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Background: Proximal femur analysis plays a vital role in orthopedic surgery, implant design, fracture care, and research. Studying this complex bone helps surgeons select the right implants, plan fracture treatment, and understand bone strength. This growing field improves clinical outcomes and enhances scientific knowledge. Our study analyzes the morphometry of proximal femur, particularly the head and neck, to further explore its implications. Aims and Objectives: To study the morphometric measurements of the proximal end of the femur quantitatively in the South Indian population from the dry femora available in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Kottayam. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 101 dry femora available in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Kottayam. The measurements were taken with digital Vernier calipers and a goniometer. All continuous variables were expressed as mean with standard deviation. Statistical differences between the right and left sides were analyzed with Student’s independent sample t-test (for parametric variables) and Mann–Whitney U test (for non-parametric variables). Results: The mean vertical and anteroposterior diameter of the femoral head, superior and inferior length of the femoral head, the anteroposterior and vertical diameter of the femoral neck, superior and inferior lengths of the femoral neck, neck-shaft angle, and intertrochanteric length were 39.61±3.29 mm, 40.17±3.14 mm, 33.01±3.6 mm, 23.88±4.32 mm, 24.22±3 mm, 29.59±3 mm, 21.75±3.81 mm, 32.03±5.58 mm, 124.11±6.37, 60.31±7.33 mm, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean of neck anteroposterior diameter and neck-shaft angle between the right and left sides where the left side had the higher value. Conclusion: Notable skeletal metric variations exist amidst different populations. Proximal femoral dimensions can be acquired through either manual means or radiological information. These measurements can be used in designing orthopedic implants for the South Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The complex framework of the human foot enables movement and weight support. The os peroneum (OP) is a sesamoid bone located in the tendon of peroneus longus. Though tiny, it plays crucial roles in foot movement and arch stability injuries to the tendon are significant, and the OP itself can fracture, dislocate, or impinge. Its presence, size, and even histological type influence the proper functioning of the foot. Studying this sesamoid bone, with its variable prevalence and morphology, can fill gaps in foot and ankle pathology research. Aims and Objectives: To analyze the prevalence, morphology, morphometry, and histology of OP in human adult cadavers in the South Indian population. Materials and Methods: Forty-two formalin-fixed human adult cadaveric free lower limbs were selected and studied from the Department of Anatomy, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Tiruvalla, Kerala. The prevalence of OP in peroneus longus tendons (PLT) and its various configurations were carefully observed, along with their histological types, and then statistical analysis of the data was done using SPSS version 20. Results: Thirty-nine out of the forty-two free lower limbs showed the presence of an OP bearing a smooth oval facet, except for one OP with a round facet. All OP were invariably present in the tunnel for PLT on the plantar surface of the cuboid bone. Three different histological types of this tissue were observed, i.e., osseous, cartilaginous, and fibrous. Conclusion: The present study has attempted to fill the gap in the research data regarding OP in the adult South Indian population. In addition, the knowledge of OP and its configuration in PLT could provide a better radiological and clinical approach to mid- and fore-foot pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]