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6. Taking on the Second Shift: Time Allocations and Time Pressures of U.S. Parents with Preschoolers

Author

Milkie, Melissa A., Raley, Sara B., and Bianchi, Suzanne M.

Abstract

The term "second shift" from Hochschild's (1989) classic volume is commonly used by scholars to mean that employed mothers face an unequal load of household labor and thus a "double day" of work. We use two representative samples of contemporary U.S. parents with preschoolers to test how mothers employed fulltime and married to a full-time worker (focal mothers) differ in time allocations and pressures from fathers and from mothers employed parttime or not at all. Results indicate focal mothers' total workloads are greater than fathers' by a week-and-a-half, not an "extra month" per year. Focal mothers have less leisure, but do not experience more onerous types of unpaid work, nor get less sleep than fathers. Focal mothers feel greater time pressures compared with fathers; however, some of these tensions extend to other mothers of young children. Finally, these families may be engaged in fewer quality activities with children compared with families where mothers are not employed fulltime. (Contains 6 notes, 9 tables, and 1 figure.)

Published
2009

13. Differences in time use between married and cohabiting couples

Author

Lesnard, Laurent, Bianchi, Suzanne, Nazio, Tiziana, Raley, Sara, Observatoire sociologique du changement (OSC), Sciences Po (Sciences Po)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de données socio-politiques de Sciences Po (CDSP), Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique (CREST), Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] (ENSAI)-École polytechnique (X)-École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique (ENSAE Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire sociologique du changement (Sciences Po, CNRS) (OSC), Centre de données socio-politiques de Sciences Po (Sciences Po, CNRS) (CDSP), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sciences Po (Sciences Po)

Subjects
couples, [SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology, comparaisons internationales, emploi du temps
Published
2011

14. Transmitting Advantage: Maternal Education Differences in Parental Investment Activities

Author

Raley, Sara B and Raley, Sara B

Abstract

Though the stark advantages of children growing up in college-educated families are well documented (e.g. higher levels of school achievement, higher likelihood of completing high school, higher college admission rates), scholars are just beginning to understand how the everyday activities of parents and children are involved in this reproduction of inequality. This study links parental time investments in children to their verbal achievement using data from the 1997 and 2002 waves of the nationally representative Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Development Supplement. Consistent with existing theoretical frameworks, children of college-educated mothers are read to more often, watch less television, participate more in structured activities, and have mothers who are more involved in their schooling when compared with children of less educated mothers. These investments are also linked to children's verbal aptitude, and the linkages are strongest when children are young. Among preschool-aged children, reading is positively associated, while children's television viewing with parents is negatively associated with children's verbal achievement. By the time children reach school age, however, reading is negatively associated with verbal achievement. At this age, better-educated parents seem more likely than less-educated parents to provide remedial help to their children who may be having difficulty with reading. Also among school-aged children, parental investment in children's schooling and structured activities are positively associated with children's verbal scores. At the same time, there are important ways in which college-educated and less educated mothers do not diverge as much as previous research might suggest. Most notably, once family structure and race are held constant, educational variation in time spent with extended family and visiting others, mothers' daily expressions of warmth and affection, and awareness of children's whereabouts are generally

Published
2007

19. Sexting Among College Students: Who Does It and How Do They Feel About It?

Author

Zaru, Rula and Raley, Sara

Abstract

This study examines the relation between an individual's sex and his/her attitudes toward sexting. During the fall of 2011, questionnaires were administered at a small liberal arts college in the Mid-Atlantic region using systematic random sampling to obtain a sample size of 294 respondents. We find that the majority of both men (86.0%) and women (75.0%) never send nude photos of themselves electronically. Counter-intuitively, a majority of men and women (52.7% and 71.7% respectively) also report receiving nude images electronically. Moreover, the majority of females feel uncomfortable when receiving nude images and sexually suggestive texts, whereas the majority of males feel sexually excited when receiving nude images and sexually suggestive texts. Only a slight majority of men agree that sending nude images negatively affects their reputation whereas a majority of women strongly agree. Finally, women are more likely than men to agree that sending nude photos of oneself is sexually arousing and that sending sexually suggestive texts is sexually arousing to both men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013

20. Special Reviewers

Author

Abma, Joyce, primary, Acock, Alan, additional, Acs, Gregory, additional, Adams, Michele, additional, Adams, Ryan, additional, Adler, Marina A., additional, Adler‐Baeder, Francesca, additional, Ainsworth, James W., additional, Amin, Sajeda, additional, Anderson, Kathryn, additional, Anderson, Kristin, additional, Anderson, Peter, additional, Anderson, Siwan, additional, Angel, Jacqueline, additional, Arrighi, Barbara, additional, Atkinson, Alice M., additional, Avellar, Sarah, additional, Babcock, Renee, additional, Baber, Kristine, additional, Bachman, Heather, additional, Badgett, M. V. Lee, additional, Bahr, Kathleen S., additional, Bahr, Stephen, additional, Baker, Paul, additional, Banerjee, Leena, additional, Barber, Jennifer, additional, Barker, Judith C., additional, Barnes, Grace M., additional, Barnett, Rosalind C., additional, Barnett, Rosemary, additional, Bartell, Denise S., additional, Bartfeld, Judi, additional, Bartkowski, John, additional, Bartle‐Haring, Suzanne, additional, Bass, Brenda L., additional, Batson, Christie D., additional, Baum II, Charles L., additional, Bauman, Karl E., additional, Beach, Steven, additional, Beattie, Irenee R., additional, Beets, Gijs, additional, Belcastro, Philip, additional, Benda, Brent B., additional, Benin, Mary, additional, Benson, Mark, additional, Berardo, Felix M., additional, Berger, Lawrence M., additional, Berger, Roni, additional, Berke, Debra L., additional, Berry, Brent, additional, Beutel, Ann M., additional, Biddlecom, Ann, additional, Bielby, Denise D., additional, Binstock, Georgina, additional, Bjarnason, Thoroddur, additional, Blair, Clancy, additional, Blaisure, Karen R., additional, Blieszner, Rosemary, additional, Blume, Libby, additional, Bõgin, Catherine, additional, Bokker, Lon, additional, Bornstein, Marc, additional, Borsella, Angela, additional, Boss, Pauline, additional, Bouchard, Genevieve, additional, Bouchey, Heather, additional, Bould, Sally, additional, Boxer, Paul, additional, Boyce Rodgers, Kathleen, additional, Bozick, Robert, additional, Bradbury, Thomas N., additional, Bradley, Robert H., additional, Brady‐Smith, Christy, additional, Bratter, Jenifer, additional, Braun, Bonnie, additional, Brayfield, April A., additional, Brennom, Jennifer M., additional, Britto, Pia, additional, Brown, B. Bradford, additional, Brown, J. Brian, additional, Brown, Susan L., additional, Jane Brubaker, Sarah, additional, Bryson, Alex, additional, Buchanan, Christy, additional, Budescu, David V., additional, Bufford, Rodger, additional, Bulanda, Jennifer, additional, Bulanda, Ronald, additional, Bumpass, Larry L., additional, Bumpus, Matt, additional, Burdette, Amy M., additional, Burgoyne, Carole, additional, Burr, Jeffrey A., additional, Butler, Amy C., additional, Butler, Sarah M., additional, Bygren, Magnus, additional, Campbell, Lori, additional, Capaldi, Deborah, additional, Carbone‐Lopez, Kristin, additional, Carder, Paula, additional, Carini, Robert M., additional, Carlson, Elwood, additional, Carlson, Marcy J., additional, Carney, Dana R., additional, Caron, Sandra, additional, Carpenter, Brian, additional, Carrere, Sybil, additional, Cassidy, Margaret L., additional, Castle, Kathryn, additional, Cate, Rodney M., additional, Chan, Willaim, additional, Charles, Maria, additional, Cheal, David, additional, Hee Chee, Kyong, additional, Chen, Zeng‐yin, additional, Cheng, Simon, additional, Chesley, Noelle, additional, Chito Childs, Erica, additional, Christensen, Andrew, additional, Christopher, Karen L., additional, Christopher, F. Scott, additional, Ciabattari, Teresa, additional, Clements, Andrea D., additional, Clements, Mari, additional, Coatsworth, Doug, additional, Cody, Susan, additional, Cody‐Rydzewski, Susan R., additional, Cognard‐Black, Andrew, additional, Cohan, Catherine, additional, Coles, Roberta L., additional, Levine Coley, Rebekah, additional, Coltrane, Scott, additional, Conley, Terri, additional, Arnet Connidis, Ingrid, additional, Cook, Cynthia T., additional, Cookston, Jeff, additional, Cordova, James V., additional, Cornelius, Tara, additional, Crawford, Duane, additional, Cready, Cynthia M., additional, Crosnoe, Robert, additional, Crowder, Kyle D., additional, Cui, Ming, additional, Curran, Sara, additional, Daly, Martin, additional, David, Kevin M., additional, Davies, Lorraine, additional, Davis, Kelly, additional, Davis, Shannon N., additional, Davis‐Kean, Pamela, additional, De Oliveira, Ebenezer, additional, De St. Aubin, Ed, additional, De Valk, Helga, additional, De Vos, Susan, additional, Deater‐Deckard, Kirby, additional, DeGarmo, David, additional, DeKeseredy, Walter, additional, DeLeire, Thomas, additional, DeLuccie, Mary, additional, Demo, David H., additional, Dempster‐McClain, Donna, additional, Denham, Susanne, additional, Denton, Wayne, additional, DeRose, Laurie, additional, Derscheid, Linda E., additional, Desai, Sonalde, additional, Descartes, Lara, additional, Dew, Jeffrey, additional, Dilworth‐Anderson, Peggye, additional, Dodoo, Francis, additional, Dodson, Lisa, additional, Doll, Kevin, additional, Dollahite, David C., additional, Donnelly, Brenda W., additional, Donnelly, Denise A., additional, Doss, Brian, additional, Drigotas, Stephen, additional, Duncan, Greg J., additional, Duncan, Karen A., additional, Dunham, Charlotte, additional, Dunifon, Rachel, additional, Dunsmore, Julie, additional, Durden, T. Elizabeth, additional, Duxbury, Linda, additional, Dykstra, Pearl, additional, Edin, Kathryn, additional, Edwards, Mark, additional, Ehrenberg, Marion, additional, Ehrle Macomber, Jennifer L., additional, Elliott Wilson, Melanie E., additional, Elman, Cheryl, additional, Epstein, Norman, additional, Eriksen, Shelly, additional, Erlin, Carrie S., additional, Evertsson, Marie, additional, Feinberg, Mark, additional, Felson, Richard B., additional, Feltey, Kathryn, additional, Fenwick, Rudy, additional, Fernando, Rajulton, additional, Ferrick, Margaret, additional, Few, April, additional, Field, Carolyn, additional, Fingerman, Karen L., additional, Fischer, Tamar, additional, Fisher, Terri, additional, Fletcher, Anne C., additional, Fleury‐Steiner, Ruth E., additional, Floyd, Kory, additional, Formoso, Diana, additional, Foster, E. Michael, additional, Franks, Melissa, additional, Frazier, Leslie D., additional, Fruhauf, Christine A., additional, Fruth, Abbey, additional, Kang Fu, Vincent, additional, Fu, Xuanning, additional, Fulcher, Megan, additional, Gage, Anastasia, additional, Gager, Constance T., additional, Gano‐Phillips, Susan, additional, Gao, Ge, additional, Gareis, Karen, additional, Garfinkel, Irwin, additional, Gartner, Rosemary, additional, Gartstein, Maria, additional, Gassanov, Margaret, additional, Gaughan, Monica M., additional, Gavazzi, Stephen M., additional, Ge, Xiaojia, additional, Gennetian, Lisa A., additional, Gerard, Jean, additional, Gerris, Jan, additional, Thompson Gershoff, Elizabeth, additional, Gerteisen Marks, Jennifer P., additional, Giarrusso, Roseann, additional, Gibson‐Davis, Christina, additional, Gierveld, Jenny, additional, Gils, Wouter, additional, Gladstone, Jim, additional, Glaser, Karen, additional, Glenn, Norval, additional, Goldberg, Abbie, additional, Goldberg, Wendy, additional, Golden, Lonnie, additional, Goldscheider, Calvin, additional, Gonzaga, Gian, additional, Good, Marie, additional, Goodnow, Jacqueline, additional, Goodwin, Paula Y., additional, Gordon, Kristina C., additional, Gordon, Rachel, additional, Goyette, Kim A., additional, Gracia, Enrique, additional, Graefe, Deborah, additional, Grant, Darlene, additional, Grasmick, Harold, additional, Green, Kerry, additional, Stevens Greenberg, Jan, additional, Greenfield, Emily A., additional, Greenhaus, Jeffrey H., additional, Greenstein, Theodore, additional, Greve, Arent, additional, Guilamo‐Ramos, Vincent, additional, Guo, Shenyang, additional, Guzzo, Karen, additional, Haas, Linda, additional, Haddock, Shelley A., additional, Hall, Scott, additional, Hamby, Sherry, additional, Hango, Darcy W., additional, Hans, Jason D., additional, Hardesty, Constance, additional, Harknett, Kristen, additional, Harpel, Tammy, additional, Harris, Shanette M., additional, Harwood, Jake, additional, Hawkins, Daniel, additional, Haworth‐Hoeppner, Susan, additional, Heard, Holly, additional, Heaton, Tim B., additional, Helms, Heather, additional, Hendrix, Lewellyn, additional, Henly, Julia R., additional, Henry, Carolyn, additional, Herrick, Susan C., additional, Herting, Jerald, additional, Hertlein, Katherine, additional, Heyman, Richard, additional, Hill, E. Jeffrey, additional, Hiller, Harry H., additional, Hirschl, Thomas, additional, Hoekstra‐Weebers, Josette, additional, Hoelter, Lynette F., additional, Hoffmann, John P., additional, Hofsetter, C. Richard, additional, Hogan, Dennis, additional, Hohmann‐Marriott, Bryndl, additional, Holman, Thomas, additional, Holtzworth‐Munroe, Amy, additional, Honeycutt, James M., additional, Hook, Jennifer, additional, Horwitz, Allan V., additional, Hosley, Cheryl A., additional, Houseknecht, Sharon, additional, Huang, Chien‐Chung, additional, Huber, Joan, additional, Humble, Aine M., additional, Hunter, Andrea, additional, Jo Hunts, Holly, additional, Hwang, Sean‐Shong, additional, Shibley Hyde, Janet, additional, Iacovou, Maria, additional, Iceland, John, additional, Impett, Emily A., additional, Ispa, Jean, additional, Jansen, Miranda, additional, Janson, Gregory R., additional, Jasinski, Jana, additional, Jekielek, Susan, additional, Jeng, Wei‐Shiuan, additional, Jewkes, Rachel, additional, Joesch, Jutta M., additional, Johnson, Matthew, additional, Johnson, Michael P., additional, Johnson, Rosalind B., additional, Jones, Deborah, additional, Jorgensen, Stephen, additional, Joshi, Pamela, additional, Joyner, Kara, additional, Jung, Tony, additional, Kalil, Ariel, additional, Kamo, Yoshinori, additional, Kamp Dush, Claire M., additional, Karremans, Johan, additional, Kasturirangan, Aarati, additional, Kaufman, Gayle, additional, Kaukinen, Catherine, additional, Kazura, Kerry, additional, Kelley, Michelle L., additional, Kemp, Candace, additional, Kerpelman, Jennifer, additional, Kiecolt, K. Jill, additional, Killian, Tim, additional, Kim, Hyoun, additional, Kim, Irene J., additional, Kim, Julia, additional, Kirby, James, additional, Kirkpatrick Johnson, Monica, additional, Kiter Edwards, Margie, additional, Klein, David, additional, Klein, Renate, additional, Klumb, Petra, additional, Knapp, Stan, additional, Knight, Bob, additional, Knoester, Chris, additional, Kohn, Melvin L., additional, Kolburn, Amanda, additional, Korinek, Kim, additional, Koropeckyj‐Cox, Tanya, additional, Kosterman, Rick, additional, Kowal, Amanda, additional, Krampe, Edythe, additional, Kroska, Amy, additional, Krueger, Patrick M., additional, Kurz, Demie, additional, Lambert‐Shute, Jennifer, additional, Lampard, Richard, additional, Lancaster, Sandra, additional, Langenkamp, Amy, additional, Langhinrich‐Rohling, Jennifer, additional, Lansford, Jennifer E., additional, Lareau, Annette, additional, Laughlin, Lynda L., additional, Laurenceau, Jean‐Philippe, additional, Lauster, Nathanael, additional, Lavee, Yoav, additional, Lawton, Leora, additional, Lee, Gary R., additional, Lee, Kristen, additional, Lefkowitz, Eva, additional, Lein, Laura, additional, Leite, Randy, additional, Lempers, Jacques D., additional, Leon, Kim, additional, Leone, Janel, additional, Letiecq, Bethany L., additional, Li, Fuzhong, additional, Lichter, Daniel T., additional, Liefbroer, Aart C., additional, Lim, Soh‐Leong, additional, Lin, I‐Fen, additional, Lincoln, Karen, additional, Linver, Miriam, additional, Linville, Deanna C., additional, Lloyd, Kim, additional, London, Andrew S., additional, Longmore, Monica, additional, Lopoo, Lenard M., additional, Lorenz, Frederick O., additional, Ludwick, Ruth, additional, Lundquist, Jennifer, additional, Luo, Ye, additional, Lyness, Kevin, additional, Lyons, Karen S., additional, Maccoby, Eleanor, additional, MacDermid, Shelley, additional, MacDonald, William L., additional, Yagla Mack, Kristin, additional, Macmillan, Ross, additional, Macomber, Jennifer, additional, MacPhee, David, additional, MacTavish, Katherine, additional, Madise, Nyovani J., additional, Malik, Neena, additional, Manning, Wendy D., additional, Mansfield, DeeAnn, additional, Manzi, Claudia, additional, Margolin, Gayla, additional, Marks, Gary, additional, Marks, Jennifer, additional, Marks, Loren, additional, Marks, Nadine, additional, Marshall, Sheila, additional, Marsiglio, William, additional, Marteleto, Leticia, additional, Martin, Molly A., additional, Martin, Steven P., additional, Mattingly, Marybeth J., additional, Maume, David, additional, McBride, Brent A., additional, McElroy, Mary, additional, McGraw, Lori, additional, McGroder, Sharon M., additional, McHale, Susan M., additional, McPherson, Mervyl J., additional, McQuillan, Julia, additional, Mederer, Helen J., additional, Meekers, Dominique A., additional, Meinhold, Jana, additional, Melby, Janet N., additional, Mellott, Leanna, additional, Menjivar, Cecilia, additional, Messner, Steven, additional, Michaels, Marcia, additional, Milkie, Melissa A., additional, Mirsky, Julia, additional, Mollen, Debra, additional, Monden, Christiaan, additional, Moore, David, additional, Morgan, David, additional, Morgan, S. Phillip, additional, Mosack, Katie E., additional, Muraco, Anna, additional, Murray, Colleen I., additional, Murray, Susan, additional, Mustillo, Sarah, additional, Myers, Barbara J., additional, Myers, Scott M., additional, Myers‐Walls, Judith A., additional, Najarian, Cheryl, additional, Nelson, Margaret, additional, Ngee, Tick, additional, Nievar, Angela, additional, Nock, Steven L., additional, Nomaguchi, Kei, additional, O'Brien, Marion, additional, Okun, Barbara S., additional, Olson, Loreen N., additional, Openshaw, D. Kim, additional, Oppenheimer, Valerie K., additional, Oropesa, Ralph S., additional, Ortiz, Steven, additional, Osborne, Cynthia, additional, Oswald, Ramona, additional, Oyserman, Daphna, additional, Ozer, Elizabeth M., additional, Pahl, Jan, additional, Parcel, Toby L., additional, Parker, Jennifer, additional, Pavalko, Eliza, additional, Pearce, Lisa, additional, Perren, Sonja, additional, Perry, Yvette V., additional, Perry‐Jenkins, Maureen, additional, Peters, Cheryl L., additional, Peterson, Brennan, additional, Philaretou, Andreas, additional, Phua, VooChin, additional, Piercy, Kathy, additional, Pillemer, Karl, additional, Poehlmann, Julie, additional, Pollard, Michael, additional, Porterfield, Shirley L., additional, Powell, Brian, additional, Ann Powell, Mary, additional, Prazak, Miroslava, additional, Proulx, Christine M., additional, Pruchno, Rachel, additional, Pungello, Elizabeth, additional, Punyanunt‐Carter, Narissra, additional, Putnam, Samuel P., additional, Baolian Qin, Desiree, additional, Honn Qualls, Sara, additional, Radina, M. Elise, additional, Raley, Sara, additional, Ramu, G. N., additional, Rao, Pamela, additional, Reed, Joanna, additional, Reese‐Weber, Marla, additional, Regnerus, Mark, additional, Reifman, Alan S., additional, Reiss, Ira L., additional, Remle, Corey, additional, Reynolds, Jeremy, additional, Rezac, Sandra J., additional, Riger, Stephanie, additional, Riggio, Heidi R., additional, Riley, David, additional, Ripley, Jen, additional, Robinson, John P., additional, Roche, Kathleen, additional, Rogers, Stacy J., additional, Romich, Jennifer L., additional, Rosenbaum, Alan, additional, Rosenblatt, Paul C., additional, Rossi, Peter, additional, Rovine, Michael, additional, Rubin, Donald B., additional, Sabatelli, Ronald M., additional, Salway, Sarah, additional, Sanders, Gregory F., additional, Sanderson, Stephen, additional, Sano, Yoshie, additional, Sarkisian, Natalia A., additional, Sassler, Sharon L., additional, Saunders, Daniel G., additional, Schaefer, Earl, additional, Scheuble, Laurie, additional, Schmeeckle, Maria, additional, Schmitt, David P., additional, Schmitz, Mark, additional, Schneider, Barbara, additional, Schoen, Robert, additional, Schoenberg, Nancy E., additional, Schoppe‐Sullivan, Sarah J., additional, Schumm, Walter R., additional, Scott, Andrea, additional, Scott, Brent, additional, Scott, Ellen K., additional, Shackelford, Todd K., additional, Shah, Anisha, additional, Shanahan, Lilly, additional, Shapiro, Adam, additional, Fearnley Shapiro, Alyson, additional, Sharp, Elizabeth A., additional, Shebloski, Barbara, additional, Sherkat, Darren, additional, Short, Susan, additional, Shorter‐Gooden, Kumea, additional, Shuey, Kim, additional, Shumow, Lee, additional, Sigle‐Rushton, Wendy, additional, Silverstein, Louise, additional, Silverstein, Merril, additional, Simons, Leslie, additional, Singla, Rashmi, additional, Smith, David, additional, Smith, Suzanne R., additional, Smock, Pamela J., additional, Smulyan, Lisa, additional, Snider, Blake, additional, Snyder, Karrie, additional, Sobolewski, Juliana, additional, Richards Solomon, Cathy, additional, Somers, Cheryl, additional, South, Scott J., additional, Spearin, Carrie E., additional, Springer, Kristin W., additional, Staik, Athena, additional, Stanley, Scott, additional, Carr Steelman, Lala, additional, Sterk, Claire, additional, Stern, Phyllis, additional, Stevens, Daphne, additional, Stevenson, Michelle L., additional, Stewart, Robert, additional, Stewart, Susan D., additional, Stiles, Beverly, additional, Stockard, Jean, additional, Strassmann, Beverly, additional, Strohschein, Lisa, additional, Stum, Marlene, additional, Suitor, J. Jill, additional, Sun, Yongmin, additional, Park, Lisa Sun‐Hee, additional, Supple, Andrew, additional, Surra, Catherine A., additional, Swanberg, Jennifer E., additional, Sweeney, Kathryn, additional, Sweeney, Megan M., additional, Sweet, Stephen, additional, Swinford, Steven, additional, Takigiku, Susan K., additional, Tanfer, Koray, additional, Tayki, Baffour K., additional, Taylor, Tiffany, additional, Teerawichitchainan, Bussarawan P., additional, Tein, Jenn‐Yun, additional, Temple, Jeff, additional, Thomson, Elizabeth, additional, Tiefenthaler, Jill, additional, Tomassini, Cecilia, additional, Torr, Berna S., additional, Trent, Katherine, additional, Trzcinski, Ellen, additional, Tschann, Jeanne M., additional, Uhlenberg, Peter, additional, Umana‐Taylor, Adriana, additional, Umberson, Debra J., additional, Updegraff, Kimberly, additional, Usdansky, Margaret, additional, Uttal, Lynet, additional, Van Gaalen, Ruben I., additional, Vollebergh, Wilma, additional, Volling, Brenda, additional, Voorpostel, Marieke, additional, Votruba‐Drzal, Elizabeth, additional, Voydanoff, Patricia, additional, Waite, Linda J., additional, Waldfogel, Jane, additional, Ebert Wallace, Lora, additional, Warner, Barbara, additional, Warren, Tracey, additional, Weeden, Kim A., additional, Weiting, Steve, additional, Wenger, G. Clare, additional, West, Jerry, additional, Wethington, Elaine, additional, Krauss Whitbourne, Susan, additional, Whitchurch, Gail G., additional, White, James M., additional, Whiteman, Shawn, additional, White‐Stephan, Cookie, additional, Widmer, Eric D., additional, Wieting, Stephen, additional, Wilcox, W. Bradford, additional, Wildsmith, Elizabeth, additional, Williams, Kristi, additional, Wills, Jeremiah, additional, Willson, Andrea, additional, Wilmoth, Janet, additional, Wilson, John, additional, Winkler, Celia C., additional, Winslow, Sarah, additional, Wojtkiewicz, Roger A., additional, Wolfinger, Nicholas H., additional, Wright, Eric R., additional, Yabiku, Scott T., additional, Yancey, George A., additional, Yang, Frances, additional, Yeh, Hsin‐Chen, additional, Yeung, Wei‐Jun Jean, additional, Yount, Kathryn, additional, Vogt Yuan, Anastasia, additional, Zabin, Laurie, additional, Zhang, Zhenmei, additional, Zuo, Jiping, additional, and Zweig, Janine, additional

Published
2005
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21. Taking on the "Second Shift": Time Allocations and Pressures of U.S. Parents with Preschoolers.

Author

Milkie, Melissa A., Raley, Sara B., and Bianchi, Suzanne M.

Subjects
PARENT-child relationships, PRESCHOOL children, TIME management, WORKING mothers, SHIFT systems
Abstract

The term "second shift" from Hochschild's (1989) classic volume has become commonly used in the scholarly literature to mean that employed mothers face an unequal load of household labor and thus a "double day" of work. Yet claims about unequal time allocations to work, sleep and leisure, and about disproportionate time pressures have not been tested with a national sample of U.S. parents with young children. We use three representative samples of parents with preschoolers in dual-earner and conventional households to examine whether mothers employed full-time differ from non-employed mothers, from part-time employed mothers, and from fathers. In contrast to Hochschild's claims, time allocations of full-time employed mothers are remarkably similar to fulltime-employed fathers in total workloads, in the proportion of childcare to all unpaid work, and in sleep; however these mothers do experience a leisure deficit. Somewhat consistent with Hochschild's findings, full-time employed mothers feel greater pressures in the pace of time and in getting enough time with their spouses compared with fathers; however these pressures extend to other mothers of young children as well. In all, "second shift" mothers are more similar to than different from non-employed mothers, part-time employed mothers and fathers. We discuss implications for research on gender inequities in socially reproductive labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008

22. 23. The Leisure Surplus of Fathers in Working Families.

Author

Raley, Sara and Wight, Vanessa

Subjects
FATHERS, WORKING mothers, LEISURE, MARRIED people
Abstract

Any father reading the title of this paper is likely to wonder how anyone could label the amount of leisure fathers have as a "surplus." Yet when the leisure time of employed mothers and fathers is compared, fathers, no matter whether they have a partner in the home to help with care giving or whether they have very young children who require substantial time investments, experience more leisure time than mothers. This holds true even when we hold work constant and examine only non work days. Though previous time diary studies have shown or suggested fathers generally have more leisure time than mothers, most of these studies are limited to only married parents and do not take a nuanced look at the varying populations of fathers and mothers we are able to analyze with the large (18,022) representative sample of the American Time Use Survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008

23. Demographic Change and Response in Institutional Context:: A Multi-Country Perspective.

Author

Presser, Harriet B., Klein, Megan L., Parashar, Sangeeta, Raley, Sara, Sa, Zhihong, and Shedd, Jessica

Subjects
DEMOGRAPHIC change, POLITICAL change, FERTILITY, POPULATION, BIRTH control
Abstract

This paper expands on Kingsley Davis? demographic theory of change and response. Specifically, we consider the importance of institutional factors that bring about particular sets of responses to political and economic change in certain countries that affect fertility and population growth. We examine the relevance of the birth control movement, the women?s movement, the medical profession, the church, and state policy. The case studies are: Japan, Russia, Puerto Rico, China, India, and Cameroon. Some of these countries are undergoing the second demographic transition, some the first. Despite variations in institutional context, sterilization and/or abortion as a means of fertility control is a major part of the multi-faceted response in most of these countries. We explore why this is so. We also examine the constraints toward low fertility in Cameroon, a poor country with a high prelevance of HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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24. 6. As Children Grow: Variation in Parenthood and Childhood by SES Through the Ages.

Author

Thorn, Elizabeth and Raley, Sara

Subjects
CHILD development, PARENTHOOD, PARENTING, PARENT-teenager relationships, CHILD rearing
Abstract

What parents do with their children shifts a great deal over the course of children's lives. Parenting an infant is quite different from parenting a teenager, and differs even more markedly from parenting a child who is grown up and no longer lives at home. While it is common knowledge that parents do different things with their children as those children grow and their needs shift, we know less about how shifts in parenting over childhood has implications for parents. We use time diaries from the American Time Use Survey and the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics-Child Development Supplement to examine the ways in which the time use patterns of both parents and children shift as children age and how those patterns vary by parent's sex and parent's level of education. Children's aging is associated with less time in childcare overall, although some specific types of childcare reach their highest levels in elementary school. For mothers, children's aging is associated with more time in paid employment. Parent's education differences are most apparent in child care time and paid employment time when children are very young; higher levels of education differences are associated with more of each. For their part, children spend less time at home and less time in parental care as they age. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009

25. Love: What's Equality Got to Do With It? Gender Role Attitudes and Relationship Satisfaction.

Author

Barker, Molly and Raley, Sara

Subjects
INTERPERSONAL relations, SELF-realization, YOUNG adults, UNIVERSITIES & colleges in art, ART schools
Abstract

Much research (particularly in the 1980s and 1990s) has explored the association between gender role attitudes and marital satisfaction, but fewer studies have explored the correlation between gender role attitudes and non-marital romantic relationship satisfaction among heterosexual couples in young adulthood. Based on a random representative sample of 313 students at a small liberal arts college in the Mid-Atlantic region, this study examines the relationship between gender role attitudes and romantic relationship satisfaction among heterosexual young adults in committed relationships. The results indicate that gender role attitudes are positively correlated with romantic relationship satisfaction and quality, but only among men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011

26. Wives Who Earn More Than Their Husbands: Documenting Change Since 1970.

Author

Raley, Sara, Mattingly, Marybeth, Bianchi, Suzanne, and Ikramullah, Erum

Subjects
LABOR supply, INCOME, MARRIED people, SPOUSES' legal relationship, FAMILIES & economics, SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors
Abstract

In light of changing gender norms and increased female labor force participation, this paper examines the factors associated with couples' income in marital households. It then considers how the correlates of the relative income contributions of husbands and wives have changed since 1970. Preliminary results suggest that spousal characteristics, own human capital investments, and family demographics are associated with relative income. Our initial, bivariate look at relative income suggests there are stark differences between couples who contribute about equally and couples in which wives or husbands contribute the bulk of income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2003

27. Time for children, one’s spouse and oneself among parents who work nonstandard hours.

Author

Wight, Vanessa R., Raley, Sara B., and Bianchi, Suzanne M.

Abstract

Using data from the 2003 and 2004 American Time Use Surveys, this article examines nonstandard work hours and their relationship to parents’ family, leisure, and personal care time—informing the discussion of the costs and benefits of working nonstandard hours. The results suggest that parents who work nonstandard evening hours spend less time in some child-related activities than their counterparts who work standard daytime hours but spend more time and more time alone with children. Married parents who work nonstandard hours spend less time with a spouse, and all parents with nonstandard hours get less sleep and watch less television than parents with standard work days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010

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