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In this technical note we present an easy to use method for determining mucoadhesion for ophthalmica, easily applicable in a regulated setting. The determined value of mucoadhesion is a combination value of adhesion and cohesion force, as both are relevant to the retention of a formulation and thus its bioavailability. The method is specifically designed to test two formulations against each other to gain information on bioequivalence. We tested 14 different commercially available ocular formulations as function of their content of hyaluronic acid - a known mucoadhesive. We could find a trend of higher mucoadhesion for formulations with higher contents of hyaluronic acid in control and sample, though some samples deviate from the expected values. Furthermore, we provide background information on the qualification of the device and the method validation according to guidelines.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a widespread disease, affecting a growing demographic. The treatment of chronic inflammation located in the GI-tract is dependent on the severity; therefore, the IBD treatment pyramid is commonly applied. Animal experimentation plays a key role for novel IBD drug development; nevertheless, it is ethically questionable and limited in its throughput. Reliable and valid in vitro assays offer the opportunity to overcome these limitations.We combined Caco-2 with monocyte-derived macrophages and exposed them to known drugs, targeting an in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) with a focus on the severity level and its related drug candidate. This co-culture assay addresses namely the intestinal barrier and the immune response in IBD. The drug efficacy was analyzed by an LPS-inflammation of the co-culture and drug exposure according to the IBD treatment pyramid. Efficacy was defined as the range between LPS control (0%) and untreated co-culture (100%) independent of the investigated read-out (TEER, Papp, cytokine release: IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α).The release of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α was identified as an appropriate readout for a fast drug screening (“yes–no response”). TEER showed a remarkable IVIVC correlation to the human treatment pyramid (5-ASA, Prednisolone, 6-mercaptopurine, and infliximab) with an R2 of 0.68. Similar to the description of an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework, we advocate establishing an “Efficacy Outcome Pathways (EOPs)” framework for drug efficacy assays. The in vitro assay offers an easy and scalable method for IBD drug screening with a focus on human data, which requires further validation.

The intensity and frequency of extreme weather events in Europe are one of the most dangerous consequences of a warming climate. Some regions suffer more under heat waves and droughts, while others are experiencing extreme rainfalls. Thus, for example, a severe flood in July 2021 in several European countries caused widespread damages particularly in Belgium and Germany.Which extreme weather events are to be expected in the future? How can the damage of irretrievable historical sites be avoided or, at least, limited or dealt with? All these questions are addressed in the three-year research project KERES, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and is coordinated by the Fraunhofer ISC together with the Fraunhofer EU Office in Brussels.As first step the regional relevance of future extreme weather events in Germany will be investigated. This information will be further used to estimate the potential damages to buildings and outdoor facilities. The precautionary and responsive measures to manage potential or acute damage situations will be investigated as well. The designed methodologies will be tested for five case studies including World Heritage Sites (historical buildings and historical gardens) in Germany.The major tools of KERES include building component and indoor climate simulations and high-resolution urban climate models. The necessary input will be taken from the most recent ensemble of regional climate change projections of the EURO-CORDEX Initiative (www.euro-cordex.net). As a result, an ontology-based information system will be designed for managing the expected damage situations.We will present first results from the KERES project. The discussion will be focused on how to access and visualize the robustness of projected changes of extreme weather events in a way oriented to individual cultural heritage sites.

Kulturelles Erbe muss über sehr lange Zeiträume in Depots und Archiven vor einem unwiederbringlichen Verlust geschützt werden. Diese Handlungsempfehlungen für Depot- und Archivbauten unterstützen bei der Planung aber auch bei der späteren Nutzung. Neben den architektonischen, technischen und konservatorischen Gesichtspunkten werden vor allem finanzielle Aspekte berücksichtigt, neben den Investitionskosten insbesondere die notwendigen Betriebs-, Wartungs- und Instandhaltungskosten. Die Empfehlungen wurden im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts »Energieoptimiertes Bauen: Energieminimierte Depot- und Archivgebäude zur Aufbewahrung von Kulturgütern mit Plusenergiekonzepten (EnOB)« erarbeitet, in dem die ideale Auslegung von Depot- und Archivbauten bezüglich Planung und Nutzung mit Blick auf Nachhaltigkeit und Qualitätsmanagement untersucht wurde.

Deutschland soll bis Mitte des Jahrhunderts klimaneutral werden. Um dies zu erreichen, wird eine konsequente energetische Sanierung von Bestandsgebäuden angestrebt. Daher werden zunehmend auch denkmalgeschützte Gebäude energetisch ertüchtigt, wobei gemäß den denkmalpflegerischen Grundsätzen der Substanzerhalt oberste Priorität haben muss. Dieser Grundsatz steht jedoch im Gegensatz zum staatlich geförderten Fensteraustausch, der sowohl Fensterrahmen als auch Glasscheiben betrifft. Dieser Leitfaden zeigt Lösungen zur energetischen Ertüchtigung historischer Fenster und Verglasungen im Sinne des Denkmalschutzes auf und setzt sie in den Kontext der Ökobilanz.

The essential aim of Task 7.1 is to provide targeted training to develop suitably skilled individuals and to raise awareness amongst potential users of the benefits of using IPERION HS facilities. To this purpose, it has been decided to organize two Doctoral Summer Schools (HS-DSS) and two Training Camps (HS-TC) aimed at developing highly skilled professionals in the wider heritage research community, fostering cooperation between the academic community and heritage and research institutions. Several online meetings have been organized in order to discuss and decide about the curricula and dates of the training activities. Given the uncertainty linked with the ongoing pandemic, it was decided that the first HS-DSS will be delivered virtually in July 2021, whereas the first HS-TC will be implemented in person in 2022 when it is expected the current travel restrictions will not be active anymore. The first HS-DSS will mainly report on successful TNA and JRA achieved during the IPERION-CH project and will be addressed to a postgraduate, PhD and post-doc audience. As the HS-TC are intended to be more interactive and more appropriate for learners with a mixed educational and professional background, it was decided to organise them in person in 2022 and 2023 respectively. Both the HS-DSS and HS-TC will attract learners from a wide range of disciplines, so it is important to choose the subject materials and lecturers carefully.

Background In vitro skin permeation experiments are highly relevant for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural developments, and regulatory evaluation. A key requirement is the skin barrier integrity, that is accompanied by an intact stratum corneum (SC) which implements high skin quality. A variety of integrity tests are currently available, for example, measurement of transepidermal water loss, monitoring the permeation of tritiated water and the measurement of transdermal electrical resistance (TER). Materials and methods We aimed for a non-destructive examination of barrier integrity as quality control system, based on TER. Therefore, the in-house developed instrument SkinTER measures electrical resistance on excised human skin samples in a non-invasive and easy-to-use pattern. In this proof of concept study, we compared three human in vitro skin models with focus on their TER and permeation properties. The skin integrity was impaired to mimic conditions of skin during age, lifestyle (eg, shaving) or diseases (eg, obesity, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis). The OECD permeation marker caffeine was correlated to the corresponding TER value. Results A correlation between both was obtained by having a Pearson coefficient of -0.830. Hereby, a minimum TER value for intact skin samples of ~1.77 kΩ*cm2 was suggested. Intact samples are significantly different (α = ≤0.05) to their impaired counterparts in flux and TER values. Conclusion The new SkinTER instrument gives a quick and non-invasive feedback on skin quality before a permeation experiment.

For the long-term preservation of cultural heritage items, all aspects of preventive conservation (climate, light, pollution, safety, etc.) must come together. In a research project with several partner institutions, funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, we aim to develop new and sustainable concepts for low-cost but energy-saving, modular museum storage buildings and archives with optimum environmental conditions, starting with an overview of existing buildings and concepts in terms of building type and collection type, as well as environmental strategies the so-called Cologne Model. The environmental conditions in selected storage and archive buildings have been measured and analysed with regard to the current discussion on museum climates, and environmental guidelines. The main aim of the project ist o develop a prototype specification for a new building with a sustainable design. The task ist o develop a general model for storages and archives where the demands of preventive preservation as well as the corresponding building codes of all federal states (in Germany) are incorporated. The focus is on considerations of preventive conservation, consistency of preservation aims, low investment costs and ongoing costs, minimal use of technology, high energy efficiency and, above all, sustainability. In this case, the model is based on the passive energy house and the use of regenerative technologies. All these factors are essential for practical long-term preservation for our collections in depots and archives.

This paper is published in the book ���Subliming Surfaces: Volatile Binding Media in Heritage Conservation���, ed. Christina Rozeik (University of Cambridge Museums, 2018), pp. 127-136., In heritage buildings, monitoring of the hygrothermal behaviour of building components and of the indoor climate is often necessary for conservation purposes. In many cases, measurement on sensitive building surfaces is required, which necessitates direct contact between the sensor and the surface over the entire measurement period. Commonly-used mounting systems cannot be removed without damage to historic surfaces. This paper describes a new system for mounting sensors on valuable historic surfaces, developed in cooperation with conservators and building physicists. Various materials and methods were tested in the laboratory and in situ for applications indoors and outdoors. Cyclododecane (CDD) was used as a protection layer to protect original surfaces, and also as a contact layer for accurate measurement. Since CDD is a volatile binding medium, sublimation must be hindered until the measurement period has ended by covering with a diffusion-tight material. CDD can be a solvent for some materials, so conservators should ensure that no reaction occurs between the covering layers, the CDD and the historic surface. The development of the covering layers and their application methods is presented in this paper. The effect of this new reversible mounting system on measurement accuracy is also examined and discussed. The system has been applied and monitored several times in museums and castles. The historic surfaces were assessed afterwards for damage or residues. The system is almost completely reversible and does not affect measurement accuracy significantly.

Aspects of preventive conservation are central to the long-term preservation of archaeological sites such as Pompeii. Mitigating moisture ingress and its manifold effects on decay mechanisms such as salt degradation are of critical importance when planning durable conservation strategies. A suite of non-destructive techniques was used to diagnose decay mechanisms at an ancient tomb monument at the Porta Nocera Necropolis. Rising damp and salt contamination are shown to be actively contributing to on-going deterioration of the plaster surfaces. An existing shelter is shown to be inadequate in its protection. These initial results are used to inform a more in-depth, long-term survey as well as the design of a holistic preventive strategy.

Temperierung refers basically to wall heating through pipes mounted in or on the inside of the walls. In the context of heritage preservation the Temperierung system was mainly developed by the State Office for Non-State Museums in Bavaria for heating and climatization of museums and exhibit buildings. Based on the ongoing research project “Temperierung as a Tool for Preventive Conservation—An Assessment” a close and interdisciplinary collaboration is established between building physicists, conservators and practitioners from 18 selected museums. The paper highlights the different existing Temperierung systems within the project, main components of the system and different types of application. The main principles of the technique are explained and compared to more commonly known heating systems like convector/radiator heating and wall/floor heating. Preliminary results of the measured indoor climate and effects of the Temperierung heating system of several chosen museums are presented. The impacts of the indoor climate to the conservation of artifacts, influenced by Temperierung heating, are discussed with typical methods of indoor climate assessment and with conservational assessment. The detailed and neutral description of Temperierung heating gives a basis for planners and persons in charge for retrofitting historical museum buildings.

Museums are often housed in historic buildings or sometimes also the building itself is part of the exhibition, like open-air museums. In heritage buildings, it can be necessary to monitor the hygrothermal behavior of building components and the indoor climate for conservation purposes or for energetic refurbishment. When measuring heat flow and surface temperature, direct contact between sensor and surface must be ensured reliably over the entire measurement period. These installations are usually performed by technicians and not by conservators. Conventional installation procedures cannot be carried out without damages to sensitive original surfaces when the sensors are removed later. The aim of this cooperation between building physicists and conservators is to develop a system, where neither substance losses occur nor unwanted residues with unknown aging behavior remain after dismantling the installation and which does not affect the measurement results significantly. For this purpose new mounting systems for surface sensors and other technical installations have been developed, tested and applied. Test measurements were carried out to assess uncertainties of the different reversible mounting systems in comparison to conventional methods.

In Kunstdepots und Archiven ist es erforderlich, ein möglichst konstantes Raumklima zu gewährleisten, um Schädigungen am Archivgut zu vermeiden. Darüber hinaus handelt es sich hier um einen Gebäudetypus, der in der Regel lange Zeit genutzt wird. Daher ist die Frage nach den laufenden Energiekosten von besonderer Relevanz. Hier können über passive Maßnahmen bereits gute Ergebnisse erzielt werden, die sowohl ein gutes Raumklima für die Erhaltung der Kulturgüter, als auch einen energie‐ und damit kosteneffizienten Betrieb gewährleisten. Nachfolgend werden verschiedene Sanierungsmöglichkeiten eines bestehenden Gebäudes sowie Varianten für eine Depoterweiterung und einen Depotneubau mit Hilfe von hygrothermischen Gebäudesimulationen in Hinblick auf die Stabilität des Innenraumklimas beurteilt und bewertet. Der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Luftwechselraten sowie die Menge des Archivgutes auf die Stabilität des Raumklimas werden gezeigt.

Erklartes Ziel der Bundesregierung ist die Einsparung von Energie zur Beheizung von Gebauden. Auch fur die Renovierung traditioneller Gebaude sind energieeffiziente Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Anlagentechnik wesentliche Aufgabenstellungen. Im modernen Bauwesen wurde eine Vielzahl innovativer Ansatze verfolgt, Untersuchungen von Heiztechnologien in historischen Gebauden wurden bisher eher vernachlassigt.

There are many different ways of heating in historic houses - radiative, air, or convective heating, high- and low-temperature systems, local and area heating. Four different heating systems with high suitability for historic buildings were chosen and compared in long-term measurement campaigns. Two low-temperature area wall heating systems - prefabricated clay elements with serial pipes as well as a wall heating system with parallel pipes - were installed and two radiative high-temperature systems - a radiative plate heater and a Temperierung system that heats the base of the wall. While these systems were installed in four nearly identic rooms, indoor climate and energy monitoring has shown the difficulties with a direct comparison. This also shows the special problems when dealing with comparative measurements in historic buildings with their often unknown wall constructions. In the end, all four systems were compared to a reference system (a convective electric heater) room by room. For the specific examined case at Benediktbeuern, both low-temperature area wall heating systems and the radiant heater showed similar energy demand like the convective system. The high-temperature Temperierung heating system had an about 1.5 times higher energy demand. All wall heating systems were favourable in terms of comfort and preventing damp damages.

Das Referat "Präventive Konservierung" möchte für die am Thema interessierte Fachöffentlichkeit eine bislang fehlende Plattform bieten, um in interdisziplinärem Austausch fachliche Diskussionen zur Präventiven Konservierung zu fördern. Auf diese Weise wird die Vielzahl indirekter Maßnahmen gebündelt, mit der Schäden beispielsweise an historischen Bauteiloberflächen und Ausstattung wirksam unterbunden werden. Im Zentrum der fachlichen Auseinandersetzung stehen insbesondere technische und bauliche Fragen. Das Referat strebt ganzheitliche und interdisziplinär getragene Diskussionen zum Erhalt des kulturellen Erbes an. Die Präventive Konservierung sucht insbesondere indirekte Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Umgebungsbedingungen mit dem Ziel der Vermeidung von Schäden an Kunstwerken, Gebäuden und deren Ausstattung. Im Vordergrund steht die sorgsame Analyse und Bewertung des Istzustands. Diese bildet die Voraussetzung für die Ausarbeitung von konservatorischen Maßnahmen zum Erhalt des Bestands und zur Minimierung der konstruktions-, raum- und objektspezifischen Risiken. Das Referat und seine Arbeitsgruppen widmen sich der Suche nach wirksamen und auf lange Sicht wirtschaftlichen Konzepten, um schädigenden Einflüssen zu begegnen. Es ist bestrebt, alle mit dem Erhalt von Kulturgut vertrauten und betrauten Kreise in interdisziplinärer Weise und im konstruktiven Dialog in die Referats- und Arbeitsgruppenarbeit einzubinden.

To ensure the competitiveness of manufacturing companies it is indispensable to optimize their manufacturing processes. Slight variations of process parameters and machine settings have only marginally effects on the product quality. Therefore, the largest possible editing window is required. Such parameters are, for example, the movement of the laser beam across the component for the laser keyhole welding. That`s why it is necessary to keep the formation of welding seams within specified limits. Therefore, the quality of laser welding processes is ensured, by using post-process methods, like ultrasonic inspection, or special in-process methods. These in-process systems only achieve a simple evaluation which shows whether the weld seam is acceptable or not. Furthermore, in-process systems use no feedback for changing the control variables such as speed of the laser or adjustment of laser power. In this paper the research group presents current results of the research field of Online Monitoring, Online Controlling and Model predictive controlling in laser welding processes to increase the product quality. To record the characteristics of the welding process, tested online methods are used during the process. Based on the measurement data, a state space model is ascertained, which includes all the control variables of the system. Depending on simulation tools the model predictive controller (MPC) is designed for the model and integrated into an NI-Real-Time-System.

Im Forschungsprojekt „Innendammungen“, gefordert durch das Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaft und Energie, wurden unterschiedliche Innendammsysteme in der Alten Schafflerei des Klosters Benediktbeuern eingebaut. Dabei erfolgte eine moglichst breite Auswahl an Systemen, wie z.B. mineralische kapillaraktive Dammstoffe, innovative, hochdammende und dabei dunne Systeme (unter Verwendung von Aerogel) sowie Materialien aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen. Neben Plattendammung wurden auch Dammputze sowie Trockenbausysteme eingesetzt.

Il contributo espone le misure di conducibilità termica svolte su tre conci di calcarenite conchiliare e la caratterizzazione igrometrica di uno di essi. I risultati sono confrontati con i dati termici e igrometrici riportati dalle norme tecniche esistenti (UNI 10351, UNI EN ISO 10456, UNI EN 1745). The energy improvement of historic buildings requires detailed knowledge of the thermal and hygrometric properties of traditional materials and components. These data should be collected for specific local contexts, where the features of historic constructions are comparable. For the purpose of developing this tool for the architectural heritage of Palermo, this research focuses on calcarenite stones, the material traditionally used in the construction of the local historic masonry, and illustrates the thermal and hygrometric characterization of three calcarenite samples, taken from two historic buildings in the Sicilian city.

This contribution describes the work that has been carried out and the plans for the future of the Pompeii Sustainable Preservation Project (PSPP). The project has been operating in the Necropolis of Porta Nocera since 2014. Several partners who support and actively work in the project offer here an overview of their research (conservation, digital documentation, education) and the general aims of this project, which is a truly future-oriented and aims at formulating a sustainable plan for the conservation of the burial area of porta Nocera.

Laser welding is a very important factor in modern industrial production. Especially in automotive industry, it can gain advantages to fulfil the current demands in lightweight design and meet high productivity together. But laser welding is also a highly sophisticated process. To reach good welding results, a lot of different influences have to be considered. In this regard, process monitoring plays a major role. Almost every modern in-process monitoring approach is based on electromagnetic techniques. All investigations of acoustic emissions were concentrating on lower frequency ranges (< 100 kHz air-borne; < 500 kHz structure-born). In order to set up a welding process with new parameters, metallography is applied offline to measure all important quality parameters of the laser welds.In this paper, a new in-process and a new offline monitoring strategy are presented. The in-process monitoring technique is based on high frequency structure- and air-borne acoustic emissions, which are measured during the welding process. The investigated frequency range lies between 400 kHz – 1200 kHz for structure-borne acoustic emissions and between 700 kHz – 1000 kHz for air-borne acoustic emissions. The correlation to variables of the laser welding process (e.g. laser power, welding speed, material, coating) as well as to important quality parameters of the welds (e.g. penetration depth) is shown. Also the influence of environmental noise, which was the major problem in further investigations, is discussed. In addition a new offline monitoring technique is presented. High frequency immersion ultrasonic testing was validated in order to measure important quality parameters for overlapping welding seams (e.g. welding width, width of connection, lack of connection, welding surface, pores, false friends). In comparison to metallography, this method delivers testing results for the whole volume of the welding seam. Due to the high testing speeds, it helps to find out suitable welding parameters, if new welding processes should be validated.Laser welding is a very important factor in modern industrial production. Especially in automotive industry, it can gain advantages to fulfil the current demands in lightweight design and meet high productivity together. But laser welding is also a highly sophisticated process. To reach good welding results, a lot of different influences have to be considered. In this regard, process monitoring plays a major role. Almost every modern in-process monitoring approach is based on electromagnetic techniques. All investigations of acoustic emissions were concentrating on lower frequency ranges (< 100 kHz air-borne; < 500 kHz structure-born). In order to set up a welding process with new parameters, metallography is applied offline to measure all important quality parameters of the laser welds.In this paper, a new in-process and a new offline monitoring strategy are presented. The in-process monitoring technique is based on high frequency structure- and air-borne acoustic emissions, which are measured during the...

To ensure the competitiveness of manufacturing companies need to optimize their manufacturing processes. Slight variations of process parameters and machine settings only have marginally effects on the product quality. Therefore, the largest possible editing window is required. Such parameters are, for example, the movement of the laser beam across the component for the laser keyhole welding. That’s why it is necessary to keep the formation of welding seams within specified limits. Therefore, the quality of laser welding processes is ensured, by using post-process methods, like ultrasound inspection, or special in-process methods. These in-process systems only achieve a simple evaluation which shows whether the weld seam is acceptable or not. This functionality is shown graphically in Figure 1. Furthermore, in-process systems use no feedback for changing the control variables such as speed of the laser or adjustment of laser power.In this paper the ERDF-funded research group INTEGRATiF presents current results of the research field of Online Monitoring and Model predictive controlling in laser welding processes to increase the product quality. To record the characteristics of the welding process, tested online methods are used during the process. Based on the measurement data, a state space model is ascertained, which includes all the control variables of the system. Depending on simulation tools the model predictive controller (MPC) is designed for the model and integrated into an NI-Real-Time-System.To ensure the competitiveness of manufacturing companies need to optimize their manufacturing processes. Slight variations of process parameters and machine settings only have marginally effects on the product quality. Therefore, the largest possible editing window is required. Such parameters are, for example, the movement of the laser beam across the component for the laser keyhole welding. That’s why it is necessary to keep the formation of welding seams within specified limits. Therefore, the quality of laser welding processes is ensured, by using post-process methods, like ultrasound inspection, or special in-process methods. These in-process systems only achieve a simple evaluation which shows whether the weld seam is acceptable or not. This functionality is shown graphically in Figure 1. Furthermore, in-process systems use no feedback for changing the control variables such as speed of the laser or adjustment of laser power.In this paper the ERDF-funded research group INTEGRATiF presents current re...

The King's House on the Schachen is an impressive example of late 19th century royal interior design from the times of King Ludwig II of Bavaria. The building is a wooden construction in Swiss Chalet Style with a standard interior in the lower floor and an eccentric oriental palace room on the entire upper floor. Situated in the Bavarian Alps on the Schachen Mountain opposite the Zugspitze at around 1800 m it faces a very rough mountain climate with cold winters, hot summers and extreme and fast weather changes. Nevertheless the state of preservation of the interior and the works of arts inside the Chalet is extraordinary good. The paper will focus on the statistical analysis the indoor environment in regard to the state of preservation as well as on the relation to outdoor climate, use during summer and effects of the interior and the building envelope. For the simulation of the hygrothermal behaviour the software tool WUFI Plus will be used.