez, F, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Chen, S, Cicero, AFG, Dadras, O, Dahlawi, SMA, Dai, X, Dalal, K, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davitoiu, DV, De Neve, J-W, de Sa-Junior, AR, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dhamnetiya, D, Dharmaratne, SD, Doshmangir, L, Dube, J, Ehsani-Chimeh, E, Zaki, MES, El Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Farzadfar, F, Ferede, TY, Fischer, F, Foigt, NA, Freitas, A, Friedman, SD, Fukumoto, T, Fullman, N, Gaal, PA, Gad, MM, Garcia-Gordillo, MA, Garg, T, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Ghozali, G, Gilani, SA, Glavan, I-R, Glushkova, EV, Goharinezhad, S, Golechha, M, Goli, S, Guha, A, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Haakenstad, A, Haider, MR, Hailu, A, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Harapan, H, Hartono, RK, Hasaballah, AI, Hassan, S, Hassanein, MH, Hayat, K, Hegazy, MI, Heidari, G, Hendrie, D, Heredia-Pi, I, Herteliu, C, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hossain, SJ, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Huda, TM, Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I, Idrisov, B, Ilesanmi, OS, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Jahani, MA, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Janodia, MD, Javaheri, T, Jayapal, SK, Jayawardena, R, Jazayeri, SB, Jha, RP, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joukar, F, Jurisson, M, Kaambwa, B, Kalhor, R, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Matin, BK, Karimi, SE, Kassahun, G, Kayode, GA, Karyani, AK, Keikavoosi-Arani, L, Khader, YS, Khajuria, H, Khalilov, R, Khammarnia, M, Khan, J, Khubchandani, J, Kianipour, N, Kim, GR, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kohler, S, Kosen, S, Koteeswaran, R, Laxminarayana, SLK, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Kumar, GA, Kusuma, D, Lamnisos, D, Lansingh, VC, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Le, LKD, Lee, SWH, Lee, YY, Lim, SS, Lobo, SW, Lozano, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Mahdavi, MM, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Maleki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Manda, AL, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, MA, Arnedo, CAM, Martinez-Valle, A, Masoumi, SZ, Maude, RJ, Mckee, M, Medina-Solis, CE, Menezes, RG, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mesregah, MK, Mestrovic, T, Kostova, NM, Miller, TR, Mini, GK, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mohajer, B, Mohamed, TA, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Moitra, M, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Moni, MA, Moradi, Y, Morze, J, Mousavi, SM, Mpundu-Kaambwa, C, Muriithi, MK, Muthupandian, S, Nagarajan, AJ, Naimzada, MD, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narayana, AI, Nascimento, BR, Naveed, M, Nayak, BP, Nazari, J, Ndejjo, R, Negoi, I, Kandel, SN, Trang, HN, Nonvignon, J, Noubiap, JJ, Nwatah, VE, Oancea, B, Ojelabi, FAO, Olagunju, AT, Olakunde, BO, Olgiati, S, Olusanya, JO, Onwujekwe, OE, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Owolabi, MO, Padubidri, JR, Palladino, R, Panda-Jonas, S, Park, E-C, Kan, FP, Pawar, S, Toroudi, HP, Pereira, DM, Perianayagam, A, Pesudovs, K, Piccinelli, C, Postma, MJ, Prada, SI, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, M, Rahmani, AM, Ram, U, Ranabhat, CL, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rathi, P, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Reiner, RC, Renzaho, AMN, Reshmi, B, Riaz, MA, Ripon, RK, Saad, AM, Sahraian, MA, Sahu, M, Salama, JS, Salehi, S, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanmarchi, F, Santos, JV, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sathian, B, Savic, M, Saxena, D, Sayyah, M, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Seylani, A, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, MA, Sheikh, A, Shetty, A, Shetty, PH, Shibuya, K, Shrime, MG, Shuja, KH, Singh, JA, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Spurlock, EE, Stefan, SC, Szerencses, V, Szocska, M, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Taddele, BW, Tefera, YG, Thavamani, A, Tobe-Gai, R, Topor-Madry, R, Tovani-Palone, MR, Bach, XT, Car, LT, Ullah, A, Ullah, S, Umar, N, Undurraga, EA, Valdez, PR, Vasankari, TJ, Villafane, JH, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Bay, V, Vollmer, S, Theo, V, Giang, TV, Linh, GV, Wamai, RG, Werdecker, A, Woldekidan, MA, Wubishet, BL, Xu, G, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yigit, V, Yip, P, Yirdaw, BW, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Moghadam, TZ, Zandian, H, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Z-J, Ziapour, A, Zuniga, YMH, Hay, SI, Murray, CJL, Dieleman, JL, Micah, AE, Cogswell, IE, Cunningham, B, Ezoe, S, Harle, AC, Maddison, ER, McCracken, D, Nomura, S, Simpson, KE, Stutzman, HN, Tsakalos, G, Wallace, LE, Zhao, Y, Zende, RR, Abbafati, C, Abdelmasseh, M, Abedi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abhilash, ES, Abolhassani, H, Abrigo, MRM, Adhikari, TB, Afzal, S, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, MB, Rashid, TA, Ajami, M, Aji, B, Akalu, Y, Akunna, CJ, Al Hamad, H, Alam, K, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alemayehu, Y, Alhassan, RK, Alinia, C, Aljunid, SM, Almustanyir, SA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ, Amini, S, Amini-Rarani, M, Amu, H, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Angell, B, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, CAT, Antony, CM, Aqeel, M, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aripov, T, Arrigo, A, Ashraf, T, Atnafu, DD, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awan, AT, Ayano, G, Ayanore, MA, Azari, S, Azhar, GS, Babalola, TK, Bahrami, MA, Baig, AA, Banach, M, Barati, N, Barnighausen, TW, Barrow, A, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Benzian, H, Berman, AE, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Bodolica, V, Bragazzi, NL, Braithwaite, D, Breitborde, NJK, Breusov, AV, Briko, NI, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Callander, EJ, Camera, LA, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Catala-Lopez, F, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Chen, S, Cicero, AFG, Dadras, O, Dahlawi, SMA, Dai, X, Dalal, K, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Davitoiu, DV, De Neve, J-W, de Sa-Junior, AR, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dhamnetiya, D, Dharmaratne, SD, Doshmangir, L, Dube, J, Ehsani-Chimeh, E, Zaki, MES, El Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Farzadfar, F, Ferede, TY, Fischer, F, Foigt, NA, Freitas, A, Friedman, SD, Fukumoto, T, Fullman, N, Gaal, PA, Gad, MM, Garcia-Gordillo, MA, Garg, T, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Ghozali, G, Gilani, SA, Glavan, I-R, Glushkova, EV, Goharinezhad, S, Golechha, M, Goli, S, Guha, A, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Haakenstad, A, Haider, MR, Hailu, A, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Harapan, H, Hartono, RK, Hasaballah, AI, Hassan, S, Hassanein, MH, Hayat, K, Hegazy, MI, Heidari, G, Hendrie, D, Heredia-Pi, I, Herteliu, C, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hossain, SJ, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Huda, TM, Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I, Idrisov, B, Ilesanmi, OS, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Jahani, MA, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Janodia, MD, Javaheri, T, Jayapal, SK, Jayawardena, R, Jazayeri, SB, Jha, RP, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joukar, F, Jurisson, M, Kaambwa, B, Kalhor, R, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Matin, BK, Karimi, SE, Kassahun, G, Kayode, GA, Karyani, AK, Keikavoosi-Arani, L, Khader, YS, Khajuria, H, Khalilov, R, Khammarnia, M, Khan, J, Khubchandani, J, Kianipour, N, Kim, GR, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kohler, S, Kosen, S, Koteeswaran, R, Laxminarayana, SLK, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Kumar, GA, Kusuma, D, Lamnisos, D, Lansingh, VC, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Le, LKD, Lee, SWH, Lee, YY, Lim, SS, Lobo, SW, Lozano, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Mahdavi, MM, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Maleki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Manda, AL, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, MA, Arnedo, CAM, Martinez-Valle, A, Masoumi, SZ, Maude, RJ, Mckee, M, Medina-Solis, CE, Menezes, RG, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mesregah, MK, Mestrovic, T, Kostova, NM, Miller, TR, Mini, GK, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mohajer, B, Mohamed, TA, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Moitra, M, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Moni, MA, Moradi, Y, Morze, J, Mousavi, SM, Mpundu-Kaambwa, C, Muriithi, MK, Muthupandian, S, Nagarajan, AJ, Naimzada, MD, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narayana, AI, Nascimento, BR, Naveed, M, Nayak, BP, Nazari, J, Ndejjo, R, Negoi, I, Kandel, SN, Trang, HN, Nonvignon, J, Noubiap, JJ, Nwatah, VE, Oancea, B, Ojelabi, FAO, Olagunju, AT, Olakunde, BO, Olgiati, S, Olusanya, JO, Onwujekwe, OE, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Owolabi, MO, Padubidri, JR, Palladino, R, Panda-Jonas, S, Park, E-C, Kan, FP, Pawar, S, Toroudi, HP, Pereira, DM, Perianayagam, A, Pesudovs, K, Piccinelli, C, Postma, MJ, Prada, SI, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, M, Rahmani, AM, Ram, U, Ranabhat, CL, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, CR, Rathi, P, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Reiner, RC, Renzaho, AMN, Reshmi, B, Riaz, MA, Ripon, RK, Saad, AM, Sahraian, MA, Sahu, M, Salama, JS, Salehi, S, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanmarchi, F, Santos, JV, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sathian, B, Savic, M, Saxena, D, Sayyah, M, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Seylani, A, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, MA, Sheikh, A, Shetty, A, Shetty, PH, Shibuya, K, Shrime, MG, Shuja, KH, Singh, JA, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Spurlock, EE, Stefan, SC, Szerencses, V, Szocska, M, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Taddele, BW, Tefera, YG, Thavamani, A, Tobe-Gai, R, Topor-Madry, R, Tovani-Palone, MR, Bach, XT, Car, LT, Ullah, A, Ullah, S, Umar, N, Undurraga, EA, Valdez, PR, Vasankari, TJ, Villafane, JH, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Bay, V, Vollmer, S, Theo, V, Giang, TV, Linh, GV, Wamai, RG, Werdecker, A, Woldekidan, MA, Wubishet, BL, Xu, G, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yigit, V, Yip, P, Yirdaw, BW, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Moghadam, TZ, Zandian, H, Zastrozhin, MS, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Z-J, Ziapour, A, Zuniga, YMH, Hay, SI, Murray, CJL, and Dieleman, JL

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. METHODS: We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. FINDINGS: In 2019, health spending globally reached $8·8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·7-8·8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this t

Published
2021

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