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Background: According to WHO, Urinary Tract Infections is the one of the leading cause of morbidity. About half female population report UTI during some point in their lives. It has high mortality and morbidity rates as well. Generally, women are 10 to 30 times prone to develop UTI as compared to men. UTI is treatable and preventable, however if left untreated it can cause serious complications such as bacteraemia and pyelonephritis. Methods: A descriptive correlation survey was conducted among 100 adolescent girls in Central Pendam. The technique used was convenient sampling technique. A structured knowledge questionnaire for assessing knowledge, structured Likert scale for assessing attitude and rating scale to assess the hygienic practice was used for collection of the data. Results: The study findings showed that majority i.e. 88(88%) had moderate knowledge and 12(12%) had low knowledge and none of them had high knowledge on preventive measures of urinary tract infection. The majority i.e. 63(63%) had unfavorable attitude and 37(37%) had favorable attitude. In the hygienic practice, majority i.e. 71(71%) had good hygienic practice, 26(26%) had average hygienic practice and 3(3%) had below average hygienic practice on preventive measures of UTI. The study also showed moderate positive correlation between knowledge and attitude with r value of 0.33. Conclusion: UTI is the most common infection in the female population. The current study finding suggests that majority i.e. 88 % of the participants had moderate knowledge and majority 63% had unfavorable attitude. Therefore having a good knowledge regarding the preventive measures of urinary tract infection among the adolescent girls play an important role in bearing favorable attitude in reducing every chance of development of risk and complication associated with UTI.

The caste system is social stratification system that has been used over the last 3 millennia. This review aims to investigate caste-based inequity in health care utilization in South Asia, particularly focusing those at the bottom of the caste hierarchy, commonly known as Dalit communities. A systematic methodology was followed; key databases (including CINAHL, Medline, SocINDEX, PubMed, Nepjol, JSTOR, and ASSIA) were searched for relevant articles published before October 2019, using comprehensive search strategy in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. In total 15,109 papers were found, and from these, nine selected papers were included in the review. The papers focused on studies in both India (n = 7) and Nepal (n = 2) and utilized a range of methods including qualitative (n = 2), quantitative (n = 3), and mixed methods (n = 4) approaches. The review identified four main themes: stigma, poverty, cultures and beliefs, and health care. Caste-based inequity impacts upon all aspects of an individual’s well-being including violence and everyday life risks. Caste also impacts upon individuals’ opportunities to access education, employment, and health care. Dalits appear to experience this more significantly due to both poverty and their caste status, which increases their vulnerability to health risks.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/jbpkihs.v1i2.22072 Studies and reports on uptake of health services in Nepal and other low-income countries often focus on limitations due to physical factors, such as travel distance to health facility, or lack of medical facilities or electricity at the health care centre or focus on resources, such as lack of service providers, or lack of appropriately trained staff. In this editorial article, we highlight the importance of discrimination as a reason for people not seeking available health care. Discrimination is particularly a barrier to service usage among the most deprived people in society, such as the Dalit community in Nepal and South Asia more generally. We discuss the caste-based discrimination in Nepal and its effects on health outcomes of those groups who experience such discrimination. Keywords: Health Services, Dalit Community