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Maxillofacial fractures are one of the common presentations in an emergency department. They are considered to be one of the significant and dominant conditions that requires treatment as the fractures can result in morbidity, mortality, psychological, functional disability, and facial mutilation. The incidence, patterns, and etiology of maxillofacial fractures vary from one country to another due to the geographical, cultural, social, and economic differences. The present study included 176 patients from January 2019 to September 2020 that aimed to evaluate the pattern of maxillofacial fractures and to learn the etiology for the same.

Background and Aims: Antiplatelet dugs are often interrupted preceding invasive dental extraction because of concern of bleeding complications. The fear of uncontrolled bleeding often prompts medical and dental practitioners to stop aspirin intake for 7 to 10 days before any surgical procedure, which puts the patient at risk from adverse thrombotic events. The aim of the study conducted was to evaluate the bleeding pattern after routine dental extraction among patients on low dose long term aspirin therapy. Methods: A total of 104 subjects in the age group of 30-65 years, who continued to have aspirin intake during extraction were included in the study. Dental extraction was performed without stopping aspirin therapy under local anesthesia. The post-operative blood loss was quantified by weighing the gauze pre and post operatively and adding total volume of fluid in the suction jar. Results: Of these 104 patients treated, 87% of patients had mild bleeding (

Friction stir processing of an Al0.1CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy (HEA) was performed at controlled cooling conditions (ambient and liquid submerged). Microstructural and mechanical characterization of the processed and as-cast HEAs was evaluated using electron backscat-ter diffraction, micro-hardness testing and nanoindentation. HEA under the submerged cooling condition showed elongated grains (10 µm) with fine equiaxed grains (2 µm) along the boundary compared to the coarser grain (∼2 mm) of as-cast HEA. The hardness showed remarkable improvements with four (submerged cooling condition) and three (ambient cooling condition) times that of as-cast HEA (HV ∼150). The enhanced hardness is attributed to the significant grain refinement in the processed HEAs. Cavitation erosion behavior was observed for samples using an ultrasonication method. All of the HEAs showed better cavitation erosion resistance than the stainless steel 316L. The sample processed under a submerged liquid condition showed approximately 20 and 2 times greater erosion resistance than stainless steel 316L and as-cast HEA, respectively. The enhanced erosion resistances of the processed HEAs correlate to their increased hardness, resistance to plasticity, and better yield strength than the as-cast HEA. The surface of the tested samples showed nucleation and pit growth, and plastic deformation of the material followed by fatigue-controlled disintegration as the primary material removal mechanism.

In this current study, two post-processing techniques, i.e. microwave annealing and cryogenic treatment were employed on WC-10Co-4C detonation gun (D-gun) coating to improve the tribological properties. The effect of both the post-treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties was studied using optical micrograph (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Microwave annealing, resulted in a significant change in the size and morphology of WC particles. However, cryogenic processing showed minimal variation with slight decrease in the WC particle size. Phase changes were observed after both the post-treatment techniques. The cryogenically treated sample showed considerable improvement in the hardness while there was a slight reduction in the hardness after microwave processing. Among all the coatings, the microwave processed sample had the highest fracture toughness. The improvement in hardness after the cryogenic process was attributed to the formation of η phase and the presence of nano precipitates in the coating matrix. Cryogenically treated coating showed significant improvement in the wear resistance of the WC D-gun coating due to the improvement in the microhardness in the coating.

Structural materials are subjected to severe forms of material degradation for a prolonged life period. The most common material degradation is wear, erosion, and corrosion which severely impairs the service life of the components. State-of-art-of materials are of paramount importance to mitigate these forms of degradation phenomenon. NiTi alloy exhibits outstanding properties in terms of superelasticity, high fatigue strength, and exceptional corrosion resistance. In this work, the tribological behavior of NiTi alloy synthesized using arc melter (TIG) under different cooling conditions (ambient and water quenching) was studied via cavitation erosion, sliding wear, slurry erosion-corrosion and electrochemical corrosion. The microstructural study disclosed the formation of dendritic structures for both the samples. Hardness observed for the ambient cooled sample was around 980 HV which is 1.3 times higher than the quenched NiTi alloy. The difference in the hardness was attributed to the presence of pores for the latter. Both the NiTi alloy samples showed significant improvement in the degradation behavior compared to SS316L under pure erosion and erosion-corrosion conditions. Despite the lower hardness obtained for the quenched NiTi alloy, almost similar degradation resistance in terms of cavitation erosion and dry sliding wear was observed for both the alloyed samples. This is explained based on the work hardening ability behavior of the NiTi alloy. Slurry and sliding wear performed under 3.5% NaCl solution portrayed greater results for quenched alloy which is attributed to its higher corrosion and passivation resistance compared to the ambient NiTi alloy and SS316L. In conclusion, the microstructural, mechanical and tribological behavioral study of NiTi alloy indicated its dominance over SS316L in dry as well as wet conditions and hereby, emphasizing its importance as an alternative material for marine applications in hydrodynamic environment.

Surface phenomenon such as cavitation erosion-corrosion limits the working life and durability of the fluid machines through significantly altering the efficiency. Surface modification is an apparent and economical route for improving the sustainability of these components. Recently developed complex concentrated alloys (CCAs) or high entropy alloys (HEAs) possess exceptional properties owing to high configurational entropy. We developed CCA coatings on the stainless steel using a facial and effective microwave processing technique. The effect of Al molar fraction in AlxCoCrFeNi (x = 0.1–3) CCAs on ultrasonic cavitation erosion-corrosion was investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution. For comparison, cavitation erosion and electrochemical corrosion behavior of the pre- and post-tested samples was also performed. Detailed microstructure and mechanical characterization of the developed coatings were also preformed using different analytical techniques. The equimolar CCA coating showed apical degradation resistance under both pure erosion and erosion-corrosion conditions. The observed behavior is attributed to high strain hardening, optimal hardness, fracture toughness, and utmost stability of the passive layer. The phenomenal conjugation of these properties was associated with highest configurational entropy for equimolar composition resulting in sluggish diffusion, and severe lattice straining. Compared to pits, striations and cracks characterizing the morphology of the degraded stainless steel, the equimolar and Al0.1CoCrFeNi CCAs showed TTS (tearing topograph surface) as the dominant failure mode characterized by presence of microplastic deformation. The degradation of the Al3CoCrFeNi CCA occurred mainly through brittle failure mode. The difference in failure mechanism is related to the mechanical properties and underlying microstructure.

We investigated the structure–property correlation for the complex concentrated alloy (CCA) coatings prepared using different precursor powders. Al3CoCrFeNi CCA precursor powders were prepared through mechanical alloying (MA) (ball milling) and direct mixing (DM). CCA coatings were developed using microwave technique through hybrid heating approach. Coatings showed good metallurgical bonding with substrate exhibiting cellular growth structure. Microstructure for both coatings was primarily composed of A2 phase segregated with B2 phase at intercellular region. CCA coatings with different precursors showed insignificant influence on hardness, elastic modulus and cavitation erosion. Nonetheless, coating developed with MA precursor showed slightly lower fracture toughness compared to DM, mainly attributed to inherently higher fraction of intermetallic B2 phase. We showed that direct mixing is an efficient and effective route for developing CCA coatings.

Introduction The closed reduction of a displaced nasal fracture is a preferred method in oral and maxillofacial surgery. This prospective study was conducted to evaluate the treatment outcome following closed reduction of nasal bone fractures. Materials and methods A total of 20 patients with nasal bone fracture who underwent closed reduction were included in the study. The cases were operated under local or general anesthesia. The outcome of treatment was evaluated pre- and postoperatively through systematic follow-ups. Clinical assessment was done to evaluate functional (airway patency, nasal obstruction, crepitus) as well as esthetic parameters (facial symmetry, swelling, and nasal deviation). Functional and esthetic satisfaction of patients was assessed using visual analog scale (VAS) pre- and post-operatively. Results It was observed that there was significant improvement in both functional and esthetic parameters following closed reduction of nasal fractures. Conclusion The present study suggested that closed reduction of nasal bone fracture is very effective in the management of nasal bone fractures. However, further studies with larger sample size in different clinical situations should be considered to confirm the efficacy of the same. Clinical significance Closed reduction can be a viable and more conservative alternative in management of nasal fractures.

High entropy alloys (HEAs) represent a new paradigm of structural alloys comprising of multiple principal elements in equimolar or near-equimolar concentration. The superior corrosion and oxidation resistance of HEAs at high temperature make them attractive for several structural applications. In this context, erosion behavior of HEAs has been largely unexplored. In this study, the slurry erosion performance of single phase Al 0.1 CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy was investigated. For comparison, mild steel and stainless steel (SS316L) were also investigated under similar conditions. The slurry erosion was conducted at different impingement angles and at a constant velocity of 20 m/s. The microstructural and mechanical characterization were conducted using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), nanoindentation and micro-hardness testing. Similar to the mild steel and stainless steel, HEA also showed ductile mode of erosion. The erosion rate for HEA was found to be higher compared to stainless steel, however in spite of lower tensile strength and hardness, HEA exhibited higher erosion resistance compared to mild steel. The high erosion resistance of HEA compared to mild steel is explained on the basis of its work hardening behavior, low stacking fault energy, and superior corrosion resistance. Erosion response of the investigated materials showed significant correlation with ultimate strength and ultimate resilience. In depth analysis of the eroded HEA samples showed ploughing as the prominent material removal mechanism at oblique angles compared to micro-cutting for SS316L and mild steel. In contrast, highly deformed and work-hardened platelets were observed at normal impingement angle for all materials.

The closed reduction of a displaced nasal fracture is a preferred method in oral and maxillofacial surgery. This prospective study was conducted to evaluate the treatment outcome following closed reduction of nasal bone fractures.A total of 20 patients with nasal bone fracture who underwent closed reduction were included in the study. The cases were operated under local or general anesthesia. The outcome of treatment was evaluated pre- and postoperatively through systematic follow-ups. Clinical assessment was done to evaluate functional (airway patency, nasal obstruction, crepitus) as well as esthetic parameters (facial symmetry, swelling, and nasal deviation). Functional and esthetic satisfaction of patients was assessed using visual analog scale (VAS) pre- and post-operatively.It was observed that there was significant improvement in both functional and esthetic parameters following closed reduction of nasal fractures.The present study suggested that closed reduction of nasal bone fracture is very effective in the management of nasal bone fractures. However, further studies with larger sample size in different clinical situations should be considered to confirm the efficacy of the same.Closed reduction can be a viable and more conservative alternative in management of nasal fractures.

Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory condition of the bone. Pathological fractures associated with osteomyelitis are difficult to manage and are time-consuming, as fractures have to be treated along with the underlying disease. This article describes a case report on the pathological fracture of the mandible secondary to chronic osteomyelitis.

The word “ankylosis” is derived from a Greek word meaning “Stiff.” Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is the bony or fibrous union of the joint and its components. The characteristic feature is the limitation in mouth opening. It affects the speck, mastication, facial growth, and appearance. The article describes a case report on severe bony ankylosis TMJ ankylosis secondary to trauma.

In this current study, we developed SiC (10 wt%) reinforced AlCoCrFeNi complex concentrated alloy composite claddings with different particle sizes (micro, nano and bimodal) on stainless steel 316L substrate using microwave irradiation. Microstructural analysis showed cellular structured claddings with intermetallic phases occupying the intercellular regions along with low porosity (

Cavitation erosion and corrosion of structural materials are serious concerns for marine and offshore industries. Durability and performance of marine components are severely impaired due to degradation from erosion and corrosion. Utilization of advanced structural materials can play a vital role in limiting such degradation. High entropy alloys (HEAs) are a relatively new class of advanced structural materials with exceptional properties. In the present work, we report on the cavitation erosion behavior of Al 0.1 CoCrFeNi HEA in two different media: distilled water with and without 3.5 wt% NaCl. For comparison, conventionally used stainless steel SS316L was also evaluated in identical test conditions. Despite lower hardness and yield strength, the HEA showed significantly longer incubation period and lower erosion-corrosion rate (nearly 1/4th) compared to SS316L steel. Enhanced erosion resistance of HEA was attributed to its high work-hardening behavior and stable passivation film on the surface. The Al 0.1 CoCrFeNi HEA showed lower corrosion current density, high pitting resistance and protection potential compared to SS316L steel. Further, HEA showed no evidence of intergranular corrosion likely due to the absence of secondary precipitates. Although, the degradation mechanisms (formation of pits and fatigue cracks) were similar for both the materials, the damage severity was found to be much higher for SS316L steel compared to HEA.

In present work, we investigated the tribological behavior of the high entropy alloy (HEA) claddings under different degrading environments viz, slurry erosion-corrosion, liquid impingement erosion, electrochemical corrosion, and sliding wear. The HEA claddings were developed by varying Al fraction (AlxCoCrFeNi) (x = 0.1 to 3) using microwave processing. The claddings were composed of cellular structure with intermetallic phases segregated in the intercellular region. Variation in Al content showed significant influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties. The hardness of the claddings increased with an increase in Al fraction with a maximum value of 624 HV observed for the cladding containing three molar Al. Correspondingly, the fracture toughness showed an opposing trend. All claddings showed better wear resistance than SS316L with equimolar composition outperforming other counterparts. The equimolar HEA cladding showed 3 to 23 times higher wear resistance compared to SS316L steel depending upon test conditions. Inimitable wear resilience of the equimolar composition was attributed to its high hardness and strain-hardening ability. Surface morphologies of the tested claddings indicated the presence of ductile-brittle mixed damage modes. The tested surfaces showed numerous pits and cracks with delaminated secondary phase. Presence of groves and signs of delamination were also observed in case of sliding wear. The results of the present work show that microwave synthesized equimolar HEAs can effectively counter different tribological forms.

Aim The present double blind study has been designed to evaluate the efficacy of local application of hemocoagulase solution as compared to a placebo in wound healing following dental extraction. Materials and methods A total of 20 patients who required dental extraction for orthodontic intervention were included. The hemocoagulase solution and a placebo were locally applied to the extraction sockets and the efficacy of the solution in terms of bleeding control, anti-inflammatory responses, its antiseptic properties and efficacy in wound healing were evaluated. Results The mean time required to achieve hemostasis was found to be 1.37 minutes in side A (test) and 2.33 minutes in side B (control) indicating that side A achieved faster hemostasis when compared to side B. At the 6th hour postoperatively, bleeding was not evident on either sides, and the amount of pain in side A was found to be less compared to side B. The number of RBCs, polymorphs, chronic inflammatory cells were not different in both the groups, whereas at 3rd postoperative day epithelial cells were greater in side A (test) compared to side B (control). Biopsy reports on the 12th postoperative day indicated that the number of fibroblasts, epithelial cells, collagen count was found to be greater in side A (test) compared to side B (control). Conclusion The topical hemocoagulase solution may be advocated in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery, as a hemostatic agent and promoter of wound healing. However, further studies, with large number of cases and different clinical situations should be considered to authenticate the efficacy of this hemocoagulase solution in the practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Clinical significance Wound healing plays an important role in the success of any surgical procedure, such as extractions, and the hemocoagulase system may act as a hemostatic agent and a promoter of wound healing. How to cite this article Aslam S, Francis PG, Rao BHS, Ummar M, Issac JK, Nair RB. A Double Blind Study on the Efficacy of Local Application of Hemocoagulase Solution in Wound Healing. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(3):394-400.