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Herein we report the mild and efficient synthesis of 4-phenoxyquinazoline, 2-phenoxyquinoxaline, and 2-phenoxypyridine derivatives from the starting materials viz. quinazolin-4(3H)-one, quinoxalin-2(1H)-one, and pyridin-2(1H)-one and aryne generated in situ from 2-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate and cesium fluoride. This synthetic methodology gives a new environmentally benign way for the preparation of several unnatural series of 4-phenoxyquinazoline, 2-phenoxyquinoxaline and 2-phenoxypyridine compounds with high yields and broad substrate scope.

Pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole is one of the most important azaheterocyclic compounds consisting of three fused aromatic rings. Molecules containing this core have displayed a wide range of applications in the field of medicinal chemistry. The synthesis of pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole and its derivatives has attracted organic chemists because of its tremendous utility in interdisciplinary branches of chemistry. In this context, this review discusses the main advances in the synthesis of pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles via metal-mediated and metal-free reactions from 2000 to 2016.1 Introduction2 Synthetic Approaches to Pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles2.1 Type I: Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Methods2.2 Type II: Metal-Free Approaches3 Conclusion

The title compound 6-phenyl-4-(p-tolyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one was synthesized via one-pot, three component reaction of (E)-1-phenyl-3-(p-tolyl)-2-propen-1-one, ethyl 2-nitroacetate and ammonium acetate in refluxing ethanol, as a shiny green crystalline solid in 83% yield. Its structure was characterized by spectral studies and unambiguously corroborated by X-ray diffraction crystallography. The crystals of title compound are monoclinic, sp. gr. P21/n, a = 11.8346(7) A, b = 13.4413(9) A, c = 17.7626(10) A, β = 99.479(5)°, and Z = 8. All the rings in molecule of the title compound are planar. Hydrogen interactions play significant role in stabilizing the crystal structure and the supramolecular aggregate of molecules is facilitated by strong N–H···O and C–H···O type of hydrogen interactions.

An expedient synthesis of coumarin-pyridone conjugate molecules 2a-o is reported via one-pot reaction between (E)-3-(3-arylacryloyl)-2H-chromen-2-ones 1a-o, ethyl 2-nitroacetate and ammonium acetate. The structures of synthesized compounds have been unambiguously confirmed by spectroscopic analyses (NMR, IR and MS). All the compounds were screened for their anti-microbial activities against three Gram-positive bacterial strains, two Gram-negative bacterial strains and four fungal organisms. Compounds 2d, 2i, 2k, 2o exhibited mild anti-bacterial activity and 2d, 2m were found to be moderately active against all the tested fungal organisms. Compound 2k showed good inhibitory potential against the tested yeasts organisms. Expedient synthesis of coumarin-pyridone conjugate molecules has been reported via one-pot, three-component reaction between (E)-3-(3-arylacryloyl)-2H-chromen-2-ones, ethyl 2-nitroacetate and ammonium acetate. Anti-microbial activity of these compounds was evaluated and the results indicated that some of the compounds exhibited mild anti-bacterial activity and good inhibitory potential against the tested fungal organisms.

Background: Recent studies show that there are differences in female fertility in different ethnic groups with ovarian aging and IVF treatment outcomes. Advanced maternal age is a known risk factor for miscarriage, accounting largely due to genetically abnormal fetus. Aims and Objectives: This study investigates if there are any differences in rates of embryo aneuploidy based on age and indications for preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) between Indian and Spanish women. Materials and Methods: This multicenter study was carried out at fertility centers in India and Spain. Data from autologous IVF cycles of women

Rett spectrum disorder is a progressive neurological disease and the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability in females. MECP2 is the major causative gene. In addition, CDKL5 and FOXG1 mutations have been reported in Rett patients, especially with the atypical presentation. Each gene and different mutations within each gene contribute to variability in clinical presentation, and several groups worldwide performed genotype-phenotype correlation studies using cohorts of patients with classic and atypical forms of Rett spectrum disorder. The Rett Networked Database is a unified registry of clinical and molecular data of Rett patients, and it is currently one of the largest Rett registries worldwide with several hundred records provided by Rett expert clinicians from 13 countries. Collected data revealed that the majority of MECP2-mutated patients present with the classic form, the majority of CDKL5-mutated patients with the early-onset seizure variant, and the majority of FOXG1-mutated patients with the congenital form. A computation of severity scores further revealed significant differences between groups of patients and correlation with mutation types. The highly detailed phenotypic information contained in the Rett Networked Database allows the grouping of patients presenting specific clinical and genetic characteristics for studies by the Rett community and beyond. These data will also serve for the development of clinical trials involving homogeneous groups of patients.

I 2 –NH 4 OAc was found to be an efficient system for the metal-free synthesis of diversely substituted imidazo[1,2- a ]pyridines 3a – r from 2-aminopyridine 1 and aryl methyl ketones 2a – r in one pot. 2-Arylimidazo[1,2- a ]pyridines 3a – r were obtained in good to excellent yields via in situ generation of an Ortoleva–King intermediate (pyridinium iodide), followed by NH 4 OAc-assisted cyclization.

Pyrrole is one of the most important azaheterocycles, due to its wide range of applications in pharmaceuticals and optoelectronic materials, coupled with its utility as an intermediate in natural products. For several decades, realisation of the scope and potential of this heterocyclic system in both the pharmaceutical and materials industries, has sparked new efforts in finding more efficient synthetic methods for the preparation of pyrrole compounds. Inspired by the importance of this system, herein, we report a review on pyrrole based pharmaceuticals, natural products and optoelectronic materials. Synthetic approaches to pyrrole from active methylenes are also reviewed together with novel reports from our laboratory recently (till 2015).

Ultrasonic-assisted, catalyst-free reactions of ninhydrin with ethyl cyanoacetate and diethyl malonate led to the unprecedented formation of an indenopyran and a spiroindenofuran viz. diethyl 4-cyano-2-hydroxy-5-oxo-4,5-dihydroindeno[1,2-b]pyran-3,4-dicarboxylate 1 and diethyl 3a′,8b′-dihydroxy-1,3,4′-trioxo-1,3,3a′,4′-tetrahydrospiro[indene-2,2′-indeno[1,2-b]furan]-3′,3′(8b′H)-dicarboxylate 3, respectively. In addition to these unprecedented results, reactions of ninhydrin with dimedone, ethyl acetoacetate and ethyl nitroacetate yielded 4b,9b-dihydroxy-7,7-dimethyl-7,8-dihydro-4bH-indeno[1,2-b]benzofuran-9,10(6H,9bH)-dione 5, ethyl 3a,8b-dihydroxy-2-methyl-4-oxo-4,8b-dihydro-3aH-indeno[1,2-b]furan-3-carboxylate 6 and 2-hydroxy-2-(nitromethyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione 7, respectively. The structures of 1, 3, 5, 6 and 7 were determined by X-ray crystallography and attempts have been made to propose the mechanism of their formation.

One-pot synthesis of 2-aroylindoles and 2-arylquinolines has been achieved by the reductive cyclization of 3-(2-nitrophenyl)-1-arylprop-2-en-1-ones with triethylphosphite [P(OEt)3] under microwave irradiation. The formation of 2-arylquinolines by this method is unprecedented.

An efficient, one-pot, solvent-free synthesis of ethyl 3,5-disubstituted-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate is achieved by a reaction of 1,3-disubstituted propen-2-one and ethylnitroacetate, in presence of diethylamine (Et2NH) and triethyl- phosphite (P(OEt)3) under microwave (MW) irradiation via cascade Michael-reductive cyclization. The mechanistic out- come of the reaction has also been described. This protocol establishes an easy access to disubstituted-1H-pyrrole-2- carboxylates in one pot.

Ethyl 3,5-diaryl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylates have been synthesized in good yields from ethyl 2-nitro-5-oxo-3,5-diarylpentanoates by treatment with triethylphosphite under microwave irradiation. The integrity of the mechanism proposed has been augmented by 31P NMR and EIMS experiments.

The preparation of some novel 3-(arylideneamino)-3a,8a-dihydroxy-1,3,3a,8a-tetrahydroindeno[1,2-d]imidazole-2,8-diones 8(i-xiv) and 3-(arylideneamino)-3a,8a-dihydroxy-2-thioxo-1,3,3a,8a-tetrahydroindeno[1,2-d]imidazol-8(2H)-ones 9(i-xiv) have been reported via one-pot catalyst-free reaction of aldehydes, semicarbazide hydrochloride/thiosemicarbazide with ninhydrin. All the synthesized compounds have been screened for anti-microbial activity and some of them were observed to possess broad spectrum anti-bacterial potential as well as significant antagonistic potential against fungal pathogens.

Background Autonomic dysfunction is common in children with Rett syndrome. They usually manifest with agitation, persistent screaming, constipation, gastroesophageal reflux, aerophagia, hyperventilation, and breath-holding episodes. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction may result in fatal a arrhythmia. Many of these events are mistaken for seizures and treated with antiepileptics. Methods The present study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital in north India for more than a six month period. MeCP2 mutation positive, 24 cases with Rett syndrome and 24 age-matched healthy girls were evaluated for cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction (heart rate variability, head-up tilt test, and cold pressor test). Results The mean age was 9.06 years (±3.4) and 9.75 years (±3.13) for patients and control subjects, respectively. The heart rate variability contributed independently by parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system was significantly reduced in cases compared with control subjects ( P = 0.033 and P = 0.001, respectively). There was significant sympathovagal imbalance with sympathetic overactivity in cases compared with control subjects ( P = 0.001). The mean longest QT c interval was significantly prolonged in cases compared with control subjects ( P = 0.001). Cold pressor test and head-up tilt test could be done in 16 Rett syndrome patients (because of poor cooperation) and in all 24 control subjects. The change in blood pressure during cold pressor test and head-up tilt test was not significantly different in cases and control subjects. Conclusions Children with Rett syndrome exhibited significant cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in the form of sympathetic overactivity, parasympathetic underactivity, and sympathovagal imbalance. These findings have potentially important therapeutic- and outcome-related implications.

Pyrrole is one of the most important azaheterocycles, due to its wide range of applications in pharmaceuticals and optoelectronic materials, coupled with its utility as an intermediate in natural products. For several decades, realisation of the scope and potential of this heterocyclic system in both the pharmaceutical and materials industries, has sparked new efforts in finding more efficient synthetic methods for the preparation of pyrrole compounds. Inspired by the importance of this system, herein, we report a review on pyrrole based pharmaceuticals, natural products and optoelectronic materials. Synthetic approaches to pyrrole from active methylenes are also reviewed together with novel reports from our laboratory recently (till 2015).

Ultrasonic-assisted, catalyst-free reactions of ninhydrin with ethyl cyanoacetate and diethyl malonate led to the unprecedented formation of an indenopyran and a spiroindenofuran viz. diethyl 4-cyano-2-hydroxy-5-oxo-4,5-dihydroindeno[1,2-b]pyran-3,4-dicarboxylate 1 and diethyl 3a′,8b′-dihydroxy-1,3,4′-trioxo-1,3,3a′,4′-tetrahydrospiro[indene-2,2′-indeno[1,2-b]furan]-3′,3′(8b′H)-dicarboxylate 3, respectively. In addition to these unprecedented results, reactions of ninhydrin with dimedone, ethyl acetoacetate and ethyl nitroacetate yielded 4b,9b-dihydroxy-7,7-dimethyl-7,8-dihydro-4bH-indeno[1,2-b]benzofuran-9,10(6H,9bH)-dione 5, ethyl 3a,8b-dihydroxy-2-methyl-4-oxo-4,8b-dihydro-3aH-indeno[1,2-b]furan-3-carboxylate 6 and 2-hydroxy-2-(nitromethyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione 7, respectively. The structures of 1, 3, 5, 6 and 7 were determined by X-ray crystallography and attempts have been made to propose the mechanism of their formation.

One-pot synthesis of 2-aroylindoles and 2-arylquinolines has been achieved by the reductive cyclization of 3-(2-nitrophenyl)-1-arylprop-2-en-1-ones with triethylphosphite [P(OEt)3] under microwave irradiation. The formation of 2-arylquinolines by this method is unprecedented.

Introduction Rett syndrome (RS), an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder and the common cause of mental retardation in females, is caused by methyl CpG binding protein 2 ( MECP2 ) gene mutations with a frequency of more than 95% in classical Rett patients. Majority of RS cases are sporadic but few familial cases caused by either skewed X-chromosome inactivation in healthy female carriers or mosaicism in male carriers are also reported. Most of the times, the mutation carried in a family is the same as found in affected child. Methods and results Here we report a unique family carrying non-identical MECP2 mutations in exon 2 wherein the proband with classical RS was carrying a de-novo early truncating frameshift mutation while her asymptomatic mother was carrying a missense mutation, both predicted as pathogenic mutations. Conclusions These findings further validate the importance of MECP2 mutation screening in parents of all mutation positive patients and careful evaluation of the pathogenicity of the mutation found in asymptomatic carriers before providing genetic counseling to the family. The results also propose the role of other factors including other gene mutations, environmental and epigenetics factors in modifying the expression of MECP2 mutations.

Rett syndrome (RS) is an X-linked dominant neurodevelopment disorder with normal prenatal and postnatal development till 6-18 months, followed by stagnation and regression of acquired skills. RS primarily manifests in females, and there are a few reports with males having RS. Sporadic or de novo mutations of the methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene have been reported in 70-90% of affected girls. Conventional methods such as fluorescence in situ hybridization, real-time PCR, southern blotting, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, and DNA sequencing have been previously reported for the detection of insertions or deletions in the MECP2 gene. Here, we report detection of two deletions of 44 bp (c.1157_1200del44 or p.L386fs) and 38 bp (c.1151_1188del38 or p.P384fs) in exon 4 or C-terminal segment (CTS) region of MECP2 using a simple PCR technique that is rapid, accurate, and cost effective as compared to other techniques. The deletions were detected by routine PCR amplification followed by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. We suggest that a simple PCR can easily detect deletions in the hotspot CTS region of the MECP2 gene and can be used for routine molecular diagnostics of RS.

Three component condensation of 1,3-diaryl-2-propen-1-ones with ethyl nitroacetate and ammonium acetate provides a convenient synthesis of 4,6-diarylated pyridin-2(1H)-ones.

A wide range of 4,6-diarylated/heterylated pyridin-2(1H)-one derivatives were synthesized in good to excellent yields from 1,3-diarylated/heterylated-2-propen-1-ones (chalcones) in one pot under metal and base-free conditions. This domino reaction suggests a novel mechanism comprising of Michael addition followed by amination, subsequent intramolecular amidation and finally dehydronitrosation. The usefulness of the designed 4,6-diarylated/heterylated pyridin-2(1H)-one derivatives has further been demonstrated by synthesizing medicinally important 2,4,6-triaryl/heteryl pyridines via Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction.

Using alum and solvent-free conditions makes this methodology simple, convenient, environmentally friendly as well as cost-effective.

Ethyl 3,5-diaryl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylates have been synthesized in good yields from ethyl 2-nitro-5-oxo-3,5-diarylpentanoates by treatment with triethylphosphite under microwave irradiation. The integrity of the mechanism proposed has been augmented by 31P NMR and EIMS experiments.

Pyrazolylisoxazolines bearing cyclic or linear lipophilic groups (VI) and (IX), resp., are synthesized and tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Mutations in MECP2 gene are the primary cause of Rett syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder that primarily affects girls, and affect 90% to 95% patients with classical Rett syndrome. MECP2 mutations, once thought to be lethal in males, now present a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations in males. This article reports a family with a 9-year-old boy with Rett-like phenotype and congenital blindness, who inherited a novel MECP2 variant (p.P430S) from his asymptomatic mother. The variant was also identified in the asymptomatic maternal grandfather and maternal aunts of the proband, ruling out the possibility that the p.P430S was involved in the phenotype. Findings of the study suggest that a careful evaluation of the pathogenic nature of MECP2 variants identified in males be conducted before proposing genetic counseling or prenatal diagnosis to the family and that the interference of other factors like modifier genes, environment, epigenetics, and mosaicism be taken into account.

To study the genetic predisposition, phenotype and prognosis of idiopathic chronic pancreatitis (CP).Prospective observational and case-control study.Tertiary care academic centre.Consecutive patients with CP.Detailed mutational analysis was done for the cationic trypsinogen, SPINK1 and CFTR genes with single-strand conformational polymorphism or restricted fragment length polymorphism, and sequencing. Clinical and disease characteristics of idiopathic versus alcoholic CP, and early onset versus late onset idiopathic CP were compared. Response to multimodality treatment (medical, endoscopic and/or surgical) and prognosis were analysed.Genetic mutations, phenotypic characterisation and prognosis of idiopathic CP.Of the 411 patients with CP, 242 had idiopathic aetiology (age 27.50+/-11.85 years; 154 men). Malnutrition and cassava were not risk factors. SPINK1 N34S mutation was present in 42% of patients with idiopathic CP (vs 4% controls, p0.001) and 17% of patients with alcoholic CP (p=0.016 compared with controls). In the CFTR gene, nine patients with idiopathic CP had mutations and 41 patients had polymorphisms (50% vs 10% controls, p0.001). Diabetes developed in 35.53% of patients with idiopathic CP. About 85% of patients had significant pain relief with therapy. The probability of surviving for 35 years after onset of idiopathic CP was 83%. The typical features of tropical calcific pancreatitis were seen only in 5.8% of patients.Strong genetic susceptibility due to SPINK1 and CFTR gene mutations, and comparative phenotype of idiopathic CP in India suggest that the term 'tropical calcific pancreatitis' is a misnomer.

Pancreas divisum has been associated with idiopathic pancreatitis. However, the causal association remains controversial.To study the gene mutations in patients with pancreas divisum presenting with idiopathic pancreatitis.All consecutive patients with pancreas divisum presenting with recurrent pancreatitis were included in the study. Fifty healthy volunteers, 30 patients with chronic pancreatitis, and 14 patients with idiopathic recurrent acute pancreatitis without pancreas divisum served as controls. Patients and controls were tested for cationic trypsiongen gene, CFTR gene and SPINK1 gene mutations.Of the 12 patients with pancreas divisum and idiopathic pancreatitis, 4 had SPINK1 N34S gene mutation-3 were heterozygous and 1 was homozygous, and 1 had P55S mutation compared with 1 of 50 healthy controls with N34S mutation (P=0.001). The frequency of SPINK1 mutation was similar among patients with pancreas divisum and pancreatitis (41.6%), chronic pancreatitis (43.3%), and recurrent acute pancreatitis without pancreas divisum (35.7%). Five patients with pancreas divisum had polymorphisms in the CFTR gene.Patients with pancreas divisum presenting with idiopathic pancreatitis had a higher frequency of SPINK1 gene mutation compared with healthy controls, which might be responsible as the sole-factor or a co-factor in causing pancreatitis in them.