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In this interdisciplinary article, the authors analyse the historical development of the Dutch state, the specificities of its governance, and its key features in the context of the 21st century. The theoretical analysis identifies the most important political, social, economic and cultural features, and their historical evolution. The situation of the current political-public governance is assessed. The paper analyses various scientific sources, statistical information and different historical phases in governance, which help to reveal not only the key strengths of the Dutch state, but also the challenges inherent to the Netherlands. The article expresses the opinion that an analysis of the good practice of the case of the Netherlands could be significant for the improvement of democratic and public governance processes in Lithuania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional public governance is based on rationality, clear causal links, and the assumption of stability of social systems. However, contemporary public governance systems have different levels of operation, they adapt, can organise themselves, have different levels of sensitivity, evolve and change unpredictably according to their internal logic of operation or under the influence of other external systems. Thus, traditional models of public governance become insufficient to explain and address the challenges that arise in this context. The provisions of complexity theory and methodology become especially important for understanding the contexts and processes of modern society, applying governance methodologies and increasing their efficiency, implementing systemic changes, and forming prediction models. While it may not be possible to provide concrete technical solutions that are useful in the short term, this theory can offer certain models and principles to better meet the challenges ahead. This article aims to define the essential features of complexity theory and to discuss the possibilities of its application in the context of public governance. The methods of scientific literature analysis, synthesis, historic analysis, and document analysis are used in this paper. The possibilities of applying complexity theory differ depending on the stage of development of public governance and its methodological assumptions. In the context of complexity theory, when shaping public governance change strategies for effective solutions, it becomes important to understand the limitations of idealised future perspectives and to assess the current functioning of systems and forces acting on them, identifying natural system development trends due to the influence of self-organisation forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Innovation in the public sector is inseparable from the political, administrative and technological components and stages of public administration systems development. Purpose of the article is to analyse and define the emerging concept of collaborative innovation in the public sector and indicate the major challenges relating to their generation and implementation. Benchmarking, generalisation and synthesis will be used as the methods in order to achieve the purpose of the article. Contemporary challenges of public governance lead to the change of the concept and operational principles of public sector organisations and encourage the need for innovation. The traditional, hierarchical innovation development conception is changed by collaborative innovation, which is characterised by networking, promotion of creativity and unification of resources. Significant principles for effective collaborative innovation become inter-organisational trust, knowledge sharing, informal leadership, ensuring the necessary resources and conditions for experimentation. Application of collaborative innovations requires adaptation to the changing positions of power and transformation of traditional roles of public sector employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the importance of the physical environment of the organisation, the office, in achieving the efficiency of various management processes, is analysed. The article explains the concept of the physical environment of the organisation and its essential classification methods, and analyses the essential advantages of a closed and open office for internal communication, conflict resolution, organisational culture and subcultures, employee productivity, and other organisational phenomena. Twenty-first-century trends show that more and more business organisations are moving towards open office trends, in order to distance themselves from the physical environment of a traditional bureaucratic organisation. The authors of the article seek to critically evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of a closed and open office, and to review possible future trends and prospects for research into the physical environment of organisations. Nevertheless, research into these complex factors requires primarily an interdisciplinary methodological approach, combining a knowledge of management, economics, psychology, architecture, and other fields, and this topic does not receive sufficient attention in the Lithuanian scientific discourse. The authors of the article seek to define the concept of the physical environment of the organisation, identify its essential features, compare the differences between closed and open physical environments, and discuss possible perspectives for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the discourse of modern public administration the concept of metagovernance is mentioned more and more often when, according to the national and global challenges of the XXI century, scientists discuss the possibilities of combining different forms of coordination of public administration in various levels of the implementation of public policy, aspirations to avoid limitations of governance based only on hierarchy, market or networking, and the need to democratize public management by maximizing the advantages of the complex interaction between different stakeholders. However, in the article we will assume that with regard to further formation of this concept and its efficient and effective application in practice, first of all it is necessary to solve the cultural challenges associated with the concept of metagovernance, because governance based on hierarchy, market or networking is primarily a cultural construct, inseparable from the specific context. These three social constructs, when expanding the scope of metagovernance, definitely leads to a different understanding of public management problems and instrumentation of their solutions, quite oppositional and hardly compatible values. On the other hand, it must be recognized that in the works of both foreign and Lithuanian authors cultural analysis in the context of metagovernance is limited, qualitatively and quantitatively superficial, but public administration literature is rich in studies dealing with applicability of different types of social coordination opportunities in the context of hierarchical public administration, the New Public Management and the New Public Governance at macro, and micro levels that can be useful and valuable in order to identify the potential challenges for the concept of metagovernance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article the importance of national cultures towards effectiveness of public sector’s modernization reforms is analyzed with the aim of creation of public value abstractedly - on the governance macro level, as well as on meza level - concretely and adequately corresponding to the trajectories of national states development. The significance of national cultures in the article is analyzed in such dimensions as acquired status, length of service, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, contradiction with hierarchy, standpoint of time, universalism and particularism, integration, individualism and collectivism, masculinity and femininity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the most important stages of modernizations of public sector institutions seeking to conceptualize the changes related to transformation of the concepts of public sector institutions manager's and organizational culture. Starting from traditional public administration, the aspects of new public management and the model of neo-weberianism, scantily analysed in Lithuania, are analysed, which together with new public governance principles, are beginning to establish themselves in the current structures of public sector. The article reveals how the role of manager changes in the context of modernization reforms crossing from purely autocratic manager to the entrepreneur - leader and the tendencies of combining characteristics of the both. Organizational cultures are transforming from bureaucratic - hierarchical ones towards market oriented (innovative), combination of the both cultures and finally to collegial - clan based cultures' formation stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern information society in the context of knowledge economy many reasons stimulate the concept of adaptation of knowledge management. The progress ofinformation technologies, which completely transformed the ways the information is processed and stored in organisations, could be considered essential. This factor significantly affected the development of the new technical possibilities and the formation of new services and organizational processes. The second important factor is growing sophistication of citizens and clients, constantly rising expectations of the quality and accountability of institutional services, as well as the changing forms of inter-sectorial relations and competition. Equally important is the need of innovative technologies, implementation of e- government and other high-technologies and processes, risk management and more effective use of knowledge, improvement of institutional memory formation and mechanisms of continuous learning. In order to meet the challenges of societies, public authorities are required to effectively share and manage large flows of information not only at the national, but also at the global level. The growing need for knowledge is also evident in order to maintain the competitiveness of the public sector institutions in respect of provision of public services. Effective system of knowledge management is also necessary to compete with the private and non-governmental sector in pursuance of the renewal of the public service and wish to neutralise negative consequences of the transition of civil servants to the structures of private sector, because of the migration trends the potential of the knowledge of institutions is affected. It is also important that not only supporting technologies and processes are meaningfulfor the systems of knowledge management, but also the people, who in Eastern European public sector institutions are still not viewed as the most significant institutional resources. Paradoxically, the development of institutionalfunctions and innovations and the quality of the delivery of the public service are often required to be achieved on the conditions of unchanging or even permanently cut institutional budgets or even political instability. In spite of permanent modernization reforms, in the institutions of the public sector the problem of information asymmetry is still relevant in many countries. Therefore, in the context of these complex and constantly changing processes knowledge management becomes particularly significant. The objective of the article is to analyse the aspects of knowledge management and its applicability in the context of the public sector. The author will use methods of literature analysis, synthesis and generalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article there is analysed the significant historical period in Chile, when after overthrowing of the democratically elected socialist president S. Allende, and taking power by military Pinochet regime, for the first time in the world history there were created the enabling conditions for the reforms based on neoliberal ideas. The reforms in Chile are significant, because they became the political laboratory for the further modernization reforms in Latin America and the whole world. Together with Chicago university (by M. Friedman) educated Chilean economists there were begun to implement the programmes of privatisation, depolitization, deregulation and decentralization, there was devaluated national currency and significantly reformed the spheres of education, health and social policy. In the last part of the article the authors evaluate the present situation in Chile and the perspectives of its development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article critically analyzes the relation of postmodernism and new public governance with regard to community development. The ethical ideals of the past in the period of postmodernism are extinct, and new ideals should replace them. However, the values of postmodern capitalism often do not allow them to be formed, not to talk about the fact that the very existence of the values in the postmodern period is questioned. The authors build some kind of bridge between the past communitarianism and contemporary sense of community in order to revive it. The authors are trying to answer the question why tribal marketing in its specific form as community is suitable for the new public governance. The authors answer that tribal marketing in its specific form as community is suitable for the new public governance due to its attitude towards community as active co-creators and due to the durability, historicism and immortality in the society provided by the brand and mobilization of its members in solving identity problems. Tribal marketing in new public governance could also help to solve the problem of shortage of community motivation systems, by using socio-psychological factors and the phenomenon of the competing tribes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The needs of contemporary society, complexity of its processes and changing provisions on how public institutions should function and what principles should guide them, inevitably dictate new requirements for the modernisation of the execution systems of public policy. These processes are intensified by technological development, globalisation, economic and cultural factors. It is significant to understand the fact that modernisation and changes become permanent and almost imperative condition of modern institutions, which reflects the dominant attitudes of the society that stability and durability are more seen as negative factors. Therefore, in the processes of public sector modernisation, changing structures of organisations and growth of cross-sectoral integration and participation of various non-governmental organizations and business structures in public policy, organizational cultures must inevitably change and should be transformed taking into account the concerns of citizens, contemporary changes of implementation of public programs, newly applied methods, collaborative relationships and reform values newly promoted by the politicians. of changes in organisational culture in the context of public sector modernisation reforms is significant because some organisational cultures are more inclined to adapt to the changes taking place, therefore, in pursuance of institutional transformation organisational cultures can be seen as a reform promoting or hampering factor. Furthermore, in contemporary public administration, where hierarchical techniques are changed into networking, both private and third sector organisations, which have different organisational cultures, involve into the implementation of public policy, thus, in order to ensure effective synergy and to avoid cultural clashes of these structures it is necessary to pay attention to organisational cultures . It should be noted that formation of various subcultures in public sector can be determined by such factors as the form of employment of a public servant (career or post system) or even different nature of the public programs that are implemented in different institutions as well as institutional mergers. It is important to understand the fact that modernisation and reform determine the processes of change of values of public sector institutions. While traditional values of public sector change, conflicts of values inevitably arise because of both, formalisation of opposing values in modernisation reforms and different values depending on the structures of organisations and the levels of civil service. Therefore the article aims to examine cultural problems in the context of modernisa-tion processes of public sector. To achieve the objective the author will use the methods of literary analysis, synthesis and generalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Socialinių Mokslų Studijos is the property of Mykolas Romeris University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article aims at analyzing two opposing worldviews - modernity and postmodernity characteristics in respect to the main resource of states and organizations - individual and the discourse on the individual career. Permanent changes of the western culture inevitably form new experiential and perceptual types, images, roles and life forms, which find expression in contemporary states, organizations and their microelements - individuals. The systemic transformations, which are becoming more intensive, can be analyzed as worldview changes, passing from the perspective of modernity towards post-modernity. Analyzing the features of these characteristics, it is usually agreed that the essential representative components of modernity project comprise such aspects as world concept based on scientific method, rationality and stability, search and ability to find the objective truth, increasing secularization processes, belief in the technological progress, its' continuity in the social dimension and trust in unifying and universally upheld meta-narratives. Historically, the genesis of post-modernity the most often is related to the changes in the society, which started form 1950 first of all in the cultural sphere in the narrow sense: architecture, literature, painting. These processes are distinctive in the critical approach towards traditional concepts, formation of new experimental artistic forms, which were based on differentiation, relativity, adoration of the need for freedom, hybridization, repudiation tendencies of the signs overwhelming the represented contents and absolute forms. It is especially relevant that spread of the mentioned parameters acquired continuity also analyzing the culture in wide sense in other dimensions of the society, such as politics, management and administration. Post-modernity helped to reveal the existence of alternatives for all traditional constructs, stables and long term structures. Therefore everything which seemed to be unchangeable can be changed and positively deconstructed. Traditional requirements and norms distinctive for the individual of modern culture, can be changed in the era of post-modernity on the basis of unique experience parameters, life construction projects grounded in the personal characteristics (individual, small narratives). Change of these and other aspects in relation to individual and his career is analyzed in the article. In the era of post-modernity approach to career has essentially changed. Career was started to be conceived not as a vocation or implementation of predetermined roles or traditions, but as self designed project. Organizational career became just a fragment of self developed individual narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the light of current events in the global dimension of policy and administration causes many questions and doubts regarding policy decisions short-term orientation. Rational and long-term future - oriented decisions concerning the most important things to societies today are being decided in a fragmented, short - term way, usually based on specific groups ambitions and interests. The article explains this transformation by comparative analysis of the epochal shift from modernism to postmodernism, examining time as a philosophical and sociological categories and addressing it's importance and the implications towards the developments in the fields of policy and administration. Based on the understanding that in the in the postmodern era the greatest modernist metanarrative theories are not trusted anymore transience and the emphasis of present moment and unreserved fragmentation of everything determines that postmodern politics becomes symbolic , conflict politics, in which dominant features like process and instantaneous benefits become more visible rather than long-term results. In the field of governance there is a noticeable increasingly smaller role of tradition and historical experience. Because of the denial of historical experience, the main political discourse become present - oriented, that's why there is a huge favoritism toward interests coming from outside which determines that the national and the future prospects will be ignored. In a period in which incredulity towards past dominates, historical memory and the belief in the future are being deformed, citizens are deprived of the opportunity to demand from the government of responsibility for its inability to solve complex problems in a comprehensive manner, which implies inefficient , irrational , and in some cases even destructive governance. The article based on authors such as Gasset, J. O., Francese, J., Hassard, J., Muggleton, D., Gomel, E., Driscoll, C., Bauman, Z., Mari, G., Parker, I., Loytard, J. F. It is stated that today ‘s political practice directly installed Bauman's concept of postmodern, pointillists time. This paper addresses that the main elements of postmodern state are relativistic values , hiperreality and manipulative, information wars, which help's to create a manipulation of the collective consciousness, to demonize appropriate political side as well as to demonstrate faceless, postmodern political expressions, with focus on short- term interests and problems in only one field, also creating a confrontation between humanistic values and materialism and consumerism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary society the new organizational forms take pace, which enable individuums to form some kind of common identities by reaching consumers communities. Consumerism is the main feature of such communities, which may be called as certain “tribes” with their values and they develop as capitalist system deepens and widens. Postmodernism creates such cultural environment, which forms “tribal marketing” phenomena as mobilizing different groups for the more developed, clearly defined and specific consumption. The authors in the article seek to reveal the impact of postmodernist consumerism to the formation of “tribal marketing” and the development of this phenomena vice/versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article the paradigm of traditional public administration is analysed by trying to accomplish the critique of the model in the cultural dimension direction and by identifying the crucial elements of post-modernism which, according to the authors, had made an impact for the formation of such a model. There are also revealed the parameters of post-modernism in metanarrative theories of rationality, as the grounded technological and instrumental relation towards traditional paradigm principles by stressing the hierarchical governance, bureaucratic relations, control mechanisms, rational organisational structure and functional division with professionalism. By identifying the main traits of traditional paradigm, the aspects and tendencies of post-modernist organisations are revealed and the controversial answer to the question about the relevance of traditional public administration model is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]