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1. CHAPTER 11 AMPHIBIANS

Author

Glaw, F., primary, Crottini, A., additional, Rakotoarison, A, additional, Scherz, M. D., additional, Vences, M., additional, Andreone, F., additional, Brown, J. L., additional, D’Cruze, N, additional, Gardner, C. J, additional, Raselimanana, A. P., additional, Raxworthy, C. J., additional, Vieites, D. R., additional, Wollenberg Valero, K. C., additional, Ndriantsoa, S. H., additional, Rakotoarison, A., additional, Rakotonanahary, T. F, additional, García, G., additional, Rabibisoa, N. H. C., additional, Edmonds, D., additional, Johnson, K., additional, Rakotoarisoa, J. C., additional, Dolch, R., additional, Randrianantoandro, C., additional, Riemann, J. C., additional, Lehtinen, R. M., additional, Rödel, M.-O., additional, Vallan, D., additional, Glos, J., additional, Bletz, M., additional, Weldon, C., additional, Rabemananjara, F. C. E., additional, Fisher, M, additional, Du Preez, L., additional, Strauß, A., additional, Köhler, J., additional, Pabijan, M., additional, Hutter, C. R., additional, Cadle, and J. E., additional, Tsiorisoa, G. A., additional, Rabearivony, J., additional, Rosa, G. M., additional, Pabijan, M, additional, Freeman, K. L. M, additional, Randrianizahana, H., additional, Raxworthy, C. J, additional, and Robsomanitrandrasana, E., additional

Published
2022
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3. Development and worldwide use of a non-lethal and minimal population-level impact protocols for the isolation of chytrids from amphibians

Author

Fisher, M, Ghosh, P, Shelton, J, Bates, K, Brookes, L, Wierzbicki, C, Rosa, G, Farrer, R, Aanensen, D, Alvarado-Rybak, M, Bataille, A, Berger, L, Boell, S, Bosch, J, Clare, F, Courtois, E, Crottini, A, Cunningham, A, Doherty-Bone, T, Gebresenbet, F, Gower, D, Hoglund, J, Jenkinson, T, Kosch, T, James, T, Lambertini, C, Laurila, A, Lin, C-F, Loyau, A, Martel, A, Meurling, S, Miaud, C, Minting, P, Ndriantsoa, S, Ribeiro, L, Pasmans, F, Rakotonanahary, T, Rabemananjara, F, Schmeller, D, Schmidt, B, Skerratt, L, Smith, F, Soto-Azat, C, Tessa, G, Toledo, LF, Valenzuela-Sanchez, A, Verster, R, Voros, J, Waldman, B, Webb, R, Weldon, C, Wombwell, E, Zamudio, K, Longcore, J, Garner, T, and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)

Abstract

Parasitic chytrid fungi have emerged as a significant threat to amphibian species worldwide, necessitating the development of techniques to isolate these pathogens into sterile culture for research purposes. However, early methods of isolating chytrids from their hosts relied on killing amphibians. We modified a pre-existing protocol for isolating chytrids from infected animals to use toe clips and biopsies from toe webbing rather than euthanizing hosts, and distributed the protocol to interested researchers worldwide as part of the BiodivERsA project RACE; here called the RML protocol. In tandem, we developed a lethal procedure for isolating chytrids from tadpole mouthparts. Reviewing a database of use a decade after their inception, we find that these methods have been widely applied across at least 5 continents, 23 countries and in 62 amphibian species, and have been successfully used to isolate chytrids in remote field locations. Isolation of chytrids by the non-lethal RML protocol occured in 18% of attempts with 207 fungal isolates and three species of chytrid being recovered. Isolation of chytrids from tadpoles occured in 43% of attempts with 334 fungal isolates of one species (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) being recovered. Together, these methods have resulted in a significant reduction and refinement of our use of threatened amphibian species and have improved our ability to work with this important group of emerging fungal pathogens.

Published
2018

4. Development and worldwide use of non-lethal, and minimal population-level impact, protocols for the isolation of amphibian chytrid fungi

Author

Fisher, MC, Ghosh, P, Shelton, JMG, Bates, K, Brookes, L, Wierzbicki, C, Rosa, GM, Farrer, RA, Aanensen, DM, Alvarado-Rybak, M, Bataille, A, Berger, L, Boell, S, Bosch, J, Clare, FC, Courtois, EA, Crottini, A, Cunningham, AA, Doherty-Bone, TM, Gebresenbet, F, Gower, DJ, Hoglund, J, James, TY, Jenkinson, TS, Kosch, TA, Lambertini, C, Laurila, A, Lin, C-F, Loyau, A, Martel, A, Meurling, S, Miaud, C, Minting, P, Ndriantsoa, S, O'Hanlon, SJ, Pasmans, F, Rakotonanahary, T, Rabemananjara, FCE, Ribeiro, LP, Schmeller, DS, Schmidt, BR, Skerratt, L, Smith, F, Soto-Azat, C, Tessa, G, Toledo, LF, Valenzuela-Sanchez, A, Verster, R, Voeroes, J, Waldman, B, Webb, RJ, Weldon, C, Wombwell, E, Zamudio, KR, Longcore, JE, Garner, TWJ, Fisher, MC, Ghosh, P, Shelton, JMG, Bates, K, Brookes, L, Wierzbicki, C, Rosa, GM, Farrer, RA, Aanensen, DM, Alvarado-Rybak, M, Bataille, A, Berger, L, Boell, S, Bosch, J, Clare, FC, Courtois, EA, Crottini, A, Cunningham, AA, Doherty-Bone, TM, Gebresenbet, F, Gower, DJ, Hoglund, J, James, TY, Jenkinson, TS, Kosch, TA, Lambertini, C, Laurila, A, Lin, C-F, Loyau, A, Martel, A, Meurling, S, Miaud, C, Minting, P, Ndriantsoa, S, O'Hanlon, SJ, Pasmans, F, Rakotonanahary, T, Rabemananjara, FCE, Ribeiro, LP, Schmeller, DS, Schmidt, BR, Skerratt, L, Smith, F, Soto-Azat, C, Tessa, G, Toledo, LF, Valenzuela-Sanchez, A, Verster, R, Voeroes, J, Waldman, B, Webb, RJ, Weldon, C, Wombwell, E, Zamudio, KR, Longcore, JE, and Garner, TWJ

Abstract

Parasitic chytrid fungi have emerged as a significant threat to amphibian species worldwide, necessitating the development of techniques to isolate these pathogens into culture for research purposes. However, early methods of isolating chytrids from their hosts relied on killing amphibians. We modified a pre-existing protocol for isolating chytrids from infected animals to use toe clips and biopsies from toe webbing rather than euthanizing hosts, and distributed the protocol to researchers as part of the BiodivERsA project RACE; here called the RML protocol. In tandem, we developed a lethal procedure for isolating chytrids from tadpole mouthparts. Reviewing a database of use a decade after their inception, we find that these methods have been applied across 5 continents, 23 countries and in 62 amphibian species. Isolation of chytrids by the non-lethal RML protocol occured in 18% of attempts with 207 fungal isolates and three species of chytrid being recovered. Isolation of chytrids from tadpoles occured in 43% of attempts with 334 fungal isolates of one species (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) being recovered. Together, these methods have resulted in a significant reduction and refinement of our use of threatened amphibian species and have improved our ability to work with this group of emerging pathogens.

Published
2018

5. Development and worldwide use of non-lethal, and minimal population-level impact, protocols for the isolation of amphibian chytrid fungi

Author

Fisher, M.C., Ghosh, P., Shelton, J.M.G., Bates, K., Brookes, L., Wierzbicki, C., Rosa, G.M., Farrer, R.A., Aanensen, D.M., Alvarado-Rybak, M., Bataille, A., Berger, L., Böll, S., Bosch, J., Clare, F.C., Courtois, E.A., Crottini, A., Cunningham, A.A., Doherty-Bone, T.M., Gebresenbet, F., Gowers, K., Höglund, J., James, T.Y., Jenkinson, T.S., Kosch, T.A., Lambertini, C., Laurila, A., Lin, C.-F., Loyau, Adeline, Martel, A., Meurling, S., Miaud, C., Minting, P., Ndriantsoa, S., O’Hanlon, S.J., Pasmans, F., Rakotonanahary, T., Rabemananjara, F.C.E., Ribeiro, L.P., Schmeller, Dirk Sven, Schmidt, B.R., Skerratt, L., Smith, F., Soto-Azat, C., Tessa, G., Toledo, L.F., Valenzuela-Sánchez, A., Verster, R., Vörös, J., Waldman, B., Webb, R.J., Weldon, C., Wombwell, E., Zamudio, K.R., Longcore, J.E., Garner, T.W.J., Fisher, M.C., Ghosh, P., Shelton, J.M.G., Bates, K., Brookes, L., Wierzbicki, C., Rosa, G.M., Farrer, R.A., Aanensen, D.M., Alvarado-Rybak, M., Bataille, A., Berger, L., Böll, S., Bosch, J., Clare, F.C., Courtois, E.A., Crottini, A., Cunningham, A.A., Doherty-Bone, T.M., Gebresenbet, F., Gowers, K., Höglund, J., James, T.Y., Jenkinson, T.S., Kosch, T.A., Lambertini, C., Laurila, A., Lin, C.-F., Loyau, Adeline, Martel, A., Meurling, S., Miaud, C., Minting, P., Ndriantsoa, S., O’Hanlon, S.J., Pasmans, F., Rakotonanahary, T., Rabemananjara, F.C.E., Ribeiro, L.P., Schmeller, Dirk Sven, Schmidt, B.R., Skerratt, L., Smith, F., Soto-Azat, C., Tessa, G., Toledo, L.F., Valenzuela-Sánchez, A., Verster, R., Vörös, J., Waldman, B., Webb, R.J., Weldon, C., Wombwell, E., Zamudio, K.R., Longcore, J.E., and Garner, T.W.J.

Abstract

Parasitic chytrid fungi have emerged as a significant threat to amphibian species worldwide, necessitating the development of techniques to isolate these pathogens into culture for research purposes. However, early methods of isolating chytrids from their hosts relied on killing amphibians. We modified a pre-existing protocol for isolating chytrids from infected animals to use toe clips and biopsies from toe webbing rather than euthanizing hosts, and distributed the protocol to researchers as part of the BiodivERsA project RACE; here called the RML protocol. In tandem, we developed a lethal procedure for isolating chytrids from tadpole mouthparts. Reviewing a database of use a decade after their inception, we find that these methods have been applied across 5 continents, 23 countries and in 62 amphibian species. Isolation of chytrids by the non-lethal RML protocol occured in 18% of attempts with 207 fungal isolates and three species of chytrid being recovered. Isolation of chytrids from tadpoles occured in 43% of attempts with 334 fungal isolates of one species (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) being recovered. Together, these methods have resulted in a significant reduction and refinement of our use of threatened amphibian species and have improved our ability to work with this group of emerging pathogens.

Published
2018

6. Characterization of the microbiome of the invasive Asian toad in Madagascar across the expansion range and comparison with a native co-occurring species.

Author

Santos B, Bletz MC, Sabino-Pinto J, Cocca W, Fidy JFS, Freeman KL, Kuenzel S, Ndriantsoa S, Noel J, Rakotonanahary T, Vences M, and Crottini A

Abstract

Biological invasions are on the rise, with each invader carrying a plethora of associated microbes. These microbes play important, yet poorly understood, ecological roles that can include assisting the hosts in colonization and adaptation processes or as possible pathogens. Understanding how these communities differ in an invasion scenario may help to understand the host's resilience and adaptability. The Asian common toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus is an invasive amphibian, which has recently established in Madagascar and is expected to pose numerous threats to the native ecosystems. We characterized the skin and gut bacterial communities of D. melanostictus in Toamasina (Eastern Madagascar), and compared them to those of a co-occurring native frog species, Ptychadena mascareniensis, at three sites where the toad arrived in different years. Microbial composition did not vary among sites, showing that D. melanostictus keeps a stable community across its expansion but significant differences were observed between these two amphibians. Moreover, D. melanostictus had richer and more diverse communities and also harboured a high percentage of total unique taxa (skin: 80%; gut: 52%). These differences may reflect the combination of multiple host-associated factors including microhabitat selection, skin features and dietary preferences., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests., (©2021 Santos et al.)

Published
2021
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7. Development and worldwide use of non-lethal, and minimal population-level impact, protocols for the isolation of amphibian chytrid fungi.

Author

Fisher MC, Ghosh P, Shelton JMG, Bates K, Brookes L, Wierzbicki C, Rosa GM, Farrer RA, Aanensen DM, Alvarado-Rybak M, Bataille A, Berger L, Böll S, Bosch J, Clare FC, A Courtois E, Crottini A, Cunningham AA, Doherty-Bone TM, Gebresenbet F, Gower DJ, Höglund J, James TY, Jenkinson TS, Kosch TA, Lambertini C, Laurila A, Lin CF, Loyau A, Martel A, Meurling S, Miaud C, Minting P, Ndriantsoa S, O'Hanlon SJ, Pasmans F, Rakotonanahary T, Rabemananjara FCE, Ribeiro LP, Schmeller DS, Schmidt BR, Skerratt L, Smith F, Soto-Azat C, Tessa G, Toledo LF, Valenzuela-Sánchez A, Verster R, Vörös J, Waldman B, Webb RJ, Weldon C, Wombwell E, Zamudio KR, Longcore JE, and Garner TWJ

Subjects
Animals, Information Dissemination, Larva microbiology, Software, Amphibians microbiology, Chytridiomycota isolation & purification, Endangered Species
Abstract

Parasitic chytrid fungi have emerged as a significant threat to amphibian species worldwide, necessitating the development of techniques to isolate these pathogens into culture for research purposes. However, early methods of isolating chytrids from their hosts relied on killing amphibians. We modified a pre-existing protocol for isolating chytrids from infected animals to use toe clips and biopsies from toe webbing rather than euthanizing hosts, and distributed the protocol to researchers as part of the BiodivERsA project RACE; here called the RML protocol. In tandem, we developed a lethal procedure for isolating chytrids from tadpole mouthparts. Reviewing a database of use a decade after their inception, we find that these methods have been applied across 5 continents, 23 countries and in 62 amphibian species. Isolation of chytrids by the non-lethal RML protocol occured in 18% of attempts with 207 fungal isolates and three species of chytrid being recovered. Isolation of chytrids from tadpoles occured in 43% of attempts with 334 fungal isolates of one species (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) being recovered. Together, these methods have resulted in a significant reduction and refinement of our use of threatened amphibian species and have improved our ability to work with this group of emerging pathogens.

Published
2018
Full Text
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